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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CHANGING SOCIAL ORDER

FX. Adji Samekto,Prof,Dr.

Preface
Studies a social concept, policy, even law, cannot be discharged from social order ( order) what is background overshadows it. A concept, policy, even law might possibly becoming not relevant because residing at social order which has changed. Breakdown of this handing out means shows, that change of social order ( order) in global storey and also in national storey has influenced power strength of Sustainable development influence concept ( Sustainable Development). Change of social order is globalization with all its risks and in Indonesia, area autonomy with all its risks also. Those changing were significant influence enough towards the existence of Sustainable development concept. According to the definition hence by Experts Group from WCED it is told that Sustainable development have the character of long-range between generations. The development can be continued there must be generalization of acquirement of availibility of natural resources, not only between group in a generation, but also generalization there must be between generations. This thing signs that a generation may not finish natural resources so that didn't remain again for generation which will come. Thereby, Sustainable development concept according to WCED contains intention of development with vision of long-range, what covers duration between generations and copes provides resource that is enough and healthy environment causing can support life. In the book of Sectoral Agenda 21 Book 1 : Guidebook for Sustainable Development Planning Establishing Sustainable Development : An Effort to Achieve A Better Quality of Life (2000) mentioned that :
"...unlike other existing development theories brought up by economic development thinkers, ...the emergence of Sustainable Development concept has a different dimension. The emergence was closely connected with the rise of the environmental awareness"

Indicating the above statement that " apparition" Sustainable development concept hardly closely related to awareness about environment. Breakdown of before all explains that Sustainable development still residing at concept level. Neuman and Sarantakos, mentions that concept is base blocks compiling a theory. Hereinafter he
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said, concept contains assumption in built-in namely statement about character ( and marking) matters that is not or has not being observation and also being tested. If Sustainable development still be told as concept, it is correct that if told Sustainable development to contain matters assumptions is concerning environmental awareness as mentioned above.

2. Sustainable Development In Changing Global Order Principles which implied in Sustainable development concept was told more detail in Declaration and international agreement yielded through conference of UN about Environment and Development( United Nations Conference on Environment and Development) in Rio de Janiero in the year 1992. Actually idea about ( concept) Sustainable development is not thing emerging off hand in the year 1987. For the first time of nations in world formulates Sustainable development meaning in 1972 Stockholm UN Conference on Human Environment, which then poured in Principle II Stockholm Declaration as follows 5 : "The natural resources of the earth, including the airovater,landiflora and
fauna and especially representative samples of natural ecosystem, must be safeguarded for the benefit of present and future generations through careful planning or management, as appropriate".

So Principle II STOCKHOLM DECLARATION express that natural resources must be saved for the shake of advantage ( prosperity) generation now and coming passed planning or management which as careful as possibly.If seen from its birth chronology Sustainable development concept was born at global social order when UN still be strong buzzs the importance of cooperation is each other profits North states with Developing countries, and influence of UN still enough dominances in international relationship chess. In social order era like that Sustainable development concept still enough piercing for is buzzed constantly, as concept basing on management of environment both in developed countries and developing countries.Besides, understanding of Welfare State ( Prosperity State) becomes idea that is dominant enough in the management of state in Developed Countries and also Third world. Prosperity State Concept is answer to negative excess capitalism understanding of a real first period minimization the role of state. In Welfare State concept, idea that government is prohibited interference in citizen business by degrees turns into idea that
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government must be in control of public prosperity and hence must be pro-active in arranging economic and social life 6. This concept grows because economics stream influence pioneered by British economist , John Maynard Keynes ( 1883 - 1946) '. Economic idea from John Maynard Keynes has shifted policy of liberal economy becomes state-ism, is leading to strong of the role of state as public prosperity organizer. John Maynard Keynes economics idea bases on bearing it neo-kapitalism or new liberalism, with aim to link importance of state with public importance. Thereby in neoliberalism is placed forward the role of government .However situation became changes when nations entering globalization era since initial years of 1990s. This change clearly influences Sustainable development concept influence power as concept basing on management of environment either in global storey and also in all states. As has been known, main impeller the happening of globalization is claiming global capitalism expansion to arrange worldwide economy delivered to free market mechanism. In globalization era,World Bank and IMF, initialy planned as financial institution to assist development of nations, simply is used as a means of advance nations to force development model that is exactly only profits advance nations 8. Now IMF together with World Bank and last with forming WTO ( World Trade Organization), determines applying of clausess leading to application facility effort of free market economics in all states.

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Based on result of Kompas research , institutes WTO and IMF increasingly far its strength compared to UN, because power and influence of UN in social and economic area increasingly declines at present 9. Policy approach of UN in issues social economic of world hardly differing from WTO and IMF. This differences description in tables of following Schema Difference Approach Policy of World Sosial-Economic issues in Globalization Era

Institutions IMF and WTO

United Nations

. Promotes market enableness and confidence that minimum role of state , and execution of Operates with liberalisation quickly. intervention of public either in national storey and also international of vital importance for fulfills basic need and basic human rights. UN convinces of that just market no solvent breaks various problem concreete in public, on the contrary exactly will create new problem.

. Globalization model promoted is . Globalization model promoted is globalization with principles liberalisation places forward partnership . Suggests and market model laissez-faire and high that rich state assists poorer state to fulfill priority for the sake of commerce human rights for development and international. fulfills social need.

Remembers position of WTO and IMF in real that stronger in influence compared to UN at present, hence globalization model promoted by IMF and WTO that is predominating globalization discourse in world, whereas globalization model developed by UN exactly increasingly is pulled over. Fomentation by UN that rich state assists poor state not too draws for developed countries . Therefore when various International Conference
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performed by UN very intensive studies world economic order that is unbalanced, and clubed together lessens Iameness since beginning of year 1990 of all liberalisation aspect commerce instead accelerates. According to Kompas Research10, the indicator is at the height of concentration and monopolistic by international corporations, monetary companys and domination of international finance institutes . In development now UN also finally cannot secede from that international corporations influence. Based on its research, Martin Khor Kok Peng with organization nongovernment Third World Net 11 ( Third world Network), express that UN now closer multinational corporations in Business Action for Sustainable Development ( BASD) which in its fact is simply exactly does practice of development destroying environment. Result of research of Jed Greer and Kenny Bruno to behavior of multinational corporations 12, yields conclusion that in a period of 1990s multinational corporations has successfully reachs for influence to various international business. Multinational corporations that is increasingly masters world economic is trying to preserve and extend their market by presenting x'self like environmental protector and maintainer and leader of poorness disposal. Terminology applied by Jed Greer and Kenny Bruno foraction of multinational corporation is green camouflage 13. Protection importance also then becomes diffraction. It is correct that Sustainable development concept is universal concept so that becomes agenda though action inter-states differs in. Thereby correct if it is told that Sustainable Development do not be received as taken for granted because Third world nations formally share in consultations of compilation usage of Sustainable development concept. However development then, in Meeting of Preparation Committee ( PrepCom) IV High Level Conference about Sustainable development ( World Summit on Sustainable Development) in Bali May 2002, there is difference of sight between West states with Third world about how The sustainable development concept must be implemented. Paula J. Dobriansky from United States Department of Foreign Affairs for Global Affairs express that United States having sight that Sustainable development must be started from concept to determine chance x'self which then is supported with policy in effective country. The best way to execute policy of effective state is through construction of partnership between private sectors with public in local, national and international storey 14. In the sight Of United States, in this way Sustainable development expected able to give advantage to Developing and Developed countries. Still in the sight of United States as well as Canada, Australia and New Zealand, main bases of Sustainable Development concept is public which can determine themself, which prepared to participate in multilateral free trade and that is all requiring existence of good governance ( good
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goverment ). Good governance according to United States ,Canada, Australia and New Zealand, is goverment which having institutions democrates and independent law system including in it participation of all member of publics. Good governance in conceptioning United States is government that more limited for the shake of market. More bigger power must be transferred to multinational corporations ( multinational corporationsIMNC) 15. United States Sight which is supported by some developed states indicates that good governance which can guarantee executing of Sustainable development concept is power of government which more limited for the benefit of market, and power larger ones must be delivered to private sector ( in this case national corporation and also multinational). This concept then expressed by United States in World Summit on Sustainable Development ( WSSD) in Johannesburg in September 2002 and made conditionality to depress Third world nations in WSSD. United States Sight about formulation of good governance which can guarantee execution of Sustainable development concept ( is leading towards Corporate Globalization) hardly differing from Third world nations sight. Good governance which can guarantee executing of Sustainable development concept according to Third world nations sight ( which expressed in Meeting of Preparation Committee ( PrepCom) IV High Level Conference about Sustainable development (World Summit on Sustainable Development)) in Bali May 2002, is government that capabele to hold responsible and believe ( accountable), transparent, opens wide participation for public and implements straightening of law effectively. However as according to message as written in Agenda 21, open of wide participation for public , remain to places forward partnership, and care to poorness problem. In this meaning hence, government shall limits its interference to public but not so that economic power transferred to private sector or even multinational. From Meeting of Preparation Committee ( PrepCom) IV High Level Conference about Sustainable development ( World Summit on Sustainable Development) in Bali May 2002, seen that WSSD performed then cannot be expected will bring significant impact to be able to bring world towards direction of fair development and having continuation. Difference of sight about formulation of concept of good governance to guarantee execution of Above mentioned sustainable development, clearly influences results of High Level Conference about Sustainable Development ( WSSD).Report of UN General Secretary at the opening of World Conference of Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in the year 2002 expressed between 1992 - 2002 happened execution blankness of Agenda-21. Condition of environment were exactly increasingly ugly. On the other side, Era 1992 - 2002 was globalization understanding era, where actor nonFF.Adji Samekto, taken from references, only fot lecturing purpuses

state like multinational corporation been used effectively as hand prolongation of importance of capital owner nations. UN General Secretary Report indirectly proves that the dominance of multinational corporation role in economic world not parallel with the recovery of environment condition. Hence correctness if told, globalization with all its implications can change purpose of Sustainable development.

2. Sustainable Development In Changing National Order

Implementation of Sustainable development Concept in national storey ought to be mirror in straightening of environment law, consistency in settlement of space and execution of AMDAL. The question is how to execute those three thing in autonomy era at present. Friction of management system of goverment from model centralistic towards present decentralization is part of change of social order that is also partakes influences implementation of Sustainable development concept in Indonesia. It has been too much information expressing that in era autonomy area the care of protection and environment conservation becomes hardly decreasing along of existence of motivation of improvement of PAD and localism ego. In Jurnal Hukum Bisnis ( 2002) has been told that autonomy area triggers bearing of zonal chauvinistic spirit that push improvement of conflict of natural resources for the shake of production of area. Undeniable in condition which still having the character of this transition ( globalization influence effect and situation in our country) each institution tries to survive with all ways based on his own importance. Hence often then sectoral policys exit ( of each Department or Agency) which is each other collides head-on one another, though object arranged same. If that thing happened public which will become victim from environmental damage and or contamination. In national storey ( in Indonesia) also having the same condition. Annual note that regularly released by some LSM to show how environmental damage in Indonesia increasingly becomes more and more. The Publish of Perpu No. 1 The year 2004 About Change of Law No. 41 The year 1999 About Forestry - for example - indicates more and more over a barrel of aspiration of public and paid no attention of Government with the existence of envoronment damage which later happened. Result of study from state ministry of environment indicates that lack of strength of politics having sense of the environment is one of the cause of no have ever been handled it in gratifies problem of nvironment in national storey. Gerschenkron ( 1999) shows if development in Western countries which take big part is actor non-state, hence on the contrary in Development process of third world nations places forward the role of state which so big, non public.
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The role of state which is so dominance tends to push state power ( either executive and also legislative) to be directly involved in policy retrieval, rule making and execution interference of development process. When the role of state becomes dominance and observation of public to the management of goverment hardly is pulled over, emerges " colaboration" corporation importance ( investor) with "person" power bouncing opportunist of that. For the sake of this "colaboration" permanence hence the public and life environment would be easy to sacrificed. Regulation making of environment in national storey like invitors, Perpu or any , for the reason, will not pay attention to importance of public, moreover importance of environment. Simply example , fickle of statement of ministry of environment about the contamination or not in case of Buyat can generate question, has in institution of environment ministry been all ready to do verification process that is later important in process of litigasi. In implementation of Sustainable development ideally, all development activity must really is based or as according to settlement planning of space. General Policy which with reference to settlement of space was important thing remembering that since the year 2000 Indonesia population amounts had increased so fastly reaching 220 million, whereas the farm is not increased causing brings big burden for farm supply. Settlement policy of space is expected able to fulfill demand various requirement of man fairly and proper. In settlement context of this space hence licensing is a real central thing of its function as controller that all thing still run in planology corridor which has been poured in regulation of law.

However in its fact stipulating and or planology change ( often) runs without based on consideration ( guide) which with vision of area. Importances of economics ( including improvement PAD, improvement of invesment, tax) often push change of planology which has been agreed on before all. Further effect happened then damage of environment either happened directly and also indirect and public becoming victim again.In its fact, planology till now is not able to become guidance and goalkeeper in realizing sustainable development. That thing is caused planology doesn't give description, about environmental carrying capacity at planology conducting. Besides, till now planology especially town experiences change quickly and controlled by capital owner. Often happened collision between governmental importances and public because not all information about planology is informed to public. Besides is not informed, till now planning of planology also haves the character of top down. Seminar is performed when planning of planology completed is compiled. Finally, planning of planology becomes governmental requirement and non requirement of public. All has

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known that the existing a lot of happened collision to planology plan which has been compiled before all. If we see in town Semarang, for example area Simongan which ought to be settlement area, now be easily found industry. Even some industries gives ugly contribution for vinicity environment. In that area according to information there are a furniture factory using tiner as component of coating, at certain hours contaminates air with aroma of tiner. This activity routinity causes some member of civils inhabiting location around factory to experience exhalation trouble. But when this problems lifted hence position of factory cannot be disturbed by, because it has obtained permission effort for from related institution. Conspecific problem also arises in area Rowosari and Wonosari where happened the trim of hill that is indirectly changes arranging land use and potency happened earthflow, which able to menace pacification of public around.In national storey , execution of analysis about environment impact ( AMDAL) as one of implementation guarantor of Sustainable development, still generating complex problems, even if the legal fundament is clear ( Law No. 23 The year 1997, PP No 27 The year 1999) .

Result of Soeryo Adibowo research ( PPLH IPB,2004) showns in initiator circle : AMDAL and its implementation still be assumed as cost center. There is no incentive or differentiation for initiator compiling AMDAL with doesn't compile AMDAL ( although its activity pertained mandatory of AMDAL). There is no incentive for they compiling AMDAL correctly with of becoming. Among government, AMDAL is more viewed as instrument of licensing than instrument of prevention of environmental impact. Moreover most of project of government which is mandatory AMDAL exactly do not make compilation AMDAL. Besides AMDAL still be viewed as economic commodity by government person, initiator or certain consultant. Condition now shows the light straightening of law for activity that is not compiles AMDAL ( although in fact, pertained mandatory of AMDAL) Therefore its challenge is how streamlining rule of law about AMDAL which there [are].The next is how making AMDAL which initialy becomes " property" of initiator and institution in charge becomes property of member of public.

3. Challenge of Implementation of Sustainable Development

Sees above description explains presumably that implementation challenge of Sustainable development in now is change of social order having core at economic importance during present, either at global level and also in national storey. In global storey : implementaion of rules WTO ( which have also, ratified also by Indonesia) ; the
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dominance of the role of multinational in economics a state; difference about how applying concept Good Governance between developed countrieses with developing countries post meeting of nations in KTT Johannesburg 2002 is things which would influences how state implementation of Sustainable development concept. In this free trade era corporate and business world has role that is not less important in increasing public life level, mainly in lessening number of unemployment. Does importance of business can be synchronize with environmental protection importance? As illustration , to integrate importance of business with environmental protection borns concepts like ecolabelling, social corporate responsibility and its conspecific. However in the fact ( which has been reported by General Secretary of UN in Opening of WSSD 2002) domination corporate or private sector in this economics field not parallel with the lessen of environmental damage in world, including Indonesia, although law peripheral and government officer straightening of the law are existed. Is government, public and business perpetrator ( business) really has awareness to place forward environmental protection importance? Does importance protect area becoming consideration every action which will be decided by government and also corporate world in era placing forward importance of this economics?

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