U N I T

text a printed (1) A. Understanding

you type energy of depends upon text hefollowing willgive some 2. What position? of and about information types sources typeofenergy comes thesun? from lt briefly how 3. What explain energy. willalso are most important to the 4. What thethree be may convertedwork.Note energy sources power? of and to organisation refer the paragraph reference. 5. Civeanexample a heat of for engine. in headingsthemargin quick questions: Nowlookat these is created by of 1. What thetype energy movement? Read passage findtheanswers the and to questions. notnecessary these lt is to understand wordto do this. every

Energy,Heat and Work

it whichenables to thoughtof asthat propertyof something ;;;;il*fe What energyl is thatit is we energy' suggest possesses dowork.Whenwe saythat something capableihsomewayofexerting'fo""oosomethingelseandperforming has on the otherhand,energy workon it. whenwort i, aon. ln something, theiame unitsasthoseof work' the to beenadded it. nn.,gT i' *t'su"d in foot-poundand the joule' Energy occurs severar in forms.A familiarexampre theenergy is a moving

canexert forceandcause second a the obiect ,r,in;;; ;;H"" It is not . necessary the that object actua'yio work;it;;;i;.; on movins, ToTng or frictionmayslowly o,rilr ,o , ,,of. s", *iii.l,;;;;, it hasthe l, capacibr doing for wo.1!. is thisspecific It property defines that energy, sin.. energy means ability dowork, so,ir,nouing the to and th;il;;. energy by virttre theirmotion. of This hin;i;;;;g, -m: oi.n..gy is called 3 Thestatement energy th. .rp".ity that i, something to doworkis not has restricted kinetic.energy is perfectry to but s."..ri. i,i*y;;"possess energy because theirposition. of consider pile driver, simpre a a machine that a tifts
pile' therebydrivinethe pile into the srouna.Whenthe hammerhas been lifted to the top, it hasonryto be rerJsed to fa1 .nd do ;;;k on the pile. The capacity doing*ork i, present for in thehammer soonasit has as been Iifted, simplybecause its pfsition of r.".or r.., ,u*. a. [ound. The actualwork on the p'e is done at the expense kinetic .i.rgy gained of duringthe hammer'r,frt, but p. .rp;ry for workingis present beforethe fall starts. Energy thisro*, a.p.niing L.r.ty on of thl p"riri"" "r.n object, is calledpotential energy.

todo Bv i;ilnxx;#::::^if .T:1T:';;."'"J;;il;,i,,,'*.capaci,v work. striking ou1..i.tn-.'#il;;;'il;:,;ffiiltffi:T another

Kinetic energy

heavv fth. t r-r.r1 .na,rio*rlileil;',t. weighr

Potential energy

head a of

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sources Energy

power plants' all the significant of to the development nuclear4 Prior s'vrbJ -;;# to contributions the mecnanr!;ar as feen developed yet for ha' methods However,economical amountof source. The hrge scale' i* *"tk;;; '";;";;;;"" direatyconverting

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t$

t:f y:i:^oil*:ii*"ffi ff :$.f il; contribution,toth;;;;"'f

tii t:

;'\;;6!q-r-i*:tr#.3tr$il,ff lf,;i:;:i:|[T::,il": Xl,ff

whole, but per unlt surrasc:'"J":":_ jl. ^";;:* from o lqrse surface and using a largesurfacr ftttt gathered
iil

difficulryof .ontt"Jffitf" on this difficultvis 'ignificant """th f"' a source t";;;;ii;;;;;: useof it as of on tr"-retatedproblen'r the .,'a p'ogrt-" h;;;ttn 'n"at to underway, t"lar radiationis being used energl ai"ttfv "' il solar J;;-t-t*n1t' operations for metallurgical high tt*pt"*"s heat homes,to p'odute evaporation' by solutions aqueous and (solarfurnaces), to concenffate of air hasbeenusedto due to the massmouement (windmills)' 5 The kinetic energy t:
to energy work Converting

for extent the;i"dJilf some .rd ""J;;;;;r"i, variations

d ate ;Ej;::,X,il'tr'1":i-"#f1,,. e. or e ould concentr "i1t i.rsy tidsc b beenmadein , : have scale -Ho*tutt' in this directionon"^l^rg{and utilized.Attempts the total power exffeme' the worli where tides are par$ of in comparison is untikelyto be highlysignificant i" nroduction thi';;;;;r for with world demands energl'"

qu"ttities of work' are problems sizedequip*tt' * O'"at^ .lSttfnt'nt

*o'k' esfeciallvy*t-.tt:l for largernd *ira u.lo.ity, th. necessitv

far as Energy heat work

fuel cells

By far the mostimportantsources powerarethe of chemicar (morecurar) energy fuels,nuclear of and the potentialenergy waterfalls. of The -energy, useof waterpowerinvolves transformation mec-hanical the of energyfrom oneform to anotheq hence, percent r00 efficiency trr.or.ti..nypossible. i, on the other hand, all present-day methodsfor the irg;r*h use of molecular nuclear and energy based the evorution are on ofln.rgy asheat, and subsequent conversion part of the heat into useful of work. Accordingly, efficiency all suchprocesses destined the of is to be row(values greaterthan 30 percent are uncommon),despite i*proo.o,.nts in the design equipment, of This is, of course, direct.onr.qu.n.. "r,rr. second a Iawof thermodynamics whichstates heatcannot converted work that be into unless someof the heatis transferred from a higherto a lower,.*p.rr,ur.. 8 If somemeans courdbe devised convertth. .n.rgy in fuelsinto to work withoutthe intermediate generation heat,conversion of efficiency couldbe considerably improved. The usualdevicefor the direct use of chemical energy the electrollticcell,in whichthe conversion is is to electrical energy. Progress beenmadein developing whichoperate has cens on rrfarog.n ,rra on carbonaceous fuels.such naturar or coal.such/z erceri arealready as gas in-,use supplymodest to powerrequirements special for purposes. The efficiency ofthesecellsranges from 65 to g0 percent,,u"utt*i.e thevalue obtained the conventional by process first converting.the of chemicar energy into heat.

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byacombu"ionp'J'i";iil;,1'ti:i:.1*:Hi:li'::::l:tX'fi enersv. ::il: intomechanicat In anuclear

:K::Tn'#hi';;;;;rcombustion

of the fuel is released po*t'pf'"t"tht-1:1t^tular energy In a conventiond

powerplantthefissionorfusionprocess.releasestheenergyofthenucleus into work' tht' heat.ispartiallyconverted of th. ,to* " r"*,"'J;;; and enclosed tr,. *ortitg fluid is completely In onefor* ori,..i;;*; 10 acclmpfishedby vaporizationand Heatengines goes through a cyclical process' fluid from anotherpart of the to Hr;;';;;i;"t fe condensatior. plant power withsteam

across apparatus 1il]":t;ffiJ"oi

:o

coal-fired

a s t h e w o r k i n g t t u i a i s a n e x a m p l e . H e r e , The c o m b u s t i o n g a s e s a r e walls.t h e intemal-combustion the boiler-tube rro* rrr.li.;;t separated by characterized the directevolution i"r* "rr,.r, engine, is engine another of Examples this tvpe are the device. heat within il;;-e;;ducilg of

il;;il;.

gas andthecombustion turbine'

Thermodynamics, 48&489. pp Snith & Van Ness, Introductionto Chanical Engineering 1975. McGraw-Hill,

your B.Check understanding

you any looking in yourdictionary words do not up the carefully, 1. Read textagain Then these understand. answer questions: force energy, andwork? is between 1. What therelationship possess potential point itsoperation a piledriver energy? in does 2. At what into scale? to solar 3. Whyis it difficult convert radiation workon a large in energy airmovement? device makes of thekinetic use 4. What power? possible water with efficiency theoretically 5. Whyis 1007o law the andthe is between second of thermodvnamics low 6, What theconnection energy? using and efficiency systems molecular nuclear of power heat than engines? for 7. Whyarefuelcells more efficient producing is energy, andwork? heat B. What therelationship between refer 2. Nowsay what words phrases the below to: or I r o r this (paragraph sort 3) (4) This (4) This difficulty (5) this field r r r . (6) thismanner (7) This (9) thisheat (10) type this

3. r Cive example something possesses kinetic or demonstrates energy one and one of which potential energy. which example something demonstrates of 'On o Summarise ideas given Paragraph thelinebeginning: theother 7 from the in h a n d.. r What of energy a conventional in the difference isthere between production molecular plant? power power plant compared a nuclear with

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your C. Increase vocabulary

your if complete 3. Find Using dictionarynecessary, alternative withmore less words or thefollowing exercises. thesame meaning as: 1. Sav which words thefirst in three paragraphs thesame have meaning as: o o o r because of to move limited only I r e o o r (paragraph retarding 5) (6) utilized (7) consequence (B) devised (9) conventional (10) cyclical

4. Cive NOUN the forms thefollowine: of from 2. Nowdothesame paragraph 4: o o o o before changing collected in progress
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r e e e e .

performing restricted converting significant devised separated

your u. LnecK Srammar

I. CAPACITY ABILITY AND

phrasesdescribe ability something Wecanuse several different forms special verb or to the of tasks. attheexample Look to do certain below:

a a a a

A hammer drive pileintdtheground. can a It has ability do thework. the to It has capacity do thework. fo the A moving is object capable exertingforce. of a

ways expressing andcapacity make of Use of these one ability to from sentences the below: examples r o o o . o I o
I :i

lift heavy loads. A crane produce power. A windmill . . . . . . heat A c o m b u s teo n i n e . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . .convert intomechanical i ng energy. power plants generate Modern thousands watts electric of of power. A strong support bear considerable loads. withstand high alloys extremely temperatures. Certain car travel over mph. A Formula I racing at 220 fly long distances Modern aircraft without refuelling.

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