European Vacancy and Recruitment Report 2012

Social Europe

This publication is the sole responsibility of the author(s). The contents of this publication do not necessarily reect the position or opinion of the European Commission. European Commission Susanne Kraatz (Employment, Social Aairs and Inclusion DG, Unit C.4 Employment Services, EURES) With support from: John McGrath (Ireland) and Anja Kettner (Germany) Project Team ICON / ECORYS: Address ICON-INSTITUT Public Sector GmbH Von-Groote-Str. 28, 50968 Kln, Germany ECORYS Nederland BV Watermanweg 44, 3066 GG Rotterdam, The Netherlands Project Manager: Natalija Ziminiene (ICON-INSTITUT Public Sector GmbH, Germany) Team Leader: Peter Donker van Heel (ECORYS, The Netherlands) Authors: Martin van der Ende, Peter Donker van Heel, Kenneth Walsh, Jena de Wit, Natalija Ziminiene Layout: Holger Thoma (ICON-INSTITUT Public Sector GmbH, Germany)
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More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data as well as an abstract can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Publications Oce of the European Union, 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-27149-6 doi: 10.2767/85918 European Union, 2012 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

EUROPEAN VACANCY AND RECRUITMENT REPORT 2012

European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Aairs and Inclusion Unit C.4 - Employment Services, EURES Manuscript completed in November 2012

Contents
Executive summary................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................................... Monitoring labour demand in Europe................................................................................................................................................................................... Sources of information used.................................................................................................................................................................................................... Country coverage, time period, and measurement....................................................................................................................................................... Structure of the report................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Trends in vacancies and recruitment.............................................................................................................................................................. Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Background........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Development of vacancies and recruitment................................................................................................................................................................... Development of recruitment and contractual arrangements............................................................................................................................... Developments in public employment services, temporary work agencies and online recruitment services.............................. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Development of sectoral and occupational demand.............................................................................................................................. Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Development of recruitment by sector.............................................................................................................................................................................. The development of demand by occupation: the most sought a er occupations.................................................................................... Education and skills requirements for recruitment..................................................................................................................................................... Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... The relationship between labour demand and supply: indications for employment bottlenecks................................... Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Development of vacancies and recruitment relative to unemployment......................................................................................................... First indications of bottlenecks: Comparing job-nders to unemployed by occupation.......................................................................... Developments in public employment services............................................................................................................................................................... Results from national studies................................................................................................................................................................................................. Results from the Manpower Talent Shortage Survey................................................................................................................................................. Identication of top bottleneck occupations in Europe.............................................................................................................................................. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 14 14 14 15 16 18 18 18 21 26 33 37 39 39 40 43 60 72 74 74 75 78 82 86 92 94 96

Recruitment channels: the market share of PES and TWAs................................................................................................................. 97 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 97 General trends of PES and TWA markets shares.......................................................................................................................................................... 97 Market shares of PES and TWA by sector......................................................................................................................................................................... 101 Market share of PES and TWA occupational and educational patterns....................................................................................................... 103 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 106 References.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 107 Statistical Annex...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 109

Abbreviations ALMP EC EEO EMP EJMB EVM EVRR EU EWCO ISCO ISCED GDP ILO ICT HR JVS LFS NACE NSO OECD ORS PES PRES STW TAW TWA Q1, Q2 UNEMP Active Labour Market Policy European Commission European Employment Observatory Employment European Job Mobility Bulletin European Vacancy Monitor European Vacancy and Recruitment Report European Union European Working Conditions Survey International Standard Classication of Occupations International Standard Classication of Education Gross domestic product International Labour Organisation Information and communication technologies Human resources Job Vacancy Statistics (source - EUROSTAT) Labour Force Survey (source - EUROSTAT) Classication of Economic Activities in the European Community National Statistical Organisation/Oce Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development Online recruitment services Public Employment Services Private Employment Services Short-time working Temporary Agency Work(er) Temporary Work Agency First quarter of the year, second quarter etc. Unemployment

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Executive Summary
Policy context and objectives
As part of its Europe 2020 agship initiative An Agenda for New Skills and Jobs, in 2010 the European Commission (EC) launched the Monitoring Labour Market Developments in Europe project. The objective of this project is to increase labour market transparency for all stakeholders who need information about recent developments on the demand side of the labour market, such as decision-makers in the elds of education and employment, public and private employment services including EURES advisers, education and training providers, career guidance services, and policy and labour market analysts. The European Vacancy and Recruitment Report (EVRR) is a key component of the European Commissions endeavour to develop a systematic labour market monitoring system focusing on changes in the demand for skills, including contractual arrangements, sector demand, occupation demand, growing occupations, dicult to ll vacancies (bottleneck occupations) and skills requirements. Monitoring the activities of dierent recruitment agencies is important because they are at the interface of labour demand and supply - matching vacancies with suitable jobseekers in particular segments of the labour market. This rst edition of the report makes a signicant contribution to our understanding of how the European labour market functions. Other elements within this project include two quarterly bulletins, the European Vacancy Monitor1 and the European Job Mobility Bulletin1. Together with other relevant studies, labour market data and analyses these will form part of the European Commissions Skills Panorama to be launched in December 2012. It is noteworthy that the results from the analysis of labour (recruitment) demand are not necessarily identical with those from the analysis of employment. The changing demand for labour may impact on employment trends in a variety of ways. An increase in vacancies will be reected in an increase in employment where new job creation outstrips job losses (i.e. expansion demand). However, many job openings arise because of the need to replace workers who have le the labour force because of retirement, emigration or for other reasons. At the same time, the single biggest generator of vacancies is workers changing their jobs, either voluntarily or because their employment contract has come to an end.

Scope of the study and limitations

The report brings together information from a range of European and national sources using Eurostat data (Job Vacancy Statistics and Labour Force Survey), data from Public Employment Services, temporary work agencies and online services. While there are many benets to be derived from enhancing the level of transparency in the European labour market, the project had to cope with a number of challenges: above all, the limited availability of comparable vacancy data for the whole of Europe and a change in the main classication used for a breakdown by occupation the International Standard Classication of Occupations (ISCO) in 2011 causing a disruption for time series. Overall, it is to be considered a work in progress, building up more comprehensive information and a longer-term perspective over time. While the Eurostat Job Vacancy Statistics (JVS) is the only European source to provide vacancy information (including breakdown by economic sector) for most of the European countries, the European Labour Force Survey (LFS) is indeed a unique source providing timely, comprehensive and comparable data for all EU27 countries including by sector, occupation and education. For this reason, this source is utilised extensively in the report, o en in highly original and innovative ways. For example, the job-nder data is used as an approximation for lled vacancies and the ratio of job-nders to unemployed is used to identify indications for potential bottleneck occupations. While being an indirect measure for labour demand, job-nder data has a further advantage: they include virtually all vacancies even so-called hidden vacancies, lled informally without any notication of the vacancy to the public. Building upon the analyses from the quarterly bulletin European Vacancy Monitor, this report is the rst European report to present trend information for dierent types of recruitment agencies. The fact that most of these sources for a variety of reasons, only provide partial coverage of the EU and are not fully comparable, does not preclude their usefulness as important contributors to the analyses quite the contrary. The vacancy and recruitment data from the Public Employment Services, temporary work agencies and online recruitment services add valuable information to the general picture developed on the basis of European sources. They help to specify the trend and the prole of labour demand for important institutions, covering dierent segments of the labour market. Finally, quantitative and qualitative ndings from a number of national studies and other research are used to augment the empirical evidence and also to enrich the interpretation of the data particularly in respect of the identication of bottleneck occupations and employment opportunities.

1 http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=955&langId=en

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E x ecut ive s ummary

This rst edition of the European Vacancy and Recruitment Report presents short-term trends in labour demand, spanning the time period from 2007 or 2008 to 2011. The trend data is presented in the form of indices because it provides a good illustration of the scale of change over time including volatility due to seasonal factors.

reect dierences in welfare levels and the aordability of part-time work, but also cultural history, as the contrast between Bulgaria and Romania (where there is virtually no registered part-time recruitment) and the Netherlands (70 per cent part-time recruitment) suggest.

Key Findings
Development of vacancies and recruitment patterns

While the number of vacancies and job-nders has recovered from its low 2009 levels, labour demand in the third quarter of 2011 is still below the pre-crisis levels of 2007 and 2008. This pattern is evident from all sources and recruitment channels analysed in this report (JVS, PES, temporary work agencies and online recruitment services) Labour market dynamics slowed down during the crisis, this was evident in the stock of vacancies which declined by 40% in 2009 compared to the rst quarter of 2008. Also PES job vacancy inows and the number of job-nders both registered a decline of between 10 and 30% in 2009. This decline may reect a cautious recruitment approach being taken by employers to recruitment.

The development of recruitment diers between countries: Whereas Germany was relatively unaected during the crisis, Romania continued to suer from the impact in 2011. The number of temporary job-nders increased strongly in Estonia and Latvia while remaining at in Bulgaria and Spain. The number of part-time jobnders increased strongly in Slovakia and Sweden, while the demand for part-time work slightly weakened in Ireland and UK starting from a relatively high level. Private sector recruitment responded faster and stronger to the business cycle than the comparatively small public sector, conrming the stronger cyclicality of labour demand in the private sector. While opportunities to nd a job in the broad public sector at the beginning of the period of review were less adversely aected than in the private sector, there is evidence of a convergence in the trends later on. This may reect the impact of austerity measures in many countries.

Nevertheless, labour markets continue to be dynamic: there were about 12 million hirings in Europe during the third quarter of 2011 compared to 13.5 million in the corresponding period in 2007 and 12.8 million in the same quarter in 2008. Considerable movement on the labour market was observed, especially in Sweden, Denmark, but also in Spain where there were high numbers of job-nders compared to employment, while jobseekers in Greece, Slovakia and Romania fared less well. At the same time the analysis of contractual arrangements signalled an increase of labour turnover, as the share of temporary job-nders rose (from 56 to 60 per cent comparing the rst quarters of 2007 and 2011). Also the share of part-time job-nders went up (from 27 to 32 per cent). This may aggravate the segmentation of the labour market and should be monitored in the future. In general, there is no clear relationship between changes in total employment and changes in temporary employment, neither between temporary and part-time work. When comparing a general increase in employment and an increase in temporary job-nders between countries, no obvious correlation was found. In the same vein, no obvious relationship was found between the share of temporary and part-time recruitment. It is more likely that the use of temporary contracts depends on legislation, with more temporary contracts in countries with strong overall employment protection (Spain - 90 per cent) and fewer temporary contracts in countries with less overall employment protection (the UK, Denmark around 30 per cent). The use of part-time contracts may

Structure and development of sectoral, occupational and skills demand The main ndings on the structure and development of sectoral demand are:

Reecting employment structure, numerically the most important economic sectors for recruitment measured in the numbers of job vacancies and job-nders are business services in the EU15 (those countries in the EU prior to 1 May 2004) and manufacturing in the new Member States. Recruitment in trade and health was least aected by the crisis. In fact the increasing number of vacancies against fairly stable numbers of job-nders in the health and social work sector could be interpreted as a rst indicator of recruitment diculties. Construction, manufacturing and industry were most aected by the crisis. For manufacturing this is a continuation of a longer-term decline since 2000, but for construction this shows a sharp break with the pre-crisis trend of increasing sectoral employment. The fact that manufacturing is the largest employer in the new Member States implies that job opportunities and recruitment in the new Member States were generally hit harder by the crisis than the EU15. It is noteworthy, that in addition to these sectors, data for recent recruits (job-nders) also show roughly 15% per cent less job-nders in the third quarter of 2011 compared to the same quarter of 2008 for ICT and nance.

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This rst edition of the European Vacancy and Recruitment Report presents short-term trends of labour demand, covering the time period from 2007 or 2008 to 2011. The trend data is presented in the form of indices because it provides a good illustration of the scale of change over time including volatility due to seasonal factors. The main ndings on structure and development of occupational demand are:

Top demanded occupations (according to the number of job-nders, i.e. lled vacancies in the third quarter of 2011) include various low to intermediate skilled services workers, such as shop salespersons, waiters and bartenders and personal care workers. The keen demand for shop salespersons is partially explained by the dominance of large retail companies at the expense of micro-businesses, with a subsequent increase in part-time and xed-term jobs. Other top demanded occupations vary widely, but they are generally for elementary occupations and for service and sales workers. The high share of job-nders in these occupations suggests a greater degree of labour turnover in these sorts of jobs. This assumption was conrmed by a comparison of shares of these occupations in employment and in job-nder data the dierence was quite striking, with a greatest dierence above all recorded for elementary occupations (an average of 18 per cent in job-nders compared to 11 per cent in employment, in 2010). The occupations associated with the most notied vacancies to the PES (according to the PES job vacancy inow for the third quarter of 2011) presented an ambiguous picture: PES rather reects the structure of job openings on the labour market as a whole. Most job openings are for services and sales workers and for a number of elementary occupations. However, the modest recovery in the area of skilled manual work is reected in an increase in the inow of vacancies to the PES for a number of occupations for cra s workers and operators. Most notably, top vacancy inow also includes a few high skilled occupations such as nance and sales associate professionals, physical and engineering science technicians, architects, engineers and related professionals and administrative associate professionals. As employers have been experiencing recruitment diculties they may be more inclined to seek the assistance of PES to ll these vacancies. The top-growth occupations within each of the major occupational groups, that is those with the largest increase in the number of job-nders between 2007 and 2010, generally reect sectoral developments. Topgrowth occupations include three in the health and social work sector; health professionals such as biologists, pharmacologists and pathologists, in particular in Germany and France, psychologists in various countries as well as one in the category of skilled-non-manual occupations:

personal care and related workers. They also include three in the education sector, for example in the category various teaching associate professionals; (e.g. in particular in France). Since the total number of hirings declined in the education sector, this suggests increasing recruitment of teaching sta in specic elds although the data do not allow to identify exactly in which elds. Demand also increased for the group of business professionals such as nancial analysts and marketing professionals, and, at the other end of the scale, for some elementary occupations, such as sweepers and related labourers.

Although a number of skilled manual occupations showed growing demand for labour, in particular food and related products machine operators, these were very much the exception. The skilled manual occupations, in general, were most strongly advers ely aected by the crisis reecting the decline in the manufacturing and construction sectors. Further monitoring is needed to assess to what extent a contraction in the demand for an occupation reects a temporary setback or a more structural change. For example, clerks were almost universally in less demand between 2007 and 2010. Further diusion of advanced information technologies in the economy and the austerity measures introduced by many EU governments in recent years suggest that this trend may reect structural changes and consequently may continue into the future.

The main ndings on skills requirements as indicated by educational level and eld are:

Changes over time are small but steady, and despite large variations between countries indicate an educational upgrading to the detriment of the low educated in particular. One out of two job-nders continues to have a medium educational level corresponding to a similar and stable level of employment. Most of the vacancies which are being lled by these job-nders are in the skilled nonmanual categories. These jobs have been expanding in contrast to the skilled manual categories many of which have experienced a decline in employment. Moreover, there is evidence for rising skills requirements across all occupational groups reaching from elementary to high-skilled jobs (with the exception of skilled agricultural and shery workers). Some of this can be attributed to grade dri employers recruiting highly or medium educated workers as they are available at times of high unemployment. Grade dri can result in the crowding out of less educated workers. Further monitoring in the future is needed to assess to establish the extent to which structural changes are responsible for this development. Recruitment preferences regarding the educational eld (upper secondary level and higher) vary according to the specics of each national education and training system.

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E x ecut ive s ummary

Vacancies which may be associated with tertiary education in Member States (which do not have an extensive formal vocational training system) may be lled by qualied cra -workers in countries such as Germany and Austria, where there is a highly regarded and extensive dual apprenticeship system.

of skilled trades (e.g. carpenters). While the rst reects the overall growing demand in the education sector, the latter appears to be paradoxical given the decline in construction, but it is conned to a small number of member States.

In general, however, irrespective of the education or training route, job-nders with technical and business qualications continue to secure a high proportion of the employment opportunities on oer.

The relationship between supply and demand: indicators for bottlenecks

Bottlenecks can be limited to specic specialisations within occupations. This is particularly evident for engineers. Austria has bottlenecks for agricultural equipment engineers and graduate engineers in mechanical engineering. In contrast, Germany has bottlenecks in metalwork, automotive engineering, mechatronics, energy and electronic engineers. Ireland has a bottleneck for various processing industry engineers and Denmark for various construction engineers. PES more o en involved when employers experience recruitment diculties. For almost all bottleneck occupations, the PES job vacancy inow to unemployment ratio is also above average, with the exception of highskilled sales professionals. While in general employers notify vacancies for low to intermediate skilled jobs more frequently than the average, the results indicate that employers involve the PES more when they experience recruitment diculties. The greater involvement of employers with the PES may also reect the fact that in recent years, probably as a result of the recession, more qualied jobseekers are registered with PES. Recruitment diculties can have many causes. According to the 2012 Manpower Talent Shortage Survey, employers cite a lack of technical competencies (hard skills) among applicants as a main reason for their recruitment diculties; other reasons include poor working conditions, a lack of mobility or of labour market transparency. Strategies to cope with a lack of technical competencies include providing additional training to current sta (21 per cent of employers having diculty lling vacancies say this), and adjusting their recruitment criteria which could be in favour of young job entrants (in particular recruiting sta with potential rather than proven skills). Also strategic partnerships are formed with schools and universities to recruit the best students. Another strategy to cope with recruitment diculties is to geographically widen the search for relevant sta including international mobility.

The risk of recruitment diculties was signicantly lower in Europe in general when comparing 2011 with 2008. This can be seen in two ways, rstly, in the ratios of the unemployed to the stock of job vacancies, and, secondly, in the ratio of unemployed to job-nders. Both increased by more than half between comparable quarters in 2008 and 2011 (for example from 3.3 to 5.6 unemployed per vacancy). Exceptions are Austria and Germany with rather tight labour markets and, to a lesser extent, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and the Netherlands. In eleven countries, for example in Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and Spain, a high labour surplus continued in 2011. In those countries, the burden of unemployment is high with relatively few job opportunities reecting again the relatively low labour market developments in those countries identied earlier. These general developments are also reected in the PES data, again with the notable exception of Germany. Bottleneck occupations were identied by combining information from several sources, each having their advantages and drawbacks: ratios of job-nders to unemployment, national sources and the 2012 Manpower Talent Shortage Survey. True bottlenecks tend to persist over time. Most of the bottleneck occupations identied in 2010 were already showing a high ratio of labour demand to labour supply in 2007. Top bottleneck occupations in Europe are concentrated in a number of professional occupations: Health: medical doctors, pharmacologists, pathologists and related professionals, nurses and nurse assistants ICT: IT consultants, IT support sta, so ware programmers, data processing technicians, IT project leaders; Engineering: dierent specialist engineers in various countries; Sales: sales representatives and telemarketers; Finance: accountants, accountant assistants, and nance sta such as credit and risk managers.

Recruitment channels: market shares of PES and TWA The main ndings on PES market shares are:

Additionally, there are some indications for potential bottlenecks in the future for teachers and also in the area

The average PES market share, i.e. the combination of the usage rate and success rate in lling the vacancies, was 8 per cent during the period 2007-2010, but it varied widely across the Member States ranging from 3 per cent in the Netherlands to 15 per cent in Slovenia. PES have the highest market shares mainly in blue-collar jobs. The list of the top ten also includes a number of more highly skilled occupations, such as archivists, librarians

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and related information professionals and social work associate professionals. PES had the highest market share for the following jobs: handicraft workers in wood, textile, leather and related materials and printing-, binding- and paper-products machine operators. The main ndings on temporary work agencies (TWA) market shares are:

TWA market shares declined in 2009 as reaction to the crisis, but showed signs of recovery in 2010. The TWA is a good indication of the relative job stability in the labour market. As employers use TWAs in response to changes in demand, these tend to be highly sensitive to peaks and troughs in economic activity. The TWA market share was 10 per cent on average in 2007-2010. This cannot be directly compared with PES market shares because PES and TWA co-operate to ll vacancies in quite a number of countries. TWAs have the highest market shares in the manufacturing sector and various operator occupations which tend to react sensitively to economic cycles. An observation that holds true for PES and TWA alike is that the TWA market shares dier little by educational level and are slightly higher for low and medium educated job-nders. This reects the importance of TWAs for a number of lower-skilled bluecollar occupations where relatively quick recruitment is necessary for maintaining the production process.

Job Vacancy Statistics (Eurostat JVS) The regular participation of all countries across Europe in providing the data for the European Job Vacancy Statistics. Considerations could be given to increase the sample size of the surveys to generate more reliable results. It could be useful if the data distinguish between vacancies for permanent and temporary positions. Consideration could also be given to including an analysis for the major occupational groups in addition to the existing sectoral analysis.

Labour Market intelligence in the Member States All Member States should establish a skills needs anticipation system. Currently the situation is quite diverse with only a few countries possessing a comprehensive and eective skills needs anticipation system. It would be important to enhance the coordination of administrative and measurement procedures regarding PES data (e.g. closure of PES vacancies, measurement of vacancy duration).

Systematic dissemination of labour market intelligence is a precondition for informed decision-making Systematic dissemination of labour market intelligence is needed to inform stakeholders at European and national level of the skills needs of the economies of the Member States. For successful dissemination a partnership approach is required and in particular cooperation between the stakeholders in the elds of education and employment.

The main nding on online recruitment services is:

Contrary to PES and TWA, online recruitment services have by far the highest market shares among the high educated job-nders. However, the market share of online recruitment services could increase in the near future for lower and medium educated job-nders, as internet use becomes more widespread. With increasing digitalisation all employment services will, to an increasing extent, oer placement and recruitment services increasingly online.

With regards to international mobility EURES and other services for international placement and recruitment have to be aware of trends in labour demand including bottlenecks in one or several countries. In order to enable their clients to make informed decisions regarding educational and vocational decisions, career guidance services have to balance individual interests, talents and skills of the individual with the requirements of the labour market. Education ministries and decision-makers in VET institutions and universities need information about shrinking and growing occupations in order to make the appropriate adjustments to course curricula. For PES and training providers monitoring trends in labour demand and changing demand in general and the changing demand for specialisations within an occupation is essential for maintaining the eectiveness of ALMP measures.

Conclusions and directions for policy response

Need for further research and more comprehensive monitoring This issue of the European Vacancy and Recruitment Report is a rst attempt to systematically analyse the development of vacancy and recruitment patterns. While this report makes a signicant contribution to our understanding of the European labour market, the ndings are limited in certain respects because key labour market data is not available at European level. This data is essential to the development of an eective monitoring and short-term anticipation mechanism. Therefore action needs to be taken at European and at national level including the following:

Moreover, systematic dissemination of this report together with other elements of the planned Skills Panorama can contribute signicantly to the improvement of existing tools for monitoring and short-term anticipation of labour demand.

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E x ecut ive s ummary

Current trends of labour demand require a combined focus of education and training on medium and high skills levels The ndings of this report indicate that the highest volumes of job openings are currently concentrated in low and medium skills levels. However, a longer-term analysis of educational requirements has provided evidence for educational upgrading in general and also within occupations. This can partly be explained by structural and technological changes, for example the requirement for more complex IT skills in cra s. However, it may also reect the fact that in the current recession, employers in general can recruit from more highly qualied jobseekers. The analyses in the report indicate that there continues to be a strong demand for intermediate level VET skills. However, there is considerable variation across European countries in the type of intermediate skills which are most in demand, with some of the newer Member States showing a continuing high demand for intermediate manual skills levels, while in others skilled service occupations are most in demand. The occupations identied in the report as dicult to recruit (i.e. bottleneck occupations) are in general associated with professional qualications (e.g. health, ICT, engineering, sales and nance). It should not be assumed that imbalances in the labour market can only be addressed by increasing provision in formal tertiary education. This would not necessarily be the most eective means of delivering skills at technician level. Rather, what is required is a combined policy approach strengthening VET and tertiary education at the same time while reducing the number of early school leavers as intended by the EU2020 strategy. While a key challenge for tertiary education continues to be to increase the number of students studying the STEM disciplines (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics), health and nance, the challenge for VET is more complex. It involves as a core principle actively seeking a successful match between the interests and competences of the jobseekers with the requirements of the employer. Another challenge for both VET and career guidance is to improve the image associated with a wide range of skilled manual occupations. Increasing exibility of the labour force calls for policies to compensate for insecurities The report conrms ndings that most of the jobs created in recent years are based upon temporary contracts and other forms of non-standard forms of employment. The analysis showed that demand in terms of numbers of hirings is highest for lower skilled services in occupations with a high turnover, such as shop salespersons, cleaners and helpers, waiters and bartenders. Temporary agency work has the highest market share in sectors that are sensitive to economic cycles and structural change. Temporary or part-time contractual arrangements tend to increase the risk of between jobs and

in-work poverty and to make career development more fragile. These trends can result in increased labour segmentation, the further expansion of poverty traps and the diminution of workers rights. Policies need to be implemented to counteract these tendencies including access to lifelong learning and adequate social protection.2 A dierentiated skills strategy to cope with talent shortages in certain occupations According to the analysis in this report the top bottleneck occupations in Europe (professionals in health, ICT, engineering, sales and nance) appear to be more persistent and spread across several European countries. However, for a number of other occupations there are indications of emerging or potential bottlenecks in a limited number of countries.

A well structured mobility policy can help to improve the matching of skills demand with skills supply in Europe. Good labour market intelligence combined with active cooperation between the relevant employment services can ensure that skills which are in surplus in one economy can be utilised to ll vacancies elsewhere in the community. The further development of the EURES portal, database and services can make a valuable contribution to the process of a transnational matching of skills supply and demand. It is important that labour market policies in Europe focus in particular on expanding occupations and those which are in short supply (i.e. bottleneck occupations). In many cases, these occupations are composed of a combination of traditional competences and competences which have been imported from other disciplines (e.g. mechatronics), or as in the case of many green occupations, entirely new additional competences (e.g. wind engineering). These developments pose a challenge to the education and training systems in Europe. The structure must be exible enough to facilitate the employed and jobseekers to add on the required new competences to their existing qualications. This has also implications for the development of labour market transparency and the way competencies are formally classied. The existing system ISCO has made a very valuable contribution to eective labour market analysis and management. However, although taskbased it is not suciently rened to fully reect either the range or the dynamic nature of the evolving skills and competences requirements of the modern labour market. The challenge is to build a system at European level, such as ESCO, a taxonomy of European Skills, Competences and

2 See European Commission Communication: Towards a job-rich recovery (COM (2012) 173 nal, page 9-10, and the references to the relevant European Directives on part time work (97/81/EC), on xed term work (99/70/EC) and on temporary agency work (2008/104 EC)

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Occupations3, which more fully incorporates the skills and competences. A key challenge is to devise a system which is exible enough to keep abreast of the constant changes which are occurring to the skills and competences proles of occupations.

Some mismatches in the labour market, however, are not caused by a lack of skills, but by other reasons, such as working conditions or a poor image of an occupation. In these cases the challenge for the relevant stakeholders is to make the jobs suciently attractive to avoid skills and labour shortages. Whatever the situation, the formulation of the appropriate strategy is contingent on the availability of comprehensive, in-depth and timely labour market intelligence. The publication of this report is an important contribution to the further development of this intelligence at both a European and at a national level.

However, there is not one skills strategy that ts all. There are dierent policy answers which are appropriate depending on the situation and the reasons identied for the skills mismatches on the labour market. In the case where there is an insucient supply of appropriate skills and competences the most eective response is for the education and training system to develop relevant education and training courses. In addition, up-skilling existing employees can also be an eective strategy. In the short-term, policies which enhance inter-regional and international mobility can help to alleviating imbalances on the labour market.

3 The European Commission is developing the taxonomy ESCO, which will describe the most relevant skills, competences and qualications needed for several thousand occupations.

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Intr o d u cti o n

1 Introduction
1.1 Monitoring labour demand in Europe
As part of its Europe 2020 agship initiative An Agenda for New Skills and Jobs, in 2010 the European Commission (EC) launched the Monitoring Labour Market Developments in Europe project. The objective of this project is to increase labour market transparency for all stakeholders who need information about recent developments on the demand side of the labour market, such as decision-makers in the elds of education and employment, public and private employment services including EURES advisers, education and training providers, career guidance services, and policy and labour market analysts. The European Vacancy and Recruitment Report (EVRR) is a key component of the European Commissions endeavour to develop a systematic labour market monitoring system focusing on changes in the demand for skills, including contractual arrangements, sector demand, occupation demand, growing occupations, dicult to ll vacancies (bottleneck occupations) and skills requirements. Monitoring the activities of dierent recruitment agencies is important because they are at the interface of labour demand and supply, matching vacancies with suitable jobseekers in particular segments of the labour market. This rst edition of the report makes a signicant contribution to our understanding of how the European labour market functions. Other elements within this project include two quarterly bulletins, the European Vacancy Monitor1 and the European Job Mobility Bulletin.1 Together with other relevant studies, labour market data and analyses these will form part of the European Commissions Skills Panorama to be launched in December 2012. It is noteworthy that the results from analysis of labour demand are not necessarily identical with those from the analysis of employment. The changing demand for labour may impact on employment trends in a variety of ways. Generally, an increase in vacancies will be reected in an increase in employment where new job creation outstrips job losses (i.e. expansion demand). However, many job openings arise because of the need to replace workers who have le the labour force because of retirement, emigration or for other reasons. Moreover, the single biggest generator of vacancies is workers changing their jobs, either voluntarily or because their employment contract has come to an end. While there are many benets to be derived from enhancing the level of transparency in the European Labour market, the project had to cope with a number of challenges, above all the limited availability of comparable vacancy data for the whole of Europe and a change in the main classication used for a breakdown by occupation, the International Standard Classication of Occupations (ISCO) in 2011. This caused a disruption in the time series. Overall, the project can be considered as a work in progress, building up more comprehensive information and a longer-term perspective over time.

1.2 Sources of information used

The report brings together information from a range of European and national sources using Eurostat data (Job Vacancy Statistics and Labour Force Survey), data from Public Employment Services, temporary work agencies and online services:

Eurostat data on job vacancies from the Job Vacancy Statistics (JVS) including sectoral analysis (NACE) Eurostat data on job-nders and unemployed from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), including type of contract, sectoral analysis (NACE), occupational analysis (ISCO), education level and eld (ISCED), unemployed by previous occupation, recruitment channels of job-nders (public employment services, temporary work agencies) Job vacancy registration and unemployment data from national public employment services (PES) including occupational analysis of vacancies and registered unemployed (ISCO) Information from temporary work agencies (TWA) including number of agency workers and job vacancies Data from other private employment services including online job vacancies (Monsterboard) and talent shortage survey (Manpower) Results from national studies including information about top demanded and bottleneck occupations

Where appropriate, results of other international and national studies are referred to in order to provide additional support to the analysis and interpretation of the data.

1 http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=955&langId=en

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1.3 Country coverage, time period, and measurement

Country coverage
While LFS data are available for the whole EU27, the JVS and the PES data are conned to a limited number of countries. For the period under review, reliable JVS data is currently only available for 15 countries, while the PES data covers between 9 and 12 countries depending on the type of analysis. One of the reasons is the recent change in the ISCO-classication. For example, in 2011 the PES of some countries switched to the new ISCO-08 categories, while the majority of national PES continued to use the old classication ISCO-88. Results from a number of national studies are taken into account to complement the information on the most demanded and bottleneck occupations derived from sources such as the LFS and PES.

Key indicators
The key indicators used in the subsequent chapters are briey described below, with additional information given in the relevant chapters: Job vacancy2 and stock of job vacancies A job vacancy is dened as a paid post that is newly created, unoccupied, or about to become vacant: for which the employer is taking active steps and is prepared to take further steps to nd a suitable candidate from outside the enterprise concerned; and which the employer intends to ll either immediately or within a specied period of time. A vacant post that is only open to internal candidates is not treated as a job vacancy. The stock of job vacancies is the number of job vacancies measured at a certain point in time. Job-nders and job-nders rate Job-nders are employees at the time of the survey who had been employed in their job for a maximum of three months. Job-nders exclude the self-employed since a job vacancy is dened as a vacant post for an employee (see denition above). The number of job-nders is used as a reliable proxy indicator of the number of hirings and has the following strengths: job-nder data covers all who found a job over a threemonth period, while the Eurostat job vacancy data (JVS) only covers the number of vacancies available at a certain point of time. Therefore the number of job-nders data tend to be signicantly higher than the number of job vacancies. The term job-nders rate usually refers to the proportion of jobseekers who nd employment in a particular period. In this report the term job-nders rate expresses the number of job-nders as a percentage of all employees to give a useful indicator of the dynamics of recruitment in the labour market. Inow of PES vacancies The inow of PES vacancies is the number of newly registered job vacancies in a certain period of time. The inow of registered job vacancies depends not only on the demand for labour, but also on the extent to which employers involve the PES in lling job vacancies. Regarding international comparisons, it is not possible to use stocks gures due to the dierences in national policies on closing registered vacancies. For example, the stock will be higher if vacancies are closed a er six months compared to one month.

Time period and measurement of trends

To allow for comparability of the data from a variety of sources, the analyses covers a limited period of time beginning with the rst quarter of 2007 for LFS data and the rst quarter of 2008 for JVS and PES data, ending with the third quarter of 2011. Occasionally data are analysed for a longer period, for example CIETT data on temporary workers from 1996 (in Chapter 2) and LFS data on employment by educational level from 2000 (in Chapter 3). While the analysis covers a relatively short period of time, it nevertheless provides an insight into how recruitment patterns have changed during this period. Some of these changes reect the fact that this period covers the time immediately prior to the emergence of the economic crisis up to autumn 2011. In this report the trend data is presented in the form of indices because it provides good illustration of the scale of change over time including volatility due to seasonal factors. It also has the advantage of facilitating the comparison of trends between countries where labour force size diers greatly. To complement the information, absolute values are included at the bottom of most of the charts.

2 Eurostat denition, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/labour_market/job_vacancies

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Intr o d u cti o n

To identify bottleneck occupations, dened as occupations for which there is evidence of recruitment diculties, a number of direct and indirect indicators are used (see Chapter 4). The direct indicators (e.g. employer-based surveys, duration of vacancy lling) would oer a more precise measure of bottlenecks. However, these measures are not available for every country. In contrast, the data on indirect measures (LFS data) are available for every country and while less precise, these data nevertheless oer useful indications of potential bottlenecks in the labour market. Both measures are used in combination and complemented by results from country studies and a Manpower talent shortage survey to form a composite indicator in order to identify the currently most severe bottleneck occupations in Europe. Ratio unemployment (LFS) to vacancies (JVS) This relationship is used to provide an indication of the degree of the tightness of the total labour market. It combines data from the LFS (unemployment) and JVS (vacancies). A relatively low ratio is considered to indicate a degree of diculty in nding workers as there are relatively fewer unemployed people available to ll the vacancies on oer. Unemployed (with a previous occupation) to jobnders (LFS) The relationship between the total number of unemployed and the total number of job- nders is also used as an indicator of the degree of tightness of the labour market. In this case the number of job-nders is used as a proxy for the number of lled vacancies. The advantage of using the job nder data is that it is available for all countries and also for all occupations. To identify potential bottlenecks in specic occupations, the number of job-nders in these occupations is compared to the number of unemployed people who previously worked in this occupation. The ratio by occupation has to be interpreted carefully in order to identify potential bottlenecks. The following caveats have to be taken into account: In the case of a number of occupations (e.g. waiters, cleaners) a combination of factors have an undue inuence on both the demand and the supply to the occupation. Regarding the supply side, many vacancies are lled by jobseekers with no previous experience of working in the occupation (e.g. from other low-skilled occupations, students); regarding the demand side, relatively high turnover rates in these occupations may have a disproportional impact on the job nder gures. In the case of other occupations (e.g. teachers, public administration professionals) many vacancies are lled by rst-time jobseekers which are not included in the measure of unemployed. PES vacancy inow to the registered unemployed The ratio used for PES is similar to the ratio described above. However, as the vacancies notied to the public employment services in general cover only a relatively

small proportion of total vacancies the subsequent identication of potential bottlenecks is valid only for the PES segment of the labour market. While the PES may experience diculties in lling vacancies where the ratio is relatively high, it should not be assumed that employers in general experience diculties in lling these posts. The exceptions are those occupations where the vast majority of the total vacancies are notied to the public employment services. In such cases, the ratio of the PES segment would be expected to be broadly similar to the ratio of the labour market as a whole. Exploring the comparative position of dierent recruitment channels, one commonly used measure is their market share. This is the share of total job vacancies at any one time that is lled through a particular recruitment channel. The market share is determined by two factors, the usage rate and the success rate. The usage rate is the rate at which employers notify vacancies to a particular recruitment channel while the success rate measures how o en a notied vacancy is lled by a jobseeker via that channel. In most cases, an employer will use more than one recruitment channel simultaneously so usage rates typically add up to more than 100 per cent. This is contrary to market shares that always add up to 100 per cent. Job-nders via PES or a temporary work agency The LFS contains two relevant questions to further analyse the market share taking into account the success rate: Has the PES contributed to the nding of your current job? Is your current job a temporary agency work job? As PES and TWA (temporary work agencies) cooperate in many countries with PES including vacancies from temporary work agencies in their own database for jobseekers, the results presented below can be used to identify the market share for each of these channels, but do not allow a direct comparison.

1.4 Structure of the report

Chapter 2 presents an analysis of the development of the total job vacancy market and recruitment (stocks and ows) in general as well as for PES, TWA and Online Recruitment Services. Chapter 2 further presents a number of broad comparisons, for example between the public and private sectors. Chapter 2 also presents a comparison of job-nders in temporary and permanent contracts, and in full-time and part-time jobs. In Chapter 3 the focus is on examining key characteristics of job vacancies and hired persons (recruitment), such as by economic sector, occupation, educational level and eld. It analyses how recruitment demand responded to the economic crisis starting in 2008 and to what extent it has recovered since then, focusing on the segments with high demand and those with growing demand.

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Chapter 4 aims to identify bottleneck occupations in the labour market from the demand side perspective. To do so, the analysis builds up step-by-step using a variety of available sources and innovative indicators to identify where the relationship between demand and supply has been tightening and where employers experience recruitment diculties in Europe. Chapter 5 examines the relative importance of the various recruitment channels in general terms and also their importance for dierent types of jobs, focusing on the PES and TWA. The data on individual countries is presented in the Annex, which includes detailed tables with absolute numbers for the whole EU, as well as country by country information about occupations that are most in demand.

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2 Trends in vacancies and recruitment

2.1 Introduction
In this chapter the focus is on the main trends in job vacancies and recruitment, set against a background of developments in the economy and total employment. The main objective is to review the vacancy and recruitment market during the recent recession up to autumn 2011. In addition to the general trends, the chapter explores the impact of the recent crisis on the structure of vacancies by comparing recruitment between the public and the private sector and also in terms of contractual arrangements (temporary, or permanent and full-time, or part-time). A sub-section is dedicated to vacancy trends in Public Employment Services (PES), temporary work agencies and online recruitment services (ORS).

2.2 Background
The recession has taken its toll on the European economies and labour markets and according to the European Commission recovery has been timid. This triggered a loss of more than 6 million jobs between mid-2008 and the last quarter of 2010 in the EU. By mid-2011, employment had made a modest recovery adding roughly a quarter of this gure to the numbers at work. This net loss of jobs was reected in rising unemployment, though this is very unevenly spread across the Member States, ranging (in 2011) from 4.1 per cent in Austria to 22.8 per cent in Spain.1

1 European Commission (2012) Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2011 (Luxembourg), pg. 152. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=738&langId=en&pubId=6176

Chart 2.1

Development of GDP and number of employees, EU27

Index, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3, 2007Q1 = 100

108 106 104

GDP (Index)

105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2007 2008 Index employees 2009 2010 Index GDP 2011
Number of employees (Index)

102 100 98 96 94

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, National Accounts. . GDP: chainlinked volumes, reference year 2005, at 2005 exchange rates, not seasonally adjusted. 27 Countries included: All EU27 countries. Absolute values 2011Q3: employees, 180.3 million; GDP, 2.9 trillion.

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Economic recovery, but employment growth has been slow

The eects of the nancial crisis and recession on the labour market are evident: GDP in the EU27 continued to rise over 2007, before stabilising at a somewhat lower level in 2008. However, in the beginning of 2009 there was a sharp drop in GDP levels as the full impact of the recession took eect (see Chart 2.1). GDP data reveals that the recovery was intermittent, resulting in a value that in each of the rst three quarters of 2011 was roughly equivalent to the corresponding quarters in 2007. During the period the number of employees2 uctuated (Chart 2.1). However, while GDP (at 2005 constant prices) remained at roughly the same level during 2008, employment nevertheless increased. This suggests that employment is not immediately responsive to lower economic outputs. There is evidence of some employers using a variety of job retention strategies supported by the government, such as short-time working (STW) schemes3 oering nancial compensation for employees working on reduced hours or making use of internal exibility (e.g. working time accounts).4 A er a decline in the rst quarter of 2010, employment has recovered to reach at the end of the period a level slightly below the corresponding quarter in 2007.

During the same period, the number of employees working part-time increased by 1.5 million. Self-employment gures followed a similar pattern, with an increase of 700,000 between the rst and third quarters of 2007 and a decrease of the same magnitude between the third quarters of 2007 and 2011.7

Positive developments in GDP and employment in Poland

National variations in GDP growth and employment are illustrated in Charts 2.2 and 2.3 for selected countries. Poland, Slovakia and Cyprus displayed the strongest growth from the rst quarters of 2007 to 2011 with indices of 115, 113 and 107 respectively (Chart 2.2). In Poland and Slovakia, the gures remained consistently above the base (i.e. rst quarter of 2007). Though there were signicant and regular uctuations, both countries ended the reference period with a relatively high level of GDP growth and employment. Estonia, Greece and Latvia had the lowest rate of GDP growth over the period, with GDP in the rst quarter of 2011 around 10 per cent or more below the corresponding quarter in 2007. However GDP did recover in the second and third quarters of 2011. In Estonia and Latvia, GDP declined sharply until the rst quarter of 2010. In Greece the GDP peaked each year in the tourist season (a strong seasonal eect in the third quarter), but since 2009 the peak has been lower than in the previous year. Another country with an unfavourable development was Ireland. The GDP was also 10 per cent lower in the rst quarter of 2011 compared to the corresponding quarter of 2007 (see Annex, Table A2.1 with country information). A number of countries show a similar pattern for both GDP and employment. In Poland the growth in GDP was accompanied by robust growth in the number of employees (Chart 2.3). This increased by 1.3 million persons - from 11.2 million in the rst quarter of 2007 to 12.5 million in the third quarter of 2011. Employment also developed favourably in Luxembourg and Malta, though these two smaller countries have a relatively modest eect on the overall EU labour market. In Ireland and Latvia the strong decline in GDP was accompanied by the strongest decline in the number of employees within the EU. In Bulgaria, the number of employees also declined strongly but was less pronounced than in Ireland and Latvia. The same holds true for Estonia, Greece, Lithuania and Spain (see Annex, Table A2.2 for additional country information).

Increase in part-time employment

The total number of employees increased by 3.8 million between the rst quarters of 2007 and 2008 while the number of part-time employees increased by only 700,0005. This means that net employee growth before the recession consisted largely of full-time jobs. However, between the rst quarters of 2008 and 2011 the total number of employees declined by 3.6 million and the number of full-time employees decreased by even more at 5.1 million (according to the LFS)6.
2 Since this report is about the recruitment of workers, changes in the number of employees are the main focus rather than the working population, which would also include the self-employed. 3 The OECD (2010) Economic Outlook suggests that where such short-time working schemes have been used, they are likely to have dampened the decline in the employment of permanent workers by between 0.3 and 1.3 per cent. Hijzen, A. and D. Venn (2011), The Role of Short-Time work Schemes during the 2008-09 Recession, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, no. 115, OECD Publishing, show that 18 out of the 21 European OECD countries have applied STW measures: only Greece, Sweden and UK did not respond with STW measures. 4 For example in Germany many collective agreements include a provision for a exible use of working time accounts to reduce working time without wage compensation for a limited period of time. This reduced working time by 7 hours in spring 2009, in addition to the 13 hours reduced by STW (http://doku.iab.de/kurzber/2010/kb2210.pdf). 5 According to gures from the online Eurostat database 6 According to the EU Employment and Social Situation Quarterly Review (June 2012) part-time work and short-term contracts remain the drivers of any employment growth where employment is growing at all. Data is available at: http://ec.europa.eu/social/ main.jsp?langId=en&catId=113&newsId=1389&furtherNews=yes

7 According to the European Employment Observatory, in the EU27 around 32.5 million people are self- employed, accounting for almost 15 per cent of the employed labour force. Self- employment in Europe 2010 (EEO Review). Available at: http://bookshop. europa.eu/en/european-employment-observatory-review-pbKEAN10001/;pgid=y8dIS7 GUWMdSR0EAlMEUUsWb00003HSHXCE2;sid=FZSIPRhjEaeIJFeWptIWmnpGEkeO7lUACY=?CatalogCategoryID=PbYKABstTO8AAAEjtZAY4e5L

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Chart 2.2

Development of GDP in selected countries

Countries with highest and lowest GDP growth 2007Q1-2011Q1, Index 2007Q1-2011Q3, 2007Q1 = 100

140 Poland 130 Slovakia 120

GDP (Index)

Cyprus 110 Estonia 100 Greece 90 80 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Latvia

Source: Eurostat, National accounts. GDP: chain-linked volumes, reference year 2005, at 2005 exchange rates, at market prices, not seasonally adjusted. Value 2011Q3 (billion euros): Poland: 79; Slovakia: 13; Cyprus: 4; Estonia: 3; Greece: 48; Latvia: 4.

Chart 2.3

Development of number of employees in selected countries

Countries with highest and lowest employee growth 2007Q1-2011Q1, Index 2007Q1-2011Q3, 2007Q1 = 100

115 110

Luxembourg

Malta 105
Employees (Index)

100 95 90 85

Poland

Bulgaria

Latvia

Ireland 80 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey Value 2011 Q3 (thousands): Luxembourg: 205; Malta: 147; Poland: 12,498; Bulgaria: 2,614; Latvia: 850; Ireland: 1,487.

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2.3 Development of vacancies and recruitment

The development of job vacancies closely reects economic and labour market developments and is shown along with the total number of employees (see Chart 2.4). The Job Vacancy Statistics are compiled by the National Statistical Oces of the Member States. For a variety of reasons for the period under review they are only available for 15 countries. The number of employees in these 15 countries was 93 million in the third quarter of 2011, more than half of the total number of 180 million employees in the EU27. Germany and the UK account for a substantial proportion of the total vacancies in the group of 15 countries shown, skewing the results somewhat. Leaving out the UK would not change the picture as developments there are similar to the average of the 15 countries. However, if Germany was to be omitted, the vacancy trend would be more negative.

15 countries where data is available, or 79 per cent of the total. Therefore job vacancy developments in the private sector will mirror those in total vacancies. The share of the private sector in all vacancies is larger than the share in employment (68 per cent of employees in the third quarter 2011) which reects the higher turnover of sta compared to the public sector.8 The number of public sector job vacancies has not fallen as much as those in the private sector and only began to decline sharply around the second quarter of 2009 almost a full year a er the private sector. This lagged eect is typically attributed to government budgets being xed for a 12 month period. However, public sector job vacancies in Europe never fell to the same levels as those in the private sector, although by the rst quarter of 2010 there were signs of a levelling o between the public sector and private sector. This can be largely attributed to the impact of austerity measures in most European countries beginning to have an eect.9

Job vacancies slow to pick up as employers use under-utilised workers rst

Overall, the stock of job vacancies has been consistently below the base period of the rst quarter of 2008 right through to the third quarter of 2011. The stock fell sharply from around the second quarter of 2008 and reached a low point in the rst quarter of 2010 (with an index of 58 for the 15 countries analysed). The stock of vacancies recovered somewhat during 2010, but then fell back slightly during the rst quarter of 2011. This reects the overall demand for labour during the recession when growth had been muted. Over the same time scale the employment index reveals considerably less change than the vacancy index and ends the period at a level slightly below the corresponding level in the third quarter of 2007. A number of factors contributed to this dierence in the development of vacancies and employees. Firstly, the vacancy index is more sensitive to changes, because it is signicantly smaller in number (1.7 million vacancies compared to 93 million employees). Secondly, the dierence is inuenced by the fact that in dicult labour market conditions, employees will be more reluctant to leave their jobs voluntarily (for example to move to another employer or another area). This means that there will be lower job turnover and therefore a reduced need to ll vacancies caused by employees leaving their jobs. Thirdly, as already mentioned, the use of job retention strategies has the eect of maintaining employment levels while reducing the number of vacancies.

Job vacancies recover in most countries, but no change in the Czech Republic, Latvia and Romania
There is considerable variation among EU states in the development of vacancies (see Chart 2.5). The highest growth between the rst quarters of 2008 and 2011 was in Sweden, Germany and Luxembourg. However, even in these three countries there were signicant falls in job vacancies around the second quarter of 2008. This persisted until the third quarter of 2009 before a fairly consistent recovery set in. Both Sweden and Germany exceeded the base year with increases in job vacancies of 17.9 per cent and 8.6 per cent respectively in the rst quarter of 2011 compared to the same quarter in 2008. The three countries (of the 15) with the lowest levels of job vacancy growth, namely Romania, the Czech Republic and Latvia, ended the reference period with low indices (27, 23 and 19 respectively). In all three cases the developments were similar, with a steep falling o in job vacancies from the rst quarter of 2008 right up to the fourth quarter of 2009, when there was some recovery. These developments are rooted rstly in the relatively poor economic performance in these countries (see Annex, Table A2.1) which typically aects private sector employment in the short term and secondly in the impact of austerity measures on public sector employment a er some delay (see also Chart 2.4).
8 There is the added problem for jobseekers in dicult economic times since those in work tend to be less willing to voluntarily quit their jobs, thus causing employment periods to lengthen, leading to fewer jobs becoming available through replacement

Public sector job vacancies hold up, despite the eects of austerity measures
The majority of job vacancies in the economy at any one time are private sector vacancies. In the third quarter of 2011 they made up 1.3 million of the 1.7 million vacancies in the

demand. For a fuller discussion on the relationship between unemployment duration and business performance see: Layard R, Nickell S and Jackman R (2005) Unemployment: Macroeconomic performance and the labour market (Oxford University Press Oxford Scholarship Online). 9 Employment in Europe 2010, 2010 -197 p.; http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=119&langId=en

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Chart 2.4

Development of number of employees (right axis) and of number of job vacancies (left axis, total, private and public sector)
Index, 2008Q1 - 2011Q3, 2008Q1 = 100

120 110
Stock of job vacancies (index)

103 102
Number of employees (index)

101 100 90 80 70 60 50 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 2011 Q3 2008 Number of employees Stock of job vacancies (private sector) 2009 2010 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93

Stock of job vacancies (total) Stock of job vacancies (public sector)

Source: Eurostat, Job Vacancy Statistics, Labour Force Survey. The stock of job vacancies is the number of job vacancies measured at a certain moment in time. A job vacancy is defined as a paid post that is newly created, unoccupied, or about to become vacant. The stock of job vacancies here excludes agriculture, but the figures for number of employees include agriculture. Public Administration job vacancies in Portugal are not included. 15 Countries including: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Sweden, UK. Absolute values 2011Q3: Stock of job vacancies (total), 1.7 million; of which private sector, 1.4 million and public sector, 0.4 million; number of employees, 93 million.

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Chart 2.5

Development of number of job vacancies in selected countries

Countries with highest and lowest vacancy growth 2008Q1-2011Q1 Index, 2008Q1 - 2011Q3, 2008Q1 = 100

140 120
Job vacancies (Index)

Sweden

Germany

100 80 60 40 20 0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2008 2009 2010 2011 Luxembourg

Romania

Czech Republic Latvia

Source: Eurostat, Job Vacancy Statistics. Absolute value 2011Q3: Sweden: 57,800; Germany: 911,800; Luxembourg: 2,700; Romania: 27,200; Czech Republic: 38,600; Latvia: 3,100.

Chart 2.6

Development of number of employees (right axis) and of job-finders (left axis, total, private and public sector), EU27
Index, 2008Q1 - 2011Q3, 2008Q1 = 100

140 130
Job-finders (Index)

104 103
Employees (Index)

120 110 100 90 80 70 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 2011 Private Public Q3

102 101 100 99 98 97

2008 Employees

2009 Job finders total

2010

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Job-finders were employees at the moment of the survey employed for at most three months. 27 Countries included: All EU27 countries. Absolute value 2011Q3: Job-finders, 11.8 million; employees, 180.3 million.

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Numbers hired recovered only partially, but still 12 million nd a job in one quarter
While broadly following the development of the job vacancy market, the number of hirings reached its lowest value since 2008 in the rst quarter of 2009 (Chart 2.6) contrary to the number of vacancies which continued to decline until the rst quarter of 2010 (Chart 2.4). The number of job-nders also shows a clear seasonal pattern, peaking in the third quarter (private sector) or fourth quarter (public sector) and dropping in the rst quarter for both. The third quarter is typically a quarter with seasonal work peaking in the agriculture and tourism sectors. The total number of job-nders was 9.5 million in the rst quarter of 2011, which was still well below the baseline of 11.6 million in the rst quarter of 2008. In the third quarter of 2011 the number of job-nders reached 11.8 million which is partly due to seasonal eects. These developments closely mirror the movements in the number of employees over the period, suggesting that employers have been recruiting throughout the crisis, but in response to economic conditions. In the third quarter of 2011 there were 8.7 million job-nders in the private sector, making up 74 per cent of the total number of job-nders. While steadily getting weaker over time the index for public sector job-nders remained higher for almost all of the period as the public sector was more protected against the recession (see also Chapter 3).

Overall there is a considerable degree of variation in recruitment trends in the EU27 when comparing the rst quarters of 2007 and 2011:12 Increase (index 110 or higher): Luxembourg, Malta and Portugal More or less stable (index 90-110): Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy and Sweden Decline (index less than 90): Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and the United Kingdom

Despite recession the proportion of new recruits in the workforce remains relatively stable
Another factor reecting the functioning of the labour market is the relationship between recruitment and overall employment trends. The job-nders rate, i.e. the number of job-nders expressed as a percentage of all employees can provide a useful indicator to measure how dynamic a labour market is (Chart 2.8). Despite the recession, the number of jobnders per employee remained relatively stable uctuating between 6.5 per cent in the rst quarter of 2007 and 5.0 in the rst quarter of 2009, recovering to 5.5 per cent in the rst quarter of 2011. There is evidence to suggest that the relative stability of this ratio is due to an increase in the turnover rate, which in turn partly reects a growth in the incidence of temporary contracts.

Recruitment was most aected by the recession in Romania and Ireland

There was considerable variation between countries (Chart 2.7). Signs of a recovery are evident in Luxembourg, Malta and Portugal with indices in the rst quarter of 2011 of 143, 140 and 116 respectively.10 In Luxembourg and Malta the recovery of recruitment is associated with growing employment (Chart 2.3). This is not the case in Portugal, where the decline in employment from 2009 (see Annex, Table A2.2) combined with an increase in number of job-nders suggests an increasing job turnover. The three countries with the lowest growth in job-nders were Lithuania, Ireland and Romania, with indices of 64, 46 and 34 respectively comparing the rst quarters of 2007 and 2011. Of the three, recruitment has fallen most in Romania11. The number of job-nders declined from 228,000 to 136,000. Ireland experienced a similar fall from 160,000 job-nders to 73,000. The development in job-nders in Lithuania was more volatile.

Variations in selected national trends reect institutional and cultural traditions rather than uctuations in the business cycle
Despite the impact of the recession, diverse country patterns are strongly inuenced by institutional and cultural traditions. In countries with a liberal employment protection policy (Denmark) or a high share of recruitment on the basis of temporary contracts (Spain and Sweden) the job-nder rates remained at a relatively high level over the whole period (Chart 2.9). In Spain and Sweden high proportions of temporary contracts (90 per cent of job-nders in Spain, 78 per cent of job-nders in Sweden according to LFS data) pushed up the rate. In Denmark, despite the fact that the share of temporary contracts is comparatively low (31 per cent compared to the 64 per cent EU average), the Danish approach to exicurity allowed employers to adjust their workforce size with comparative ease. Contrariwise, in Slovakia, Greece and Romania where recruitment activities were already low before the crisis made an impact. In each of the three countries the share of temporary contracts was well below the EU-average.

10 It should be noted that in the case of smaller countries the results of the LFS are more prone to sampling error. 11 In Romania the negative change is partly caused by an extremely high value incurred in the rst quarter of 2007. However, starting from the second quarter of 2007, Romania also experienced the largest decline, together with Ireland. 12 Germany and the Netherlands have been excluded from the analysis of individual countries because of a relatively large number of missing values.

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Chart 2.7

Development of number of job-finders in selected countries

Countries with highest lowest job-finder growth 2007Q1 - 2011Q1, Index 2007Q1-2011Q3, 2007Q1 = 100

200 180 160

Job-finders (Index)

Luxembourg

Malta

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Ireland Portugal

Lithuania

Romania

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey. Absolute value 2011Q3 (in thousands): Luxembourg: 11; Malta: 7; Portugal: 261; Lithuania: 75; Ireland: 92; Romania: 132

Chart 2.8

Job-finders rate, EU27

Percentage, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3

8,0
Job-finders / Employees (%)

7,5 7,0 6,5 6,0 5,5 5,0 4,5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey - own calculations, all EU27 countries. Absolute values 2011Q3: job-finders, 11.8 million.

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Chart 2.9

Development of job-finders rate in selected countries

Counries with highest and lowest job-finders rates 2011Q3 Percentage, 2007Q1-2011Q3

14 Sweden 12
Job-finders / Employees (%)

10 8 6 4

Denmark

Spain

Slovakia

Romania 2 0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Greece

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey. Rates 2011Q3: Sweden: 12,4; Denmark: 9.9; Spain: 9.0; Slovakia: 2.7; Romania: 2.1; Greece: 3.7

2.4 Development of recruitment and contractual arrangements

Increasing share of temporary recruitment
Volumes of labour demand are inuenced by contractual arrangements. Ceteris paribus, temporary contracts result in an increase in recruitment without a concomitant increase in employment. Similarly, part-time contracts will result in higher levels of recruitments if the corresponding fulltime employment equivalent is maintained. A large share of temporary contracts may be an indication of a desire from employers for a exible workforce where employment protection legislation makes permanent contracts less attractive. Fluctuations in demand due to seasonal factors are typically associated with an increase in temporary contracts. As the analysis shows the proportion of temporary recruitment increased steadily from 56 per cent to 60 per cent between the rst quarter of 2007 and the corresponding quarter in 2011. The general rise in the proportion of job-nders on temporary contracts may be due to employers taking a more cautious approach to recruitment in uncertain economic times. In line with an overall decrease in recruitment, the absolute number of job-nders on temporary contracts fell from 6.3 to 5.7 million over the same period. Overall these changes have had a limited impact on the share of employees with a temporary contract, for two reasons:

rstly, a high proportion of new recruits are concentrated in a limited number of sectors which are characterised by a high labour turnover rate; secondly, in view of the signicant numerical dierence between the number of job-nders and the number of employees, it will take a considerable period of time before the increase in temporary contracts among new recruits has a signicant impact on the structure of employment.13 These trends are mirrored by a separate analysis comparing recruitment on temporary contracts with recruitment on a permanent basis. Despite a decline for both forms of contract, recruitment on the basis of a temporary does not only show a higher volatility due to seasonal eects, but also a stronger recovery compared to recruitment on a permanent basis. In the third quarter of 2011, 7.6 million jobseekers had recently found a temporary job, while only 4.2 million had been oered a permanent contract in the same period. Temporary contracts were used extensively for seasonal work, especially in countries of Southern Europe such as Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece particularly due to their large summer tourism industries. However, similar seasonal patterns existed in the Nordic countries, especially in Sweden and Finland, possibly also due to strong seasonal demand in tourism and agriculture.14
13 Eurofound (2011), 5th European Working Conditions Survey, http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2011/82/en/1/EF1182EN.pdf 14 European Job Mobility Bulletin, issue 5 / January 2012, ec.europa.eu/social/main. jsp?catId=955&langId=en

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Chart 2.10

Share of employees and of job-nders with temporary contract, EU27

As a percentage of all job-nders and employees, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3

68% 66%
Share temp. job - nders

16% 14%
Share temp. employees

64% 62% 60%

12% 10% 8%

58% 56% 54% 52% 50% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 6% 4% 2% 0%

% employees on temporary contract

% job-nders on temporary contract

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Job-nders is the number of employees at the moment of the survey which had been employed for at most three months. Absolute values 2011Q3: number of job-nders with temporary contract: 7.5 million (64% of total job-nders); number of employees with temporary contract: 26.3 million (14% of total employees).

Chart 2.11

Development of number of job-finders with permanent and with temporary contract, EU27
Index, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3, 2007Q1 = 100

140 130

Job-finders (Index)

120 110 100 90 80 70 60 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2007 2008 Permanent 2009 2010 Temporary 2011

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Absolute values 2011Q3: Permanent, 4.2 million; Temporary, 7.6 million.

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Chart 2.12

Development of number of job-nders with temporary contract in selected countries

Countries with highest and lowest growth 2007Q1-2011Q1, Index 2007Q1-2011Q3, 2007Q1 = 100

Job - nders with temporary contracts (Index)

700 600

Estonia

Malta 500 400 300 Spain 200 100 0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Bulgaria Latvia

Lithuania

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey. Share of job-nders with temporary contract 2011Q3: Estonia: 40%; Malta: 34%; Latvia: 42%; Spain: 90%; Bulgaria: 46%; Lithuania: 30%

High increase of temporary recruitment in Estonia, Malta and Latvia

Looking at the pattern in individual countries, over the period from the rst quarter of 2007 to the same quarter in 2011, Estonia, Malta and Latvia experienced an increase in the number of temporary contracts for the newly recruited (or job-nders). In particular, Estonia saw signicant growth in this type of contract from the rst quarter of 2007, reaching a comparatively high level in the second quarter of 2010 and again in 2011 (Chart 2.12). This development is likely to be related to a new law adopted in 2009 making dismissal of workers easier as part of a new approach to exicurity.15 This contrasts with the experience of Malta and Latvia where the growth in this type of employment uctuates along a less steep though steadily rising trend. Continuity or a decline in temporary contracts was, however, evident in Spain, Bulgaria and Lithuania. Spain in particular traditionally has a high proportion of temporary contracts (90 per cent of the jobnders). Therefore the decline in Spain was likely to be due to the low levels of economic activity generally dampening demand on the labour market. For Bulgaria and Lithuania the same might apply, but the proportion of temporary contracts was far lower.

No clear relationship between growth in employees and job-nders on temporary contracts in the EU
In the following the impact of the increase in new recruits (i.e. job-nders in the reference period) with temporary employment contracts on employment trends is explored. The analyses in the chart shows that the relationship is not consistent; the number of EU member states located in the lower right-side quartile and in the higher le -side quartile where the relationship is inverse is roughly equivalent to the number of countries in the other two quartiles , where the trends move in a similar direction (see Chart 2.13). The relation between employment trends and employment contracts is complex. Many of the temporary contracts issued to new recruits in recent years may be in respect of vacancies which have arisen because their former incumbents have le the labour force (i.e. replacement demand). If the post had been a permanent position, the statistics would register an increase in the volume of temporary contracts but there would be no change in the employment gures. Equally, if employment is expanding in sectors which are dominated by permanent contracts, employment trends may be positive although the number of recruits on temporary contracts may decline. It would require very detailed and comprehensive analyses of both employment trends and recruitment patterns in each Member State to fully understand the patterns evident in Chart 2.13 and this is beyond the scope of this report.

15 European Employment Observatory Review (2011), Adapting unemployment benet systems to the economic cycle, ISSN 1831-9750.

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Chart 2.13

Growth rate of number of employees versus growth rate of number of job-nders with temporary contract
Percentage, 2011Q3 compared to 2010Q3

Growth of temporary jobs of jof-nders (%)

60 40 PT RO BE HU AT SI CZ FR 0 FI BG DK EU IT SE LT IEES 0UK CY PL LV -20 LU 20 -40 -60

Growth of the number of employees (%)

EE

MT

-10 GR

-5

10

SK

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey. 25 countries including: Austria (AT), Bulgaria (BG), Cyprus (CY), the Czech Republic (CZ), Denmark (DK), Estonia (EE), Spain (ES), Finaland (FI), Ireland (IE), France (FR), Greece (GR), Hungary (HU), Italy (IT), Lithuania (LT), Luxembourg (LU), Latvia (LV), Malta (MT), Poland (PL), Portugal (PT), Romania (RO), Sweden (SE), Slovakia (SK), Slovenia (SI) and the United Kingdom (UK). Germany and the Netherlands are excluded.

The growth of temporary contracts, however, may pose challenges in terms of maintaining the quality of employment. For example, a study in the UK using an analysis of data from the British Household Panel Survey found that on average, temporary workers received less work-related training, lower wages and had less job satisfaction than their permanent colleagues. While such contracts facilitate labour market entry, if people remain trapped in them which is more likely in times of labour surplus this may aggravate labour market segmentation.16

Over the same period, the proportion of all job-nders on part-time contracts uctuated with a distinct seasonal pattern and this reects the concentration of part-time working in sectors such as retail, hospitality and tourism. The trends in job-nders for both full-time and part-time contracts in the EU27 show that the peaks and troughs are fairly consistent between the two (Chart 2.15).

Fewer full-time job-nders as an eect of the crisis

The index of job-nders gaining part-time contracts has generally held up better than those gaining full-time contracts from around the fourth quarter of 2007 onwards (Chart 2.15). This is similar to the corresponding trend for temporary versus permanent contracts. The number of full-time job-nders was below 2007 values in 2009 and 2010. In each of the rst three quarters of 2011, the number of part-time job-nders was nearly equal to the number in the same quarter of 2007, while the number of full-time job-nders was still considerably below the 2007 values. As a result, the number of part-time employees increased in recent years, from an average of 33 million in 2007 to an average of 35 million in 2011. While oering exible employment opportunities the risks resemble those connected with temporary work. The OECD

Share of part-time job-nders shows slight increase

Across the EU27 the number of employees on part-time contracts taken as a percentage of all employees has changed only slightly over the period from the rst quarter of 2007 to the third quarter of 2011. There was a slight increase of one per cent, though the proportion remained below 20 per cent throughout the reference period (Chart 2.14).
16 European Commission (2011), Employment and Social Developments in Europe, pg. 28-29, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=113&langId=en&pubId=6176&type=2& furtherPubs=yes; Booth A L, Francesconi M & Frank J (2000) Temporary jobs: Who gets them, what are they worth and do they lead anywhere? (ISER Working Paper Series). Available at: https://www.iser.essex.ac.uk/publications/working-papers/iser/2000-13.pdf

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Chart 2.14 Share part - time job - nder with temporary contract

Share of employees and of job-nders with part-time contract, EU27

As a percentage of all job-nders and employees, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3

35% 30%

25%

20% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 5% 0% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2007 2008 % part-time employees 2009 2010 2011 0% 15%
Share part -ime employees t

10%

% part-time job-nders

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Job-nders is the number of employees at the moment of the survey which had been employed for at most three months. Absolute values 2011Q3: Number of part-time job-nders: 3.4 million (29% of all job-nders); number of part-time employees: 35.1 million (19% of all employees).

Chart 2.15

Development of number of job-nders with full-time and with parttime contract, EU27
Index, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3, 2007Q1 = 100

130 120
Job-nders (ndex)

110 100 90 80 70 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3

2007

2008 Full-time contract

2009

2010 Part-time contract

2011

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Absolute values 2011Q3: Full-time job, 8,4 million; Part-time job, 3.4 million.

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Chart 2.16

Development of number of job-nders with part-time contract in selected countries

Countries with highest and lowest growth 2007Q1-2011Q1, Index, 2007Q1-2011Q3, 2007Q1 = 100

Job -nders with a part - time contract (index)

Slovakia 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Ireland Greece UK Sweden Romania

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey. Slovakia 2010Q2 has an extremely high value (index: 659) and is le out for presentational reasons. Share of job-nders with part-time contract in 2011Q3: Slovakia: 15%; Romania: 3%; Sweden: 40%; UK: 36%; Greece: 14%; Ireland: 38%

reported that part-time workers receive less training, as well as lower wages, less career development opportunities and less job security than their full-time counterparts.17 The increasing number of part-time job-nders therefore does not necessarily imply that employees have a growing preference for part-time working. Employees might accept part-time jobs when labour market conditions are dicult. If this is the case, a good deal of job switching can be expected when the EU economies fully recover from the current recession.

quarter of 2007, more than doubling compared to the base quarter and then more or less remained at this level until the rst quarter of 2011 (ending with an index of 228). A recent Eurofound survey18 indicates that a large share of workers in Sweden wish to work fewer hours, and the increasing number of part-time workers may well reect this desire. In three other countries the gures provide a contrast, though overall with relatively low or no growth in job-nders on part-time contracts. For example, the UK at 36 per cent had one of the highest shares of part-time job-nders in the EU (36 per cent) but there was only a small uctuation around the base quarter right through the reference period, ending in the rst quarter of 2011 at around 78. There is a similar pattern for Ireland (38 per cent) where part-time contracts are also an established and substantial part of the labour market. Most of the small peaks in both countries tended to occur around the fourth quarter in each year and this may be explained by the seasonal demand (in the lead up to Christmas and the New Year celebrations) for workers in the retail sector and to a lesser extent the hospitality sector. In contrast, the share of part-time work in Greece (14 per cent) was well below EU-average (29 per cent), with some of this no doubt due to the eects of the recession, but also reecting historically low levels of part-time working.
18 The 5th Eurofound Working Conditions Survey

Signicant increase of part time recruitment in Slovakia, Romania and Sweden

The growth of job-nders on part-time contracts in selected countries shows the wide dierences in developments over the rst quarter of 2007 to the same quarter in 2011 (Chart 2.16). For example, Slovakia, Romania and Sweden ended the reference period with indices of 336, 310 and 228 respectively, the base level being very low in Romania and Slovakia and higher in Sweden. In Romania part-time work is still a marginal activity, with the number of part-time jobnders increasing from around 1,500 in the rst quarter of 2007 to nearly 5,000 in the same quarter in 2011, still accounting for just 4 per cent of the job-nders. In Sweden, the number of part-time job-nders took o in the fourth
17 Does part-time work pay? (OECD Observer, No 280, July 2010).

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Chart 2.17

Share of job-nders with part-time contract versus share of jobnders with temporary contract, EU27
Share of total job-nders, 2011Q3

100 90
Share of temporary job - nders (%)

ES PL PT SE SI FR IT FI EU HU BE SK DE AT IE MT NL

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 RO BG

GR CZ LUEE CY LV LT

DK UK

20

30

40

50

60

70

Share of part-time job-nders (%) Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey Austria (AT), Bulgaria (BG), Cyprus (CY), the Czech Republic (CZ), Germany (DE), Denmark (DK), Estonia (EE), Spain (ES), Finland (FI), Ireland (IE), France (FR), Greece (GR), Hungary (HU), Italy (IT), Lithuania (LT), Luxembourg (LU), Latvia (LV), Malta (MT), the Netherlands (NL), Poland (PL), Portugal (PT), Romania (RO), Sweden (SE), Slovakia (SK), Slovenia (SI) and the United Kingdom (UK).

No clear relationship between hiring on a temporary and a part-time basis in the EU

As already noted, the expansion of temporary and parttime employment can result in deterioration in the quality of employment. For example, the incidence of employee up-skilling is likely to be less in the case of both temporary and part-time work than it is for permanent full-time employment. It is important, therefore, to explore whether the developments of temporary and part-time job nding are moving in tandem and whether concomitance is concentrated in some Member States as opposed to others (see Chart 2.17). The analysis does not only show a strong variation across countries, but also that in most countries recruitment for a part-time job is not related to recruitment for a temporary job. These variations reect how widely dierent labour markets function throughout Europe, with predominantly full-time, permanent jobs in Romania, a medium share of part-time and temporary jobs in Austria and a rather high share of both in the Netherlands. While for these countries a certain relationship might be assumed, many countries show an inverse picture for both dimensions. For example, in Poland the share of job-nders with a temporary contract is high, co-existing with a low share of recruitment for a part-time job, while the opposite holds true for Malta, UK and Denmark.

The exibility of work varies not only between countries, but is also dierent between economic sectors. A recent report on job quality19 distinguishes six types of exibility: High and worker oriented (e.g. with parental leave, exible work hours) as found in nancial services sector High and company oriented (evening work, night work, shi s) as found in health and transport sectors Intermediate and life-course oriented (part-time work and parental leave) as found in the education sector Intermediate and day-to-day oriented (part-time work, exible and atypical work) as found in the hospitality sector Intermediate and overtime oriented as found in the manufacturing sector Low as found in the construction sector

This means that even if recruitment is increasing for part-time and for temporary jobs in the EU between 2008 and 2011, the impact can be very dierent for individual countries and sectors.

19 Holman, D. and C. McClelland (2011), Job Quality in Growing and Declining Economic Sectors of the EU, (Walqing Working Paper 2011.3). Available at: http://www.walqing.eu/ leadmin/download/external_website/Newsletters___policy_briefs/WALQING_244597_ WPaper2011.3_Del4.pdf

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2.5 Developments in public employment services, temporary work agencies and online recruitment services
There are many dierent ways or channels used to recruit workers such as advertisements in newspapers and journals, informal ways such as word of mouth and more formal methods including public employment services (PES), temporary work agencies (TWA), and online recruitment services (ORS). This report focuses on the analysis of dierent types of the more formal recruitment channels (the dierent types of recruitment agencies), which are at the interface of labour demand and labour supply each covering a specic segment of the labour market (see Chapter 5).

Inow of PES vacancies recovers strongly in Estonia, Germany, and Lithuania

The highest growth in PES job vacancies in the 12 countries was in Estonia, Germany and Lithuania, all ending the reference period with indices above the base quarter (Chart 2.19). In Estonia in particular the trend was quite volatile, with the number of registered job vacancies more than tripling from approximately 3,000 to 10,000 between the fourth quarter of 2009 and the second quarter of 2010. Similar to Estonia, in Lithuania the inow of PES job vacancies also increased sharply in 2010. In Germany, the PES inow rose over the period. This could suggest that the PES in Germany was able to increase its market share during the crisis due to developing and implementing specialised services for employers (including oering human resources advice where certain skills were dicult to nd) and working with them to help with the use of STW arrangements.21 In Denmark, the Czech Republic and Latvia, PES were strongly aected by the crisis. The inows show a decline until around the rst quarter of 2009, before bottoming out and remaining well below the base quarter throughout the rest of the period, with the relevant indices in the rst quarter of 2011 at 38, 32 and 30 for Denmark, the Czech Republic and Latvia respectively. The inow of PES vacancies in these three countries is most likely to reect the overall strong decline in the stock of vacancies (see Annex, Table A2.14).

PES inow of vacancies shows a gradual recovery a er falling sharply

PES were strongly aected by the recession. The sharp drop in the inow of registered vacancies in the fourth quarter of 2008 was followed by a recovery. However, the vacancy inow did not recover to the top pre-recession levels and the European PES were confronted with the dicult task of nding employment for an increasing number of registered jobseekers in a smaller pool of vacancies. (Chart 2.18). While broadly in line with the trends identied for the European labour market in general, the fall in the twelve PES analysed was less steep and of shorter duration.20 The PES index fell to a low point of 70 in the rst quarter of 2009 and began to rise again from the second quarter of 2009 up to a high point of 97 in the third quarter of 2011, while the stock of vacancies of the total labour market in Europe reached a low point of just below 60 in the rst quarter of 2010 showing a recovery to 80 in the rst quarter of 2011 before declining again. This nding suggests employers cut back on the use of other recruitment channels rather than cutting back on using the PES. The fact that registration of vacancies is free with PES may account for some of this apparent reaction, combined with the view that as unemployment increases, so employers perception of the quality of the pool of job-nders using PES tends to rise.

Demand in temporary agency work closely follows economic fortunes...

The use of agency workers more or less followed the development in GDP (Chart 2.20) over the period from 1996 to 2011.22 The severity of the recent recession and the slow recovery are clearly evident in the more substantial dip in the agency worker index starting in 2008 and worsening in 2009. The fall in the number of agency workers by approximately 20 per cent in 2009 is in line with the percentage drop in all temporary job-nders in that year (see Chart 2.8). In 2010 the number of temporary contracts rose again, by 7 per cent. This percentage increase of agency workers is in line with the percentage increase in all job-nders (8 per cent) or jobnders with temporary job contracts (9 per cent).

21 European Commission, PES to PES Dialogue Programme, Peer Review, PES and eective 20 The 12 countries represented in Chart 2.18 are numerically dominated by Germany and the UK, which together accounted for around 72 per cent of the average quarterly total of registered job vacancies for all 12 countries (see Part II). The decline of PES inow in 2009 was average in the UK but less than average in Germany. Leaving out Germany and the UK, the inow of the other 10 countries was only half the rst quarter of 2008 reference value from the fourth quarter of 2008 to the fourth quarter of 2009. services for employers, January 2012, Paris, (http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=e n&catId=105&newsId=1164&furtherNews=yes ) 22 The number of temporary agency workers is inuenced by a combination of factors including national custom and practice, with some countries (such as France, Germany and the UK) more disposed to using such workers as a exible resource.

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Chart 2.18

Development of number of employees (right axis) and of PES job vacancy index (le axis)
Index, 2008Q1 - 2011Q3, 2008Q1 = 100

110
Inow PES job vacancies (Index)

104 102

100 100 90 98 96 80 94 92 70 90 60 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 2011 Q3 88

2008

2009 Number of Employees

2010

PES inow job vacancies

Source: Public Employment Services; Eurostat, Labour Force Survey. 12 countries including: Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Sweden, United Kingdom. Inow is estimated for Lithuania and the Czech Republic for 2010Q4 and for the United Kingdom for 2010Q3. Absolute values 2011Q3: PES inow registered job vacancies, 2.2 million; Employees, 83.6 million.
Chart 2.19

Development of PES inow of job vacancies in selected countries

Countries with highest and lowest PES inow growth 2008Q1-2011Q1 Index 2008Q1-2011Q3, 2008Q1 = 100

250

Estonia Germany Lithuania Denmark Czech Republic Latvia Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2008 2009 2010 2011

200
Inow Job vacancies (Index)

150

100

50

Source: Public Employment Services (from 12 countries with data available, see Chart 2.18). Index values for Estonia not on chart: 2011Q1, 260; 2011Q3, 268. Absolute value 2011Q3 (in thousands): Estonia: 13; Germany: 592; Lithuania: 41; Denmark: 27; Czech Republic: 40; Latvia: 8.

Number of employees (Index)

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Chart 2.20

Development of GDP (right axis) and of number of agency workers (left axis)
Index, 1996-2010, 1996 = 100; 2003 = 169 (TWA); 2003 = 122 (GDP)

Average number of agency workers (index)

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 GDP EU14 - EU17 Agency workers EU14 - EU17

140 130 120 110 100 90 80

Source: Eurociett - own calculations; Eurostat, National Accounts. 14 countries including (1996-2003): Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom 17 Countries including (2004-2010): 14 mentioned above and Hungary, Italy, Poland The average daily number of agency workers or Full Time Equivalent (FTE) is the total number of hours worked by all agency workers in one year divided by the average number of hours worked in one year by a worker with a fulltime job with an open-ended contract. Absolute values 2010: Average number of agency workers: 3.2 million; GDP: 11,401 billion.

However, the growth in the number of agency workers in 2010 varied strongly between countries, with particularly strong increases in: Germany (from 625,000 agency workers in 2009 to 793,000 in 2010 or +27 per cent) France (from 447,000 to 520,000 or +16 per cent) Poland (from 72,000 to 114,000 or +58 per cent)

that were consistent with a seasonal demand for sta. In the UK the demand for temporary workers started to decline in around mid 2010 and never recovered, which is consistent with the modest economic performance in that country. However, it is important to remember that the gures represent the trend in the business of just one major agency and so they may not be typical for the whole market for temporary workers. Nevertheless it adds value as an indicator because it shows the month-by-month changes in the demand for temporary workers as an alternative to the annual index analysed above.

In contrast, the number of agency workers decreased strongly in the UK, from 1,068,000 agency workers in 2009 to 880,000 in 2010 (-18 per cent). Figures on the inow of vacancies from the temporary work agency Randstad cover the ve countries (France, Germany, Netherlands, Spain and the UK) that are more disposed to using such workers as a exible resource. These gures show that Germany experienced the most change between December 2009 and the same month in 2011 (Chart 2.21). The number of job vacancies for temporary workers started to increase from around the beginning of 2010, and continued to around mid 2011, before falling back slightly. For the other countries, the development was far less volatile. All countries except the UK showed peaks in demand in early to mid 2011

GDP (Index)

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Chart 2.21

Development in the number of open job vacancies reported by one international temporary work agency
Index, Dec 2009 - Jan 2012, Dec 2009 = 100

300 Germany 250 France

200 EU5
Index

150

Netherlands

100

Spain

50

Apr 2010

Apr 2011

Oct 2010

Aug 2010

Aug 2011

Jun 2010

Feb 2010

Dec 2009

Dec 2010

Feb 2011

Jun 2011

Oct 2011

Source: Randstad (5 countries). Numbers are based on the number of open job vacancies published by the subsidiaries of the Randstad Group on the internet. Randstad only publishes job vacancies that cannot be lled directly from the available pool of candidates. The gures are based on daily measurements of the number of open job vacancies. Absolute value Jan 2012 (average per day): France, 7,011; Germany, 9,297; the Netherlands, 5,464; Spain, 1,013; the United Kingdom, 6,919; total of 5 countries, 29,704.

Online recruitment services index not yet back to 2008 levels

A major provider of online recruitment services is the private sector company Monsterboard. The Monsterboard Employment Index (MEI) represents online job vacancies in 24 European countries on the Monsterboard website (Chart 2.22).23 In aggregate, these countries showed a decline in the employment index from the end of 2008 which continued until the end of 2009 before a modest increase set in. This is consistent with the eects of the recession and the muted recovery in most countries represented in the index.

However, some individual countries show dierent trends. For example, by March 2011 the index for Germany had regained the same position (150) as it had in September 2008 before the index dropped. France and the UK also showed signs of recovery a er the downturn, but stabilised with indices of around 140, close to the gures for early 2007. The Netherlands saw a larger fall in 2008 and 2009 and has not recovered since then. This is partly consistent with the Dutch PES report on vacancies in the Netherlands which shows that the total inow of vacancies dropped by 11 per cent in 2011. Similarly the market share held by specialist recruitment websites dropped from 23 per cent in 2010 to 19 per cent in 2011.

23 Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the UK

Dec 2011

United Kingdom

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Chart 2.22

Monsterboard Employment Index

Index, Jan 2007 - June 2012

230
Monsterboard Employment Index

210 190

Germany

France 170 150 130 110 90 70 Netherlands UK EU24

Source: Monsterboard The Monsterboard Employment Index is a representation of job opportunities on a selection of career websites and job listing websites in Europe. Absolute values: not available.

2.6 Conclusion
The recession continues to exert its eect on the dynamics of the recruitment market. The analysis here shows that, overall, the number of job vacancies in Europe recovered from the fall in 2009, but the pre-crisis levels of 2007 had not been reached by 2011. Nevertheless, the number of hirings in the third quarter of 2011 was still 12 million. Further eects of the hesitant economic recovery can be found in the increasing shares of job-nders with temporary and part-time contracts. The increasing use of these types of contracts can enhance exibility in the labour market and encourage employers to recruit even in times of economic uncertainty. The data analysed in this chapter is certainly consistent with such a response. However, there is the potential for an expansion of temporary and part-time contracts to have an adverse impact on the quality of employment.24 For example, various studies have shown that part-time and temporary workers tend to receive
24 The EU provides a basic framework for working time through its directives on working time (Directive 2003/88/EC), part-time work (Directive 97/81/EC) and temporary agency work (Directive 2008/104/EC)

Jan 07 Apr 07 Jul 07 oct-07 Jan 08 Apr 08 Jul 08 oct-08 Jan 09 Apr 09 Jul 09 oct-09 Jan 10 Apr 10 Jul 10 oct-10 Jan 11 Apr 11 Jul 11 oct-11 Jan 12 Apr 12
less training and this in turn has potential implications for skills development in the labour market and social inclusion in the longer term. The slow economic recovery is the main cause of the slow growth in the number of employees, but employers using under-utilised labour they retained during the recession may have played a role in fewer new posts being created. This being the case, once any spare capacity has been exhausted, prospects for new recruitment should increase, assuming favourable economic conditions. The stock of job vacancies in the EU27 has been consistently below the pre-recession base period, reecting the low overall demand for labour during the recession. The development in recruitment closely followed that of the number of employees, indicating that employers have to some extent been recruiting as economic fortunes improve. The use of temporary contracts varied greatly between countries. Their use is likely to be more common where levels of employment protection legislation are relatively high. Jobnders on part-time contracts tended to be less aected by uctuations, suggesting that employers were more cautious in committing to full-time workers.

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The development of recruitment diers between countries, while Germany is relatively little aected Romania is still strongly aected, whether one looks at the stock of job vacancies or the number of job-nders. The number of temporary job-nders increased strongly in Estonia and Latvia, while the number of part-time job-nders increased strongly in Slovakia and Sweden. In general there is no clear relationship between developments in total employment and that of temporary and part-time work. However, the low degree of temporary recruitment in the UK and Denmark (less than 30 per cent) compared to a high degree of temporary recruitment in Spain (90 per cent) suggests a relationship with employment

protection to the extent that employers in countries with lower overall employment protection more o en recruit new members of sta on permanent contracts. Part-time recruitment is almost absent in Romania and Bulgaria, while it amounts to 70 per cent of recruitment in the Netherlands. This may reect a dierence in welfare level and aordability of part-time work, but also cultural history. For all recruitment channels (vacancies, job-nders, public employment service, temporary work agencies, online services) analysed in this chapter, recruitment closely followed economic fortunes, with a sharp drop in 2009 and only partial recovery a erwards.

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3 Development of sectoral and occupational demand

3.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the development of vacancies and recruitment in specic economic sectors and occupations including by educational level and eld. The main objective is to identify top demanded and top growth occupations in Europe, including information on whether PES data show a specic prole compared to the overall labour market. The results from a number of national studies have been taken into account to complement the information about the most demanded occupations derived from purely statistical sources. The chapter concludes with some analyses of the incidence of over- and under-qualication in main occupational groups. In this report, the top-demanded occupations are dened as the occupations with most job-nders in the third quarter of 2011 (LFS data) taking into account the impact of seasonal factors (for data sources and indicators see Chapter 1). The top-growth occupations are dened as those occupations which experienced the largest increase in the volume of jobnders in recent years. Unfortunately, due to the change in ISCO in 2011 it was not possible to present a time series beyond 2010. The analysis identies top growth occupations within each of the nine main occupational groups as dened by ISCO. This has the merit of providing information on trends across a much wider range of occupations than would be the case if the analyses did not cover each of the main occupation groups. Furthermore, if each occupation group was not included, the top growth occupations would consist solely of relatively low skilled occupations which had high turnover rates. For job-nders the top-growth occupations are identied by the dierence between the annual values of 2010 and 2007, which are the rst and last available full years on this indicator. When interpreting the ndings it should be borne in mind that there is no direct relationship between job-nder trends and employment trends. The term job-nders in the LFS refers to the total number of people who have been hired during a reference period. The vacancies these hirings ll are made up of expansion demand, replacement demand (i.e. for those leaving the labour force) and turnover (i.e. those leaving a job but remaining in the labour force). For example, the volume of job-nders could expand while employment is contracting. This would occur if the rate of turnover increases due to a rise in the share of temporary or part-time work. Alternatively, it is possible that employment remains stable (or even increases) while the number of job-nders is decreasing. This typically occurs in periods of recession, because the employed are more reluctant to change their job. Job retention schemes (e.g. short-time working arrangements, employment protection schemes) lead to reduced turnover which in turn is reected in lower volumes of vacancies. The International Standard Classication for Occupations (ISCO) denes ten main one-digit occupational groups which contain increasingly detailed subgroups up to four-digit level. For this report the approach of the CEDEFOP skills forecasts is used grouping the main occupational groups together in four levels of skills:1

Skills level Highly skilled Skilled nonmanual Skilled manual Elementary

Main occupational groups (ISCO 1-digit) Legislators, managers, professionals and technicians Clerks and services/sales workers Agricultural, cra and trade workers, machine operators Labourers, elementary service/sales workers

In order to analyse educational requirements six levels of the International Classication of Education (ISCED) are categorised as high, medium and low qualication levels:

Qualication level High Medium Low

Education levels (ISCED) First and second stage of tertiary education (levels 5 and 6) Upper secondary and postsecondary non-tertiary (levels 3 and 4) Primary and lower secondary education (levels 1 and 2)

1 Cedefop (2010), Skills Supply and Demand in Europe, Medium-Term Forecast up to 2020, page 68, http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/EN/publications/15540.aspx

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3.2 Development of recruitment by sector

Job vacancies for 15 countries strong decline in public administration, industry, construction and transportation
The business services sector (including nance and ICT) accounted for the largest number of job vacancies. This sector alone had 611,000 job vacancies in the third quarter of 2011 across the een countries for which data is available (since 2008, equivalent to a share of 35 per cent, see Chart 3.1). However, in the nine new Member States, manufacturing accounted for most vacancies, amounting to 34,000 in the third quarter of 2011 (a 24 per cent share). The skills needed in old and new Member States may dier less than the dierences in the sector structure suggests, as in new Member States more service activities take place within the manufacturing sector, and these are typically outsourced in old Member States.2 Both, the public and private sector were aected by the crisis (see Chart 2.4 in Chapter 2). There were some dierences, however, in the extent to which dierent sub-sectors within the broad public service were aected as shown below, comparing the average of the rst three quarters of 2011 with those of 2008: Moderate decline: health and social work (-49,000; -16 per cent)3 Strong decline: public administration (-65,000; -54 per cent) The analysis of vacancies in the private sector also reveals signicant dierences generally between sectors demanding non-manual and manual skilled workers: Moderate decline: trade, repair (-9,000; -3 per cent); accommodation and food services (-7,000; -5 per cent) Strong decline: industry (-97,000; -34 per cent); construction (-44,000; -33 per cent) and transportation and storage (-49,000; -41 per cent) The strong decline in vacancies in industry, construction, transportation and storage was mirrored by a shrinking share of these sectors in the overall job vacancies. For example, the share of labour demand in industry decreased from 13 per cent in the rst quarter of 2008 to 7 per cent in the rst quarter of 2010, recovering in 2011 when the share climbed up again to a value of 11 per cent. This development
2 Hanzl-Weiss, D. and R. Stehrer (2010), The role of services in the new Member States: A Comparative Analysis Based on Input-Output Tables, wiiw Research Reports no. 36, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw 3 See Annex, Table A2.4 average data from the rst three quarters in 2008 and 2011. The data in the Annex show an increase of 21,000 job vacancies in health and social work vacancies (+10 per cent), but of this change is inated by approximately 70,000 job vacancies due to a change of denition in Germany.

was even more pronounced in the nine new Member States, where recovery in industry was more partial, falling from 30 per cent to 17 per cent and then recovering to 24 per cent. The relatively small sectors of public administration, arts and other services, lost shares more abruptly, falling from 5 to 3 per cent in the second quarter of 2010 and from 10 to 6 per cent in the rst quarter of 2010 respectively, while remaining at in 2011. The share of public administration developed dierently even between countries in the same region of Europe. For example, the share increased the most in Latvia between the third quarters of 2008 and 2011 (from 25 to 44 per cent) but the second biggest fall was in Lithuania (from 19 to 10 per cent - slightly less weak than in Romania).

Job-nder data for EU27 conrm the decline in construction, industry and public administration and show a decline in ICT and nances
The overall composition of labour demand as measured by job-nder data - showed more continuity than change over the reference period compared to vacancy data. To some extent, this may reect the fact that the volumes of jobnders are much greater than the corresponding volumes of vacancies and, consequently, relatively minor contractions in demand are not so apparent (see Chapter 1, Introduction). All the same, most of the decline in hirings occurred in the same sectors thus conrming the results from the vacancy analysis for all EU27 countries. Moreover the job-nder data also show that the recession had a negative impact on demand in the ICT and nancial services sectors. The trends in the volume of job-nders by sector can be divided into three categories; declining in trends; stable and increasing trends. These are summarised below, comparing the third quarters of 2008 and 2011:

decline in construction (from 1.3 to 1.1 million; -16 per cent) industry (from 2.1 to 1.8 million; -14 per cent) ICT (from 0.3 to 0.2 million; -14 per cent) nance (from 0.4 to 0.3 million; -14 per cent) public administration (from 0.6 to 0.5 million; -13 per cent) trade & repair (from 1.95 to 1.76 million; -10 per cent) transportation & storage (from 0.61 to 0.56 miliion; -10 per cent) rather stable (decline < 10 per cent) agriculture (0.4 million ; +0 per cent) arts/other services (0.8 million ; +0 per cent) education (between 0.5 and 0.6 million; -6 per cent) human health and social work (around 1.1 million, - 4 per cent); and other business services (around 1.3 million; -4 per cent) increase accommodation and food services (from 1.21 to 1.25 million; +4 per cent)

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Chart 3.1

Composition of job vacancies by economic sector

Share, 2008Q1 - 2011Q3 Arts and Other Services

100%

90% Health and Social Work 80% Job vacancies (cumulative share of total) Education 70% Public Administration* 60% Finace, ICT and other business services 50% Accommodation and Food Services Transportation and Storage 30% Trade and Repair 20% Construction 10% Industry 0% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2008 2009 2010 2011

40%

Source: Eurostat, Job Vacancy Statistics, Economic sectors: NACE Rev 2, 2-digit 15 countries including: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Slovenia, Slovakia, United Kingdom Absolute value 2011Q3 (in thousands): Industry, 205.7; Construction, 80.7; Trade and repair, 258.1; Transportation and storage, 74.3; Accomodation and food serives, 123.9; Finance, ICT and other business activities, 610.7; Public administration, 48.9; Education, 67.3; Human health and social work, 152.5; Arts and other servies, 85.3. * Excludes Portugal.

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Chart 3.2

Composition of job-nders by economic sector

Share, 2008Q1 - 2011Q3

100%

Arts and Other services Human health and Social work Education

90%

80% Public Administration Other Business Services 60% Finance ICT Accommodation and Food Services Transportation and Storage Trade and Repair 20% Construction Industry Agriculture and Fishing Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2008 2009 2010 2011

Job-nders (cumulative share of total)

70%

50%

40%

30%

10%

0%

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Economic Sectors: NACE Rev 2, 2-digit Values for Slovakia 2011Q2 are estimated. Absolute value 2011Q3 (in million): Industry 1.8; Construction 1.1; Trade and Repair 1.8; Transportation and Storage 0.6; Accommodation and food services 1.3; Finance, ICT and other business services 1.9; Public administration 0.5; Education 0.5; Health and Social Work 1.1; Arts and other Services 0.9.

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Although continuity prevails, in the shorter term some changes are to be noted in the overall structure of recruitment: Again, industry and construction were most sensitive to the crisis, the share of job-nders in industry was falling from 17 per cent in the third quarter of 2008 to 13 per cent in the same quarter of 2009, before recovering to 15 per cent in 2010 and 2011. The only other sector with a declining share was construction, from 10 per cent in the third quarter of 2008 to 9 per cent in the same quarter in 2011. The accommodation and food services sector is the only sector that showed an increase in recruitment, from 9 per cent in the third quarter of 2008 to 11 per cent in the same quarter of 2011. The observation that the number of job vacancies responded strongly to the crisis in sectors such as industry and construction, while the number of job-nders (i.e. proxy for lled vacancies) declined only slightly, implies that average vacancy durations declined. This, in turn, suggests that employers in those sectors recruit workers faster in times of crisis. In trade and repair however, the decline in the number of job-nders (-10 per cent) between the third quarters of 2008 and 2011 is larger than the decline in job vacancies (-3 per cent). This could be a rst indicator of the possibility of increasing recruitment diculties in the trade sector (see further Chapter 4), but could also show that the sector postpones hirings in times of uncertainty.

over the same period, with a declining number of jobnders (with -6 and -4 per cent respectively) and increasing employment (with +3 and +7 per cent respectively). Again, this indicates a greater level of job retention, but the decline in the number of hirings is moderated by the need to recruit an expanding number of sta. Employment in these sectors is mainly funded by the State and demand is driven mainly by demographic factors. Thus, to some extent, these sectors are insulated from the vagaries of the business cycle. However, even in sectors with declining recruitment, demand for specic occupations can still increase, as will be shown in the next section.

3.3 The development of demand by occupation: the most sought a er occupations

In the following sub-sections the development of occupational demand is considered from three perspectives. Firstly, information on job-nders is used to identify the occupations which have experienced the strongest growth over the reference period. Secondly, the volume of vacancies notied to the PES is used to identify the strongest growing occupations in that segment of the market and, nally, the results from national studies are used to augment the results from the LFS and PES data sources.

Fast adjustment in employment levels but nevertheless continued recruitment in manufacturing and construction - signs of greater job retention in services
The sector developments in recruitment are broadly in line with employment trends. For example, employment weakened in construction and there was an overall decline in manufacturing (despite intermittent recoveries).4 In terms of numbers of employees and job-nders, the percentage changes between the third quarters of 2008 and 2011 were generally comparable in the industry sector (-9 per cent employees and -14 per cent job-nders respectively) and construction sector (-17 per cent employees and -16 per cent job-nders). This means that employers in these sectors adjusted their stang numbers to business activity relatively quickly. In other sectors, the crisis impacted more on recruitment than on employment. For example in ICT, nance and public administration, the number of job-nders decreased sharply (between -13 and -15 per cent) between the third quarters of 2008 and 2011 while employment in those sectors declined by only -2 to -3 per cent. Many of the jobs in these sectors are relatively well paid and it would not be surprising if the crisis had the eect of increasing job-retention signicantly. In the education and human health sectors, the numbers of job-nders and employment developed in opposite directions
4 Quarterly Review on Employment and Social Developments in Europe

Development of demand job-nders Mirroring sectoral demand recruitment in skilled manual jobs declined most
Although recruitment demand by broad skills levels uctuated signicantly over time (Chart 3.3), this was mainly due to seasonal eects. Overall, recruitment was lowest for all broad skills levels in 2009 or the rst quarter of 2010 and recovered to the end of the period (third quarter of 2011) in varying degrees. Box 1: Methodological note skills level and main occupational groups As noted in the introduction to this chapter, a simple table summarises the relationship between skills levels and main occupational groups see also the footnotes to Chart 3.4. Skills level Highly skilled Skilled nonmanual Skilled manual Elementary Main occupational groups (ISCO 1-digit) Legislators, managers, professionals and technicians Clerks and service/sales workers Agricultural, cra and related trade workers, machine operators Labourers, elementary service/sales workers

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Chart 3.3

Development of number of job-nders by aggregates of main occupational groups

Index, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3, 2007Q1 = 100

140 130
Job-nders (Index)

High skilled

120 110 100 90 80 70 60 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Elementary Skilled nonmanual Skilled manual

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Aggregated groups based on ISCO 1-digit, ISCO-88 (2007Q1-2010Q4) and ISCO-08 recoded at 4-digit level into ISCO-88 (2011Q1-2011Q3) and then aggregated to ISCO 1-digit level Groups (absolute values of 2011Q3 in million): High skilled: managers, professionals, associate professionals and technicians (2.2) Skilled manual: skilled agricultural, shery and cra workers and machine operators (2.4) Skilled non-manual: clerks and services and sales workers (3.5) Elementary: elementary sales and services occupations, labourers (2.1)

Corresponding to the development in sectoral demand, skilled manual jobs were more aected by the crisis than the other broad skills groups. Thus, comparing the index values of the rst quarter of 2011 with the same quarter of 2007, the index value for skilled manual jobs was below 80 while the values for the other broad skills levels were all between 90 and 100. The overall development of the demand for the main occupational groups shows a similar pattern high volatility (seasonal eects) between quarters and more continuity than change between years (Chart 3.4). The high degree of continuity is not surprising since signicant structural changes only develop over a longer period of time. Variations in the shares of job-nders display mostly a seasonal pattern, with a seasonal peak for agricultural and shery workers in the second and third quarters of each year and for service and sales workers a peak in the third quarter in preparation for the Christmas and New Year sales spike.

Shrinking recruitment of cra workers, operators and technicians during the crisis
Nevertheless, a number of interesting changes regarding volumes can be observed when the rst quarters of 2011 and 2007 are compared (see Annex, Table A3.3):

increase (in number of job-nders) managers (+13,000; +7 per cent) professionals (+52,000; +6 per cent)

strong decline high-skilled technicians (-319,000; between - 20 and 30 per cent ), all skilled manual occupational groups: cra and related trade workers (- 449,000), plant and machine operators (-252,000) and skilled agricultural workers (-29,000); with a decline between - 20 and - 30 per cent moderate decline both skilled non-manual occupational groups: clerks (-91,000; - 8 per cent) and sales and services workers (-145,000, - 8 per cent) elementary occupations (-115,000; - 6 per cent)

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Chart 3.4

Composition of job-finders by main occupational group

Share, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3

100%

Managers and senior officials Professionals

90%

80%
Job-finders (cumulative share of total)

70%

Technicians and associate professionals Clerks

60%

50%

Service and sales workers Skilled agricultural and fishery workers Craft and related trades workers Plant and machine operators and assemblers Elementary occupations Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey. Main occupational group: ISCO 1-digit (see footnote Chart 3.3). 25 countries included: EU27 exclusive of Ireland and the UK (no data by ISCO in 2011). Values for Slovakia 2011Q2 are estimated. Absolute values 2011Q3 (in million): Managers and senior officials, 0.2; Professionals, 0.9; Technicians and associate professionals, 1.1; Clerks, 1.2; Service and sales workers, 2.3 Skilled agricultural and fishery workers, 0.2; Craft and related trades workers, 1.4; Plant and machine operators and assemblers, 0.9; Elementary occupations, 2.3.

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Box 2: Background information: Composition of employment by major occupational groups The distribution of the number of employees by broad occupational groups (Chart 3.5) over the period from the rst quarter of 2007 to the third quarter of 2011 shows the following short-term trends in employment broadly reecting recruitment trends: shares increased for service and sales workers and professionals, both from 14 per cent in the rst quarter of 2008 to 17 per cent in the third quarter of 2011 shares for clerks, elementary occupations, managers and senior ocials and skilled agicultural and shery workers remained constant at 12, 11, 4 and 1 per cent respectively shares for technicians and associate professionals marginally decreased from 18 to 17 per cent shares declined for traditional intermediate skilled jobs in plant and machine operators and assemblers and cra and related trades workers, from 10 to 9 per cent and from 15 to 13 per cent respectively
Chart 3.5

Composition of employees by main occupational group

Share, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3

100%

Managers and senior officials Professionals

90%

80% Technicians and associate professionals Clerks

Employees (cumulative share of total)

70%

60%

50%

Service and sales workers Skilled agricultural and fishery workers Craft and related trades workers Plant and machine operators and assemblers Elementary occupations Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey Main occupational group: ISCO 1-digit (see footnote Chart 3.3) 25 countries included: EU exclusive Ireland and the UK (no data by ISCO in 2011). Values for Slovakia 2011Q2 are estimated. Absolute values 2011Q3 (in million): Managers and senior officials, 6.6; Professionals, 25.6; Technicians and associate professionals, 25.8; Clerks, 17.9; Service and sales workers, 26.3; Skilled agricultural and fishery workers, 1.5; Craft and related trades workers, 19.8; Plant and machine operators and assemblers, 13.8; Elementary occupations, 16.5.

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To be noted: the break in the time series between the fourth quarter of 2010 and the rst quarter of 2011 is due to a change in ISCO. Specic country features: Skilled agricultural workers are mainly employed in Romania, Spain and Poland (between 5 per cent and 10 per cent of all employees) but are a small minority in other EU countries (Eurofound (2012), 5th Working Conditions Survey, Publications Oce of the European Union, page 19, Randstad (2012), Into the Gap, table 6.) Professionals and associate professionals are more intensively employed in the northwest of Europe (UK, Ireland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Finland and, especially, Luxembourg). Craft and related trades workers are relatively more important in the east and the south of Europe (Hungary, Slovakia, Italy, and Portugal), and the same applies to work in elementary occupations (Spain, Cyprus, Latvia, and Bulgaria). In central Europe, the composition of the work force by occupational groups is more balanced (Germany, France, and Austria).

While at the highest skills levels recruitment was resilient and indeed displayed an increase for managers and professionals, the decline in industry, construction and manufacturing resulted in a strong decrease in the recruitment of skilled manual labour, while not sparing higher skilled technicians.5

temporary contracts have increased particularly in relatively low-skilled employment.6 For the third quarter of 2011 the highest numbers of jobnders were in shop salespersons (709,000) cleaners (607,000) waiters and bartenders (497,000)

Increasing share of professionals among job-nders

The volume changes described above have had implications for the composition of labour demand: The share of professionals in the number of job-nders increased the most (from 8 per cent in the rst quarter of 2007 to 10 per cent in the rst quarter of 2011) while decreases were most pronounced for cra workers (from 16 per cent to 13 per cent) and technicians (from 13 per cent to 11 per cent). When seasonal eects are controlled for, the largest main occupational groups had stable shares: service and sales workers (21 per cent in 2010 compared to 20 per cent in 2007) and elementary occupations (18 per cent in 2010 and 2007). Regarding the relationship of job-nders to employment, the shares of these groups among job-nders are higher than among employees (15 per cent and 11 per cent in 2010 respectively), mirroring relatively high job turnover.

Other relevant occupations are: personal care workers in health services and child care (ranked 4th and 24th) certain categories of construction worker (5th and 15th) certain categories of labourer (6th, 7th, 8th and 9th) cooks and food preparation assistants (10th and 19th) certain categories of clerk (11th, 12th, 16th, 18th and 21st) drivers and mobile operators (13th, 22nd, 23rd) Only engineering technicians (ranked 14th) and sales and purchasing agents and brokers (ranked 20th) require high skills. Seasonality in the demand for workers in the tourism and construction sectors is evident from the change of ranking of occupations in the third quarter compared to the rst quarter of 2011. For example, building frame and related trades workers (ranked 5th) and cooks (ranked 10th) had higher rankings in the summer compared to the winter. Seasonality does not appear to be a factor in the change of ranking for two other occupations in the top ten, transport and storage labourers (ranked 7th) and heavy truck and bus drivers (ranked 13th). In fact it suggests that recruitment in the transport sector picked up during 2011 (see also section 3.2). Increasing labour turnover is another reason which helps to explain the high number of job-nders in the group for shop salespersons (ranked 1st). According to a recent study the considerable expansion of the retail sector over the past 20 years is associated with a transformation in its competitive
6 European Commission (2012): Employment and Social Development Report 2011, Chapter 1.

Recent top 25 most demanded occupations: Most job-nders in low to medium skilled services occupations
Overall, the 25 occupations with the most numerous hirings are concentrated in low to intermediate skills levels. High volumes of job-nders are particularly prevalent among lowskilled service occupations. This is not surprising, because labour turnover rates are high in these occupations and

5 An analysis of employment has found a similar development over the period 20082010: Employment growth was conned to the quintile with highest education, see: European Commission (2012): Employment and Social Development Report 2011.

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structure. Large companies now dominate at the expense of the numerous small and micro-businesses that once characterised the sector in most countries. One result is a signicant decline in the number of self-employed workers and a substantial increase in the number of part-time jobs (many done by women) and non-permanent contracts with implications for career patterns.7 However, the situation in European countries varies according to the national structure of the labour market. Taking the occupational information for job-nders as an indicator for job opportunities and looking at country data, many and increasing opportunities for shop salespersons became evident in the Czech Republic and Latvia, whereas for cleaners high and increasing opportunities existed in Denmark and Portugal.8 Many job-nders were waiters and bartenders in countries with large tourism sectors such as Spain and Italy, but also in Malta, Austria and Slovenia. The same applies to cooks in Greece and also in Romania. Personal care workers were in demand in Belgium and Sweden. Building frame workers were in demand in Estonia and Finland. A high and increasing number of job-nders among transport and storage labourers is evident in Romania, which may be explained by the increasing numbers of workers from Eastern Europe employed in intra-EU road transport.9

period with the index moving up by just one per cent between 2007 and 2010. Box 3: Methodological note Identication of growth occupations The occupations with highest growth of job-nders are identied by the dierence between the annual values of 2010 and 2007. These are the rst and last full years where there is data on job-nders. Occupations are ranked by absolute change rather than percentage change to avoid the numerically smallest occupations always ending on top. In the following a top 3 of growth occupations is presented for each main occupational group as a ranking system based solely on numerical values will be biased towards elementary and medium-skilled occupations. In addition, when interpreting index values, it should be understood that those occupations with the highest growth are sometimes those occupations with relatively small absolute numbers of job-nders (e.g. supply and distribution managers).

Strong growth in recruitment of professionals and teaching associate professionals

Of more relevance for decision-makers in the elds of education and employment is information about the structural development of labour demand over a longer time period and for a broader range of occupational groups. Although, the total number of job-nders decreased over the years 2007 to 2010 by eight million, there were occupations that had large positive changes within each main occupational group. The largest positive change in recent recruits was found for sweepers and related labourers (+ 54,700 job-nders) within the group of elementary occupations (above all in a number of East European Countries). Other occupations with increasing numbers of job-nders included teaching associate professionals (58,100 more job-nders for all three groups of teaching associate professionals combined). The occupation with by far the largest number of job-nders in 2010 was personal care and related workers with almost 1.5 million. However, there was very little change over the

7 Eurofound (2012): Working conditions in the retail sector. EWCO European Working Conditions Survey, August 2012 8 See also European Vacancy Monitor 6, April 2012, Annex VIII. http://ec.europa.eu/social/ main.jsp?catId=955&langId=en 9 Peeters, C., T. Bouman and F. Hendrix (2009), Wegvervoer en logistiek: visie 2015 (Road Transport and Logistics: Vision 2015), Policy Research Corporation, www.tln.nl/media/1_ tln/pers/wegvervoerenlogistiek_denitief.pdf

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Chart 3.6

Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3 / comparison with their ranking in 2011Q1
Occupations (ISCO-08 3-digit level) Shop salespersons* Domestic, hotel and oce cleaners and helpers Waiters and bartenders Personal care workers in health services Building frame and related trades workers Manufacturing labourers Transport and storage labourers Agricultural, forestry and shery labourers Mining and construction labourers Cooks General oce clerks Material-recording and transport clerks Heavy truck and bus drivers Physical and engineering science technicians Building nishers and related trades workers Client information workers Protective services workers Other clerical support workers Food preparation assistants Sales and purchasing agents and brokers Cashiers and ticket clerks Car, van and motorcycle drivers Mobile plant operators Child care workers and teachers aides Market gardeners and crop growers Total top 25 Total Broad skills level Skilled NM Elementary Skilled NM Skilled NM Skilled M Elementary Elementary Elementary Elementary Skilled NM Skilled NM Skilled NM Skilled M High Skilled M Skilled NM Skilled NM Skilled NM Elementary High Skilled NM Skilled M Skilled M Skilled NM Skilled M Comparison with rank in 2011Q1 = = = = = = Number of job-nders 2011 Q3 708,500 606,700 497,100 358,200 341,700 310,900 288,900 276,400 245,100 197,300 197,100 193,600 189,100 180,600 175,000 171,500 168,600 167,800 165,300 160,200 153,200 146,700 143,700 133,800 130,500 6,307,500 10,422,000

Ranking 2011Q3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Source: LFS. The change of a position in a ranking comparing 2011Q3 with 2011Q1 is showed by symbols: = the same, went up by at least 5 positions, dropped by at least 5 positions. M manual, NM non-manual Method: For over 400 occupations (ISCO-08, 3-digit level) the top-25 of job-nders in 2011Q3 was calculated. * Shop salespersons (708,500 job-nders in 2011Q3) ranked 1 in 2011Q3 and the position was the same in 2011Q1.

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Chart 3.7

Top-3 growth occupations in 2007-2010 by main occupational group

Absolute growth of job-nders and index 2007-2010 Occupations (ISCO-88 , 4 digits) Managers of small enterprises in restaurants and hotels Supply, distribution managers Corporate managers a) Business professionals n.e.c. Health professionals (except nursing) Psychologists Other teaching associate professionals Special education teaching associate professionals Pre-primary education teaching associate professionals Debt-collectors, related workers Stenographers and typists Scribes and related workers Personal care and related workers workers b) Home-based personal care workers Travel guides Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers Forestry workers and loggers Field crop, vegetable growers Insulation workers Miners and quarry workers Glaziers Food and related products machine operators b) Electronic-equipment assemblers Chemical-still and reactor operators (except petroleum and natural gas) Sweepers, related labourers Street (food) vendors Vehicle, windows and related cleaners 2007-2010 change in absolute numbers +4,200 +4,000 +3,900 +28,100 +14,300 +13,100 +29,300 +14,700 +14,100 + + + +9,100 +6,600 +3,100 +11,600 +6,200 +4,700 +7,300 +6,600 +3,800 +9,700 +5,000 +2,900 +54,700 +11,900 +7,200
+308,500 -7,558,000

Main occupational group

2007 index

2008 index

2009 index

2010 index

2010 number of job-nders 13,700 7,400 37,800 147,800 191,000 25,300 201,700 86,300 211,200 4,400 9,300 -1,439,000 243,600 14,800 120,500 26,800 23,100 15,800 13,200 19,600 270,700 46,700 8,900 148,800 30,400 19,900
3,446,800 43,492,000

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 ---100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
100 100

110 221 119 99 115 204 112 112 109 ---104 124 105 104 102 87 134 134 109 101 100 143 103 76 113
107 95

151 240 91 92 121 185 101 119 111 ---99 101 112 110 77 101 124 110 75 93 89 120 124 84 99
102 79

145 215 111 123 108 208 117 121 107 ---101 103 126 111 130 126 113 136 152 104 112 148 158 164 140
110 85

Managers and senior ocials

Professionals

Technicians and associate professionals

Clerks

Service and sales workers

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Cra , related trades workers

Plant, machine operators, assemblers

Elementary occupations
Total top 27 Total
Source: LFS.

--- means that numbers are below the signicance levels for publication; M = Manual, NM = Non-manual n.e.c. means not elsewhere classied a) Corporate managers are a 2-digit occupational group used in Germany b) Personal care and related workers, and food and related products machine operators are 3-digit occupational groups both used in 13 countries. Method: For over 400 occupations (ISCO- 88, 4 -digit level) the number of job-nders in a year was calculated. Then the change in absolute numbers of job-nders between 2007 and 2010 was calculated. The Top 3 growth occupations are presented for each of the nine broad occupational groups (ISCO 88, 1-digit). For each Top 3 growth occupation, indexes with 2007=100 as the base value are presented for the intermediate years. The total number of job-nders in 2010 is also presented. * In the occupational group of managers and senior ocials, the number of job-nders increased most between 2007 and 2010 for managers of small enterprises in construction. The increase was 4,200 persons resulting in 13,700 job-nders in 2010. This is an increase of 45 per cent compared to 2007 (index 145), slightly lower than the peak in 2009 (index 151).

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Taking managers and senior ocials rst, the three occupations shown were close in terms of absolute change with managers in small enterprises in restaurants and hotels just topping the three (Chart 3.7). In addition, the number of jobs found by supply and distribution managers did in fact double, but this is a smaller group. However managers are partly recruited from within the company and for this reason are underrepresented in job-nder gures. A predominance of small businesses may account for some of the growth occupations in the category of professionals. Growth in business professionals not elsewhere classied (which includes for example nancial and management analysts and advertising, marketing and public relations professionals) , was signicantly above the other two groups, and the positive changes among health professionals (except nursing) not elsewhere classied (this occupation includes mainly medical doctors) - in particular in Germany and France - and psychologists underline the strong demand for professionals in the health and social work sector where employment was expanding. Of the top three in this group, psychologists have an index of 208 in 2010, indicating a more than double the number of job-nders compared to 2007, although the absolute number of psychologists among jobnders is modest. Among technicians and associate professionals, the top recruitment change occupation was other teaching and associate professionals (including for example tness and driving instructors) with 29,300 more job-nders in 2010 compared to 2007. In 2010, employers in France recruited as many as 86,800 employees in this occupation, which was 23,100 more than in 2007. In contrast fewer teaching and associate professionals were recruited in the UK (all categorised in the group other in this case). The increase in this occupation was around twice as much as the next two occupations special education teaching associate professionals and pre-primary education teaching associate professionals, which were also education related, but are mainly employed in the public sector. While employment data show an overall increase for the education sector even in times of recession, the growth in these two occupations may reect policy priorities focusing on child care and the prevention of early school leaving. Changes in the service and sales workers occupational group have been comparatively modest, with the top two (personal care and related workers and home-based personal care workers) showing little change over the four years. These represent only relatively small numerical increases in what is an occupational area with signicant employment. Of the top three, travel guides have the highest growth rate, though it represents a comparatively numerically small group. However, while the increase of the index for personal care and related jobs index has been less dramatic over the period, it represents

a numerically large group. Such so-called white jobs10 have been projected to grow in demand. According to the latest information from Cedefops skills supply and demand forecast for the EU11, personal and protective services workers form one of the top ve occupations most likely to be in demand to 2020. This reects the needs of ageing populations and increased longevity in Europe, as well as other changes in demand. In the occupational group skilled agricultural and shery workers, the top three show that gardeners, horticulture and nursery growers had the largest numerical increase over the four years, though in terms of the trend, forestry workers and loggers showed the biggest increase in countries like Austria and Lithuania. Among cra and related trades workers, the top occupation in terms of job-nders was insulation workers followed by miners and quarry workers and glaziers. Insulation workers and glaziers are mostly related to the construction sector. This may come as a surprise since construction has shown a strong decline since 2007 (as demonstrated in the previous section). However, the work of insulation workers and glaziers is done in the nal stages of a building project, and the demand for these workers in 2010 may reect the need to nish building projects contracted earlier and to repair and maintain work of existing buildings. The increase of job-nders among miners and quarry workers can largely be attributed to the demand in Poland. Among plant and machine operators and assemblers, the top occupation for job-nders in terms of absolute growth was food and related products machine operators, though change over the period was small (the index in 2010 reaching 104). Electronic-equipment assemblers recorded a bigger percentage increase with an end of period index of 112, but the most rapid growth was in chemical-still and reactor operators (except petroleum and natural gas) which saw its index go up to 148. For elementary occupations, all the top three (i.e. sweepers and related labourers, street (food) vendors and vehicle, windows and related cleaners) showed signicant increases in the index over the reference period, ending with approximately 50 per cent more job-nders in 2010 compared to 2007. However, a general feature of elementary occupations is their comparatively high job turnover. Such factors as low skills levels and the use of precarious forms of employment contract tend to lead to more movement in and out of these sorts of jobs.

10 The term white jobs can be used to refer to those who work in the health and social services sector, see e.g.: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=370&langId=en&featur esId=112&furtherFeatures=yes 11 CEDEFOP (2012) Europes Skill Challenge (Brieng Note). Available at: http://www. cedefop.europa.eu/EN/publications/19651.aspx

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To identify the most relevant occupations, with high and increasing recruitment demand in Europe, two criteria were combined. Firstly, occupations with substantial volumes of at least 50,000 job-nders in 2010 were selected and, secondly, with growth of at least 5 per cent more job-nders in 2010 compared to 2007. This led to 14 occupations meeting both criteria, which are presented by main occupational group below (with the 2010 absolute values and index values in brackets). As the analysis shows the most relevant growth occupations are exclusively in four out of the nine main occupational groups:

Development in demand by occupation in the Public Employment Services PES vacancies reect the general recruitment pattern domination of intermediate to lowskilled occupations
The following analyses use information from the database of PES on newly registered job vacancies (inow) by occupation, representing only a part of the total recruitment demand. The distribution of job vacancies newly posted through PES (inow) by main occupational group shows that in between 2008 and 2011 the notications were also dominated by intermediate to low-skilled occupations (Chart 3.8). The UK and Germany account for a high proportion of the total PES vacancy inow among the 12 countries in Chart 3.8, with shares of 48 per cent and 27 per cent respectively. However the dominance of intermediate to low skilled occupations in the PES inow is not a feature simply of these two large countries, but also in the other ten smaller countries. The domination of intermediate to low skilled occupations in the PES inow broadly reects the types of jobs that employers tend to notify to the PES which, in most countries, are skewed towards low and intermediate skills13. However, many intermediate to low skilled occupations also constitute a substantial proportion of job vacancies in the labour market in general (see Chart 3.6). The occupation with a higher share in PES inow compared to job-nders was the group of technicians. In the rst quarter of 2011, this group had a share of 15 per cent in PES inow and 11 per cent in job-nders14. The share of service and sales workers is also relatively high in PES inow compared to the share among job-nders. On the other hand, professionals and clerks have a relatively low share in PES inow compared to job-nders. Comparing PES inow between the rst quarters of 2008 and 2011 gives the following results for the 12 countries with available data (see also Annex, Table A3.5):

Professionals: business professionals such as nancial/management analysts, marketing/advertising/public relationships professionals (148,000; 123) health professionals (191,000; 108) public service administrative professionals (118,000; 106) school inspectors (58,000; 111)

Technicians and associate professionals: special education teaching associate professionals (86,000; 121) teaching associate professionals like tness and driving instructors (202,000; 117) pre-primary education associate professionals (211,000; 107) athletes, sports persons and related associate professionals (72,000; 120) nursing associate professionals (152,000; 107) Skilled agricultural workers: gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers (121,000; 111) Elementary occupations: sweepers (149,000; 158) building caretakers (92,000; 107) garbage collectors (54,000; 110) domestic helpers and cleaners (57,000; 106)

There was substantial growth by volume (as dened above) amongst professionals and technicians and associate professionals and also in a limited number of elementary occupations, while only one medium-skilled occupation is included. This could be seen as a rst indication of polarisation of skills12. Many of the high skilled occupations with large and increasing recruitment volumes are associated with the broad public sector.

an increasing PES inow for technicians (+5,300 or plus 2 per cent) the strongest declines were 17 per cent to 28 per cent among elementary occupations (-101,000), clerks (-68,000), managers (-14,000), and skilled agricultural workers (-5,000) moderate declines for professionals (-7,000 or -4 per cent), services and sales workers (-22,000 or -5 per cent), craft workers (-22,000 or -8 per cent) and operators (-13,000 or -6 per cent)

12 European Commission (2012): Employment and Social Development Report 2011, Chapter 1; Cedefop (2010), Skills Supply and Demand in Europe, Medium Term Forecast up to 2020, page 68, http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/EN/publications/15540.aspx

13 Kettner, A. and M. Stops (2009), Europische Betriebsbefragungen ber oene Stellen ist das Gleiche wirklich gleich? sterreichische Zeitschri fr Soziologie, Sonderhe 09), S. 353-372 14 This result was not aected by Germany and without the UK, the share of technicians and service and sales workers in PES inow would be even higher (18 per cent).

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Chart 3.8

Composition of PES inow of job vacancies by main occupational group,

Share 2008Q1 - 2011Q3

100%

Managers and senior ocials

90% Professionals 80%

PES inow of job vacancies (cumulative share of total)

70%

Technicians and associate professionals Clerks

60% Service and sales workers

50%

40%

Skilled agricultural and shery workers

30%

Cra and related trades workers

20% Plant and machine operators and assemblers Elementary occupations 0% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2008 2009 2010 2011

10%

Source: National Public Employment Services . Main occupational group: ISCO-88 1-digit. 12 countries including: Austria, Chech Republic, Denmark , Germany, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Sweden, the United Kingdom. Values for UK 2010Q3 and Czech Republic and Latvia 2010Q4 are estimated. Absolute values 2011Q3 (in thousands): Managers and senior ocials, 77.6; Professionals, 149.8; Technicians and associates, 303.9; Clerks, 173.6; Service and sales workers, 441.6; Skilled agricultural and shery workers, 14.0;

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Chart 3.9

Top 25 occupations with highest PES inow of job vacancies

Absolute numbers, 2011Q3, comparison with the ranking in 2011Q1

Ranking 2011Q3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Occupations (ISCO-88 3-digit level) Finance and sales associate professionals* Shop, stall, market salespersons and demonstrators Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Manufacturing labourers Personal care and related workers Domestic and related helpers, cleaners, launderers Sales and services elementary occupations n.e.c. a) Material-recording and transport clerks Machinery mechanics and tters Motor vehicle drivers Building nishers and related trades workers Other oce clerks Physical and engineering science technicians Electrical, electronic equipment mechanics, tters Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structuralmetal preparers, related trades workers Building frame and related trades workers Architects, engineers and related professionals Painters, building structure cleaners, related workers Secretaries and keyboard-operating clerks Agricultural and other mobile plant operators Other personal services workers Administrative associate professionals Transport labourers and freight handlers Other machine operators n.e.c. Mining and construction labourers Total top 25 Total

Broad skills level a) High Skilled NM Skilled NM Elementary Skilled NM Elementary Elementary Skilled NM Skilled M Skilled M Skilled M Skilled NM High Skilled M Skilled M Skilled M High Skilled M Skilled NM Skilled M Skilled NM High Elementary Skilled M Elementary

Comparison with ranking 2011Q1 = = = = = = = =

2011Q3 PES inow 98.672 82.567 82.306 73.714 56.657 51.050 50.252 45.373 43.849 43.616 38.379 35.006 32.216 30.962 30.335 28.707 24.456 23.414 22.735 22.499 20.265 19.374 18.973 18.817 17.106 1.011.299 1.439.633

Source: PES of 13 countries (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia and Sweden). M = Manual, NM = Non-manual n.e.c. = not elsewhere classied a) This is not an ISCO group, but a category of elementary jobs that some PES could not classify as either sales or services. The change of a position in a ranking comparing 2011Q3 with 2011Q1 is showed by symbols: = the same, went up, went up by at least 5 positions, dropped, dropped by at least 5 positions. Method: for 150 occupations (ISCO-88, 3-digit) the top-25 of inow of PES vacancies in 2011Q3 was calculated. * The occupation of nance and sales associate professionals (98,672 new vacancies registered with the PES in 2011Q3) ranked 1 in 2011Q3, and the position was the same in 2011Q1.

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Comparing the proportions between the rst quarters of 2008 and 2011, there were three occupational groups that showed distinctly higher proportions of the total inow: technicians and associate professionals, (from 14 to 15 per cent) plant and machine operators and assemblers occupations (from 9 to 11 per cent) craft and related trades workers (from 12 to 13 per cent)

half of the 13 countries for which data is available. Most of these occupations are also in the top 25 most demanded occupations in the total labour market (Chart 3.6). They represent occupations with comparatively high levels of parttime working and temporary contracts (see Section 2.5). In addition there is high seasonal demand, for example in the case of shop salespersons and workers in construction such as painters, building structure cleaners and related workers and mining and construction labourers.

These increases in the share of the PES vacancy inow is consistent with the resurgence in demand for manual skills in the labour market in general (see Chart 3.3). In contrast, the groups of elementary occupations and clerks have shown the most contraction in the proportion of the inow to the PES they represent.

PES vacancy growth in the main occupational groups was highest for machinery mechanics and tters and manufacturing labourers
The total PES inow increased by 157,000 job vacancies between the rst quarters of 2010 and 2011. This growth was largely achieved by the top three growth occupations for each main occupational group, totalling 213,000. This means that for the other occupations, the increase of PES inow for some occupations cancelled out the decrease in PES inow for others. Based on the change between the rst quarters of 2010 and 2011, the ve most relevant PES growth occupations are: machinery mechanics and tters (+18,000) manufacturing labourers (+17,000) motor vehicle drivers (+14,000) nance and sales professionals (+13,000) domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers (+13,000).

Recent Top 25 most demanded occupations from the PES data

The analysis of occupations with the highest PES vacancy inow shows a predominance of intermediate to low skilled occupations (Chart 3.9). Many of these occupations were also those with the highest job-nder volumes in the total labour market (see Chart 3.6). For example, shop salespersons were ranked 2nd for PES jobs inow and ranked 1st for the number of job-nders.

Finance and sales associate professionals was the most notied occupation
However, it is noteworthy that the top 25 occupations within PES vacancies also include a number of occupations for the highly qualied which do not appear in the top-25 of recruitment occupations in the total labour market (Chart 3.6). Of particular interest are occupations in the eld of engineering including physical and engineering science technicians (ranked 13th in Chart 3.9), architects, engineers and related professionals (ranked 17th), and also nance and sales associate professionals (ranked 1st) mentioned above. This occupation is ranked in the top 10 of PES inow in 10 out of the 13 countries for which data is available, and ranks 1st or 2nd in Finland, Luxembourg, Sweden and Germany. Employers might be more willing to notify these vacancies to PES than other high qualied occupations because they experience recruitment diculties: nance and sales professionals are among the top bottleneck occupations in Europe and there are indications of bottlenecks for engineering professionals (see Chart 4.12). The next occupations with the most signicant inows of PES vacancies are relatively low-skilled non-manual occupations, such as shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators, housekeeping and restaurant service workers, and personal care and related workers. Another occupation o en notied to the PES is manufacturing labourers along with a number of other elementary occupations. Each of these occupations was in the top ten of PES inow in roughly

In terms of managers and senior ocials, new PES job vacancies in other department managers and production and operations managers increased the most numerically between the rst quarters of 2010 and 2011, with an absolute change of over 3,000 in each category. In the professionals group, all top three occupations grew modestly over the reference period, though inow for architects, engineers and related professionals increased the most numerically (over 8,000) and in percentage terms (47 percent in the rst quarter of 2011 as indicated by the index value).

Increasing use of PES for nance and technical sta

In the group technicians and associate professionals, the top two occupations (Finance, sales associate professionals and physical and engineering science technicians) were well ahead of the third administrative associate professionals in numerical terms. There is also an increasing use of PES for administrative workers in the clerks occupational group. This contrasts with the decreasing numbers of job-nders among clerks in the total labour market (Chart 3.7). Among clerks the top growth occupation was material-recording and transport clerks which was well ahead of the next two occupations and also increased the most, reaching an index of 194 by the third quarter of 2011.

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Chart 3.10

Top-3 PES growth occupations per main occupational group

Absolute growth and index of PES vacancy inow 2010Q1
2010 2011

Main groups (ISCO1-digit)

Occupational groups (ISCO-88, 3-digit) Other department managers

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q1

2Q2

Q3

Change 2010Q12011Q3 +3.407 +3.274 +415 +8.387 +4.493 +3.723 +12.906 +9.316 +3.419 +11.760 +6.548 +4.255 +11.431 +7.459 +4.873 +1.913 ----+18.341 +11.280 +8.366 +13.550 +7.866 +4.660 +16.768 +12.923 +10.167 +157.059 +213.793

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 ----100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

95 112 113 109 95 105 97 114 96 140 106 92 105 108 66 76 ----136 143 127 143 168 177 151 113 66 108 111

102 115 86 111 97 92 100 110 85 163 102 89 102 104 65 48 ----155 173 144 135 173 214 165 114 49 110 109

115 111 108 120 118 103 100 116 90 158 104 87 90 88 66 33 ----136 133 125 121 123 163 135 97 109 102 98

132 136 144 147 138 129 115 140 117 150 123 119 117 109 106 111 ----175 170 141 147 166 236 136 123 193 127 123

133 135 154 152 142 127 111 150 111 171 120 107 121 109 74 83 ----183 200 144 174 209 254 171 128 222 129 127

119 124 113 137 128 125 113 136 97 194 124 99 119 102 67 45 ----179 188 151 151 188 219 159 116 194 122 118

Managers and senior ocials

Production, operations managers Directors and chief executives Archtects, engineers and related professionals

Professionals

Computing professionals Business professionals

Technicians and associate professionals

Finance, sales associate professionals Physical and engineering technicians Administrative associate professionals Material-recording, transport clerks

Clerks

Other oce clerks Secretaries, key-board operating clerks Shop salespersons a)

Service and sales workers

Housekeeping and restaurant workers Personal care, related workers

Skilled agricultural workers *

Market gardeners and crop growers ----b) b)

Machinery mechanics and tters Cra , related trades workers Metal workers c) Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and tters Motor vehicle drivers Plant, machine operators, assemblers Agricultural, other mobile plant operators Metal- and mineral-products machine operators Manufacturing labourers Elementary occupations Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Garbage collectors, related labourers Total top 27 Total

Source: PES for 11 countries (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Lithuania, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia and Sweden). a) Full name: shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators b) There is no other occupational group apart from market gardeners and crop growers showing a positive change of the PES inow of job vacancies between 2010Q1 and 2011Q3. c) Full name: Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers There is no other occupational group apart from market gardeners and crop growers showing a positive change of the PES inow of job vacancies between 2010Q1 and 2011Q3. Method: for 150 occupations (ISCO 88, 3-digit) the number of newly registered job vacancies of PES (inow) was calculated. Then the changes in absolute numbers of PES inow between 2010Q1 and 2011Q1 was calculated. The top-3 growth occupations is presented for each of the nine broad occupational groups (ISCO 88, 1-digit). For each top-3 growth occupation, indices with 2010Q1=100 as the base value are presented for the intermediate quarters. * In the group of skilled agricultural workers, the PES inow increased most between 2010Q1 and 2011Q1 for market gardeners and crop growers. The increase was +1,913 persons, an increase of 11 per cent, compared to 2010Q1 (index 111). The 2011Q1 index peak value indicates a seasonal peak in PES inow in the rst quarter

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In service and sales workers, the top occupation of shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators increased numerically well ahead of the other two occupations (housekeeping and restaurant workers and personal care, related workers) but all three showed only modest growth over the reference period. In contrast, the situation in the group of skilled agricultural and shery workers was more mixed. For the main group of skilled workers in agriculture, the PES inow actually increased only for market gardeners and crop growers which was up to 111 by the rst quarter of 2011. For all other occupations in this group PES inow declined and, as would be expected, the decline was least in non-market agricultural and shery workers, an occupation with an insignicant number of workers.

Results from national studies

The list of top demanded occupations resulting from national studies (Chart 3.11) is based on a range of national data sources. These complement the information derived from European sources and standardised PES information. In some countries the PES and occasionally other labour market intermediaries publish those occupations for which most job vacancies are available. The studies available mostly relate only to PES vacancies and so will reect the type of vacancies notied to PES. There are just two exceptions: a 2007 publication from Slovakia was based on an employer survey; and an annual publication from Ireland combines vacancies registered with the Irish PES and the recruitment website Irishjobs.ie together with the results from recruitment agency surveys and job announcements. The following broad conclusions can be made from the perspectives provided by these national studies: Certain types of skilled manual workers were in high demand in Germany and Slovakia, namely electrotechnicians and metal workers; Workers in cra and related trades and workers in elementary occupations are the most in demand in the Czech Republic and Slovenia; Shop salespersons are the most or second most demanded occupation in three countries: Ireland, Lithuania and Spain.

Demand still strong for skilled trades in PES job vacancies

Cra and related trades workers formed a numerically signicant contribution to the inow data, and all top three occupations showed large increases in their indices over the period. In the case of machinery mechanics and tters the index was 175 by the rst quarter of 2011, for metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers it was 170, while for electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and tters it was the lowest but still comparatively high at 141. Similarly in plant and machine operators and assemblers, the indices for all the top three grew signicantly, though the rst two were well ahead of the third in numbers. By the third quarter of 2011, the index for motor vehicle drivers was 147. The increase in PES demand for this occupation and also for transport clerks discussed above reects the late and hesitant recovery of the transport sector from the start of 2011 (as shown in Chart 3.1). This suggests that in 2011, employers started to recruit more from the pool of unemployed. Also for agricultural and other mobile plant operators and metaland mineral-products machine operators the PES inow grew strongly with index values of 166 and 236 in the rst quarter of 2011 respectively. For elementary occupations, the numbers underline the importance of this category of jobs on the labour market. Top of the list was manufacturing labourers with the index reaching 159 by the end of the period, though this was below the peak of 171 that was reached in the second quarter of 2011. The index for garbage collectors and related labourers increased by even more, to 194 by the third quarter of 2011, though its quarterly changes were much more volatile, with a signicant dip to 49 in the third quarter of 2010 before gradually recovering. For domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers the PES was relatively stable with an index of 123 in the rst quarter of 2011.

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Chart 3.11

Top demanded occupations results from national studies a)

Information source
The structure of the available jobs ranked by main occupational group (ISCO1)

Country, Top jobs (in descending order) CZECH REPUBLIC

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Elementary occupations Technicians and associate professionals Cra and related tradesworkers Machine and equipment operators and assemblers Professionals Clerks Managers and senior ocials Skilled agricultural and forestry workers

Source: Ministry of Labour and Social Aairs. The monitoring report on the developments in the selected indicators concerning the labour market in the Czech Republic - February 2010

GERMANY
Mechatronics, energy and electrical trades Metal fabrication, machining and construction Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Transport, logistics (except vehicle control) Medical health professionals Sales Tourism, hotel and catering trades Non-medical health professionals, personal care, medical technicians 9. Management and administration 10. Drivers for transport and machinery Top 10 occupations based on the job vacancies posted on the website of the German Public Employment Service, May 2012.

Source: http://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/Statischer-Content/Arbeitsmarktberichte/Berichte-Broschueren/Stellenangebot/TOP-TEN/Generische-Publikationen/TOP-TEN-2012-05.pdf

IRELAND
Sales and related occupations 1. Business associate professionals (e.g. sales accounts and business development managers 2. Business sales executives, marketing associate professionals) 3. Sales occupations (e.g. retail sales assistants) 4. Customer service occupations Science and engineering professionals 1. IT professionals (e.g. programmers and so ware developers, IT business analysts, web designers, IT specialist managers) 2. Design and development engineers 3. Process engineers 4. Business professionals Business professionals 1. Financial project management professionals 2. Chartered accountants 3. Management consultants and business analysts 4. Regulatory professionals 5. Quality control professionals Administrative occupations 1. Book-keepers 2. Payroll clerks 3. Financial clerks Science and engineering associate professionals 1. IT associate professionals (e.g. IT operation technicians, IT user support technicians) 2. Engineering technicians 3. Laboratory technicians Corporate managers and directors 1. Production managers in manufacturing, 2. Managers in warehousing, 3. HR managers, nancial managers, 4. Retail managers, 5. Purchasing managers Vacancy Overview, February 2012 List of occupations most frequently advertised at FS (Irish PES) or Irishjobs.ie, during the full year 2011. The list is produced by FS SLMRU on behalf of the Expert Group on Future Skills Needs (EGFSN).

Source: http://www.forfas.ie/publication/search.jsp? =/publications/2012/ Title,8936,en.php

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Country, Top jobs (in descending order) LITHUANIA For specialists: 1. Sales managers 2. Administrators 3. Business services managers 4. Technical and commercial sales representatives 5. Statistical and nance clerks 6. Accountants 7. Other department managers 8. Stock clerks 9. Accounting and bookkeeping clerks 10. Engineers For service sector workers and skilled workers: 1. Salesmen and product demonstrators 2. Painters and related workers 3. Cooks 4. Trucks and freight transport drivers 5. Passenger cars, vans and taxi drivers 6. Carpenters and joiners 7. Sewers, embroiderers and related workers 8. Builders, traditional materials 9. Welders and ame cutters 10. Waiters and bartenders For unskilled workers: 1. Unskilled manufacturing industry workers 2. Unskilled workers and transport trans shippers 3. Housework and other helpers, cleaners and laundress 4. Couriers, messengers, baggage porters and related workers 5. Agricultural, shery and related labourers 6. Garbage collectors, yard-keepers and related workers 7. Mining and construction labourers 8. Building caretakes, window and related cleaners 9. Street vendors and related workers SLOVAKIA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Metal Engineering Electrotechnics Construction Chemistry Retail and services

Information source Professions most on demand according to the Lithuanian Labour Exchange platform in April 2012. Based on the annual employers survey. Source: http://www.ldb.lt/EN/information/labourmarket/Pages/situation_review.aspx

Number of VET school graduates employers plan to employ in 2007-2011 Source: Juraj Vantuch, with support of Anna Jurkoviov, Petr pian, Dagmar Jelnkov (2007), Knowledge Management System, Theme 7. Skills and Competences Development and Innovative Pedagogy http://www.siov.sk/refernet/public/studie/theme7_nal_dra .pdf Source: Statistical Oce of the Republic of Slovenia. Rapid Reports No 11/2010 Major occupational groups with the highest average stock of job vacancies in 2009 registered with the PES Source: Nielsen Online. Job Measurement System Dynamix, 8/10/2009. Most frequently online posted job vacancies in Spai in the rst six months of 2009. http://www.ioncomunicacion.es/noticia.php?id=5753

SLOVENIA 1. Cra and related tradesworkers 2. Elementary occupations 3. Service workers and shop and market sales workers SPAIN 1. 2. 3. Sales jobs Administrative positions Professionals in computer technologies

a) National studies may relate to one recruitment channel and are therefore not necessarily representative for the whole country.

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3.4 Education and skills requirements for recruitment

Levels and type of education among job-nders
Though the analysis of PES vacancies and characteristics of job-nders enabled the identication of the most important occupations in Europe (based on absolute numbers), this only gives a weak indication of the type of skills demanded in the labour market. For example, it is obvious that administrative skills are demanded of clerks and that technical skills are demanded of cra and related trades workers. However, what the analysis of occupations so far cannot provide is whether the demand for education and skills changes within occupations or occupational groups. Therefore, in this section the education and skills level of job-nders is discussed, and is then followed by analyses on how the educational level of job-nders changes within main occupational groups.

Educational and broad skills level similar

In general terms, the educational composition of job-nders is more or less in line with the skills levels demanded for recently found jobs (see Chart 3.4). Taking together skilled manual and skilled non-manual jobs as medium skilled jobs, Chart 3.4 indicates that in the third quarter of 2011, 58 per cent of the jobs were found in medium skilled occupations, and 21 per cent in both high skilled and low-skilled (elementary) occupations.

Number of job-nders with higher education is going up, of low educated going down
Between the third quarters of 2007 and 2011, the educational composition of job-nders overall changed as follows: High educated: from 20 to 23 per cent Medium level of education: stable at 51 per cent Low educated: from 29 to 26 per cent

Small changes: half of the employees and of the job-nders continue to have a medium level of education
The educational composition of job-nders gives a rst indication of skills needed in the labour market and the gures for Europe in the third quarter of 2011 (Chart 3.13) provide the following perspective:

This shows that changes in the educational composition of job-nders are similar to those of employees (see box 4). The relatively high and to a less extent declining share of jobnders with low levels of education compared to employees (27 per cent among job-nders versus 20 per cent among employees) underlines the precarious position of low educated workers during and a er the crisis. The number of job losses exceeded the number of jobs found for this category of workers, although labour turnover tends to be rather high due to a considerable share of temporary contracts among this group.15 Information on employment by educational level, as well as on the development of job-nders by educational level, both show the general trend of employers taking on relatively more qualied sta, whereas the demand for the unskilled is decreasing in relative terms. So far, as presented in previous sections, there are still many job opportunities in Europe for unskilled job seekers and for young people entering the labour market without a degree or higher education qualications. However, the overall trend for a relatively higher demand for (higher) qualications and skills is clearly observable and this means that fewer job opportunities exist for the unskilled in the medium-term. One of the main challenges that results from this trend, and that many European countries now face, is ensuring school leavers have gained the necessary qualications that allow them to pursue educational or training opportunities to meet future labour market needs.

The largest group of job-nders were those with medium levels of educational attainment (51 per cent in the third quarter of 2011). Of these: 46 per cent had upper secondary education 2 per cent had upper secondary education shorter than two years which leads directly to the labour market 3 per cent had post secondary, non-tertiary education

The second largest group were those with tertiary education (23 per cent) Those with low levels of educational attainment numbered 26 per cent. Of these: 21 per cent had lower secondary or second stage of basic education 5 per cent had primary education or rst stage of basic education or lower

15 Randstad, Into the gap, page 161: 16 per cent of the lower educated workers in the EU27 have a temporary contract in 2010, compared to 10 per cent for the high educated workers.

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Box 4: Background information development of education of employees An analysis of LFS data (Chart 3.12) shows for the second quarters of 2000 to 2011: an increasing share of high educated employees from 23 per cent in 2000 to 30 per cent in 2011 a decreasing share of low educated employees from 27 per cent in 2000 to 20 per cent in 2011 a stable share of employees with medium levels of educational attainment at 51 per cent throughout the period. Chart 3.12

Composition of employees by educational level

Percentage, 2000Q2 - 2011Q3

100% 90% 80% 70%

Job-finders (cumulative share of total)

60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 12341234123412341234123412341234123412341234123 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Low: Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary education (ISCED levels 0-2) Medium: Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (ISCED levels 3 and 4)
High: First and second stage of tertiary education (levels 5 and 6)
Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey. Countries included: all EU27 countries This result seems to contradict a commonly held view that workers with intermediate skills levels are in decline (polarisation of employment). For example, a 2006 study from the US argued that mechanisation and outsourcing tended to squeeze out workers with intermediate skills levels. Furthermore, Cedefop and Randstad skills forecasts up to 2020 predict a decline in employment for workers with low levels of educational attainment and an increase in employment for workers with high levels of educational attainment. For workers with medium levels of educational attainment both sources predict a small decrease in manual jobs that is oset by a small increase in non-manual jobs.

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Chart 3.13

Composition of job-nders by educational level

Share, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3

100% Tertiary education 90% Post-secondary non-tertiary education

80%
Job-nders (cumulative share of total)

70% (Upper) secondary education shorter than 2 years, which leads directly to labour market (Upper) secondary education

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

Lower secondary or second stage of basic education

10%

0% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Primary education / rst stage of basic education or lower

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Educational level: ISCED. Values for Slovakia 2011Q2 are estimated. Absolute value 2011Q3 (in millions): Primary education / rst stage of basic education or lower, 0.6; Lower secondary or second stage of basic education, 2.5; (Upper) secondary education, 5.4; (Upper) secondary education shorter than 2 years, which leads directly to labour market, 0.2; Post-secondary non-tertiary education, 0.4; Tertiary education, 2.6.

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Large variations in recruitment requirements between countries

Taking the latest available quarter (third quarter of 2011, see Annex, Table A3.7), it is possible to look at job-nders by educational level in individual countries in the EU27. The rst thing to note is the sometimes wide variation in the importance of the dierent educational levels. For example, for job-nders at the level of primary education or lower the EU27 average is 5.2 per cent. However, among individual countries the range extends from a lowest proportion of zero per cent in the Czech Republic, Lithuania and Slovakia to highs of 32.3 per cent in Greece, 25.6 per cent in Portugal, and 13.7 per cent in Spain. For the largest EU countries the picture varies with the UK at 0.1 per cent, Germany at 3.8 per cent, France at 5.0 per cent, and Italy at 5.3 per cent. Taking the largest category, upper secondary education, here the EU27 average for job-nders is 46.3 per cent and the range extends from lows of 27.9 per cent in Greece and Spain, and 32.6 per cent in Ireland to highs of 72.5 per cent in the Czech Republic, 66.8 per cent in Slovakia, and 66.2 per cent in Bulgaria. In the case of the largest countries, their proportions were closer together, with the UK at 49.7 per cent, France with 49.5 per cent, Germany with 48.3 per cent and Italy slightly lower than these three with 42.8 per cent. Greece and Spain have the lowest shares of job-nders with upper secondary education and the highest shares of those with primary of lower education in Europe. In contrast, the Czech Republic and Slovakia have the highest shares of recent recruits with upper secondary education and the lowest shares of those with primary or lower education in Europe. These dierences are an indication of general dierences in educational systems and recruitment traditions across the EU. These dierences also apply to interpreting the other ISCED categories. At the tertiary education level, the EU27 average for job-nders was 22.5 per cent in the third quarter of 2011 and for individual countries the range included the lowest three showing Austria at 10.8 per cent, Hungary at 13.3 per cent, and Portugal at 14.1 per cent. The countries with the highest proportion of job-nders in this ISCED category were Ireland at 37.8 per cent, the UK at 33.0 per cent and Cyprus at 31.3 per cent. Again some of this will be accounted for by the national characteristics such as the availability of vocational training, entry levels into tertiary education and other related factors. Aside from the UK, of the biggest four EU countries, France had 24.1 per cent, Germany 17.5 per cent and Italy 14.7 per cent. Here the eect of a strong vocational training system is evident in the German (and Austrian) gures, and, to a lesser extent, France. In Section 3.3, it was commented that the occupational prole does not dier substantially between countries, at least not at the aggregate level for the main occupational groups. The strong dierence between educational levels of job-nders

suggests that countries have dierent education proles for the same occupation, a notion that will be further investigated in Section 3.5.

Technical studies and business studies dominant in demand for labour

Data on the distribution of job-nders by major eld of the study covers upper secondary and higher educational levels (Chart 3.14). There was little change in the relative shares over the period 2007-2010, with engineering, manufacturing and construction, along with social science, business and law forming by far the biggest shares of 28 and 24 per cent respectively throughout the whole period. For humanities, languages and arts and for science, mathematics and computing the share among job-nders was 7 per cent each throughout the whole period. A comparison of the number of job-nders in economic sectors (Chart 3.2) with the educational eld of job-nders (Chart 3.14) provides an indication of the possibilities that existed in 2010 of nding a job in certain sectors without a related educational background: 7.7 million job-nders were in the educational eld of engineering, manufacturing and construction. This represented 73 per cent of the 10.6 million job-nders in the manufacturing and construction sectors in total. 2.4 million job-nders were in the educational eld of health and welfare, which represented 59 per cent of the 4.1 million job-nders in the health and social work sector. 1.1 million job-nders were in the educational eld of teaching, which represented 42 per cent of the 2.6 million job-nders in the educational sector.

This suggests that a relevant upper secondary or higher technical education and the related hard skills is considered an important recruitment requirement in the manufacturing and construction sectors. Specic educational elds are also important in the health and education sectors.

Fields of education vary according to national specics

Again there is much variation in elds of education between countries. For example in Greece, Ireland and the UK, relatively high proportions of workers have completed education in general programmes, with percentage gures of 51, 36 and 38 respectively according to a Randstad study, the data for which are derived from the LFS16. These dierences to a great extent reect the national systems for education and training and how this aects what employers look for in their search for recruits. For example, in the UK there is a clear distinction between general and vocational education, with the latter mostly undertaken a er the period of compulsory schooling has been completed. Vocational training is focused on a comprehensive set of National Vocational Qualications
16 Randstad (2012), Into the Gap, gure 7.

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Chart 3.14

Composition of job-nders by educational eld

Share, 2007 - 2010, upper secondary or higher education

100%
Services

90%
Health and welfare 80% Agriculture and veterinary Job -nders (cumulative share of total)

70%
Engineering, manufacturing and construction Science, mathematics and computing Social sciences, business and law Humanities, languages and arts

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

Teacher training and education science General programs

10%

0%

2007

2008

2009

2010

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey. Educational eld: ISCED. 26 countries included: EU27 exclusive of Ireland (no 2007 data available) Absolute value 2010 (in millions): General programs, 3.8; Teacher training and education science, 1.1; Humanities, languages and arts, 2.1; Social sciences, business and law, 7.4; Science, mathematics and computing, 2.1; Engineering, manufacturing and construction, 8.6; Agriculture and veterinary, 0.8; Health and welfare, 2.3; Services, 2.6; Unknown: 18.2.

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(NVQ) that also, in part, embraces the apprenticeship system. In contrast, in Germany, the school system embraces a form of vocational training for some, backed up by the widely acclaimed dual system of vocational training that combines on and o-the-job activities normally over a three-year period. This ensures a high level of competence is gained by trainees. In Germany, these formal qualications are highly regarded and form an important part of the recruitment process, whereas in the UK, while NVQs do have some currency in the labour market, they are taken into account alongside work experience and so skills17. According to the same Randstad study, countries with comparatively high proportions of workers with a study background classied as humanities, such as Cyprus (53 per cent), Portugal (53 per cent), Luxembourg (51 per cent), tend to have only a small proportion of workers with an educational background classied as general. However, in the countries of Eastern Europe many workers have an engineering or science background. (Romania for example has 58 per cent with a science background), Slovakia 58 per cent, the Czech Republic 57 per cent, Poland 52 per cent, Bulgaria 48 per cent and Hungary 47 per cent. Further variations are found in the north of Europe where many workers have a background in health studies such as in Finland (25 per cent), the Netherlands (25 per cent), Denmark (21 per cent) and Sweden (20 per cent). The combination of high numbers with an engineering background and medium level education, which is found particularly in the East European countries, suggests that most engineering educational programmes are completed at the medium rather than high educational levels. This corresponds well with the nding that the industry sector is far more important as a source for job-nders in East European countries than in the EU15. The share of the industry sector in all open vacancies in East European countries was 24 per cent in the third quarter of 2011, compared to 10 per cent in the EU15. This suggests that the attainment of a medium level of technical education is likely to remain important in the new Member States even though the number of vacancies in the industry sector has dropped sharply.

Development of education requirements in main occupational groups Educational upgrading in almost all main occupational groups
Job opportunities for higher qualied job seekers were on the rise. For almost all main occupational groups, the educational level of job-nders increased between 2007 and 2010 (Charts 3.15a to 3.15i). For the high-skilled occupational groups the upgrade was from low and intermediate educational levels to high educational levels. For the medium and low-skilled occupations the upgrade was from low to intermediate educational level. Only in the case of skilled agricultural and shery workers, was there a slight increase in the share of low educated workers hired between 2007 and 2010. Comparing annual averages of the four quarters to minimise distortions due to seasonal uctuations, among managers and senior ocials (Chart 3.15a), the share of high educated job-nders increased from 51 per cent on average in 2007 to 52 per cent on average in 2010. Managers include not only corporate managers, but also intermediate managers and shop managers, for whom a high educational level is usually not necessary. Among professionals (Chart 3.15b), the share of high educated job-nders is large and increasing, from 79 per cent on average in 2009, to 81 per cent on average in 2010. A high educational level appears to be a minimum requirement for most professionals. Only in Germany and Finland did fewer than 75 per cent of the job-nders in professional occupations have a tertiary education, having upper secondary education instead. In addition, among technicians and associate professionals (Chart 3.15c), the share of high educated job-nders is comparatively large and increasing, from 40 per cent on average in 2007 to 42 per cent on average in 2010. This percentage was over 50 per cent in Spain, France and the UK, and lowest in Germany (23 per cent). For clerks (Chart 3.15d), the share of high educated jobnders also increased, from 26 per cent on average in 2007 to 28 per cent on average in 2010. However, this must be seen against a background of a sharp decrease in the numbers of people nding a job as a clerk. Rather, the demand for low and middle educated clerks fell more sharply than for high educated clerks. Among clerks, the share of job-nders with tertiary education ranged from 8 per cent (Germany) to 47 per cent (Spain). Among service and sales workers (Chart 3.15e), the share of low-educated job-nders was declining signicantly, from 29 per cent on average in 2007 to 26 per cent in 2010. This may be an eect of the crisis, with more middle educated workers willing to work in this eld that typically would not require their qualications. For this main occupational group

17 For a fuller discussion of dierent intermediate level skills see: UK Commission for Employment and Skills (2012) International approaches to the development of intermediate level skills and apprenticeships (Evidence Report No 42, Vol 1). Available at: http://www.ukces.org.uk/assets/ukces/docs/publications/evidence-report-42-international-approaches-synthesis-report.pdf

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at least, this seems to indicate increasing over-qualication and consequent underemployment. In Spain and Greece, service and sales workers are recruited from all educational levels and the share of middle educated job-nders is lowest (around 40 per cent). In contrast, in East European countries the share of middle educated job-nders among service and sales workers is highest, ranging from 70 to 90 per cent. Overall, skilled agricultural and shery workers (Chart 3.15f) are the only main occupational group with a (marginally) increasing share of low educated job-nders, from 35 per cent on average in 2007 to 36 per cent on average in 2010. However, changes are too small to give new gures for individual countries. Among craft and related trades workers (Chart 3.15g), the share of middle educated job-nders increased signicantly, from 54 per cent on average in 2007 to 57 per cent in 2010. Among cra and related trades workers, job-nders are most likely to have an upper secondary education in East European countries, with shares varying from 60 to 100 per cent. However, in both Ireland and the UK, around 80 per cent of

the persons nding a job as cra smen had upper secondary or higher educational level. Among plant and machine operators and assemblers (Chart 3.15h), the share of middle educated job-nders increased signicantly, from 58 per cent on average in 2007 to 61 per cent in 2010. Around 60 per cent or more of the jobnders among this occupational group had upper secondary education. This was true for most countries except Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain where 50 per cent or less had upper secondary education for this occupational group. Even among elementary occupations (Chart 3.15i), the share of middle educated workers was high and increasing, from 43 per cent in 2007 to 46 per cent in 2010, except in the Mediterranean countries (e.g., Greece, Italy and Spain) where between 10 and 30 per cent of the job-nders in elementary occupations had an upper secondary education. This could be a clear example of over-qualication as the Randstad report (see footnote referred to earlier) claims, although it cannot be ruled out that some of the job-nders were students doing weekend or holiday jobs.

Chart 3.15a

Composition of job-nders in the group of 'managers and senior ocials' by educational level
Percentage, 2007Q1 - 2010Q4

Job-nders (cumulative share of managers, senior ocials)

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2007 2008 2009 2010 Low Medium High

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Number of job-nders 'managers and senior ocials 2010Q4 (in thousands): 353 High: First and second stage of tertiary education (ISCED 5-6): 180 Medium: Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4): 159 Low: Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary (ISCED 0-2): 14

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Chart 3.15b Job-finders (cumulative share of professionals)

Composition of job-finders in the group of 'professionals' by educational level

Percentage, 2007Q1 - 2010Q4

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2007 2008 2009 2010 Low Medium High

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Number of job-finders 'professionals' 2010Q4 (in thousands): 1,306 High: First and second stage of tertiary education (ISCED 5-6): 1,079 Medium: Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4): 205 Low: Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary (ISCED 0-2): 22

Chart 3.15c Job-finders (cumulative share of technicians, ass. prof.)

Composition of job-finders in the group of 'technicians and associate professionals' by educational level
Percentage, 2007Q1 - 2010Q4

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2007 2008 2009 2010 Low Medium High

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Number of job-finders 'technicians' 2010Q4 (in thousands): 1,650 High: First and second stage of tertiary education (ISCED 5-6): 687 Medium: Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4): 769 Low: Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary (ISCED 0-2): 194

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Chart 3.15d

Composition of job-finders in the group of 'clerks' by educational level

Percentage, 2007Q1 - 2010Q4

100%
Job-finders (cumulative share of clerks)

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2007 2008 2009 2010 Low Medium High

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Number of job-finders 'clerks' 2010Q4 (in thousands): 1,237 High: First and second stage of tertiary education (ISCED 5-6): 326 Medium: Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4): 722 Low: Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary (ISCED 0-2): 190

Chart 3.15e

Composition of job-finders in the group of 'service and sales workers' by educational level
Percentage, 2007Q1 - 2010Q4

100%
Job-finders (cumulative share of service and sales workers)

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2007 2008 2009 2010 Low Medium High

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Number of job-finders 'service and sales workers' 2010Q4 (in thousands): 2,467 High: First and second stage of tertiary education (ISCED 5-6): 335 Medium: Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4): 1,522 Low: Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary (ISCED 0-2): 610

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Chart 3.15f

Composition of job-nders in the group of 'agricultural and shery workers' by educational level
Percentage, 2007Q1 - 2010Q4

100%
Job-nders (cumulative share of agricultural and shery workers)

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2007 2008 2009 2010 Low Medium High

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Number of job-nders 'skilled agricultural workers' 2010Q4 (in thousands): 208 High: First and second stage of tertiary education (ISCED 5-6): 8 Medium: Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4): 122 Low: Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary (ISCED 0-2): 78

Chart 3.15g

Composition of job-nders in the group of 'cra and related trades workers' by educational level
Percentage, 2007Q1 - 2010Q4

Job-nders (cumulative share of cra and related workers)

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Low 10% 0% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2007 2008 2009 2010 Medium High

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Number of job-nders 'cra and related workers' 2010Q4 (in thousands): 1,459 High: First and second stage of tertiary education (ISCED 5-6): 90 Medium: Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4): 787 Low: Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary (ISCED 0-2): 581

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Chart 3.15h

Composition of job-finders in the group of 'plant and machine operators and assemblers' by educational level
Percentage, 2007Q1 - 2010Q4

Job-finders (cumulative share of plant, machine operators and assemblers)

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2007 2008 2009 2010 Low Medium High

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Number of job-finders 'operators and assemblers' 2010Q4 (in thousands): 986 High: First and second stage of tertiary education (ISCED 5-6): 60 Medium: Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4): 594 Low: Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary (ISCED 0-2): 332

Chart 3.15i Job-finders (cumulative share of elementary occupations)

Composition of job-finders in the group of 'elementary occupations' by educational level

Percentage, 2007Q1 - 2010Q4

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2007 2008 2009 2010 Low Medium High

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Number of job-finders 'elementary occupations' 2010Q4 (in thousands): 1,950 High: First and second stage of tertiary education (ISCED 5-6): 148 Medium: Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4): 889 Low: Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary (ISCED 0-2): 913

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Increasing skills requirements or overqualication?

The fact that job-nders had increasingly higher educational levels in almost all occupational groups may point to two possible developments: General trend for increasing skills requirements Increasing over-qualication of workers - meaning that workers are recruited with higher educational levels than is usually required for the occupation

quality of supply tends to be higher as more able workers are displaced, thereby creating more opportunity for employers to over-recruit. In the same Eurofound Survey, the share of workers who said they needed further training to cope with their duties at work varied more between sectors, from less than 10 per cent in agriculture, transport and trade, to 15-20 per cent in nancial services, health, education and public administration. Between countries, the need for further training from the perspective of the employees is low in countries where a large share of employers provide employerpaid training such as in the UK (around 40 per cent) and Ireland (around 35 per cent) according to the 5th Working Conditions Survey. The frequent provision of training by employers may be related to the dominance of general education in those two countries. Workers in Austria (27 per cent) and Germany (21 per cent) most o en indicated a further need for training. The country analysis and the Eurofound Survey results suggests that discernible levels of over-qualication exist in Ireland and the UK particularly for cra workers, technicians and associate professionals - most likely because of the increased availability of higher quality job seekers during the crisis.

However, measuring over-qualication is not straightforward, since it cannot be assumed that comparing the skill level for a certain occupation with the educational level of newly hired job-nders will produce a reliable result. Such an assumption ignores the possibility of increasing skills requirements. If there are increasing skills requirements for a particular job, this will be evident from increasing demand for higher educational levels (or grades or certicates) in job vacancies. How valid analysing skills demanded in vacancies is to assess the skills requirements depends on the extent that employers fail to demand overqualied workers. A comparison of educational levels within the same occupation across countries could give some indication of the extent of over-qualication in countries with comparatively high numbers of high educated job-nders in the same occupation as other countries. The preceding analyses (based on Charts 3.15a-3.15i) indicate that in East European countries, jobnders in low-skilled occupational groups have far higher shares of middle levels of educational attainment than in the EU-15, but this is likely to reect dierences in the educational systems as discussed in Section 3.4. In the Mediterranean countries, job-nders are higher qualied compared to other countries in non-manual jobs, but lower qualied in manual jobs. In Ireland and the UK, job-nders also have higher qualications in some occupational groups than is found in other countries. There are several studies indicating over-qualication, at least partially. For example, the Eurofound 5th Working Conditions Survey indicates that 32 per cent say they have the skills to cope with more demanding duties18. What is remarkable is that this percentage varies little between economic sectors, from 28 per cent of the workers in the EU in health and education to 34 per cent in agriculture and other services. The OECD analysed the 2005 Working Conditions Survey and concluded that larger dierences in this percentage exist between countries, from 22 per cent in Finland and the Czech Republic to 45 per cent in France, followed closely by Ireland and the UK19. However, this can be a subjective measure from a workers own viewpoint and so employers might have a dierent view. Furthermore, this view is likely to be aected by the available supply and during an economic downturn, the
18 Eurofound (2012), 5th Working Conditions Survey, page 9. 19 OECD (2012), The OECD Skills Strategy, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/58/28/47769132. pdf

Too early to conclude that the middle of the labour market might get squeezed out
There is no evidence at the moment that the middle of the labour market might get squeezed out in the future. The number of jobs is only declining for skilled manual jobs. However this is not reected in the share of middle educated workers among job-nders. Therefore, the decline in the number of employees in manual skilled occupations is more likely to reect an increasing number of older medium educated workers in manufacturing leaving the labour market, while employment as a whole shi s more to services (in particular health). Therefore, the evidence to date from an analyses of the job-nder data does not appear to support the conclusion that intermediate skilled occupations are being squeezed out but rather a shi from skilled manual to skilled non-manual jobs. The conclusion of a recent study20 is based on a predicted increase in elementary occupations in public and private services sectors. It is true that elementary occupations in those sectors have increased signicantly over the past few years and this is consistent with a longer term trend identied by Cedefop21. It reported that the number of workers in elementary occupations in Europe increased by 3.9 million between 2000 and 2008, and they now account for around one-in-ten workers. The growth was mainly attributed to
20 Randstad (2012), Into the Gap 21 Cedefop (2011) Labour market polarisation and elementary occupations in Europe: Blip or long-term trend? (Research Report No 9). Available at: http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/ EN/Files/5509_en.pdf

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structural change at the inter-sectoral level rather than due to technological factors or changes in work content. However, without analysing the underlying developments it cannot be assumed that this trend will continue in the future. For example, there are indications of shortages in the health care sector (Section 3.1 and Chapter 4) and in response, employers may choose to de-skill the role by splitting tasks currently carried out by middle skilled workers into tasks carried out by workers with a range of skills. In summary, there are increasing shares of high educated persons nding a job, but this is increasing for all sorts of occupations, not only in the high skilled ones. This may reect that employers exert a natural preference for higher educated workers, even if this leads to employing over-qualied workers. This is also fuelled by increasing numbers of higher qualied people emerging from higher education in many countries. A recent report for the UK22, for example, conrms that recent graduates are more likely to work in a low skilled job than a decade ago, with the implication that this is not by choice.

Top demanded occupations include a number of medium skilled services workers, such as: shop salespersons (709,000 in third quarter of 2011) waiters and bartenders (497,000) personal care workers (358,000)

Other top demanded occupations range widely, but are generally for elementary occupations and for service and sales workers. These jobs are generally considered as requiring less specic skills and the high share of job-nders in these occupations also reects a greater degree of job turnover. This is reected again in the most notied occupations in the PES data. However, from this source, a number of high skilled occupations have a high ranking including the following: nance and sales associate professionals physical and engineering science technicians architects, engineers and related professionals administrative associate professionals

3.5 Conclusion
In the context of no more than a partial economic recovery, with fewer job vacancies and job-nders than before the crisis, what sectors were more or less aected during the crisis? What were the most sought a er and growth occupations in this context? What implications does this have for the skills needs? The trade and health care sectors oer good employment perspectives for job-seekers since: The number of job vacancies has been less aected by the recession. The stock of job vacancies in the health care sector was increasing while the number of job-nders remained fairly stable.

The nding that these occupations rank high in the PES list but (apart from the engineering technicians) not in the list of top of job-nders, could suggest rstly that employers experience diculty recruiting workers in these occupations, and, secondly, that in response to the diculties, these vacancies are more o en notied to the PES (this will be further investigated in the Chapter 4). With regard to top growth occupations: The largest increase of job-nders was among teaching associate professionals (combined +58,000 between 2007 and 2010), elementary occupations in agriculture (+55,000) and shop salespersons (+31,000), indicating a growing demand for these occupations. Strongly increasing numbers of job-nders indicating promising employment opportunities for specic professional occupations including business professionals (+28,000), health professionals (+14,000) and psychologists (+13,000). Clerks were almost universally in less demand in 2010 than they were in 2007. A large and increasing PES inow of notied job vacancies for cra workers and operators indicates both a growing demand for these workers since 2010 and the relatively important role of the PES for handling job placement for these occupations.

Manufacturing and construction can be identied as oering less promising employment opportunities for jobseekers since: The number of vacancies in the manufacturing and construction sectors has dropped most strongly in response to the crisis. A longer trend of declining employment in manufacturing has been evident already since 2000 at the EU level. In construction in particular, the drop in vacancies signies a break with the upward trend in employment between 2000 and 2007.

For the broad group of skilled manual occupations, recruitment has not recovered well, although it should be noted that demand might be particularly sensitive to the business cycle for these occupations. However, the time series on job-nders at EU-level is too short to conrm this. Other reports23 have noted a polarisation of skills in longer-term employment trends: increasing employment in high skilled and low skilled jobs, and decreasing employment in medium skilled jobs. These reports indicate that polarisation is particularly evident in manual jobs. However, data on job-nders in the past few
23 See sub-section 3.3.1, footnote 13

22 Oce for National Statistics (2012) Graduates in the labour market 2012. Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171776_259049.pdf

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years indicate that polarisation has not been halted by new developments in recruitment up to 2011. The composition of job-nders by educational level compared to that by broad skills level (taking together skilled manual and skilled non-manual as constituting medium skills), shows relatively small dierences. The share of medium educated job-nders (58 per cent) is slightly larger than the share of medium skilled jobs found (51 per cent). Conversely, the share of low educated job-nders is slightly lower than the share of low skilled jobs found. This suggests that a number of low educated job-nders acquire the necessary skills on-the-job, but the dierence is only a few percent.

Furthermore, the analysis in this chapter has shown that the educational level of hired persons increases steadily, with the following: a declining share of low educated workers a large and stable share of middle educated workers and an increasing share of high educated workers.

In fact, a higher educational level becomes increasingly important for almost all main occupational groups (with the exception of skilled agricultural and shery workers) though some of this can be attributed to grade dri , where employers are tending to recruit people who are signicantly over-qualied for the jobs they ll. The possibility of such over-qualied recruitment in all occupations makes it dicult to assess the real need for highly educated or trained workers, and also makes it hard to assess the eect of training programmes.

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4 The relationship between labour demand and supply: indications for employment bottlenecks
4.1 Introduction
In Chapter 3, occupations were identied where there is a high demand which is increasing, based on the number of jobnders and the inow of job vacancies to PES. This high and increasing demand does not necessarily mean that employers will have diculty in lling these vacancies, and similarly employers might have diculties in recruiting workers for specic occupations even if few workers are needed. It all depends on the available supply in terms of such factors as skills, experience and location. The main objective in this chapter is to identify certain mismatches between labour demand and supply. The focus is on bottleneck occupations, dened as occupations for which there is evidence of recruitment diculties. A number of direct and indirect indicators are used: The direct indicators (e.g. employer-based surveys, duration of vacancy lling) oer a more precise measure of bottlenecks. However, these measures are not available for every country. In contrast, the data on indirect measures (LFS data, ratio of unemployed to job-nders) is available for every country and while less precise, it nevertheless oers useful indications of potential bottlenecks in the labour market. Both measures are used in combination to form a composite indicator in order to identify the most severe bottleneck occupations in Europe. For an adequate policy response, the reasons behind the identied mismatches also need to be understood. The reasons can be varied and include the following: Lack of labour - where there is an insucient numerical supply of job seekers for the available job vacancies. Qualitative discrepancies - where demand and supply fail to match for the following sorts of reasons: Lack of skilled labour where the skills of the jobseekers may not match the skills required by the employers. This includes both formal and informal skills. This discrepancy is sometimes called shortage of skilled labour to distinguish it from a straightforward numerical lack of labour supply.1 There may be a geographical mismatch between the available jobs and the jobseekers. Job seekers are able and willing to work but are not suciently attracted by the terms and conditions on

oer (perhaps the wages are low, the hours of work antisocial, or the conditions considered dirty or too hazardous). Lack of transparency leading to poor knowledge about job opportunities and available jobseekers which can arise from poor recruitment channels (for example not providing job information in dierent regions), misinformation (for example where a particular job has a negative but inaccurate image), and other factors.

Dierent indicators are analysed in this chapter to measure mismatches and bottlenecks and each have their own merits and disadvantages. The main sources used are derived from Eurostat data. In this chapter, job vacancies from the JVS (Eurostats Job Vacancy Statistics) and the number of jobnders from the LFS (Eurostats Labour Force Survey) are compared with the number of unemployed (also from the LFS) to show general developments in the total labour market (Section 4.2). In Section 4.3, the LFS is used again to provide rst indications of bottleneck occupations in the total labour market. The LFS has the advantage of presenting detailed occupational data comparable across all EU27 countries. The LFS data however also has a number of drawbacks that were also indicated in Chapter 1. Firstly, job-nders refer to lled vacancies only. Secondly, the occupation of the unemployed in the LFS is given as the job they did previous to their unemployment. The data does not include either rst-time labour market entrants, nor workers who wish to change their job. This chapter also analyses the ratio of PES inow of job vacancies to unemployed in Section 4.4. This indicator is used rather than other statistics of job vacancies notied by the PES such as PES vacancy duration and withdrawals of vacancies notied by employers, because the latter statistics are partly inuenced by dierent national policies towards closing registered vacancies, as discussed in Chapter 1. However PES data provide indications of potential bottlenecks limited to a segment of the labour market as not all job vacancies are notied to the PES. National studies that seek to analyse bottleneck occupations in the total labour market - although not directly comparable complement the picture by adding more specic occupational information. Direct measures of mismatches and bottlenecks could be obtained from an employer survey in which employers are asked whether they have recruitment diculties and

1 A. Kettner (2012), Frachkr emngel und Fachkr eengpsse in Deutschland: Befunde, Ursachen und Handlungsbedarf, Phd dissertation, Technical University of Berlin.

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if yes for which occupations. The 2012 Manpower Talent Shortage Survey (discussed in Section 4.6) presents valuable information and serves as a starting point for a detailed occupational coverage. However, a comprehensive European employer survey would need to be larger, with more than the 38,000 employers interviewed worldwide for the Manpower survey. Although none of the above indicators is decisive in itself in identifying bottlenecks they can be used in combination to build up a composite indicator. As such they become a reliable means of identifying the top bottleneck occupations in Europe (for a more detailed description of the indicators see Chapter 1 Introduction).

The continued high U-V ratios of Portugal and Bulgaria contrast with the developments in Sweden, Luxembourg and Germany. The Swedish U-V ratio almost tripled between the third quarters of 2008 and 2009: the U-V ratio fell back to a ratio of 6 in the third quarter of 2011, just above the level in the base quarter. Germany shows the least signs of the eects of the nancial crisis and recession ending the period well below the base quarter with an absolute ratio of 2.7 unemployed per vacancy. According to Burda and Hunt (2011)3, to some extent the resilience of the German labour market to the recession was accounted for by a combination of job retention strategies. These included nancial incentives for employers, the use of collective employment agreements and of internal exibility (e.g. working time accounts).

4.2 Development of vacancies and recruitment relative to unemployment

More unemployed per vacancy than before the recession
At the beginning of the reference period in the rst quarter of 2008, the ratio between the number of unemployed and the number of job vacancies (U-V-ratio) was 3.3. The development over time shows the impact of the crisis (Chart 4.1). As unemployment rates increased and numbers of vacancies fell, the U-V ratio started a steep upward climb from around the second quarter of 2008 and reached its highest point of 7.7 in the rst quarter of 2010. At this point in time there were nearly eight unemployed for every job vacancy, more than twice as many as in 2008. A er the rst quarter of 2010 the U-V ratio fell back a little and levelled o from around the rst quarter of 2011 at 5.6 unemployed people for every job vacancy, almost twice the ratio at the start of the reference period. This reects that the relationship between the available supply of unemployed and the demand of employers, i.e. the tightness of the labour market eased. Overall, the risks of recruitment diculties decreased. However, a high surplus of labour supply at the European level does not necessarily exclude the possibility of diculties in recruitment for specic occupations in specic countries or regions (as discussed in Section 4.3).

Unemployment to job-fnder ratio underlines slow recovery

The trend in the ratio of unemployed to job-nders between 2007 and 2011 for EU27 conrms the ndings from the vacancy data for 16 countries: the European labour market has only recovered modestly since 2009 (Chart 4.3). The real impact of the crisis started to be felt in the rst quarter of 2009 when the ratio rose sharply and has not as yet returned to the 2007 and 2008 values. The EU27 average in the third quarter of 2011 was almost two unemployed per one job nder compared to 1.2 in the corresponding quarter of 2007. While the trends in both, the ratio of unemployed to vacancies and the ratio of unemployed to job-nders are broadly similar, the values of the ratios are dierent. Specically the ratio of unemployed to job-nders is considerably smaller. This is because the volume of job-nders at any specic moment is much higher than the number of vacancies as the measure of job-nders is cumulative including all those who found a job over a three-months period. In contrast, the vacancy gure refers to the number of vacancies open at a point of time and it is based upon a more restrictive denition of vacancies (see Chapter 1 Introduction).

Eased U-V-ratios in most countries, but not in all of them

The experience of individual countries varied (see Chart 4.2). In three of the six countries presented (Bulgaria, Portugal and the UK), the U-V ratio more than doubled between identical quarters of 2008 and 2011. However, in the UK there were 6 unemployed per vacancy only in the third quarter 2011, while there were 22 unemployed per vacancy in Bulgaria and 56 in Portugal.2
3 Burda M C and Hunt J (2011) What explains the German Labor Market Miracle in the 2 Part of these variations could be attributable to methodological dierences in how data on job vacancies are collected in those two countries. Great Recession? (National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No 17187). Available at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17187

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Chart 4.1

Unemployed to job vacancy ratio

Ratio, 2008Q1 - 2011Q3

8
Unemployed / Job vacancies

7 6 5 4 3 2 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 2011 Q3 2008 2009 2010

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, Job Vacancy Statistics - own calculations. 16 Countries included: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Sweden, UK. The stock of job vacancies in Greece for 2011Q1 and 2011Q2 were not available and estimates are used. Absolute values 2011Q3: Stock of job vacancies, 1.7 million; number of unemployed, 9.8 million

Chart 4.2

Development of unemployed to job vacancy ratio in selected countries

2008Q1-2011Q3
Portugal Bulgaria Sweden UK Luxembourg Germany Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2008 2009 2010 2011

70 60
.

50

UV -ratio

40 30 20 10 0

Source: Eurostat, abour Force Survey and Job Vacancy Statistics. Job vacancies figures given for Portugal exclude public administration. 2011Q3 U-V-ratios: Portugal: 55.8; Bulgaria: 22.1; Sweden: 6.0; UK: 5.6; Luxembourg: 4.2; Germany: 2.7

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Chart 4.3

Unemployed to job-finder ratio

Percentage, 2007Q1 - 2011Q2

2,8

Unemployment / Job-finders

2,6 2,4 2,2 2,0 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, all EU27 countries. Absolute values 2011Q3: Unemployment, 22.8 million; Job-finders 11.8 million.

Chart 4.4

Unemployed to job-finder ratio in selected countries

Countries with highest and lowest U/JF ratio in the third quarter of 2011 2007Q1-2011Q3

16

Unemployment to job-finder ratio

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Greece Slovakia Romania Finland Sw eden Austria

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey. 2011Q3 U/JF-ratios: Greece: 9.1; Slovakia: 6.6; Romania: 5.4; Finland and Sweden: 0.7; Austria: 0.6

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High ratio of unemployed to job nders in Greece and Slovakia, low ratio in Austria and Sweden
Compared to the number of job-nders, unemployment was highest in the third quarter of 2011 in Greece among all EU countries, followed by Slovakia and Romania (Chart 4.4 and also the Annex). This suggests relatively weak labour market conditions in these three countries. In Greece the ratio was already comparatively high before the recession (6.4 in the rst quarter of 2007) and it increased by approximately 50 per cent to 9.1 by the end of the period with seasonal peaks in the rst quarter of each year. In contrast, the countries with the lowest ratios of unemployed to job-nders were Austria, Sweden and Finland (Chart 4.4). According to further data for countries (see Annex Table A4.2) these are closely followed by the Netherlands, Denmark, Luxembourg and Germany. For the Netherlands both the unemployed to job-nder ratio and the U-V ratio was among the three lowest in the EU.4 In other countries, the increase of the ratio indicated a dramatic turn from severe tightness of the labour market with indications of labour shortages to a high surplus of jobseekers within little more than two years, for example in Ireland and Lithuania. In Ireland, the ratio increased from 0.6 in the third quarter of 2007 to a peak of 4.4 in the rst quarter of 2010. Only in Lithuania did the ratio of supply and demand change more than in Ireland, from 0.7 in the fourth quarter of 2008 to 7.3 in the rst quarter of 2010. In Lithuania, however, the labour market recovered to a limited extent, with the ratio falling back to 2.6 in the second quarter of 2011 (see Annex). The countries with tight labour markets and those with high surpluses of supply can be identied as follows based on the ratios in the rst quarter of 2011 (see Annex):

4.3 First indications of bottlenecks: Comparing job-nders to unemployed by occupation

As a rst step to identifying bottleneck occupations, this section examines the ratio of job-nders to unemployed by occupation. This ratio provides a useful initial indicator of bottleneck occupations where there is a clearly identiable source of supply as represented by the unemployed by previous occupation measure. However, the ratio is not capable of performing this function in respect of occupations where the supply side is indeterminant. Consequently, the list of occupations derived from the application of the ratio will include both: occupations which may qualify as bottleneck occupations and occupations for which employers do not experience any recruitment diculties. Further analysis is required to distinguish between those qualifying as potential bottleneck occupations and those which do not.5 The analysis shows that the ratio for the total of all occupations in the EU was 5.4 job-nders per one unemployed in 2010, only half the level compared to 2007. In general terms, this implies that recruitment conditions eased over the period. While for most occupations the ratios between 2007 and 2010 declined, for a number of occupations the ratios were relatively stable or even increasing, notably in one health occupation, nursing and midwifery associate professionals (ranked 2nd). Examining the list of the 25 occupations with the highest ratios in the EU in 2010 (Chart 4.5), the ratios range from 31 job-nders per unemployed for college, university and higher education teachers6, to 6.8 job-nders per unemployed for business professionals. The latter group of business professionals mainly includes nancial professionals such as accountants, nancial and management analysts, but also human resource managers and yet other business professionals related to sales such as advertising, marketing and public relations professionals. The average ratio of 9.5 among the top 25 is nearly twice as high as the average of 5 for all occupations.

Relatively tight labour market (ratio < 1,5): Austria, Denmark, Finland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Sweden Medium ratios (1.5 ratio < 3): Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Estonia, France, Italy, Malta, Slovenia, and the United Kingdom High surplus of labour supply (ratio 3): Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and Spain

5 Occupations with less than 5,000 unemployed who previously held a job in that occupation are excluded from the analysis. For these occupations the sampling error is considered too high for a reliable calculation of the ratio. For individual countries, above all smaller ones, almost all occupations with the highest job-nder to unemployed ratio have less than 5,000 unemployed. For this reason in part II presents no country specic tables of potential bottleneck occupations. 6 College teachers are typically working in the USA; the new ISCO code does not include 4 Denmark and Austria are not included into the JVS (Chart 4.1). college teachers in the description.

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Chart 4.5

Top 25 occupations with highest ratios of job-nders to unemployed

Ratio of job-nders to unemployed 2010 31,0 28,0 28,0 19,1 15,9 14,8 13,9 12,3 11,9 11,6 11,3 10,7 10,2 9,9 9,5 8,6 8,5 8,2 7,8 7,4 7,2 7,0 6,9 6,9 6,8 9,5 5,4 2009 36,7 35,6 38,1 25,5 16,8 15,0 6,8 9,0 9,8 16,4 12,1 13,0 9,7 8,9 9,0 9,6 9,3 3,9 6,4 6,0 6,5 6,3 2,8 5,2 6,8 8,5 4,6 2008 49,6 35,6 31,8 34,7 25,3 17,9 22,9 28,9 14,5 15,1 17,1 15,1 13,0 20,4 14,8 12,1 13,1 7,6 14,2 13,2 11,0 8,9 8,6 16,0 13,1 14,8 8,4 2007 68,2 26,5 29,3 31,8 20,5 14,2 21,8 27,5 13,8 11,9 13,0 16,6 13,5 16,4 13,3 12,4 12,6 10,7 16,9 14,0 12,8 8,5 13,4 15,5 17,1 15,1 10,1 443,500 399,600 222,600 118,100 208,400 106,000 132,000 491,700 92,200 211,200 201,700 304,000 463,100 132,000 301,700 45,500 2,142,600 85,700 423,800 271,400 637,600 310,600 555,200 659,300 497,300 8,997,400 42,949,100

Occupations (ISCO-88 3 digits) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 College, university and higher education teachers Nursing and midwifery associate professionals Life science professionals Public service administrative professionals Health professionals (except nursing ) Customs, tax and related government associate professionals Chemical-processing-plant operators Computing professionals Life science technicians and related associate professionals Pre-primary education teaching associate professionals Other associate teaching professionals Health associate professionals (except nursing) Social work associate professionals Legal professionals Social science and related professionals Primary education teaching associate professionals Personal care and related workers a) Mixed crop and animal producers Production and operations managers Computer associate professionals Cashiers, tellers and related clerks Food and related products machine operators a) Assemblers Physical and engineering science technicians Business professionals *

Number of jobnders 2010

Sum of top-25 occupations with high Total

Source: Own calculations based on LFS. a) Personal care and related workers, and food and related products machine operators are 3-digit occupational groups both used in 13 countries. Method: the ratio of job-nders to those unemployed with a previous job is calculated for each year and for each of 150 occupations (ISCO-88, 3-digit). The occupations are ranked in descending order of the ratio for 2010. * For business professionals (ranked 25th) seven persons found a job in 2010 for every one unemployed who worked in that profession in the previous job. The ratio for 2010 was twice as low as in 2007 when fewer business professionals were unemployed, but still suciently high to make it to the top 25. However, it remains that there might be many rst-time job-seekers among business professionals and these are not included in the unemployed because of a lack of a previous job history.

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From the list presented above, a number of occupations have to be excluded because the unemployed by previous occupation is not the major source of supply. This is particularly the case for several intermediate or lowerskilled occupations in production and services. In these cases the vacancies can generally be lled by jobseekers with a wide range of previous low to intermediate-skilled working experience. The intermediate or lower-skilled occupations in Chart 4.5 are chemical plant machine operators, ranked 7th; food and related products machine operators, ranked 22nd, assemblers, ranked 23rd,, cashiers, tellers and related clerks, ranked 21st and personal care and related workers, ranked 17th. Another family of occupations to be reconsidered are teaching professions like university and higher education teachers (ranking 1st), pre-primary education teaching associate professionals (ranked 10th), other associate teaching professionals (ranked 11th) and primary education teaching professionals (ranked 15th). Many of the vacancies in these occupations are lled by applicants who are either rst-time jobseekers or have experience in other professions. A further two occupations, i.e. public service administrative professionals (ranked 4th) and customs, tax and related government associate professionals (ranked 6th) include only those who have found jobs in the public sector or who are unemployed, but have previous experience in the public sector. Jobseekers with relevant experience in the private sector also ll vacancies in these occupations. A similar assumption holds true for production and operation managers (ranked 19th); most recruitment is done internally within companies promoting experienced specialist sta. Therefore the real supply for the position of manager is not conned to the unemployed.

Nursing and midwifery associate professionals (ranked 2nd) 2. Life science professionals (ranked 3rd), such as e.g. biologists, pharmacologists, pathologists 3. Health professionals, except nursing (ranked 5th), mainly medical doctors 4. Computing professionals (ranked 8th) 5. Life science technicians and related associate professionals (ranked 9th), such as medical and pharmaceutical laboratory technicians 6. Health associate professionals, except nursing (ranked 12th) 7. Social work associate professionals (ranked 13th) 8. Legal professionals (ranked 14th ) 9. Social science and related professionals (ranked 15th) 10. Computer associate professionals (ranked 22nd) 11. Physical and engineering science technicians (24th) 12. Business professionals (mainly nance but also sales) (ranked 25th). 1.

Not much evidence for the emergence of bottlenecks in other skills areas
To establish the extent to which bottlenecks may emerge in other skill areas of the economy the top three occupations with the highest ratios of job-nders to unemployed in each of the main occupational groups are analysed over a period lasting from 2007 to 2010 (see Chart 4.6). The results of this exercise show a considerable degree of overlap with the list of occupations outlined above conrming indications for bottlenecks above all in health. For other groups of occupations, such as clerks, service and sales workers (except personal care and related workers) and elementary occupations there is, however, no evidence for shortages of labour supply as the ratio does not exceed the average ratio of job-nders to unemployed for the total labour market or if so, only to a small extent. A limited number of skilled manual occupations warrant further monitoring as they display a ratio above average which at the same time remained relatively stable during the recession, namely market gardeners and crop growers, precision workers in metal and related materials and food and related products machine operators.

First indications for bottleneck occupations in health, social work, technical occupations and business
To conclude, for the reasons outlined above, only the twelve occupations listed below qualify as potential bottlenecks and are therefore the subject of further analysis in this chapter. Most of these occupations are conned to just a few sectors, namely in health, social work, engineering and business:

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Chart 4.6

Top 3 occupations per main occupational group with highest job-nder to unemployed ratios in 2010
Job-nder to unemployed ratio Occupation 2010 2009 6,4 3,3 1,1 36,7 38,1 25,5 35,6 15,0 9,8 6,5 5,9 5,6 9,3 5,5 6,6 3,9 5,6 6,0 3,2 4,0 3,5 6,8 6,3 2,8 5,9 3,9 5,1 8,5 4,6 2008 14,2 7,1 1,8 49,6 31,8 34,7 35,6 17,9 14,5 11,0 9,4 8,2 13,1 8,9 8,3 7,6 7,1 7,9 7,6 11,1 8,7 22,9 8,9 8,6 8,3 7,8 8,1 14,8 8,4 2007 16,9 7,6 2,1 68,2 29,3 31,8 26,5 14,2 13,8 12,8 11,0 8,3 12,6 9,8 10,1 10,7 7,8 8,9 6,5 12,4 11,8 21,8 8,5 13,4 9,2 10,5 9,1 15,1 10,1 Production and operations managers Other department managers Managers of small enterprises College, university and higher education teachers Life science professionals Public service administrative professionals Nursing and midwifery associate professionals Customs, tax, related government associate professionals Life science technicians and related associate professionals Cashiers, tellers and related clerks Other oce clerks Library, mail and related clerks Personal care and related workers a) Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Other personal services workers Mixed crop and animal producers Market gardeners and crop growers Animal producers and related workers Precision workers in metal and related materials Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and tters Machinery mechanics and tters Chemical-processing-plant operators * Food and related products machine operators a) Assemblers Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Transport labourers and freight handlers Messengers, porters, doorkeepers and related workers 7,8 3,5 1,1 31,0 28,0 19,1 28,0 14,8 11,9 7,2 6,4 6,0 8,5 5,8 5,5 8,2 6,0 5,1 6,3 5,7 5,1 13,9 7,0 6,9 5,9 5,4 5,3 9,5 5,4 Number of job-nders 2010 423,800 272,900 113,200 443,500 222,600 118,100 399,600 106,000 92,200 637,600 1313,000 280,100 2,142,600 3,393,500 412,700 85,700 530,500 78,000 52,800 389,400 596,100 132,000 310,600 555,200 2,736,700 1,282,800 2,733,400 8,997,400 42,949,100

Main Group

Managers and senior ocials

Professionals

Technicians and associate professionals

Clerks

Service and sales workers Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Cra , related trades workers

Plant, machine operators, assemblers

Elementary occupations

Total of top 25 occupations with high ratios (cf. Chart 4.5) Total
Source: Own calculation based on LFS

a) Personal care and related workers, and food and related products machine operators are 3-digit occupational groups both used in 13 countries. Method: the ratio of job-nders to those unemployed with a previous job is calculated for each year and for each of 150 occupations (ISCO 88, 3-digit). By main occupational group (ISCO 88, 1-digit), the occupations are ranked in descending order of the ratio for the year 2010. Of the top occupations per main occupational group, only those with more than 5,000 unemployed who worked in the same occupation previously are selected due to unreliability of small numbers (and publication restrictions). * Within the group of operators, chemical-processing-plant operators have the highest job-nder to unemployed ratio of 13.9. The ratio was lower than in 2007 and 2008 indicating that diculties in recruiting sales managers have reduced over time.

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Chart 4.7

PES inflow of job vacancies to registered unemployed ratio (Germany, total of 6 other countries and all 7 countries)
Percentage, 2008Q1 - 2011Q3

0,50
Inflow PES j ob-vacancies / unemployment PES

0,45 0,40 0,35 0,30 0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,05 0,00 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 EU7 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2008 2009 Germany 2010 2011 excl. Germany

Source: Public Employment Services - own calculations. 7 Countries included: Austria, Estonia, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Sweden. Inflow PES job vacancies is estimated for Latvia for 2010Q4 Absolute values 2011Q3 (7 countries): PES unemployment, 4.3 million; PES inflow vacancies, 0.9 million

4.4 Developments in public employment services

Representing a segment of the total labour market the PES can mediate between the registered unemployed and those job vacancies that employers have notied to them. The ratio between the inow of notied job vacancies and the number of registered unemployed (described here as PES vacancy inow to unemployed ratio) indicates the pool of candidates PES can select from to ll a vacancy. From the perspective of the unemployed, a higher ratio means higher chances for getting a new job, whereas a low ratio means only few potential job opportunities exist via the PES. As discussed in the introduction to this chapter, factors aecting the success of the matching process include the types of skills on oer and those required by employers, location mismatches and an appropriate level of transparency on the jobs market. The analysis of the PES data from the second quarter of 2008 to the third quarter of 2011 outlined below (Chart 4.7) is presented in two dierent formats. The rst analysis excluding Germany shows that the recession had a major adverse impact on the chances of registered unemployed nding a new job. While in the rst quarter of 2008 roughly

two unemployed competed for one vacancy (ratio of 0.45 vacancies per unemployed) in the corresponding quarter of 2011 employers notied only one vacancy for every four registered unemployed (ratio of 0.25 vacancies per unemployed). However, when Germany is included, the trend is quite stable.7 Because employers notify only around one in four job vacancies to the PES (see Chapter 5), a ratio of 0.5, or one vacancy per two unemployed people can be considered high, indicating potential diculties for a PES in lling the notied vacancies since the choice of recruits for the employer is limited. On average, for all occupations the ratio between PES vacancy inows and registered unemployed was 0.2 in the
7 A number of reasons could explain that the German PES vacancy inow to unemployed ratio is lower than average for the seven countries with available data. One of the reasons is that the German PES vacancy statistics do not include vacancies for subsidised jobs or for temporary jobs of less than 7 days (see: http://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/ Statischer-Content/Grundlagen/Qualitaetsberichte/Generische-Publikationen/Qualitaetsbericht-Statistik-gemeldete-Arbeitsstellen.pdf). Another reason is that in Germany all unemployed jobseekers are registered with the PES, irrespective of the fact whether they receive unemployment benets or social assistance. For some other coutries only half of the unemployed jobseekers are registered with the PES.

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third quarter of 2011 (Chart 4.8). This means that there were ve unemployed for every newly registered job vacancy and little indications of recruitment diculties for PES. The ratio was highest, for shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators with a value of ve vacancies per unemployed. However, this ratio may not indicate a potential PES bottleneck, because some of the vacancies may be lled with registered jobseekers without any specic qualication in this eld. Nevertheless, recruitment diculties may arise periodically, reecting seasonal variations in demand (e.g. sales, Christmas, fairs). A exible supply from the pool of low-skilled unemployed registered with PES is even more probable for two elementary occupations presented in the list: street vendors and related workers (ranked 3rd) and garbage collectors and related labourers (ranked 18th).

nance and sales associate professionals (ranked 25th; Austria, Belgium, Sweden)

The list includes also one teaching occupation in the expanding area of pre-school child care: pre-primary education teaching associate professionals (ranked 5th; Lithuania, Sweden)

Except from police inspectors and detectives, ship and aircraft controllers and technicians all other occupations made also part of the list for the total labour market based upon LFS data (ratio of job-nders to unemployed by previous occupation). PES country data show high PES vacancy inow to unemployed ratios are in general experienced by several countries, although there is no single occupation for which all ten countries experience a high ratios (see Annex).

PES may experience diculties in lling vacancies for specic skilled manual and some highly-qualied occupations
The list reveals specic features for PES showing a relatively high ratio of vacancy inow to unemployed for a mix of skilled manual and some high-skilled jobs. While vacancies in skilled manual jobs are a traditional feature of PES activity, the fact that a number of highly-skilled professional jobs are registering a high score is more surprising and may reect a trend of a part of employers to notify vacancies which they nd dicult to ll to the local PES (see Chapter 3).8 . Looking at those occupations with high ratios of PES vacancy inow to registered unemployed highly qualied occupations are concentrated in the health sector reecting the situation of the whole labour market: nursing and midwifery associate professionals (ranked 4th; ratio 0.5 or higher in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Sweden) health professionals (except nursing) (ranked 9th; Austria, Germany, Sweden, Slovakia), this category includes mainly medical doctors. nursing and midwifery professionals (ranked 14th; Belgium) health associate professionals (ranked 24th; Belgium, Cyprus, Germany, Sweden)

Trend information by main occupational groups shows indications for hard-to-ll PES vacancies in skilled-manual labour
While the previous analysis presented a snapshot taken at the third quarter of 2011, the following analysis provides to give a more in-depth insight into the main occupational groups over the period from 2010 to 2011).9 As consequence many occupations presented above appear also in the list below (Chart 4.9). With regards to trend information the list shows high volatility for a number of occupations including special education teaching professionals, pre-primary education teaching associate professionals, police inspectors and detectives or forestry and related workers. This volatility can be explained by seasonal peaks in recruitment: for example, teachers are o en recruited in summer in preparation of the next school year while forest workers show peaks of demand in the rst and second quarters of each year. An increasing ratio is also to be noted for two elementary occupations (Street vendors and related workers - high ratios in Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, garbage collectors and related labourers high ratios in Cyprus, Germany, Hungary). However, as described above, for these occupations the supply side is less clearly dened as unemployed from other elementary occupations may be recruited for these jobs. Two ndings warrant further research: Firstly, despite a decline in employment in the construction and the manufacturing sectors the analysis in this chapter has identied in the PES segment a number of skilled manual occupations as potential bottlenecks. A second issue relates to the extent to which employers use the facilities of PES for recruiting (associate) professionals when they experience recruitment diculties using other channels.
9 Among the nine PES for which data were available, the majority had not converted to

Another group of occupations with high skill levels belongs to the eld of technical and business occupations: computing professionals (ranked 17th; Belgium, Cyprus, Sweden) architects, engineers and related professionals (ranked 19th; Belgium, Germany, Sweden) physical and engineering science technicians (ranked 21st; Austria, Belgium, Sweden) ship and aircraft controllers and technicians (ranked 23rd; Germany, Hungary, Sweden)

8 see Chart 3.9 Top 25 of occupations with highest PES vacancy inow, chart 5.7 PES market share by occupation, table 4.12 Top bottleneck occupations

the ISCO-08 classication of occupations, so the data are provided for those countries that still used the ISCO-88 classication in 2011.

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Chart 4.8

Occupations with the highest ratios of PES vacancy inow to registered unemployed
Ratio, 2011Q3

Ranking 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Occupations (ISCO 88 - 3 digits) Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators* Special education teaching professionals Street vendors and related workers Nursing and midwifery associate professionals Pre-primary education teaching associate professionals Rubber- and plastic-products machine operators Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and tters Machinery mechanics and tters Health professionals (except nursing) Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers Industrial robot operators Police inspectors and detectives Building nishers and related trades workers Nursing and midwifery professionals Metal and mineral products machine operators Locomotive engine drivers and related workers Computing professionals Garbage collectors and related labourers Architects, engineers and related professionals Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, related workers Physical and engineering science technicians Wood treaters, cabinet-makers and related trades workers Ship and aircra controllers and technicians Health associate professionals (except nursing) Finance and sales associate professionals

Skill level Skilled NM High Elementary High High Skilled M Skilled M Skilled M High Skilled M Skilled M High Skilled M High Skilled M Skilled M High Elementary High Skilled M High Skilled M High High High

Ratio 2011Q3 5.1 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.2

Total of top 25- occupations with high PES vacancy inow to unemployed ratio Total
Source: PES of 10 countries (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia and Sweden). M = Manual, NM = Non-manual

Method: of 150 occupations (ISCO 88, 3-digit) the number of registered job vacancies of PES (inow) was calculated as a ratio to the number of unemployed registered by PES. The top 25 occupations with the highest ratios have been selected. * This occupation ranks 1 in the third quarter of 2011 with the highest ratio of inow of vacancies notied to the PES compared to unemployed workers seeking a job in that occupation. This indicates the greatest area of diculty for employers to recruit via the PES.

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Chart 4.9

Top-3 occupations per main occupational group with the highest PES inow of job vacancies to unemployed
Ratio, 2010Q1 - 2011Q3 2010 Bottleneck occupations (ISCO 88 3 digits) Q1 Q2 0,4 0,2 0,2 1,5 0,8 0,6 1,1 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,2 5,7 0,3 0,2 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,4 0,7 0,3 1,6 0,1 0,4 0,3 0,2 Q3 0,3 0,2 0,2 1,0 0,6 0,5 0,6 0,3 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,2 5,5 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,2 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,7 0,6 0,4 1,4 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,2 Q4 0,4 0,2 0,2 1,0 0,7 0,6 1,1 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 4,6 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,6 0,6 0,3 1,0 0,2 0,1 0,3 0,2 Q1 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,6 0,8 0,5 0,9 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,2 5,4 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,1 0,2 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,6 0,5 0,4 1,0 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,2 Q2 0,6 0,3 0,3 1,6 0,8 0,7 1,6 0,5 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2 4,2 0,3 0,3 0,6 0,2 0,3 0,7 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,9 0,5 0,6 0,4 0,2 Q3 0,4 0,3 0,2 1,1 0,6 0,5 0,8 0,4 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,2 4,7 0,3 0,2 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,7 0,6 0,6 0,8 0,6 0,5 0,9 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 Directors and chief executives * Other specialist managers Production and operations managers Special education teaching professionals Health professionals (except nursing) Nursing and midwifery professionals Pre-primary education teaching associate professionals Police inspectors and detectives Physical and engineering science technicians Client information clerks Secretaries and keyboard-operating clerks Material-recording and transport clerks Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Personal care and related workers Forestry and related workers Mixed crop and animal producers Market gardeners and crop growers Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and tters Machinery mechanics and repairers Blacksmiths, toolmakers and related trades workers Rubber- and plastic-products machine operators Industrial robot operators Metal- and mineral-products machine operators Street vendors and related workers Garbage collectors and related labourers Sales and services elementary workers, not classied 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,7 0,8 0,6 0,6 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,1 6,0 0,3 0,3 0,6 0,1 0,1 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,3 0,3 0,1 1,6 0,2 0,3 0,2 0,1 2011

Managers and senior ocials

Professionals

Technicians and associate professionals

Clerks

Service and sales workers Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Cra , related trades workers

Plant, machine Operators assemblers Elementary occupations

Total of top 27 occupations with highest ratios Total

Source: PES for 9 countries (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia and Sweden). Method: Of 150 occupations (ISCO-88, 3-digit) the number of registered job vacancies at PES (inow) was calculated as a ratio to the number of unemployed registered by PES. For each main occupational group, the three occupations with the highest ratio in the third quarter of 2011 are presented. * Among directors and chief executives, the occupation of managing directors and chief executives have the highest ratio in the third quarter of 2011.

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4.5 Results from national studies

National studies provide valuable insights into skills shortages in the Member States which augment the information gained from European statistical sources such as the LFS. Some countries in Europe have developed sophisticated systems for skills needs identication and short-term anticipation. The PES are important stakeholders in the creation of such systems as they have comprehensive information about the demand and the supply side of the labour market10. The country studies used for this report include those combining information from PES and other sources to identify potential bottleneck occupations. The studies use information from employers surveys as well as a variety of indicators from PES data, such as job vacancy duration (e.g. in Belgium11, Germany12, Austria13) or the comparison of stocks of vacancies with the number of registered unemployed (e.g. Belgium14, Finland15, Lithuania16, the Netherlands17 and Romania18). In a number of countries (e.g. Austria, Germany and Ireland) the occupational classications used are more detailed than ISCO-four-digit level, providing additional information about the specic features of occupations for which vacancies are hard to ll.

National studies conrm predominance of recruitment diculties for professional occupations in IT, engineering, nance and health:
Indications of potential shortages of computing professionals, engineers, and medical professionals identied for the whole EU on the basis of LFS data (see Section 4.3 above) are conrmed by a number of country studies. Recruitment diculties are identied for the following groups of professionals (Chart 4.10):

ICT-professionals, e.g. in: Brussels region (IT project leaders, functional analysts, integration and implementation IT engineer, IT consultants, developers, programmers, database administrators) Denmark (IT consultant) Norway (communication) Sweden (various professions) Austria (data processing) Germany (computer science, IT application support, programming) Ireland (mainly so ware developers)

10 European Commission (2010): Role of PESs in anticipating skill needs and up-skilling http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=105&langId=en 11 A.Gevers and A. Peeters, Wervingsbeleid en werknemersstromen in beeld, IDEA Consult, Brussels, 2006. http://www.exnieuws.nl/2006/02/10/02-2006-wervingsbeleid-enwerknemersstromen-in-beeld/ 12 M. Heckmann, A. Kettner and M. Rebien, IAB-Erhebung des gesamtwirtscha lichen Stellenangebots, Bundesagentur fr Arbeit, 2011, doku.iab.de/fdz/reporte/2011/DR_01-11. pdf 13 AMS sterreich, Arbeitsmarktlage 2010, Vienna, June 2011. 14 Brussels Observatorium voor de Werkgelegenheid, Analyse van knelpuntberoepen in het Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest in 2009, Brussels, 2010, http://www.actiris.be/Home/ HomeMarcheDeLEmploi/ObservatoirebruxelloisdelEmploi/ Publicationset%C3%A9tudes/ DescriptionThematique/tabid/243/mctl/5/idTheme/3/language/nl-BE/Default.aspx 15 S. Hynninen, Composition of the job-seeker stock in labour market matching, University of Jyvskyl, 2007; H. Hmllnen and M. Tuomaala, Are the demand and supply of labour matching in the Finnish labour market?, Ministry of Labour, 2007. https://www.jyu. /jsbe/tutkimus/julkaisut/workingpaper/wp336 16 Methodological Centre for Vocational Education and Training, Monitoring the demand and supply of skills, Vilnius, 2008. http://www.kpmpc.lt/Skelbimai/SEK_EN/EN-Monitoring%20skills%2008.07.30.pdf 17 UWV Werkbedrijf, Vacatures in Nederland 2011, Amsterdam, 2011. https://www.werk.nl/ werk_nl/werknemer/werkbedrijf/arbeidsmarktinfo/publicaties/vacaturesinNederland 18 D. Ailenei, M.H. Bobre, M. Marinas and A. Hrebenciuc, Labour market decits in Romania. A regional approach, in: University of Bucharest (eds.), Faculty of Economics, Romania in the European Union. The quality of Integration, Bucharest, 2011, page 21-30. http:// store.ectap.ro/suplimente/Romania_in_Uniunea_Europeana-Calitatea_intregrarii_en.pdf

Engineers, e.g. in: the UK, Brussels regions and Norway Austria (a number of professions including agricultural equipment) Germany (many professions including metalwork, machine and automotive engineering) Ireland (many professions including chemical and product formulation engineers, food and high-tech quality control engineers) Finances: Accounting sta, e.g. in: Brussels region, Denmark and Finland (accountants and accountant assistants, managers nance) Ireland (nancial compliance experts, corporate nancial accountants)

Medical professionals, e.g. in: Austria and Brussels region (nurses) Ireland (specialist nurses, radiographers) Germany (medical professionals except dentists, qualied health and medical care associate professionals, qualied elderly care nursing associate professionals) Sweden (health and medical care professionals) Finland (nurses, dentists, psychologists, physiotherapists, speech therapists, veterinarians) Norway (nurses, dentists)

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Chart 4.10

Dierences in approaches for identication of the top bottleneck occupations (nine countries or regions are shown)
Information source Ministry of Labour, Fachkr everordnung 2012 In Austria work permits for workers from non-EU countries are issued for shortage occupations determined by the Federal Minister of Labour in a regulation (Fachkrfteverordnung). Which occupations are dened as shortage occupations depends on the development of the Austrian labour market.

Country, top occupations (in descending order) 1 AUSTRIA 1. Milling machinists 2. Metal turners 3. Roofers 4. Technicians with a higher level of training (engineer) for mechanical engineering 5. Welders, cutting torch operators 6. Construction joiners 7. Technicians with a higher level of training (engineer) for furnace gas technology 8. Construction tinsmiths 9. Electrical installers, electrical tters 10. Agricultural equipment engineers 11. Graduate engineers in mechanical engineering 12. Carpenters 13. Fitters 14. Tinsmiths 15. Technicians for mechanical engineering 16. Technicians with a higher level of training (engineer) for heavy-current engineering 17. Pipe installers, pipe tters 18. Construction and furniture joiners 19. Floor layers 20. Paving tters, tile tters 21. Technicians with a higher level of training (engineer) for data processing 22. Wood processing machinery operators 23. Special technicians with a higher level of training (engineer) 24. Die makers, cutter makers and punch makers 25. Graduate engineers (university degree) 26. Graduate nurse 2 BRUSSELS REGION, BELGIUM 1. Reception, communication, administration clerks 2. ICT experts 3. Primary education teachers 4. Sales representatives 5. Physics technicians 6. Secretaries 7. Nurses and nursing assistants 8. Engineers 9. Secondary education teachers 10. Accountants and accountant assistants 11. Financial and insurance transaction clerks 12. Cooks 13. Drivers 14. Plumbers 15. Sales managers 16. Managers administration, communication, nance 17. Carpenters 18. Barbers 19. Waiters 20. Hotel receptionists 21. Architects

Actiris (2011), Analyse van de knelpuntberoepen in het Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest in 2010 (Analysis of bottleneck occupations in the Brussels region in 2010). Bottleneck occupations are rst identied by analysing the lling quotas and vacancy duration of vacancies notied to Actiris (Brussels PES). In a second stage, PES consultants add or remove bottleneck occupations based on their experience and their contacts with employers.

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Country, top occupations (in descending order) 22. HR managers 23. Policemen 24. Personal care workers 25. Electro mechanics 26. Purchase, inventory and logistics managers 27. Butchers 28. Instructors 29. Mechanics repairers 30. Electrics repairers 3 DENMARK 1. Sales Consultant (Sales, purchasing and marketing sector) 2. Shop Assistant (Sales, purchasing and marketing sector) 3. Masonry (Construction) 4. Serving Employee (Hotel, restaurant, kitchen, canteen) 5. Cook/Chef (Hotel, restaurant, kitchen, canteen) 6. Cleaning Assistant (in Cleaning, property maintenance and renovation sector) 7. Construction Painter (Construction) 8. Agriculture Assistant (Agriculture, forestry, horticulture, sheries and animal care sector) 9. IT Consultant (IT and telecommunications technology) 10. Scaolding Engineer (Construction) 11. Carpentry (Construction) 12. Accountant and Accounts Assistant (Oce Administration, Accounting and Finance) 4 FINLAND Shortage (in alphabetical order) 1. Accounting sta 2. Chefs, cooks, restaurant cooks in charge of cold food 3. Class teachers 4. Cleaners 5. Crane operators 6. Dental hygienist 7. Dentists 8. Earth moving plant operators 9. Entrepreneurs 10. Head waiters, waiters 11. Hospital nurses* 12. House managers, stock clerks 13. Nursery school teachers 14. Pharmacists 15. Physicians* 16. Physiotherapists 17. Practical nurses, orderlies, institution based personal care workers 18. Psychologists 19. Sales representatives and telemarketers 20. Security guards 21. Senior social workers, personal assistants, home based personal care workers 22. Social workers* 23. Special education teachers 24. Speech therapy 25. Veterinarians

Information source

Top 12 list of the major bottleneck occupations in Denmark is based on the results of a bi-annual survey on the recruitment situation as experienced by the companies. The survey receives input from approximately 15,000 companies representing around 50 per cent of employment in Denmark. The companies respond to the question: Has the company within the past two months unsuccessfully tried to recruit new employees? If the answer is positive, they are requested to specify how many and the kind of vacancies (ISCO-code) Source: Arbejdsmarkedsstyrelsen (National Labour Market Authority) April 2012

Occupation Barometer of Finland, III/2011 The Occupation Barometer is based on the view of the employment and development oces on the development of the labour market situation over the coming six months. The situation concerning some occupations and professions may change at short notice. This estimate dates from September 2011 providing a perspective for the following six months.

Source: Centre for Economic Development, Transport and Environment

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Country, top occupations (in descending order) 1 NORWAY Labour shortages: 1. Construction 2. Agriculture, Forestry and shing 3. Real estate, renting and business activities 4. Hotels and restaurants 5. Transport 6. Communication Employment forecast tertiary level (lower degree): 1. Economics and administration. 2. Teachers 3. Health, social services, nursing and 4. care giving 5. Skilled labour specializing in science (excluding engineering) 6. Humanities and the arts Employment forecast tertiary level (higher degree): 1. Other elds of science 2. Graduate engineers 3. Economics and administration 4. Teachers 5. Dentists 6 SWEDEN 1. Professions within technology and computing 2. Certain professions within the construction industry 3. Certain qualied professions within the manufacturing industry 4. University professions within health and medical care 5. Certain teaching professions 6. Certain jobs within transport, sales and consultancy

Information source Labour shortages in 2010 based on a survey conducted by the Norwegian Public Employment Service (PES) NAV using the national Register of Business Enterprises. Source: http://www.nav.no/Om+NAV/Tall+og+analyse/ Analyser/Arbeid+og+velferd

Projections on demand and supply of labour by education towards 2030 produced by Statistics Norway. Source: Statistics Norway, OsloKongsvinger / Roger Bjrnstad, Marit L. Gjelsvik, Anna Gody, Inger Holm and Nils Martin Stlen. Demand and supply of labour by education towards 2030. Linking demographic and macroeconomic models for Norway. http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/06/01/rapp_201039_ en/rapp_201039_en.pdf

Labour Market Outlook Autumn 2011, Swedish Public Employment Service Fields in which the most serious recruitment problems are anticipated in 2012, according to the Labour Market Outlook Autumn 2011. The cause of a continued shortage in the labour force is the generation shi and that the education level is constantly too low within several elds of education, so that even if the economy is weak, shortages remain within some professions to a limited extent. Source: http://www.arbetsformedlingen.se/download/18.6 a167f531341a04783880004716/ura2011-8-eng.pdf

7 UNITED KINGDOM Skill gaps and shortages 1. Associate Professional and Technical occupations 2. Skilled Trades 3. Personal Service Occupations 4. Sales and Customer Service Occupations 5. Elementary occupations 6. Science, Engineering and Manufacturing Technologies 7. Hospitality, Passenger transport, Travel and Tourism 8. Creative and Cultural occupations 9. Justice

UK Commission on Employment and skills. Problems which persist over time reect lack of market adjustment or the perception that these are jobs in areas of declining employment, with relatively poor long-term prospects. Sources: The UK Employment and Skills Almanac 2010, Evidence Report 26, March 2010 http://www.ukces.org.uk/assets/ukces/docs/publications/ evidence-report-26-almanac-2010.pdf The National Strategic Skills Audit for England 2010. Skills for Jobs: Today and Tomorrow, Volume 1: Key Findings http://www.ukces.org.uk/assets/ukces/docs/publications/ national-strategic-skills-audit-for-england-2010-volume-1-key-ndings.pdf

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Country, top occupations (in descending order) 8 IRELAND 1. Chemical and product formulation engineers, analysts 2. Production, process and process safety engineers 3. Quality control engineers (food and high-tech) 4. Regulation engineers 5. Industrial hygiene engineers 6. Validation engineers (telecom sector) 7. Mechanical engineers 8. Electrical engineers for power generation, and distribution 9. Industrial instrumentation and control technicians 10. Database architects 11. Java developers 12. Open source developers 13. Online developers 14. Mobile app developers 15. Cloud computing developers 16. Linux/Unix game developers 17. IT security experts 18. IT technical user support sta 19. Professionals in credit and risk management 20. Financial compliance experts (for Basel II and III) 21. Corporate nance accountants 22. Insurance specialists (underwriting, claim handling) 23. Non-consultant hospital doctors and radiologists 24. Specialist nurses 25. Radiographers 26. Multilingual product support workers 27. Online marketing and sales professionals 28. Senior technical sales representatives 9 GERMANY 1. Engineers metalwork and welding technology 2. Engineers machine and automotive engineering 3. Engineers mechatronics, energy and electronics 4. Engineers technical research and development 5. Engineers technical drawing, model making and construction 6. Engineers of supply and disposal 7. Computer science professionals 8. Experts in IT application support 9. Experts in so ware development and programming 10. Medical professionals (except dentists) 11. Qualied health and medical care associate professionals 12. Qualied elderly care nursing associate professionals

Information source The annual National Skills Bulletin. The identication of shortage occupations is based on a composite index which is composed of the results of 6 monthly surveys of recruitment agencies, the unemployment rate, the vacancy rates, the nationality prole, the employment growth rate, the future supply of skills from education and training, emigration permits and the percentages of workers aged over 55 and of female workers

Bundesagentur (June 2012), Fachkr eengpsse in Deutschland (Skilled labour shortages in Germany). The identication of shortage occupations is based on a number of criteria including vacancy duration and vacancy-to-unemployed ratio in a rst step, and validated with an analysis of age composition of workers (to assess replacement demand), numbers of school leavers and entrants, the existence of similar occupations and the share of self-employed and of seasonal work.

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Evidence for recruitment diculties in certain teaching, but also in some skilled manual and non-manual occupations
Interestingly the country studies indicate a number of national bottleneck occupations that were not corroborated by the statistical analysis for the whole of Europe, for example:

Teachers, e.g. in: Brussels region (Primary and secondary education teachers) Finland (Class teachers, special education teachers) Norway (Teachers) Sweden (certain teaching professions)

Another group of occupations which gure prominently in the national studies, but which do not rank among the Top 25 occupations with the highest ratios of job-nders to unemployed according to the statistical analysis include sales specialists:

The information from the country studies facilitates a further renement of the list of occupations which on the basis of statistical analysis were identied as potential bottlenecks (see Chart 4.5). Specically the country studies do not provide any evidence for the retention in the list of either Legal professionals or Social Science and related professionals. Only the UK indicated recruitment diculties in respect of Legal professionals while only Norway referred to Social Science and related professionals. Similarly there was no evidence oered to suggest that there are recruitment diculties in Mixed crop and animal producers and Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing. There was limited evidence oered in support of a number of other occupations, most notably for social workers which are ranked among the top 25 occupations with highest ratios of job-nders to unemployed (Chart 4.5). Only one country currently experiences labour shortages (Finland), while Norway indicates recruitment diculties for social services in general. With regard to a number of skilled manual occupations, the country information conrms that there are no major shortages for operators. Recruitment diculties were only indicated by two countries (Austria and Finland).

Sales specialists, e.g. in: Sweden (sales and consultancy) Brussels region (sales representatives, sales managers) Denmark (sales consultants) Finland (sales representatives and telemarketers) Ireland (online marketing and sales professionals, senior technical sales representatives UK (sales and customer service occupations)

Bottlenecks for highly skilled occupations tend to be limited to certain specialisations

Finally, national studies indicate that bottleneck occupations do not necessarily aect an occupation as a whole, but rather certain specialisations within that occupation. Furthermore, the demand for these specialisations varies between countries. For example. For example, Austria indicates hard to ll vacancies for engineers in the eld of energy (furnace gas technology, heavy current engineering) and agriculture (agricultural equipment engineering), while Germany identies shortages also in metalwork and welding technology, machine and automotive engineering. Paradoxically, unemployment and shortages may coexist within one broad occupation (e.g. engineering in Germany). Another example is Ireland experiencing shortages for IT specialists in the area of cloud computing open source and computer game development and also of IT security and user support.

A third group for which country studies provide evidence of shortages are a number of intermediate skilled manual and non-manual occupations although not ranking among those with the most severe labour shortages in Europe. This nding warrants further monitoring. The demand for some of the skilled non-manual occupations is partly inuenced by seasonal factors, while working conditions may also be a factor for jobs in services.

Skilled manual occupations: Cra and related trades occupations UK (skilled trades in general) Austria (e.g. carpenters, tinsmiths, roofers, electrical installers) Brussels regions (e.g. carpenters, plumbers, butchers, mechanic, electric repairers) Denmark (e.g. masonry and carpentry construction, painters)

Skilled non-manual occupations: Services and sales occupations UK (hospitality in general) Brussels region, Denmark and Finland, (cooks, chefs), Brussels region, Denmark, Finland (waiters), Brussels region (hotel workers).

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4.6 Results from the Manpower Talent Shortage Survey

The next step in building up a composite indicator is based on the analysis of an employers survey covering most of the EU27 countries. Despite a rather small sample (38.000 employers for the worldwide survey) the Manpower Talent Shortage Survey is the skills shortage survey covering 19 European countries including Norway.19 A rst key result is that employers in all European countries experience recruitment diculties even in labour markets where unemployment is relatively high:

1. Sales representatives (17 countries in Manpower survey, 6 out of 9 country studies AT, BE-Brussels, DE, DK, NO, SE) 2. Skilled trades (17 countries in Manpower survey, 4 out of 9 country studies - UK, AT, BE Brussels, DK) 3. Chefs/cooks (9 countries in Manpower survey, 3 out of 9 country studies BE-Brussels, DK, FI) 4. Restaurant and hotel sta (8 countries in Manpower survey, 4 out of 9 country studies, BE-Brussels, DK, FI, UK) The Manpower survey also identies shortages for teachers in line with the ndings from country studies. The indications, however, are weaker than for the other occupations named above as the number of countries suering from a shortage is relatively small. According to the Manpower survey there are also signicant recruitment diculties in respect of a number of low to intermediate skilled non-manual and manual occupations. These shortages were less evident in the sources analysed to date. These include for example secretaries, PA oces, and above all lower skilled manual jobs, such as drivers, mechanics, labourers, machinists, operators. This nding may reect a bias in the survey population towards companies which traditionally use temporary work agencies (see Chapter 5, market shares). Skills mismatch is the most common reason for recruitment diculties The Manpower survey furthermore provides information on the main reasons employers mention as the cause of the shortage of skills. The most commonly mentioned reasons are:

Recruitment diculties indicated by > 30 per cent of employers: Bulgaria (51), Romania (45), Germany (42), Austria (40), Poland (37), Sweden (36), Hungary (34) Recruitment diculties indicated by < 30 per cent of employers: France (29), Belgium (27), Slovenia (26), Greece (24), Slovakia (17), Czech Republic (14), Italy (14), UK (11), Spain (9), the Netherlands (7), Ireland (2)

Looking at the countries where more than 30 per cent of employers indicated recruitment diculties shows that these include high performers like Germany and Austria, but also countries characterised by a dicult labour market situation like Romania or Bulgaria. Even in Greece one out of four employers expressed recruitment diculties. A second key result from the analysis of the 2012 Manpower Survey for is that many of the top hard to ll vacancies appear to be prevalent in many countries (Chart 4.11). Four of the top shortage occupations of the Manpower Shortage Survey support the previous ndings from the LFS analysis and from the national studies: 1. 2. 3. 4. Engineering (and technicians) IT sta Finance/accounting professionals Health professionals

Lack of technical competencies (hard skills) among applicants (34 per cent of employers) Overall lack of applicants (30 per cent overall, 67 per cent in Austria) Absence of experienced candidates (24 per cent overall, 43 per cent in Hungary).

There is further evidence conrming the analyses of the country studies for four groups of occupations not ranking among the TOP 25 occupations with highest ratios of jobnders to unemployed. While the evidence is strongest for sales representatives, the other occupations have to be monitored further to nd out whether these are emerging bottlenecks for the whole of Europe:

While the rst two reasons given do not come as a surprise, the continuing focus on experience shows that young job entrants are confronted with a serious challenge. Many nd themselves in the classic catch 22 situation; in order to get a job they require experience, however they cannot get the experience without getting a job. Although the economic reasoning is understandable from an employers point of view, as it takes time and investment for a new job entrant to achieve full productivity, such an attitude may be contraproductive in the longer term given the aging and shrinking of the work force in many countries.

19 Manpower Group (2012), The 2012 Talent Shortage Survey Research Results. http://www.manpowergroup.us/campaigns/talent-shortage-2012/pdf/2012_Talent_ Shortage_Survey_Results_US_FINALFINAL.pdf

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Chart 4.11

Top occupations where employers are having diculty lling vacancies

Number of countries, rank among top ten hard to ll vacancies

Occupation 1. Skilled trades 2. Sales representatives 3. Engineers 4. Drivers 5. Technicians 6. IT sta 7. Accounting, nance sta 8. Secretaries, PAs, Oce 9. Chefs / cooks 10. Restaurant, hotel, sta 11. Management executives 12. Mechanics 13. Labourers 14. Nurses 15. Sales Manager 16. Doctors / Health profs Machinists / 17. Operators 18. Production operators 19. Teachers 20. Customer service

N
17 17 14 14 13 12 11 11 9 8 7 7 6 5 5 4 3 4 2 2

AT
1 3 9 2 5 7

BE
1 10 3 7 2

BG
2 5 1 7 6 4

CZ
1 2

FR
1 6

DE
1 3 2

EL
3 1 8 2 9 10 6

HU
1 4 3 6 6 7 9

IE

IT
1

NL
1

PL
2 5 1

RO
2 3 1 8 6 5 7 10

SK
1 9 5 2 4

SI
1 8 2 4

ES
3 9 1 6 2

SE
2 1 5 7 3

UK
5 3 1 4 6

6 5 6 1

7 4

3 3 10 9 5

7 5 4 6 10

4 3 2 4 7 2 10

4 3 6 10

8 9 8 7 5 8 4 10 5 9 7 6

8 7 2

5 5 8

4 8 8 4 5

7 9 6

7 9

4 8 4 8

3 10 8 7 9 6 9 10 6

6 10 2 10 9 3 6 10 6 3 6 2 5 5 9 4 7

3 10

7 9

10 10

10

Source: 2012 Manpower Survey, compiled from country lists available for 18 EU countries The occupational breakdown is broader than in the analysis of LFS data (Chart 4.5) or the national country studies (Chart 4.10). For example, the Manpower survey distinguishes cra workers as one group, whereas 16 dierent types of cra workers are distinguished at the 3-digit ISCO-88 level (Chart 4.5) and the national studies identify even more detailed potential bottlenecks occupations.

Employers most likely to respond by retraining sta

The strategies pursued by employers to avoid skills shortages include the following:

Increasing starting salaries (5 per cent) Broadening search outside of the home country (4 per cent)

Providing additional training and development to existing sta (21 per cent) Broadening search outside of the local region (9 per cent) Appointing people without job skills currently, but who do have potential to learn/grow (9 per cent) Focusing more on sta retention in jobs where recruitment is dicult (7 per cent) Enhancing benets packages, including a signing-on bonus (6 per cent) Partnering with educational institutions to create curriculum aligned to talent needs (6 per cent)

Overall, employers facing severe labour shortages are likely to use a combination of these and other measures to enable them to meet their needs. Broadening their search beyond their region is a potential solution for individual employers whatever the underlying reason for their diculty in lling a vacancy. Partnering with educational institutions is another potential response to skills mismatches. Increasing starting salaries indicates that less favourable working conditions are also a cause of skills shortages.

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4.7 Identication of top bottleneck occupations in Europe

This section brings together the results from the analysis of the LFS data, the nine country studies and the Manpower survey. While the PES analysis provides valuable complementary information for a specic segment of the labour market, the data cannot be used to identify recruitment diculties for the labour market as a whole. As result the number of occupations which have been identied as bottleneck occupations are conned to just ve sectors (see Chart 4.12). With the exception of Sales and nance associate professionals all the occupations were included in the list of the Top 25 occupations with highest ratios of job-nders to unemployed (LFS data for EU27).

potential bottlenecks existed for sales representatives and online marketing professionals. In the eld of nance and accounting, the category of business professionals signals a high job-nder to unemployed ratio as is the case for sales professionals discussed above. This category namely also includes accountants, nancial and management analysts. However, there was strong evidence from the other two sources for recruitment diculties regarding this group of occupations. Employers throughout Europe considered vacancies for accounting and nance sta as dicult-to-ll according to the Manpower survey, and accounting and nancing sta were potential bottlenecks in four out of the nine national studies. A further key result from the composite analysis is: beyond the group of current top bottleneck occupations there exists a limited number of occupations having the potential to become bottleneck occupations in Europe in the future. A few countries are already suering from recruitment diculties. However, the evidence is not conclusive when all three sources are taken into account. Nevertheless, the labour market position of these occupations should continue to be monitored: 1. Teachers 2. Skilled trades Recruitment diculties for teachers were indicated in national studies of the Brussels region, Finland, Sweden and Norway. Teachers are not frequently mentioned as dicult-to-ll jobs in the Manpower survey (2 countries only). However, for a number of teaching occupations there is further evidence for existing and potential recruitment diculties: A recent report of EACEA20 based upon results from the PISA study (2009) nds that on average in the participating European countries, around 15 per cent of all 15-year-old students were taught in schools where the school head reported that teaching is, at least to some extent, hindered by a lack of qualied science and mathematics teachers. The EU average is lower for the language of instruction, with 7.7 per cent of students being taught in schools experiencing a shortage of teachers in this subject. It further reports that teacher shortages were highest in Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands and the UK. According to sector information (see Chapter 3) education is one of the two economic sectors with growing employment but not increasing numbers of job-nders (the other being the health care and social work sector). However, it is noteworthy, that, if teacher shortages are indicated, the concrete occupational prole (e.g., primary, secondary school, pre-primary education) may dier between countries and variety may also occur regarding the specialisation for certain subjects such as science and math teachers versus language and human sciences teachers.
20 Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency - ACEA, P9 Eurydice (2012), Key Data on Education in Europe 2012, ISBN 978-92-9201-242http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurydice/documents/key_data_series/134EN.pdf; The PISA data referred to here include all EU27 countries except France.

Top bottlenecks were in health, ICT, engineering, sales, nance

Reviewing all the evidence, mismatches in the labour market are clearly visible for various professionals in the health sector, notably medical doctors, nurses and other health professionals. These occupations emerged as potential bottleneck occupations EU-wide according to the LFS data (Chart 4.5). Also health occupations emerged as potential bottlenecks in six of the nine national studies. From the Manpower survey, dicult-to-ll jobs in healthcare were also apparent, although less strongly, with only specialist nurses in Ireland in the top ten of dicult to ll vacancies, including clinical nursing managers and advanced nursing practitioners in intensive care. Bottlenecks were clearly indicated EU-wide for ICT professionals according to all three sources, from Greece to the UK and Ireland, and also from France to Sweden. The bottlenecks were indicated for a wide range of highly skilled IT professionals, such as developers, database management and IT application support. In the eld of engineering, bottlenecks for engineering professionals were particularly evident in the northwest of Europe according to all three sources, and according to the Manpower survey in broad areas of Europe including Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Hungary, Slovakia, Poland and Spain. According to the national studies, specialised engineers were needed, such as mechatronics engineers in Germany, production processing and process safety engineers in Ireland, agricultural equipment engineers in Austria, scaolding engineers in Denmark, and various industrial engineers in Belgium. Sales professionals. Occupations in the eld of sales do not emerge as potential bottleneck occupations based on LFS data (Chart 4.5) but are included because shortages are indicated by the Manpower survey and some national studies. According to the Manpower survey sales professionals were dicult to recruit throughout Europe, and according to national studies,

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Chart 4.12

Top bottleneck occupations in Europe

Combined information from LFS, Manpower Survey, Country studies

Field

ISCO-88 occupation (3 digit) Biologists, pharmacologists, pathologists and related professionals Medical doctors and related professionals Nursing and midwifery associate professionals

LFS Rank 3 Chart 4.5 Rank 5 Chart 4.5 Rank 2 Chart 4.5

Manpower (country + rank)

a)

National studies IE doctors (who are not consultants), radiologists SE university professions within health, DE medical professionals FI practice nurses, orderlies, senior care workers, IE specialist nurses, AT graduate nurses, BE nurses AT technicians for data processing, DE - Computed science professionals, IT application support, experts in so ware developing and programming, DK - IT Consultant (IT and telecommunications technology), SE various professions IE - IT security experts, online support and technical user support, IT testing and troubleshooting, diverse IT-specialists, BE - IT project leaders, functional analysts, integration and implementation IT engineers, IT consultants, developers, programmers, database administrators AT agricultural equipment engineers, graduate engineers in mechanical engineering, DE - diverse specialised engineers (e.g. metalwork, automotive engineering, mechatronics, energy, electronics), IE diverse specialised engineers (e.g. chemical, production, process and safety, quality control for the food and high-tech industries, regulation, mechanical), DK scaolding engineers (construction), SE technology, UK Science, engineering and manufacturing technologies, BE various engineers DK sales consultant FI sales representatives and telemarketeers, UK skilled trades, sales and customer service occupations, IE online marketing and sales roles, senior technical and specialised sales representatives, BE sales representatives DK and BE accountants and accountant assistants, FI accounting sta, IE - professionals in credit and risk management, compliance experts (e.g. nancial services regulation), accountants with experience in corporate solvency and nancial restructuring

Health

Medical doctors BE6, CZ6, SI6, DE9 Nurses - BE8, FR7, IE2, SK10, UK10

ICT

Computing professionals

Rank 8 Chart 4.5

IT sta AT7, BG6, CZ4, FR10, DE4, EL9, HU6, IE1, NL4, PL6, RO5, UK6

Engineering

Engineering professionals

Data underlying Chart 4.5 AT, DE, NL, SE

Engineers - AT9, BE3, BG1, DE2, EL8, HU3,IE5,PL1, RO1,SK5,SI2,ES1,S E5,UK1

Sales

Sales and nance associate professionals (e.g. sales representatives)

Indication not from LFS but from other sources

Sales representatives AT3, BE10, BG5, CZ2, FR6, DE3, EL1, HU1, IE6, IT8, PL5, RO3, SK9, SI8, ES9, SE1, UK3

Finance

Business professionals b) (e.g. accountants)

Rank 25 Chart 4.5

Accounting, nance sta - BG4, FR9, DE6, EL10, HU7, IT7, NL10, PL10, RO7, SE8, UK8

Sources: EU LFS, 2012 Manpower Survey, nine national studies. Notes: The rank in the column under LFS refers to the ranking in the Chart on potential bottlenecks (Chart 4.5) except for sales where reference is made to a top-growth occupation (Chart 3.7). The countries listed under the Manpower column are the countries from that survey where the occupation is in the top ten for which employers have diculty lling the job The occupations of the nine national studies are not comparable with each other, and so listed as they are in the source data. a) The absence of pharmacologists and pathologists in the Manpower survey may be due to a smaller level of detail in the survey sample rather than absence of recruitment diculties b) Business professionals include accountants, human resource managers and business professionals not elsewhere classied. The latter occupation includes nancial and management analysts and advertising, marketing and public relations professionals.

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Even if the ranking of the top 25 occupations with highest ratios of job-nders to unemployed (Chart 4.5) did not include any occupation in the area of skilled trades, there are indications from some countries that labour shortages exist, mainly in construction for carpenters, electrical installers and plumbers. However, these occupations are typically those required in the nal stages of building projects, and might be the last to suer from a lack of new building projects.

4.8 Conclusion
The ratios of both indicators, the unemployed to the stock of vacancies and to the number of job-nders increased by more than half between the start of 2008 and the third quarter of 2011, indicating in general an increasing surplus on the demand side of the labour market (jobseekers). Exceptions are Austria and Germany and to a lesser extent Sweden, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands which continue to experience a rather tight labour market. A composite indicator has been developed to identify the top bottleneck occupations in Europe, combining analyses of LFS data, national studies and the Manpower Talent Shortage employer survey. The analyses showed that recruitment diculties are most severe all over Europe for a number of professional occupations: Health professionals IT sta Engineers Sales representatives Accounting and nance sta

Strategies for addressing skills shortages include a variety of approaches

As indicated in the previous section, employers most o en indicate skills mismatches as the reason for diculties in lling vacancies focusing on hard skills. Given the high skill levels required for the bottleneck occupations identied, adjustment capacities of education and training seem the key to solving these bottlenecks in the medium to longer terms. For health professionals, the educational process can take up to 12 years (from study through on-the-job training to specialisation). For other professionals, even though the duration of the university programmes may be 3 to 4 years further specialisation is required before workers are fully procient. The long lead times in increasing the supply to the labour market underlines the need for an early identication of structural skills mismatches. In the short-term employers will tend to develop their own coping strategies, as outlined in the Manpower survey, such as the training of current sta, followed by recruiting applicants with potential rather than proven skills. Labour shortages arising from insucient or from poor quality information can be another reason for bottlenecks. The geographical targeting of recruitment to areas where there are known to be a ready supply of appropriate skills is one possible solution, though adequate resources and services are needed to assist workers to move from one area to another. In addition, employers could extend their use of dierent recruitment channels to reach those parts of the labour market that they have not traditionally tapped. For example, the targeting of recruitment advertising to specic journals, websites or social media may attract a new supply of recruits, while giving more information about the jobs on oer may help overcome any initial prejudice that jobseekers may have about particular occupations. Short-term solutions to cope with bottlenecks in highly skilled occupations include also a change in attitudes towards recruiting new job entrants and a number of HRM approaches for existing sta, such as increased overtime working, the retention of older workers and recruitment of early retirees or foreign workers. In the medium term, de-skilling some of the work by, for example, stripping out routine work from the tasks of high skilled workers and passing this more routine work to less skilled workers might oer a solution.

Regarding the PES segment, the picture is more mixed. The ratio of vacancy inow to registered unemployed by occupation is highest for a number of skilled manual occupations. It is also high for a number of highly skilled occupations (e.g. health, IT sta) which may reect a need on the part of employers to seek the assistance of the PES assistance when they experience recruitment diculties. Employers strategies to cope with labour shortages in the short term are focused on up-skilling the competences of their sta and adjusting their recruitment criteria (shi from experience to potential). There is also a tendency to broaden the geographical scope of recruitment. There is considerable potential to further develop strategies to facilitate international labour mobility as currently a very small percentage of the European workforce is living in another Member State.21 However, in the medium to long term the only sustainable solution to address skills shortages is to increase the supply of suitably qualied jobseekers by oering appropriate education and training programmes. However, the extent to which the education and training system can respond eectively is critically dependent on the availability of comprehensive and timely information on the skills requirements of the labour market.

21 The European Commission estimates that in 2010, nationals from the EU-12 living in other Member States amounted to just over one per cent of the total EU27 population and that these ows had reduced because of the economic crisis. Furthermore, the study suggested that there was no evidence of a brain drain aecting those countries where these workers moved from (European Commission (2012) Employment and Social Developments in Europe 201. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=738&langId=en&pubId=6176 )

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5 Recruitment channels: the market share of PES and TWAs

5.1 Introduction
The objective of this chapter is to provide evidence-based knowledge about the role of dierent recruitment channels, in particular PES and TWAs in lling dierent types of vacancies categorised by their salient features including sector, occupation and level of education. Exploring the comparative position of dierent recruitment channels further, one commonly used measure is their market share. This is the share of total job vacancies at any one time that is lled through a particular recruitment channel. The market share is determined by two factors: the usage rate the success rate Approximation of PES and TWA market shares (LFS, job-nder data) The LFS contains two questions which are relevant to calculating the market share of PES and TWA: Has the PES contributed to the nding of your current job? Is your current job a temporary agency work job? As Private Employment Services (PRES, including temporary work agencies (TWA)) cooperate in many countries with Public Employment Services (PES) including in some cases the sharing of data by the TWAs the results presented below, while they may be used to identify the market share for each of these channels, are not directly comparable.

The usage rate is the rate at which employers notify vacancies to a particular recruitment channel while the success rate measures how o en a notied vacancy is lled by a jobseeker via that channel. In most cases, an employer will use more than one recruitment channel simultaneously, so usage rates typically add up to more than 100 per cent (Chart 5.1). A recruitment channel with a relatively high success rate will, over time, attract greater numbers of jobseekers. The attraction is likely to persist until the success rate is more closely aligned to the norm for recruitment channels in general. For this reason, the expectation is that success rates over time will be broadly similar between recruitment channels. Only recruitment via personal contacts (friends, family, business contacts, etc) and via self initiatives (such as speculative applications) have far higher success rates (82 per cent and 74 per cent respectively in the Netherlands example) without an increase in the usage rates (17 per cent and 16 per cent respectively in the Netherlands). When the usage rate of a lled vacancy is multiplied by the success rate, this gives the market share of a recruitment channel. For example, in 2006, the market share was 9 per cent for both the PES and for TWA in the Netherlands (Chart 5.2 below), although the usage and success rates were quite dierent. This chapter further discusses the market shares of PES and TWA in various segments of the recruitment market, based on data for job-nders.

5.2 General trends of PES and TWA markets shares

For job search self-initiative and informal contacts are crucial
A recent study by the European Commission revealed that self-initiative together with informal contacts and networking dominate job-searching methods. The most popular (used by 85 per cent of jobseekers) is self-initiative (activities such as looking for advertisements in newspapers or online and sending o speculative applications - see Chart 5.2), followed by personal contacts of one sort or another (66 per cent). This nding may be useful in designing active labour market measures because it demonstrates that supporting and encouraging a more self-reliant and proactive approach to job-searching can be relatively successful. However, the fact that jobseekers o en use one channel does not in itself imply that this channel is successful. Nevertheless, one out of two jobseekers use PES to nd a (new) job, although at least some of this usage of the service may be motivated primarily by a desire to retain entitlements to unemployment payments. It is notable in this regard that the usage of PES by jobseekers is roughly twice that of private employment services (25 per cent).

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Recruitment channel usage - vacancy filling and market share from different recruitment channels (filled vacancies in the Netherlands, 2006)
Employer

Usage rates 19% PES 14% TWA 154% Other channels

46% 9%

63% 9%

Success rates 54% 82%

Market shares

Source: Dutch PES (2006), Vacatures in Nederland 2006 (Vacancies in the Netherlands 2006), based on an employer survey. Other recruitment channels include 15 others from own network to recruitment agency.

Chart 5.2

Proportion of jobseekers using dierent methods of job-search within the last 4 weeks
Percentage, 2010 PES CZ LT SK HU DE LU AT SE PT MT PL EL FR EE BE IE SI LV EU -27 RO UK FI BG ES DK NL IT CY
0% 50% 100%

PRES LU IE BE NL ES HU MT FR SI EU -27 IT UK CZ AT DE RO BG FI EE PT SE LT EL PL CY SK LV DK
0% 50% 100%

Personal contacts LV CZ EL IE ES HU SI RO CY PL IT AT LT SK EE BG LU MT DK EU -27 FR NL PT UK DE FI BE SE

0% 50% 100%

Self-initiative

RO IE SI LV HU FI DK LU AT CZ EL PL ES EE MT CY FR UK EU -27 NL IT LT BG SE PT SK DE BE
0% 50% 100%

Source: European Commission: Mobility in Europe 2011, Part II: Connecting people to work: Job-search (methods, recruitment channels and the role of PES.) http://www.mobilitypartnership.eu/WebApp/Events.aspx?EventID=11. PRES include private placement and temporary work agencies. Self-initiative includes activities such as looking for advertisements in newspapers or online and sending speculative applications.

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Country patterns vary signicantly and there is hardly any evidence that the channels are being used to complement each other, except perhaps in Spain and the Netherlands where a low use of PES goes along with a relatively high use of PRES: Countries with high share using PES (> 60 per cent): Czech Republic, Lithuania, Slovakia, Hungary, Germany, Luxembourg, Austria Countries with low use of PES (< 40 per cent): Bulgaria, Spain, Finland, the Netherlands, Italy and Cyprus Countries with high use of PRES (> 35 per cent) Luxembourg, Ireland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Hungary and Malta Countries with low use of PRES (< 10 per cent) Sweden, Lithuania, Greece, Poland, Cyprus, Slovakia, Latvia and Denmark

this type of work is well developed, such as France, Belgium and the Netherlands. The development of the PES market share is quite striking as it was rising through 2008 while the market share of other recruitment channels, most notably TWAs was contracting. It may be that the sectors which recruit strongly from the PES were less adversely aected at the beginning of the recession; chart 5.3 shows that the PES market share began a steep decline from 2009, in contrast to the performance of temporary work agencies. It would appear that as the recession became embedded in the economies of the Member States, temporary contracts began to feature more widely in the recruitment activities of employers. Another possible explanation is that as the unemployment rate increases and the number of registrations with the PES also rises, the success rate of the PES improves since it has a greater supply from which to choose suitable candidates for the job vacancies on oer. This will be especially true in economic downturns, when even relatively well qualied workers are made redundant. This means that not only the supply of unemployed will be larger, but also the quality of the pool of unemployed will tend to be higher, resulting in a higher success rate and a corresponding higher PES market share during a crisis. The observation that the TWA market share increased again in 2010 would thus reect that employers were not convinced that recovery will be permanent and were reluctant to invest in permanent sta, relying rather on temporary agency work. Both interpretations are supported by analyses in previous chapters of this report.

The nding that more jobseekers use PES to nd a job, does, however, not necessarily mean that more vacancies are lled through PES. In the EU as a whole, the market share of TWA over the period 2007-2010 was on average 8.3 per cent, which was slightly higher than the corresponding market share of the PES at 7.7 per cent (Chart 5.3).

Development of TWA market shares sensitive to business cycle, while PES market share is more resilient
Although changes are small the development in TWA contrasts with that for PES. TWA market shares reect a higher sensitivity to uctuations in the business cycle. During the recession, less people found a job via TWA compared to other channels. In 2009, the TWA market share fell, before rising again reecting more positive developments in those sectors which traditionally use the services of TWAs, such as manufacturing (see Charts 5.6, 5.8). According to CIETT (2002), workforce exibility was indeed the main motive for employers to hire temporary agency workers in Europe. However, according to this study employers also use workers on agency contracts as a recruitment channel, because temporary work agencies facilitate the process of recruitment by selecting a suitable candidate for the vacancy to be lled and partly allowing an assessment to be made of the worker without a commitment to a contract. A more recent CIETT report shows that the volume of temporary agency work and GDP tends to be strongly correlated in countries where

Varying national market positions of PES in Europe

While the average for the EU ranges at 7-8 per cent, the PES market share shows strong country dierences (Chart 5.4) ranging from 3 per cent in the Netherlands through 9-12 per cent in Germany to a higher share of 15 per cent in Slovenia and correspondingly similar dierences in the usage rates. In the Netherlands, the market share of the PES fell from an estimate of 9 per cent in 2006 to 3 per cent in 2010, as both the usage rate and the success rate declined, reecting a combination of economic recession and the fundamental reorganisation of the Dutch PES. Germany and Malta show the highest success rates in lling vacancies. However, even in the case of the highest rate of lled vacancies (up to 41 per cent in Germany), the PES lled less than half of the vacancies notied. This is surprising in view of the relatively high unemployment rates in most of the Member States and warrants further research.

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9,0

Share of job-nders PES and TWA

Percentage, 2007 - 2010

8,5
Share of job-nders

8,0

7,5

7,0

6,5 2007 2008 Share of PES 2009 Share of TWA 2010

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey, all EU27 contries. Absolute value 2010: 3,104,900 through PES, 4,168,300 through TWA

Chart 5.4

Market position of PES according to national studies

Usage rate 25-29% 29-50% 18% 50% 37-42% 39% 10-14% Success rate 37-41% 33% 23-33% 37% 23% Market share 9-12% 15% 3% 7-8%

Country (year of publication) Germany (2010) Finland (2004 & 2007) Romania (2008) Slovakia (no date) Slovenia (2011) UK (2011) Netherlands (2010) Malta (2004-2009) Cyprus (1993-2009) For comparison: LFS 2007-2010

Sources: Germany: German Job Vacancy Survey, Institut fr Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nuremberg, 2010 Finland: H. Risnen, What kind of job-broker is the public employment service? Evidence from Finnish job vacancy micro-data in 2002-2003, VATT Government Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki, 2004) P. Keinnen, Job vacancy statistics - Finland, Statistics Finland, June 2007 Romania: M. Anghel, Description of national job vacancy statistics, National Institute of Statistics Romania, 2008. Report provided by a national correspondent. Slovakia: Porovnanie VPM SU UPSAR. Report provided by a national correspondent Slovenia: N. Brnot, Job vacancy survey by using administrative sources, Statistical Oce of the Republic of Slovenia, 2011. Report provided by a national correspondent UK: UKCES (2011), UK Employer Perspectives Survey 2010, www.ukces.org.uk/publications/er25-employer-perspectives-survey Netherlands: UWV WERKbedrijf (2010), Vacatures in Nederland 2009, www.rwi.nl/CmsData/Signaal%202009/VacaturesNederland2009.pdf Malta: PES Malta. Report provided by a national correspondent Cyprus: PES Cyprus Report provided by a national correspondent

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5.3 Market shares of PES and TWA by sector

PES have high market shares in the broad public sector, TWAs in manufacturing
A sectoral breakdown of the involvement of PES in nding a job shows that PES has the highest market shares in various parts of the public sector including three of the Top Ten presented below (Chart 5.5): Administration of state, economic and social policy of the community (ranking 3rd), including general public service activities, health care, education, cultural and other social services, Compulsory social security activities (ranking 5th), including funding and administration of government-provided social security programmes, such as unemployment insurance, pensions, Activities of other membership organisations (ranking 6th), including interest groups, NGOs except social partners.

The PES also have a high market share in sectors related to waste collection and materials recovery, which could be broad public or private sectors depending on the country: Waste collection (ranking 4th), Materials recovery (ranking 7th), including dismantling of wrecks and recovery of sorted material, Waste collection including treatment and disposal, materials recovery (9th).

Regarding the private sector the PES has the highest market share in Forestry and logging, with an average rate of 43 per cent over the years 2008-2010. The market share in this sector increased from 32 per cent in 2008 to 45 per cent in 2010, with a peak in 2009. A high PES market share can be further seen in two manufacturing industries. Transport equipment and paints, varnishes, similar coatings, printing inks, mastics are ranked 2nd and 8th with market shares of 38 per cent and 20 per cent respectively. In contrast, the lowest share of the ten is for other reservation service and related activities in the travel business (ranked 10th with a market share of 19 per cent).

Chart 5.5

PES Top Ten economic sectors with the highest market share, 2008-2010
Average share 2008-2010 43% 38% 26% 25% 22% 21% 21% 20% 19% 19% 8% Trend = = = =

Economic sector 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Total

Source: EU LFS.

Forestry and logging Manufacture of transport equipment Administration of state, economic and social policy of the community Waste collection Compulsory social security activities Activities of other membership organisations Materials recovery Manufacture of paints, varnishes, similar coatings, printing ink, mastics Waste collection including treatment and disposal; materials recovery Other reservation service and related activities

Guide to the reader: Top Ten economic sectors (NACE rev2, 3D) with highest market share of the PES, EU27, 2008-2010. Increasing/decreasing: share in 2010 is at least 2 percentage points higher/lower than in 2008. Only economic sectors with at least 5,000 job-nders through PES in 2008+2009+2010 (?2008-2010? or 2008,2009 and 2010) are selected.

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TWA Top Ten economic sectors by market share, 2008-2010

Average share 2008-2010 60% 47% 46% 42% 40% 40% 39% 35% 35% 34% 10% Trend = =

Economic sector 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Total Other human resources provision Manufacture of soap and detergents and similar products Manufacture of dairy products Manufacture of railway locomotives and rolling stock Manufacture of rubber products Programming and broadcasting activities Warehousing and storage Manufacture of general-purpose machinery Manufacture of abrasive products and non-metallic mineral products Manufacture of plastic products

Source: EU LFS. Guide to the reader: top-10 (Top Ten?) economic sectors (NACE rev2, 3D) with highest market share of TWAs, ) EU27, 2008-2010. Increasing and decreasing: share in 2010 is at least 2 percentage points higher/lower than in 2008. Only economic sectors with at least 5,000 job-nders through TWA in 2008+2009+2010 are selected.

Chart 5.7

PES Top Ten occupations with the highest market share, 2007-2010
Average share 2007-2010 35% 19% 18% 16% 16% 16% 14% 13% 13% 12% 8% Trend = = = =

Occupation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Total

Source: EU LFS.

Handicra workers in wood, textile, leather and related materials Printing-, binding- and paper-products machine operators Building caretakers, window and related cleaners Forestry and related workers Wood treaters, cabinet-makers and related trades workers Archivists, librarians and related information professionals Social work associate professionals Market gardeners and crop growers Building frame and related trades workers Other oce clerks

Guide to the reader: Top Ten occupations (ISCO-88, 3D) with highest market share of the PES, EU27, 2007-2010. Increasing/decreasing: share in 2010 is at least 2% point higher/lower than in 2007. Only occupations with at least 5,000 job-nders through PES in 2007+2008+2009+2010 are selected.

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The sectoral distribution of TWA tends to be skewed towards specic sectors. To judge from the list below in a number of sectors labour is recruited to a large extent on the basis of temporary agency work. The TWA market share ranks more than 60 per cent for the sector ranking rst, Other human resource provision, to a still relatively high share of 34 per cent for Manufacturing of plastic products ranking 10th (Chart 5.6). Most of the sectors recruiting with help of TWA are concentrated in manufacturing industries which in general have been strongly aected by structural shi s of employment and the recession (see also Chapter 3). The sector Other human resource provision (which includes secondment agencies) recruits mostly through TWA. In addition, TWA have a high market share in the programming and broadcasting sector (ranked 6th) and in the warehousing and storage sector (ranked 7th). In both these sectors the high usage of TWA is likely to be mainly caused by employers seeking help to meet peaks in demand. In the case of warehousing and storage, for example, shipping work can peak when a ship arrives and the goods need to be oloaded and stored for further distribution. In the case of the broadcasting and programming sector, the demand for sta is likely to be related to seasonal need (e.g. coverage of a sporting event) and other peaks such as single productions for lm or television.

of 43 per cent in jobs found in the forestry and logging sector (ranked 1st in Chart 5.5) is far higher than the 16 per cent PES market share among forestry and related workers. Since there are far more forestry and related workers that nd a job (on average 69,000 per year in 2007-2010) than jobnders in the forestry and logging sector (33,000 per year), the most likely explanation is that these workers nd their jobs in other sectors (perhaps horticulture). This suggests that the possibility of workers being employed in dierent sectors might be greater than would be expected, at least for the middle to low skilled workers where the PES have a high market share (see Chapter 3). The list also contains a number of more highly skilled occupations belonging to the broader public sector, e.g. Archivists, librarians and related information professionals (ranked 6th) and social work associate professionals (ranked 7th). This provides further evidence that employers seek the assistance of PES in case a vacancy is dicult to ll.

TWA have particularly high market share for machine operators

In line with the dominance of TWAs in the recruitment of certain manufacturing industries, employers recruit to a large extent temporary agency workers for certain jobs within this sector, in particular for various types of machine operators (Chart 5.8). Almost two out of three chemical-processingplant operators have found their job through a temporary work agency. The Top Ten occupations with a high TWA market share include nine types of machine operators, with market shares ranging from 62 to 26 per cent. The high TWA market share for transport labourers and freight handlers at 34 per cent (ranked 5th in Chart 5.8) completes the top-ten and mirrors the the high TWA share in the sector of warehousing and storage (39 per cent, Chart 5.6).

5.4 Market share of PES and TWA occupational and educational patterns
PES and TWA market shares skewed towards for blue collar workers
Looking at the prole of occupations it becomes apparent that PES and TWA have a broadly similar pool of clients. In both cases, the market share is highest among blue collar workers.

PES - prevalence of blue collar a few highly skilled occupations

Reecting the prole of vacancies notied to PES the market share is highest for a number of occupations at low to intermediate skills levels. For some of these the market share is even higher than for the sector as a whole as one sector contains a range of occupations while PES are used only to ll a number of specic jobs within the sector. For example, the PES market share in jobs found by garbage collectors and related labourers (42 per cent) is signicantly higher than the PES market share of 25 per cent in jobs found in the waste collection sector (ranked 4th in Chart 5.5). This is mainly caused by the high market shares of sweepers within this category in countries such as Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. Contrasting with this, the PES market share can also be higher for the sector as a whole than for a specic occupation, because workers can nd a job in other sectors without PES involvement. For example, the PES market share

PES and TWA market shares vary little by educational levels

Reecting the occupational prole the PES and TWAs, the market shares are highest for jobs at low to medium educational levels (Chart 5.9) showing slightly higher values for TWA. However, in line with the overall market share, these tend to be relatively small across all education levels.

PES and TWA market share by eld of education reects the market shares in sectors
PES and TWAs market shares by eld of education (for jobnders with upper secondary or higher educational levels) partly correspond to the economic sectors in which these recruitment channels dominate. In line with a relatively high PES market share in parts of the broader public sector, their share is highest among medium and highly educated job-nders with a services related eld of education (10 per cent, Chart 5.10). Corresponding to the high TWA market

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TWA Top Ten occupations with the highest market share, 2007-2010
Average share 2007-2010 62% 42% 37% 37% 34% 31% 31% 29% 27% 26% 10% Trend = = =

Occupation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Total

Source: EU LFS.

Chemical-processing-plant operators Glass, ceramics and related plant operators Food and related products machine operators Metal- and mineral-products machine operators Transport labourers and freight handlers Other machine operators not elsewhere classied Agricultural and other mobile plant operators Industrial robot operators Wood-processing- and papermaking-plant operators Metal-processing plant operators

Guide to the reader: Top Ten occupations (ISCO-88, 3-digit) with highest market share of TWAs, EU27, 2007-2010. Increasing/decreasing: share in 2010 is at least 2% point higher/lower than in 2007. Only occupations with at least 5,000 job-nders through TWA in 2007,2008,2009 and 2010 are selected. Data for NACE rev2 are only available from 2008.

Chart 5.9

PES and TWA market share by educational level, 2007-2010

Average PES share 2007-2010 8% 8% 6% 8% Average TWA share 2007-2010 10% 11% 7% 10% Trend = = = =

Level of education Low Medium High Total

Source: EU LFS Low: Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary (ISCED 0-2); Medium: Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4); High: First and second stage of tertiary education (ISCED 5-6). Guide to the reader: market share of the PES and TWA by level of education (ISCED) of the job-nders, EU27, 2007-2010. Increasing/decreasing: share in 2010 is at least 2% point higher/lower than in 2007.

share in manufacturing, their market is highest in the eld of engineering (13 per cent, Chart 5.9). The lowest PES and TWA market shares by educational eld are found in certain white-collar elds such as teacher training and education science, health and welfare and science, mathematics and computing (Chart 5.10).

Information from dierent country studies for other recruitment channels complements the information on PES and TWA. An Austrian study1 showed that in 2009 the PES was mainly used for job vacancies that are generally associated with lower levels of education (around 50 per cent of users only have primary education), while advertisements in newspapers for job vacancies focus on applicants with lower vocational education (around 56 per cent of the total users). The same study showed that online recruitment services were especially
1 GfK Austria, Der Stellenmarkt in Osterreich: Analyse der Personalnachfrage in Medieninseraten. Jahresbericht 2009, AMS sterreich, Vienna, March 2010. http://www.gfk.at/imperia/md/content/gfkaustria/data/events/2011/stellenmarkt.pdf

Results from national studies online recruitment services have a high market share for highly educated jobseekers

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Chart 5.10

PES and TWA market share by educational background (medium and high educational levels), 2007-2010
Average share PES 2007-2010 10% 10% 9% 9% 7% 6% 6% 5% 3% 8% Trend = = = = = = Average share TWA 2007-2010 8% 9% 13% 10% 9% 4% 6% 10% 8% 10% Trend = = = = = = =

Field of education Services Agriculture and veterinary Engineering; manufacturing and construction Social sciences; business and law Humanities; languages and arts Teacher training and education science Health and welfare General programmes Science, mathematics and computing Total
Source: EU LFS

Field of application is only known for job-nders with medium or high education. Guide to the reader: market share of the PES and TWA by educational eld (ISCED) of the job-nders, EU-27, 2007-2010. Increasing and decreasing: share in 2010 is at least 2% point higher/lower than in 2007.

targeting those with higher education (around 53 per cent of all users). A UK study2 of 2011 on usage rates by economic sector found that the PES registered signicantly above average numbers of job vacancies from large employers, the health sector and social work, but signicantly below average numbers of vacancies in agriculture and nancial occupations. Job vacancies in online recruitment services are under-represented in construction, but over-represented for large employers and business services. In addition, national newspapers published signicantly more job vacancies in the education sector than other recruitment channels. A Belgian employer survey conducted in 20063 indicated that job vacancy advertisements in printed media was the most popular means of recruitment (76 per cent of all companies using them), and the use of the various recruitment channels diers for each sector, size of employer (in employment terms) and functional level. The PES job vacancy databank is used more o en for executive positions (29 per cent of users) than job vacancy websites (13 per cent of users) or employer websites (17 per cent of users). The term executive positions refers to production workers as opposed to their managers or support sta.

A detailed analysis of the relative positions of recruitment channels by a study of the Dutch PES indicates that in 20064, personnel advertisements had the highest market share overall and this was also true of most segments of the labour market. This was largely due to both high usage rates and high success rates. The relatively high market shares for the PES at low and medium levels are conrmed in this national study. In the Netherlands, the PES market share in the broader public sector was low, with 6 per cent in the government and 7 per cent in the services sectors. Online recruitment services have a high market share among the high educated job-nders in business services and in government. Later editions of this annual report do not include detailed tables on market shares but instead provide a breakdown by education. The share of persons with low and intermediate skills hired in 2011 was 89 per cent (PES) and 86 per cent (TWA). The share of persons with higher education varied from 42 per cent for specialist websites to 84 per cent for social media sites such as LinkedIn, Twitter and Facebook. The high market share of TWA for production workers and in manufacturing is conrmed in this study. Employers in manufacturing tend not to use TWA more than other recruitment channels, but TWA achieves the highest success rates of all (formal) recruitment channels in this segment.

2 UKCES, UK Employer Perspectives Survey 2010, January 2011. http://www.ukces.org.uk/publications/er25-employer-perspectives-survey 3 A. Gevers and A. Peeters, Wervingsbeleid en werknemersstromen in beeld, IDEA Consult, Brussels, 2006. http://www.exnieuws.nl/2006/02/10/02-2006-wervingsbeleid-enwerknemersstromen-in-beeld/ 4 UWV Werkbedrijf, Vacatures in Nederland 2006, Amsterdam, 2006. http://www. exnieuws.nl/2006/12/06/12-2006-vacatures-in-nederland-2006/

106

R e c r u it m e n t

c han n e l s :

th e

m a r ke t

sh a r e

o f

PES

a nd

TWA s

5.5 Conclusion
The market share of recruitment channels is determined by two factors: the rate at which employers use the channel for recruitment (usage rate) and the rate at which the use of the channel leads to the lling of the vacancy (success rate). While the overall market share of PES and TWA is rather small, although strongly varying per country, each responds dierently to the business cycle with the TWA being more sensitive to it due to the prole of vacancies they match with temporary agency workers. PES market share, in contrast, shows more resilience due to a higher involvement in the recruitment in the broader public sector. With some variability, both TWAs and PES have high market shares among certain types of middle to low educated blue collar workers. For example, the PES have a higher market share in parts of the broadly dened public sector while

TWA have a higher market share in manufacturing. The PES have a higher market share in certain skilled trades, whereas TWA tend to specialise in machine operators. The market shares for medium and higher educated job-nders partly reect the sectoral recruitment patterns via PES and TWAs showing a prevalence of the education elds of engineering, manufacturing and construction for TWA and a broader range of elds for PES including services and agriculture and veterinary. To conclude, PES and TWA operate in broadly similar market segments, which oer opportunities for cooperation. According to the national sources available, PES and TWA have slightly below average market shares among high educated workers, while online recruitment services have by far the highest market share among this group.

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References

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Layard R, Nickell S and Jackman R (2005) Unemployment: Macroeconomic performance and the labour market, Oxford University Press Oxford Scholarship Online Manpower Group (2012),The 2012 Talent Shortage Survey Research Results Methodological Centre for Vocational Education and Training (2008), Monitoring the demand and supply of skills, Vilnius OECD (2012), Towards an OECD Skills Strategy OECD (2010), OECD Economic Outlook, OECD Publishing Oce for National Statistics (2012) Graduates in the labour market 2012, UK Peeters, C., T. Bouman and F. Hendrix (2009), Wegvervoer en logistiek: visie 2015 (Road Transport and Logistics: Vision 2015), Policy Research Corporation

Randstad (2012), Into the gap - exploring skills and mismatches - international database on employment and adaptable labor, SEO Economic Research, Amsterdam UK Commission for Employment and Skills (2012), International approaches to the development of intermediate level skills and apprenticeships (Evidence Report No 42, Vol 1) UK Commission for Employment and Skills (2011), UK Employer Perspectives Survey 2010, January 2011 UWV Werkbedrijf (2011), Vacatures in Nederland 2011, Amsterdam UWV Werkbedrijf (2006), Vacatures in Nederland 2006, Amsterdam

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Statistical Annex
Main Indicators
A2.1 Index GDP by country, 2007Q1-2011Q3 A2.2 Index number of employees by country 2007Q1-2011Q3 A2.3 Stock of job vacancies by country, 2008Q1-2011Q3 A2.4 Stock of job vacancies by economic sector, 2008Q1 - 2011Q3, 15 EU countries A2.5 Index stock of job vacancies (JVS) by country A2.6 Number of job-nders by country, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3 A2.7. Index number of job nders (LFS) A2.8 Job-nders rate per country A2.9 Number of job-nders by type of contract, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3, EU27 A2.10 Index of job-nders with temporary contracts A2.11 Number of job-nders by type of job, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3, EU27 A2.12 Index of job-nders with part-time contracts by country, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3 A2.13 Inow of vacancies registered by the PES by country, 2008Q1 - 2011Q3, 12 countries A2.14 Index inow job vacancies registered by PES A3.1 Number of job-nders by economic sector (NACE Rev.2, 2 digit), 2008Q1 - 2011Q3, EU27 A3.2 Job-nders by NACE rev.2, by country, 2011Q3 A3.3 Number of job-nders by major occupational group (ISCO-08, 1digit), 2007Q1 - 2011Q3, EU25 (x1000) A3.4 Job-nders by ISCO-08(1-digit), by country, 2011Q3 A3.5 Inow job vacancies registered by PES by ISCO (1-digit), 2011Q3 A3.6 Number of job-nders by educational level (ISCED), 2007Q1 - 2011Q3, EU27 A3.7 Job nders by educational level, by country, 2011Q3 A3.8 Number of job-nders by educational eld (ISCED), 2007 - 2010, EU26 (x1000) A3.9 Job nders by educational eld, by country, 2010 A4.1 UV ratio per country, 2008Q1-2011Q3 A4.2 Ratio of number of unemployed to number of job-nders by country, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3 A4.3 Ratio of registered unemployed to in ow of registered job vacancies (PES) A5.1 Number of job-nders nding a temporary work agency job, 2007 - 2010, EU27 A5.2 Number of job-nders nding a job through Public Employment Services, 2007 - 2010, EU27 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 137

Country-specic data
AC.1Top 25 occupations (ISCO-08 4-digit) of job-nders (LFS) by country, 2011Q3 AC.2 Top 3 growth occupations (ISCO-88 4-digit) per major occupational group, job-nders (LFS), 2007-2010 AC.3 Top 25 occupations (ISCO-88 3-digit) of inow job vacancies registered by PES, 2011Q3 AC.4 Top-25 PES bottleneck occupations (ISCO88 3-digit) with high inow vacancy to unemployed ratio 139 155 183 191

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CONVENTIONS (meaning)
An.m AC * a n.e.c. : = table is presented in the Annex and related to the core text in chapter n = table is presented in the Annex, in section Country-specic data = limited reliability = number is below publication limit or negative = not elsewhere classied = not available

Main Indicators

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A2.1 Index GDP by country, 2007Q1-2011Q3

Index Country Q1 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Germany Greece Estonia Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK EU27 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2007 Q2 104 104 113 106 108 103 101 107 109 106 101 109 99 104 115 112 103 103 103 104 106 121 107 112 104 103 98 102 Q3 106 100 130 108 109 102 104 112 106 106 99 113 97 103 119 123 100 109 99 105 103 151 109 120 99 94 101 102 Q4 108 108 135 113 109 107 103 108 110 112 104 117 102 104 128 120 104 109 107 120 107 169 109 121 107 108 105 106 Q1 103 103 107 103 105 101 102 100 98 103 101 102 99 100 104 107 104 104 104 107 101 109 106 110 102 100 103 102 2008 Q2 106 106 121 112 112 104 104 108 108 109 102 112 97 103 115 119 106 109 106 110 106 132 114 119 106 105 97 103 Q3 108 102 139 114 113 101 105 112 104 107 99 115 97 102 114 125 101 115 101 111 103 165 113 128 100 94 100 103 Q4 107 105 140 113 111 103 101 107 100 109 102 115 93 101 115 117 100 112 106 123 105 174 108 122 106 102 100 104 Q1 97 97 102 99 106 96 95 96 85 94 97 95 91 93 85 92 98 100 99 107 97 102 97 104 98 94 96 96 2009 Q2 100 102 116 105 110 96 96 103 90 98 98 103 90 97 93 100 97 105 101 111 102 121 103 113 101 98 92 98 Q3 104 99 132 107 110 95 100 108 85 98 97 106 90 97 93 107 96 111 98 112 101 153 103 121 96 88 96 98 Q4 107 106 129 110 107 99 99 106 91 102 101 110 88 98 96 99 98 113 104 127 103 163 102 118 103 101 99 102 Q1 98 99 97 100 105 94 98 96 81 95 98 95 90 95 80 92 98 104 100 110 98 100 96 109 97 96 97 97 2010 Q2 102 105 117 109 111 97 101 102 92 103 100 104 90 99 90 101 101 108 103 115 104 120 105 118 101 102 94 100 Q3 107 101 132 110 112 98 104 103 89 102 98 108 90 99 96 108 98 113 99 118 102 150 105 126 96 94 98 101 Q4 110 108 133 113 110 101 103 97 96 108 103 112 88 99 100 104 102 116 106 133 104 162 104 122 103 109 101 104 Q1 103 102 99 103 107 96 103 88 89 99 101 97 90 95 83 97 101 106 103 115 98 101 99 113 98 102 98 100 2011 Q2 106 107 120 111 112 99 104 95 100 105 102 105 92 99 95 107 102 110 105 120 103 122 106 122 102 107 96 102 Q3 100 102 135 111 111 98 107 98 97 104 100 109 90 99 103 115 99 116 101 123 100 157 104 129 96 99 99 102 Average Quarterly (x mln) 65938 80149 6678 29810 3804 52543 593212 50292 2999 42149 445816 22410 42439 360924 3451 5874 8354 1328 137952 73910 39451 22921 8008 11932 240986 79426 473904 2907468 Yearly (x mln) 262822 320073 26835 119079 15181 210877 2360825 15181 12022 168689 1781478 90056 170710 1447852 14002 23546 33401 5292 551474 293180 158403 92787 32135 47407 967171 315995 1898669 11627902

GDP: chainlinked volumes, reference year 2005, at 2005 exchange rates, not seasonally adjusted. Source: Eurostat, National Accounts http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/national_accounts/introduction

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A2.2 Index number of employees by country 2007Q1-2011Q3

Index Country Q1 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Germany Greece Estonia Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK EU27 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2007 Q2 102 100 103 101 103 101 102 102 101 105 102 101 101 102 102 102 99 102 102 102 100 102 103 100 102 102 101 102 Q3 104 99 104 101 103 100 103 104 103 106 103 101 103 103 105 103 100 102 103 104 101 102 105 101 102 105 101 103 Q4 103 103 104 102 105 101 103 103 101 104 102 100 101 103 107 103 101 101 102 106 101 101 104 103 102 103 102 103 Q1 102 103 104 102 103 101 102 102 102 103 103 99 101 101 105 104 101 103 102 105 101 102 104 102 102 102 101 102 2008 Q2 105 102 106 103 105 103 103 105 104 107 104 99 100 104 106 104 103 105 103 106 103 103 106 102 102 104 102 103 Q3 106 103 108 103 104 103 105 105 104 107 104 101 101 105 104 104 101 106 104 109 102 105 110 105 101 106 102 104 Q4 105 103 107 103 105 102 106 103 102 103 103 100 97 104 101 103 97 104 104 110 102 104 107 105 99 103 102 103 Q1 103 101 104 101 103 100 103 101 96 100 102 96 93 102 95 98 102 103 103 107 100 102 103 100 96 100 100 101 2009 Q2 104 102 104 101 104 99 103 103 94 103 103 97 91 103 90 96 106 104 103 108 100 102 102 99 95 102 99 101 Q3 105 102 103 100 104 99 103 103 93 102 103 97 91 103 89 96 106 106 103 109 99 103 103 98 95 102 100 101 Q4 105 102 100 100 104 97 105 101 90 98 101 97 89 103 88 94 106 104 102 109 99 100 102 97 94 100 99 101 Q1 103 103 95 98 104 97 103 99 86 98 101 95 88 101 85 91 107 103 97 106 99 99 100 94 92 99 98 99 2010 Q2 104 103 96 98 107 98 104 101 88 103 102 97 88 101 87 91 107 105 98 109 100 100 100 96 93 102 99 101 Q3 106 104 97 99 107 97 105 100 91 102 102 98 88 101 89 93 108 107 99 110 99 99 98 97 93 104 100 101 Q4 105 104 95 99 108 96 106 97 92 100 101 98 87 103 89 94 107 106 99 110 99 100 99 97 93 102 100 101 Q1 103 103 91 98 105 95 105 94 91 99 101 96 86 101 88 92 111 108 98 108 98 101 96 97 91 102 99 100 2011 Q2 105 105 93 99 106 96 107 93 94 103 102 98 87 102 90 95 108 108 98 110 99 101 97 98 93 105 100 101 Q3 107 104 95 99 104 97 108 92 98 103 102 99 86 103 91 95 109 111 98 111 99 101 98 98 92 106 99 102 Average Quarterly (x 1000) 3500 3789 2758 4052 304 2489 33765 2836 547 2142 22777 3345 1611 17168 890 1247 196 139 7240 12080 3845 6183 816 2006 15907 4024 24585 180242

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/employment_unemployment_lfs/introduction

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A2.3 Stock of job vacancies by country, 2008Q1-2011Q3

2008 Country Q1 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Norway : : 25.040 12.414 138.903 : 16.573 : : 959.335 58.067 : : : 15.204 25.712 2.969 : 244.500 : 16.621 99.049 28.325 8.766 : 56.319 674.000 : Q2 : : 24.404 13.393 144.796 : 15.340 : : 934.101 29.837 : : : 12.621 23.022 3.031 : 250.000 : 18.180 95.187 23.981 8.308 : 54.677 663.000 : Q3 : : 22.773 14.257 143.415 : 15.695 : : 829.271 31.426 : : : 8.059 25.853 2.782 : 233.100 : 14.589 96.622 24.791 8.707 : 47.419 625.000 : Q4 : : 18.722 8.557 113.205 : 10.021 : : 890.904 17.436 : : : 5.846 12.768 2.132 : 185.200 : 13.490 71.245 21.331 5.307 : 35.798 526.000 : Q1 57.870 : 18.122 7.676 66.906 : 5.594 44.503 : 659.237 51.613 : : : 3.647 7.408 2.008 : 152.300 84.190 13.079 56.873 20.793 5.600 : 37.722 444.000 : Q2 50.782 : 17.194 8.118 47.193 : 4.007 37.582 : 659.741 45.886 : : : 2.220 5.918 1.372 : 134.800 84.190 12.007 38.963 17.631 5.236 : 35.811 439.000 : Q3 54.227 : 16.693 8.213 39.574 : 4.779 30.802 : 627.696 35.501 : : : 1.844 5.624 1.484 : 122.600 72.091 10.984 33.543 16.249 5.071 : 27.505 450.000 : Q4 47.996 : 15.771 5.260 32.695 : 3.649 21.835 : 745.188 27.169 : : : 1.714 4.104 1.311 : 117.900 60.015 10.256 20.616 14.022 3.850 : 32.475 464.000 : Q1 57.983 39.061 16.080 4.986 32.293 : 4.574 48.247 : 830.877 43.242 28.886 : : 1.640 6.136 1.509 : 115.000 84.190 11.661 28.183 13.116 4.081 186.413 43.600 453.000 60.246 Q2 63.005 39.061 15.520 5.953 32.422 : 5.191 47.770 : 776.089 24.700 27.411 : : 1.773 6.032 1.721 : 123.500 72.091 13.408 23.571 12.549 5.092 193.297 56.829 495.000 : Q3 76.321 32.452 15.903 5.239 34.032 : 5.756 36.521 : 800.829 20.638 25.449 : : 2.244 8.208 2.232 : 122.200 72.091 12.672 22.726 13.821 5.000 154.890 48.283 470.000 63.629 Q4 78.916 34.650 16.322 3.188 32.366 : 4.703 31.412 : 976.278 12.561 24.892 : : 2.313 6.110 2.308 : 123.300 60.015 12.417 19.960 13.809 5.386 143.400 49.952 485.000 55.600 Q1 83.315 34.650 15.740 4.603 31.927 : 5.839 57.723 : 1.041.477 : 31.198 : : 2.903 9.945 2.707 : 134.300 84.190 10.908 26.447 14.626 5.389 149.123 65.908 459.000 68.300 Q2 75.720 41.273 15.967 4.353 36.309 : 6.273 49.083 : 963.425 : 27.520 : : 3.023 9.459 3.507 : 142.100 72.091 11.555 27.039 14.305 6.023 145.997 77.961 468.000 77.900 Q3 70.830 45.711 15.487 2.643 38.626 : 7.797 39.676 : 911.784 15.043 27.455 : : 3.051 12.293 2.678 : 129.300 60.015 12.361 27.173 14.104 7.055 131.103 57.797 478.000 67.200 2009 2010 2011

EU-22

2.054.758

2.041.985

1.987.506

2.139.258

2.271.919

2.200.983

2.109.982

Source: Eurostat, Job Vacancy Statistics Additional data for Germany 2008Q1 2010Q2 provided by IAB (Institut fr Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung) http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/labour_market/job_vacancies

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A2.4 Stock of job vacancies by economic sector, 2008Q1 - 2011Q3, 15 EU countries

2008 Economic sector Q1 03 Manufacturing 06 Construction 07 Trade and Repair 08 Transportation and Storage 09 Accommodation and Food Services 10-14 Other business services 15 Public Administration 16 Education 17-19 Health and Social Work 20-21 Arts and Other Services Total (15 countries) 297.182 128.391 295.115 137.627 152.280 833.153 119.185 67.978 137.357 132.587 2.300.855 Q2 292.300 141.116 311.170 108.715 165.213 782.982 117.928 79.397 136.959 123.626 2.259.406 Q3 264.938 123.938 283.442 104.685 147.810 711.374 124.326 78.244 137.520 113.696 2.089.973 Q4 208.151 94.140 267.247 113.201 123.233 646.779 125.159 73.013 129.840 118.984 1.899.747 Q1 125.655 101.698 180.709 68.046 90.976 481.122 118.103 66.433 125.141 124.132 1.482.015 Q2 111.923 86.459 182.019 61.842 127.196 430.927 103.649 70.555 111.296 127.403 1.413.269 Q3 104.100 77.959 172.339 70.791 103.793 451.140 95.429 67.637 101.807 109.601 1.354.596 Q4 112.407 58.500 196.567 67.853 129.387 491.111 92.065 65.011 96.445 147.421 1.456.767 Q1 115.844 78.156 180.300 47.130 112.321 494.204 81.928 130.074 214.084 95.291 1.549.332 Q2 130.074 97.408 207.775 74.151 126.797 526.684 46.659 82.412 167.049 95.632 1.554.641 Q3 155.077 74.340 247.252 84.032 118.919 556.015 41.628 56.014 156.725 64.570 1.554.572 Q4 179.782 64.027 278.571 80.854 106.991 649.905 69.259 66.075 173.315 65.260 1.734.039 Q1 190.910 99.338 339.177 68.291 175.075 573.289 67.103 57.754 163.877 74.206 1.809.020 Q2 185.975 81.796 265.928 62.939 144.327 688.801 50.030 65.947 159.756 65.261 1.770.760 Q3 186.275 80.746 258.052 74.275 123.884 610.723 48.879 67.264 152.521 85.279 1.687.898 2009 2010 2011

Source: Eurostat, Job Vacancy Statistics Additional data for Germany 2008Q1 2010Q2 provided by IAB (Institut fr Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung) http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/labour_market/job_vacancies

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A2.5 Index stock of job vacancies (JVS) by country

Index Country Q1 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Germany Greece Estonia Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK EU15 : : 100 100 100 : 100 : 100 : : : : : 100 100 100 : 100 : 100 100 100 100 : 100 100 100 2008 Q2 : : 97 104 108 : 101 : 93 : : : : : 83 90 102 : 102 : 109 96 95 85 : 97 98 100 Q3 : : 91 103 115 : 89 : 95 : : : : : 53 101 94 : 95 : 88 98 99 88 : 84 93 92 Q4 : : 75 81 69 : 90 : 60 : : : : : 38 50 72 : 76 : 81 72 61 75 : 64 78 81 Q1 : : 72 48 62 : 74 : 34 : : : : : 24 29 68 : 62 : 79 57 64 73 : 67 66 66 2009 Q2 : : 69 34 65 : 72 : 24 : : : : : 15 23 46 : 55 : 72 39 60 62 : 64 65 63 Q3 : : 67 28 66 : 69 : 29 : : : : : 12 22 50 : 50 : 66 34 58 57 : 49 67 60 Q4 : : 63 24 42 : 74 : 22 : : : : : 11 16 44 : 48 : 62 21 44 50 : 58 69 62 Q1 : : 64 23 40 : 65 : 28 : : : : : 11 24 51 : 47 : 70 28 47 46 : 77 67 58 2010 Q2 : : 62 23 48 : 84 : 31 : : : : : 12 23 58 : 51 : 81 24 58 44 : 101 73 69 Q3 : : 64 25 42 : 87 : 35 : : : : : 15 32 75 : 50 : 76 23 57 49 : 86 70 69 Q4 : : 65 23 26 : 106 : 28 : : : : : 15 24 78 : 50 : 75 20 61 49 : 89 72 77 Q1 : : 63 23 37 : 113 : 35 : : : : : 19 39 91 : 55 : 66 27 61 52 : 117 68 80 2011 Q2 : : 64 26 35 : 105 : 38 : : : : : 20 37 118 : 58 : 70 27 69 51 : 138 69 78 Q3 : : 62 28 21 : 99 : 47 : : : : : 20 48 90 : 53 : 74 27 80 50 : 103 71 75 Average Quarterly (x 1000) : : 18 64 7 : 814 : 8 : : : : : 5 11 2 : 155 : 13 46 6 18 : 49 506 1722

Source: Eurostat, Job Vacancy Statistics Additional data for Germany 2008Q1 2010Q2 provided by IAB (Institut fr Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung) http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/labour_market/job_vacancies

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A2.6 Number of job-nders by country, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3

2007 Country Q1 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Rep. Germany Denmark Estonia Spain Finland France Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Latvia Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Sweden Slovenia Slovakia UK EU-27 196 201 143 17 164 : 278 35 1.792 159 1.635 70 117 160 861 74 7 79 5.000 : 731 196 394 380 50 80 1.378 Q2 234 196 198 24 165 : 289 40 1.853 265 1.756 126 149 132 968 84 7 85 6.000 : 854 219 228 472 55 85 1.534 Q3 261 228 139 21 160 : 286 39 1.972 274 1.979 112 145 163 1.001 84 8 85 8.000 : 959 211 166 535 62 75 1.739 Q4 236 266 128 29 181 : 289 39 1.896 207 2.067 86 161 153 1.032 94 13 84 8.000 : 937 239 160 429 56 81 1.966 Q1 213 229 155 17 164 : 263 29 1.679 171 1.730 73 147 121 975 77 4 68 6.000 : 825 217 191 388 51 64 1.557 Q2 236 201 160 24 160 : 277 33 1.625 271 1.736 120 164 96 990 77 7 76 7.000 : 846 212 160 473 52 73 1.353 Q3 261 233 173 24 164 : 277 37 1.721 268 1.920 123 163 139 961 75 5 84 7.000 : 856 216 160 509 72 88 1.550 Q4 250 249 122 24 175 : 253 51 1.524 189 1.921 90 154 117 917 61 6 58 5.000 : 805 227 149 386 58 75 1.637 Q1 188 165 110 17 143 : 222 33 1.209 144 1.363 84 114 69 704 42 7 38 4.000 : 613 176 122 320 38 59 1.033 8.941 Q2 210 175 134 20 154 : 222 26 1.225 207 1.471 131 156 73 769 56 8 44 4.000 : 706 177 105 400 34 60 1.045 Q3 235 187 116 21 162 : 234 33 1.442 222 1.716 129 151 84 763 58 9 53 6.000 : 667 202 92 424 47 67 1.224 Q4 228 212 93 22 179 : 221 30 1.368 154 1.744 96 149 78 834 49 10 58 6.000 : 699 208 113 356 46 59 1.430 Q1 203 159 79 16 143 : 181 27 1.117 134 1.409 72 134 63 739 40 5 56 5.000 : 655 181 106 330 39 61 954 Q2 240 180 122 21 178 : 230 37 1.254 239 1.626 119 184 79 796 70 8 82 6.000 : 816 199 102 443 38 87 1.099 Q3 277 204 122 21 177 : 235 47 1.464 264 1.903 108 169 98 813 84 11 99 7.000 : 849 202 106 503 43 77 1.359 Q4 262 241 103 24 182 : 233 46 1.296 199 1.858 77 160 91 874 79 12 89 6.000 : 721 204 105 411 41 68 1.484 Q1 212 203 96 14 166 : 198 36 1.167 158 1.495 56 127 73 807 47 10 63 7.000 : 567 227 133 378 41 57 1.051 Q2 256 213 128 23 179 : 230 44 1.262 253 1.687 93 196 84 817 99 7 83 6.000 : 754 228 136 460 44 74 1.110 Q3 285 221 125 20 185 : 241 55 1.364 263 1.953 96 185 92 772 75 11 78 7 : 734 261 132 516 47 54 1.271 2008 2009 2010 2011

11.308 12.459 13.460 13.823 11.595 11.892 12.772 12.443

9.687 10.661 11.039

8.941 10.828 11.917 11.805

9.535 10.978 11.786

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), data extracts provided by Eurostat

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A2.7. Index number of job nders (LFS)

Index Country Q1 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Germany Greece Estonia Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK EU27 100 100 100 100 100 100 : 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 : 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2007 Q2 119 98 138 101 141 104 : 180 114 167 107 127 83 112 108 114 100 120 : 117 112 58 110 106 103 124 111 110 Q3 133 113 97 98 124 103 : 160 111 172 121 124 102 116 108 114 114 160 : 131 108 42 124 94 110 141 126 119 Q4 120 132 90 110 171 104 : 123 111 130 126 138 96 120 106 127 186 160 : 128 122 41 112 101 106 113 143 122 Q1 109 114 108 100 100 95 : 104 83 108 106 126 76 113 86 104 57 120 : 113 111 48 102 80 94 102 113 103 2008 Q2 120 100 112 98 141 100 : 171 94 170 106 140 60 115 96 104 100 140 : 116 108 41 104 91 91 124 98 105 Q3 133 116 121 100 141 100 : 176 106 169 117 139 87 112 106 101 71 140 : 117 110 41 144 110 96 134 112 113 Q4 128 124 85 107 141 91 : 129 146 119 117 132 73 107 73 82 86 100 : 110 116 38 116 94 85 102 119 110 Q1 96 82 77 87 100 80 : 120 94 91 83 97 43 82 48 57 100 80 : 84 90 31 76 74 67 84 75 79 2009 Q2 107 87 94 94 118 80 : 187 74 130 90 133 46 89 56 76 114 80 : 97 90 27 68 75 68 105 76 86 Q3 120 93 81 99 124 84 : 184 94 140 105 129 53 89 67 78 129 120 : 91 103 23 94 84 80 112 89 94 Q4 116 105 65 109 129 79 : 137 86 97 107 127 49 97 73 66 143 120 : 96 106 29 92 74 76 94 104 98 Q1 104 79 55 87 94 65 : 103 77 84 86 115 39 86 71 54 71 100 : 90 92 27 78 76 62 87 69 79 2010 Q2 122 90 85 109 124 83 : 170 106 150 99 157 49 92 104 95 114 120 : 112 102 26 76 109 70 117 80 96 Q3 141 101 85 108 124 85 : 154 134 166 116 144 61 94 125 114 157 140 : 116 103 27 86 96 82 132 99 105 Q4 134 120 72 111 141 84 : 110 131 125 114 137 57 102 113 107 171 120 : 99 104 27 82 85 72 108 108 104 Q1 108 101 67 101 82 71 : 80 103 99 91 109 46 94 80 64 143 140 : 78 116 34 82 71 65 99 76 84 2011 Q2 131 106 90 109 135 83 : 133 126 159 103 168 53 95 105 134 100 120 : 103 116 35 88 93 70 121 81 97 Q3 145 110 87 113 118 87 : 137 157 165 119 158 58 90 99 101 157 140 : 100 133 34 94 68 76 136 92 104 Average Quarterly (x 1000) 236 209 129 167 21 245 : 98 38 213 1735 154 103 863 72 70 8 6 : 768 211 151 48 71 1486 427 1357 11362 Yearly (x 1000) 803 736 463 574 75 881 : 347 125 716 6076 516 385 3097 239 238 27 21 : 2719 721 563 175 249 5430 1453 4971 40207

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), data extracts provided by Eurostat

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A2.8 Job-nders rate per country

Ratio Country Q1 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Germany Greece Estonia Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK EU27 5,8 5,4 5,2 4,1 5,9 11,1 : 2,5 6,1 7,6 7,3 3,5 9,3 5,1 8,5 5,8 5,8 4,0 : 6,5 5,1 6,5 6,2 3,9 10,9 9,7 5,6 6,4 2007 Q2 6,8 5,3 7,0 4,0 7,9 11,4 : 4,4 6,9 12,1 7,7 4,3 7,6 5,7 9,0 6,4 6,4 4,5 : 7,5 5,7 3,7 6,6 4,2 11,1 11,8 6,2 6,9 Q3 7,5 6,2 4,9 3,9 7,2 11,4 : 3,8 6,8 12,4 8,6 4,2 9,2 5,8 8,7 6,3 6,3 5,7 : 8,2 5,4 2,7 7,4 3,7 11,7 13,0 7,0 7,4 Q4 6,8 7,0 4,5 4,4 9,5 11,4 : 3,0 6,9 9,6 9,0 4,7 8,8 6,0 8,4 7,2 7,2 5,8 : 7,9 6,2 2,6 6,7 3,9 11,3 10,6 7,9 7,6 Q1 6,2 6,0 5,4 4,0 5,5 10,4 : 2,5 5,0 8,0 7,5 4,4 7,0 5,7 6,9 5,8 5,8 4,5 : 7,0 5,6 3,1 6,1 3,1 10,0 9,7 6,3 6,4 2008 Q2 6,7 5,3 5,5 3,8 7,9 10,7 : 4,1 5,5 12,1 7,5 4,9 5,5 5,7 7,7 5,9 5,9 5,0 : 7,1 5,4 2,5 6,1 3,5 9,7 11,6 5,4 6,5 Q3 7,4 6,1 5,9 3,9 7,9 10,7 : 4,2 6,3 12,0 8,3 4,8 8,0 5,5 8,6 5,6 5,6 4,8 : 7,0 5,5 2,5 8,2 4,1 10,3 12,3 6,2 6,9 Q$ 7,1 6,5 4,2 4,2 7,7 9,8 : 3,1 8,9 8,7 8,3 4,5 7,0 5,2 6,1 4,7 4,7 3,7 : 6,5 5,8 2,4 6,7 3,5 9,4 9,6 6,6 6,8 Q1 5,4 4,4 3,9 3,5 5,7 8,9 : 2,9 6,1 6,8 6,0 3,5 4,3 4,1 4,2 3,4 3,4 3,2 : 5,1 4,6 2,0 4,5 2,9 7,7 8,1 4,2 5,0 2009 Q2 6,0 4,6 4,7 3,8 6,5 8,9 : 4,5 4,8 9,7 6,4 4,7 4,7 4,5 5,3 4,6 4,6 3,0 : 5,8 4,6 1,7 4,2 3,0 7,8 10,0 4,3 5,4 Q3 6,6 5,0 4,1 4,0 6,8 9,4 : 4,4 6,2 10,4 7,5 4,6 5,4 4,4 6,4 4,7 4,7 4,6 : 5,4 5,3 1,5 5,7 3,4 9,3 10,6 5,0 5,9 Q4 6,5 5,6 3,4 4,4 7,1 9,1 : 3,3 6,0 7,5 7,7 4,5 5,1 4,8 7,0 4,1 4,1 4,3 : 5,7 5,5 1,9 5,6 3,0 8,9 9,1 5,9 6,2 Q1 5,9 4,2 3,0 3,6 5,2 7,4 : 2,6 5,5 6,5 6,3 4,1 4,2 4,4 7,0 3,4 3,4 4,0 : 5,5 4,8 1,8 4,9 3,2 7,4 8,5 4,0 5,1 2010 Q2 6,9 4,7 4,6 4,5 6,9 9,3 : 4,2 7,4 11,1 7,1 5,6 5,2 4,7 10,1 6,0 6,0 4,3 : 6,7 5,2 1,7 4,7 4,5 8,2 11,1 4,5 6,1 Q3 7,8 5,3 4,6 4,4 6,6 9,6 : 3,8 9,0 12,3 8,3 5,1 6,5 4,8 11,8 7,1 7,1 4,7 : 6,8 5,3 1,8 5,5 3,9 9,5 12,4 5,6 6,6 Q4 7,4 6,2 3,9 4,6 7,7 9,7 : 2,8 8,9 9,6 8,2 4,8 6,1 5,1 10,7 6,5 6,5 4,5 : 5,8 5,4 1,7 5,2 3,5 8,5 10,2 6,1 6,6 Q1 6,1 5,3 3,8 4,2 4,7 8,3 : 2,1 7,0 7,7 6,6 3,9 4,9 4,8 7,6 4,0 4,0 4,6 : 4,7 6,0 2,2 5,3 2,9 7,8 9,4 4,3 5,4 2011 Q2 7,2 5,5 5,0 4,5 7,4 9,5 : 3,5 8,2 11,7 7,4 5,9 5,6 4,8 9,8 8,1 8,1 4,0 : 6,1 6,0 2,2 5,7 3,7 8,3 11,2 4,5 6,1 Q3 7,9 5,8 4,8 4,6 6,6 9,9 : 3,7 9,9 12,2 8,6 5,5 6,2 4,5 9,2 6,2 6,2 5,0 : 5,9 6,9 2,1 6,0 2,7 9,0 12,4 5,2 6,5 6,7 5,5 4,7 4,1 6,9 9,8 : 3,5 6,9 9,9 7,6 4,6 6,4 5,0 8,0 5,6 4,2 4,4 : 6,4 5,5 2,4 5,9 3,5 9,3 10,6 5,5 6,3 Average

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), data extracts provided by Eurostat

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A2.9 Number of job-nders by type of contract, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3, EU27

Type of contract Permanent Temporary No answer Total 2007 Q1 4.972 6.284 52 Q2 5.135 7.252 72 Q3 5.143 8.265 51 Q4 5.747 8.030 46 Q1 5.104 6.456 35 2008 Q2 4.986 6.874 33 Q3 4.912 7.825 35 Q4 5.098 7.307 38 Q1 3.805 5.114 22 8.941 2009 Q2 3.741 5.920 26 Q3 3.686 6.941 34 Q4 4.154 6.855 29 Q1 3.609 5.301 30 2010 Q2 4.006 6.786 37 Q3 4.218 7.661 37 Q4 4.550 7.221 34 Q1 3.816 5.688 31 2011 Q2 4.160 6.767 50 Q3 4.170 7.575 40

11.308 12.459 13.460 13.823 11.595 11.892 12.772 12.443

9.687 10.661 11.039

8.941 10.828 11.917 11.805

9.535 10.978 11.786

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), data extracts provided by Eurostat

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A2.10 Index of job-nders with temporary contracts

Index Country Q1 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Germany Greece Estonia Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK EU27 100 100 100 100 : 100 : 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 : 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2007 Q2 110 100 150 105 : 118 : 214 252 204 109 147 119 125 148 132 121 157 : 118 113 118 115 108 104 128 102 115 Q3 189 133 106 98 : 123 : 205 282 223 134 129 235 131 146 107 132 168 : 128 112 113 139 72 113 146 132 132 Q4 137 137 74 101 : 104 : 129 223 128 129 128 143 131 97 86 173 150 : 123 125 109 115 71 106 106 143 128 Q1 124 111 122 88 : 91 : 112 247 107 105 110 119 122 72 61 82 114 : 105 113 94 107 60 94 98 100 103 2008 Q2 111 84 150 90 : 106 : 223 167 221 108 155 90 132 118 99 132 103 : 114 110 85 103 84 90 124 86 109 Q3 185 126 142 95 : 102 : 236 227 217 129 150 203 131 166 86 51 142 : 114 111 96 156 125 100 139 115 125 Q$ 148 130 85 87 : 83 : 150 327 120 123 132 137 120 83 46 102 59 : 106 117 75 118 89 88 95 120 116 Q1 107 74 71 79 : 94 : 123 190 94 84 94 80 89 56 20 60 50 : 82 88 72 73 76 68 85 78 81 2009 Q2 91 90 133 89 : 105 : 244 189 176 96 176 96 103 83 94 84 90 : 97 94 93 74 85 70 111 90 94 Q3 177 116 101 106 : 108 : 247 339 184 120 169 135 111 143 101 168 237 : 94 104 77 113 99 85 122 106 110 Q4 148 121 60 111 : 94 : 163 175 114 112 148 112 114 156 41 145 158 : 97 109 72 102 74 78 95 127 109 Q1 109 83 60 90 : 81 : 122 214 94 88 125 84 93 123 41 48 119 : 87 89 73 88 86 64 88 77 84 2010 Q2 112 84 111 122 : 104 : 235 457 209 109 205 114 113 216 79 77 180 : 113 99 100 86 147 71 122 97 108 Q3 205 115 117 120 : 108 : 218 410 221 127 184 168 119 226 126 196 253 : 117 108 118 101 131 86 139 121 122 Q4 163 129 65 114 : 95 : 112 309 139 122 156 133 123 229 88 143 196 : 100 108 76 91 97 75 104 122 115 Q1 113 101 60 110 : 90 : 82 312 109 97 127 101 108 151 49 113 197 : 77 116 140 82 84 67 98 86 91 2011 Q2 113 107 112 122 : 114 : 178 453 204 111 227 129 117 239 151 86 151 : 104 118 175 87 105 74 124 99 108 Q3 225 132 114 126 : 106 : 178 634 219 132 207 155 118 198 117 144 302 : 100 138 144 108 80 82 140 108 121 Average Quarterly (x 1000) 83 97 52 89 : 71 : 56 10 137 1295 79 38 548 24 17 4 1 : 642 171 26 38 32 1284 327 357 6849 Yearly (x 1000) 326 384 209 343 : 282 : 231 36 540 5173 302 153 2197 88 64 16 5 : 2617 665 95 154 128 5258 1294 1448 27523

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), data extracts provided by Eurostat

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A2.11 Number of job-nders by type of job, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3, EU27

2007 Type of job Q1 Fulltime Parttime No answer Total 8.076 3.090 142 Q2 9.140 3.278 148 Q3 10.090 3.376 130 Q4 9.901 3.909 137 Q1 8.259 3.396 1 Q2 8.628 3.365 2 Q3 9.489 3.407 3 Q4 8.668 3.909 1 Q1 6.082 2.852 1 8.941 Q2 6.686 3.019 2 Q3 7.523 3.153 5 Q4 7.489 3.544 3 Q1 6.013 2.927 1 Q2 7.429 3.396 3 Q3 8.536 3.379 2 Q4 8.109 3.695 1 Q1 6.461 3.073 1 Q2 7.567 3.410 1 Q3 8.369 3.413 3 2008 2009 2010 2011

11.308 12.459 13.460 13.823 11.595 11.892 12.772 12.443

9.687 10.661 11.039

8.941 10.828 11.917 11.805

9.535 10.978 11.786

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), data extracts provided by Eurostat

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A2.12 Index of job-nders with part-time contracts by country, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3

Index Country Q1 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Germany Greece Estonia Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK EU27 100 100 100 100 100 100 : 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 : 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2007 Q2 114 97 164 92 69 109 : 199 131 140 102 139 82 111 188 163 131 198 : 108 62 187 136 89 92 117 98 106 Q3 104 104 104 68 71 105 : 180 94 137 103 125 115 117 79 206 56 262 : 103 84 193 124 73 97 142 111 109 Q4 132 143 76 91 146 124 : 126 107 154 130 130 108 128 88 206 110 128 : 138 125 73 123 81 112 116 147 126 Q1 110 121 164 96 85 101 : 105 67 110 98 141 85 119 73 212 58 98 : 112 118 261 122 83 92 241 116 110 2008 Q2 122 98 197 87 73 116 : 191 73 134 90 145 63 126 119 192 28 215 : 111 95 157 106 104 85 261 94 109 Q3 106 128 115 92 109 112 : 194 147 132 90 189 110 111 92 184 55 254 : 108 126 113 130 435 95 238 107 110 Q$ 132 123 91 114 212 122 : 122 161 137 118 178 89 128 82 149 65 70 : 142 141 156 139 214 105 238 124 126 Q1 114 101 103 98 133 94 : 112 121 95 81 125 57 97 82 101 122 64 : 102 143 253 94 275 78 215 76 92 2009 Q2 107 103 126 91 88 91 : 205 96 111 89 214 64 97 74 173 109 110 : 97 113 144 97 319 78 239 83 98 Q3 109 93 99 104 96 105 : 204 178 126 94 209 79 104 129 185 151 215 : 102 83 311 118 288 86 225 92 102 Q4 120 119 76 127 161 106 : 129 41 114 118 147 76 109 47 181 182 144 : 115 140 214 123 200 101 237 116 115 Q1 116 92 131 112 100 91 : 98 102 88 86 144 57 111 100 95 100 108 : 115 107 81 108 297 71 217 76 95 2010 Q2 117 100 117 115 97 94 : 183 130 128 97 206 67 104 140 125 108 152 : 103 84 180 111 659 82 241 85 110 Q3 126 95 131 99 109 110 : 161 84 140 98 178 94 116 134 127 120 173 : 117 121 140 103 419 97 242 102 109 Q4 142 149 167 117 228 102 : 108 217 140 109 204 88 127 146 217 165 140 : 122 133 86 102 257 99 241 119 120 Q1 126 117 163 108 138 85 : 71 114 96 88 180 70 107 137 115 154 179 : 86 184 310 80 336 90 228 78 99 2011 Q2 130 115 169 113 93 96 : 138 106 139 98 448 77 110 81 262 128 157 : 101 143 308 83 361 96 251 84 110 Q3 144 108 99 106 151 98 : 146 159 138 99 409 85 93 104 248 151 386 : 99 186 261 121 206 97 250 94 110 Average Quarterly (x 1000) 77 58 6 26 3 95 : 83 5 56 491 21 34 221 8 7 2 2 : 92 30 3 12 10 362 177 491 3347 Yearly (x 1000) 300 229 25 103 10 389 : 344 19 222 1979 72 139 896 30 27 6 6 : 375 109 10 48 40 1441 688 2020 13424

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), data extracts provided by Eurostat

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A2.13 Inow of vacancies registered by the PES by country, 2008Q1 - 2011Q3, 12 countries
2008 Country Q1 Austria Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Ireland Latvia Lithuania Portugal Sweden UK EU12 113.315 130.747 76.911 4.968 161.511 403.697 30.432 18.420 28.686 28.212 220.690 1.015.788 2.233.377 Q2 104.288 123.346 77.752 3.912 111.173 516.189 26.066 15.228 30.717 28.561 171.299 1.103.007 2.311.538 Q3 100.598 111.793 54.280 3.248 105.506 516.674 24.711 13.950 31.373 34.277 119.194 1.075.075 2.190.679 Q4 75.240 74.748 39.572 2.210 82.545 435.889 15.443 8.284 20.687 30.016 98.458 983.703 1.866.795 Q1 89.355 74.712 41.778 2.695 120.412 371.969 13.671 5.728 16.315 24.572 145.143 662.778 1.569.128 Q2 87.922 55.617 38.841 3.263 79.366 404.148 13.401 5.645 26.579 30.985 96.247 765.398 1.607.412 Q3 96.518 49.762 30.542 3.058 72.675 442.231 16.027 5.421 28.166 35.819 79.640 900.402 1.760.261 Q4 80.363 41.753 27.700 3.029 70.505 399.904 12.407 4.207 20.929 27.559 88.060 984.862 1.761.278 Q1 102.563 56.115 32.259 6.838 122.809 403.697 14.081 4.531 23.522 28.284 159.362 804.734 1.758.795 Q2 103.546 55.597 33.021 10.499 89.165 537.227 17.387 6.570 44.682 36.650 137.912 1.009.740 2.081.996 Q3 111.746 54.783 25.245 10.415 93.741 566.642 19.192 3.630 46.804 35.805 116.366 1.052.787 2.137.156 Q4 86.878 58.251 22.589 9.279 88.864 509.650 18.720 6.246 35.552 24.112 137.019 1.095.833 2.092.992 Q1 118.079 41.201 29.124 8.779 154.528 521.780 16.466 5.561 36.160 25.394 209.239 820.641 1.986.952 Q2 107.997 46.155 29.001 12.926 118.242 588.743 22.935 7.511 53.752 27.758 184.967 920.611 2.120.598 Q3 107.413 39.572 26.523 13.334 109.133 591.920 16.969 7.824 41.093 26.906 144.966 1.055.766 2.181.419 2009 2010 2011

Source: Public Employment Services (PES) of 12 countries; the data of Denmark are obtained via the EURES database. The PES of other countries did not deliver data on the inow of vacancies from 2008. For the Czech Republic and Lithuania the number of 2010Q4 is missing and estimated as the average of 2008Q4 and 2009Q4. For the UK the number of 2010Q3 is missing and estimated as the average of 2010Q2 and 2010Q4.

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A2.14 Index inow job vacancies registered by PES

Index Country Q1 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Germany Greece Estonia Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK EU12 100 : : 100 : 100 100 : 100 100 : : 100 : 100 100 : : : : 100 : : : : 100 100 100 2008 Q2 92 : : 94 : 101 128 : 79 69 : : 86 : 83 107 : : : : 101 : : : : 78 109 103 Q3 89 : : 86 : 71 128 : 65 65 : : 81 : 76 109 : : : : 121 : : : : 54 106 98 Q$ 66 : : 57 : 51 108 : 44 51 : : 51 : 45 72 : : : : 106 : : : : 45 97 84 Q1 79 : : 57 : 54 92 : 54 75 : : 45 : 31 57 : : : : 87 : : : : 66 65 70 2009 Q2 78 : : 43 : 51 100 : 66 49 : : 44 : 31 93 : : : : 110 : : : : 44 75 72 Q3 85 : : 38 : 40 110 : 62 45 : : 53 : 29 98 : : : : 127 : : : : 36 89 79 Q4 71 : : 32 : 36 99 : 61 44 : : 41 : 23 73 : : : : 98 : : : : 40 97 79 Q1 91 : : 43 : 42 100 : 138 76 : : 46 : 25 82 : : : : 100 : : : : 72 79 79 2010 Q2 91 : : 43 : 43 133 : 211 55 : : 57 : 36 156 : : : : 130 : : : : 62 99 93 Q3 99 : : 42 : 33 140 : 210 58 : : 63 : 20 163 : : : : 127 : : : : 53 104 96 Q4 77 : : 45 : 29 126 : 187 55 : : 62 : 34 124 : : : : 85 : : : : 62 108 94 Q1 104 : : 32 : 38 129 : 177 96 : : 54 : 30 126 : : : : 90 : : : : 95 81 89 2011 Q2 95 : : 35 : 38 146 : 260 73 : : 75 : 41 187 : : : : 98 : : : : 84 91 95 Q3 95 : : 30 : 34 147 : 268 68 : : 56 : 42 143 : : : : 95 : : : : 66 104 98 Average Quarterly (x 1000) 99 : : 68 : 39 481 : 7 105 : : 19 : 8 32 : : : : 30 : : : : 141 950 1978 Yearly (x 1000) 372 : : 381 : 212 1814 : 13 423 : : 81 : 44 102 : : : : 119 : : : : 534 3830 7925

Source: Public Employment Services (PES) of 12 countries; the data of Denmark are obtained via the EURES database. The PES of other countries did not deliver data on the inow of vacancies from 2008. For the Czech Republic and Lithuania the number of 2010Q4 is missing and estimated as the average of 2008Q4 and 2009Q4. For the UK the number of 2010Q3 is missing and estimated as the average of 2010Q2 and 2010Q4.

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A3.1 Number of job-nders by economic sector (NACE Rev.2, 2 digit), 2008Q1 - 2011Q3, EU27
2008 Economic sector Q1 Agriculture and Fishing Industry Construction Trade and Repair Transportation and Storage Accommodation and Food Services ICT Finance Other Business Services Public Administration Education Human health and Social work Arts and Other services No answer Total 316 1.959 1.158 1.796 582 892 349 285 1.298 488 621 995 765 89 Q2 361 1.993 1.280 1.772 582 1.073 342 268 1.346 522 487 991 775 102 Q3 367 2.116 1.297 1.951 617 1.207 359 278 1.373 558 566 1.145 837 101 Q4 338 1.834 1.098 1.984 561 898 351 262 1.280 550 1.153 1.217 827 92 Q1 321 1.164 761 1.398 417 696 283 200 1.037 431 561 959 634 78 8.941 Q2 367 1.215 1.071 1.350 406 962 247 183 1.100 490 500 959 733 103 Q3 406 1.357 1.055 1.595 461 1.124 243 199 1.138 570 516 1.131 759 108 Q4 337 1.454 988 1.698 469 860 272 208 1.124 507 1.110 1.116 795 103 Q1 317 1.327 745 1.374 402 738 247 181 1.010 413 538 920 640 88 Q2 402 1.663 1.119 1.565 470 1.049 276 192 1.279 473 487 976 742 137 Q3 396 1.788 1.178 1.807 549 1.230 319 238 1.338 502 548 1.102 812 109 Q4 339 1.824 1.000 1.883 526 910 324 226 1.284 448 1.047 1.122 770 102 Q1 306 1.523 828 1.430 447 771 292 203 1.116 389 540 926 656 108 Q2 385 1.716 1.132 1.570 499 1.094 284 196 1.282 504 464 979 765 109 Q3 368 1.817 1.084 1.762 557 1.254 306 240 1.324 488 531 1.099 839 116 2009 2010 2011

11.595 11.892 12.772 12.443

9.687 10.661 11.039

8.941 10.828 11.917 11.805

9.535 10.978 11.786

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), data extracts provided by Eurostat

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A3.2 Job-nders by NACE rev.2, by country, 2011Q3

NACE2D sector (%) Country Agriculture and Fishing 1,5 1,1 10,9 3,0 2,5 1,5 1,1 5,8 4,2 2,9 2,5 5,4 1,6 6,7 6,5 8,9 0,0 1,5 2,4 4,0 4,7 9,6 1,9 2,3 6,3 1,4 1,0 3,2 Trade and Repair 16,5 17,0 14,7 16,9 18,3 16,5 13,9 9,6 11,7 13,2 14,6 11,5 15,5 14,0 15,8 17,8 15,9 8,6 21,5 16,2 13,5 16,0 14,2 16,2 14,9 14,3 16,8 15,1 Transportation and Storage 3,2 6,2 3,9 6,3 5,3 4,3 5,3 4,0 4,5 5,2 5,4 4,1 3,5 3,5 5,7 5,3 2,0 5,6 5,4 5,4 4,0 2,9 4,0 2,8 3,4 5,8 4,7 4,8 Accommodation and Food Services 14,9 5,9 15,5 6,8 23,9 7,5 7,5 30,6 6,4 6,4 8,4 6,1 14,0 17,5 3,0 7,8 7,9 20,4 12,6 5,2 14,5 13,4 17,9 7,2 16,6 8,2 13,2 10,7 Other Business Services 12,0 9,5 7,0 7,6 6,7 9,8 13,9 6,0 8,4 11,1 12,6 5,8 12,0 7,9 19,7 8,4 20,4 12,9 11,5 9,3 10,2 7,6 6,2 8,4 8,0 15,0 13,5 11,3 Public Administration 3,6 3,4 4,8 4,7 3,3 2,6 3,2 3,3 2,4 2,5 4,9 22,2 2,2 2,4 2,3 1,1 6,4 6,5 2,4 5,0 5,6 3,5 2,9 9,3 6,5 3,1 2,3 4,2 Human health and Social work 6,0 10,9 2,3 6,2 2,4 19,1 12,3 3,2 4,9 15,7 8,6 4,1 10,5 4,4 1,0 2,4 10,1 7,9 16,5 2,5 6,6 2,4 7,6 2,6 7,6 20,1 10,6 9,4 Arts and Other services 5,2 8,1 2,9 2,5 10,1 5,3 5,4 7,4 2,8 9,5 9,2 2,1 6,8 11,6 4,7 4,1 6,7 5,0 3,9 3,8 8,7 1,7 3,3 4,5 11,0 5,8 7,2 7,2

Industry

Construction

ICT

Finance

Education

Total

Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Germany Greece Estonia Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK EU27

15,5 15,6 18,9 29,2 4,2 12,0 19,8 14,8 19,3 11,9 16,9 22,7 12,9 15,5 15,8 20,4 5,0 14,2 10,6 21,9 13,4 21,9 24,0 22,2 9,2 9,6 10,5 15,6

11,9 10,5 12,8 8,3 13,4 9,1 6,9 8,2 27,5 11,0 9,7 9,5 8,7 10,5 13,7 18,6 5,1 0,0 3,9 18,2 12,6 12,2 6,2 14,9 10,2 5,7 5,4 9,3

3,1 2,5 1,8 1,5 2,8 3,4 3,5 1,2 0,6 2,4 2,5 1,5 4,1 1,3 3,3 0,5 3,3 2,8 3,5 1,8 1,4 3,1 3,3 1,8 2,6 2,8 2,9 2,6

2,7 4,0 2,8 2,1 2,7 1,9 1,3 2,8 2,3 1,9 2,3 0,7 2,4 1,2 3,7 1,8 12,3 2,3 1,6 3,2 1,0 2,2 3,0 3,4 1,1 1,3 4,1 2,1

4,0 5,4 1,7 4,9 4,4 6,9 6,0 3,2 5,0 6,3 2,3 4,3 5,6 3,6 4,6 2,8 4,9 12,3 4,2 3,5 3,8 3,6 5,3 4,4 2,6 7,1 7,7 4,6

100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), data extracts provided by Eurostat

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A3.3 Number of job-nders by major occupational group (ISCO-08, 1-digit), 2007Q1 - 2011Q3, EU25 (x1000)
2007 Occupational group Q1 0 Armed forces 1 Managers and senior ocials 2 Professionals 3 Technicians and associate professionals 4 Clerks 5 Service and sales workers 6 Skilled agricultural and shery workers 7 Cra and related trades workers 8 Plant and machine operators and assemblers 9 Elementary occupations No answer Total (25 countries) 35 196 809 1.261 1.088 1.817 147 1.514 1.013 1.800 89 9.770 Q2 23 207 779 1.303 1.155 2.078 235 1.731 1.117 2.054 110 10.793 Q3 20 196 882 1.413 1.285 2.413 239 1.714 1.153 2.146 99 11.558 Q4 35 201 1.272 1.620 1.239 2.223 158 1.823 1.066 1.938 128 11.704 Q1 25 198 898 1.370 1.084 1.899 144 1.471 973 1.756 99 9.917 Q2 26 203 840 1.318 1.154 2.067 202 1.559 1.054 1.898 122 10.444 Q3 28 175 904 1.433 1.229 2.330 223 1.580 1.048 2.022 113 11.083 Q4 34 188 1.191 1.542 1.141 2.132 168 1.554 877 1.718 145 10.690 Q1 29 164 812 1.100 854 1.628 119 997 621 1.419 95 7.839 Q2 25 142 732 1.051 883 1.833 233 1.210 691 1.653 116 8.568 Q3 25 148 734 1.195 963 2.108 239 1.274 747 1.801 119 9.353 Q4 23 163 1.045 1.429 981 1.910 142 1.286 766. 1.662 126 9.531 Q1 21 158 724 1.135 837 1.587 127 1.039 711 1.473 111 7.924 Q2 18 180 757 1.176 971 1.993 246 1.378 934 1.861 138 9.650 Q3 27 177 779 1.285 1.058 2.276 239 1.514 1.004 1.976 125 10.459 Q4 20 186 1.069 1.496 1.056 2.039 153 1.403 913 1.743 154 10.230 Q1 19 209 861 942 997 1.672 118 1.065 761 1.685 82 8.411 Q2 19 193 863 1.034 1.074 1.969 191 1.392 912 2.051 86 9.783 Q3 13 201 906 1.110 1.195 2.334 170 1.350 921 2.147 75 10.422 2008 2009 2010 2011

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), data extracts provided by Eurostat

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A3.4 Job-nders by ISCO-08 (1-digit), by country, 2011Q3

ISCO-08 1-digit (%) Country Technicians and associate professionals 16,3 9,7 4,5 7,9 13,2 9,8 12,3 * 6,6 11,1 13,7 11,0 : 7,7 7,2 9,9 16,0 15,2 12,7 9,3 5,8 6,2 13,8 15,2 6,5 12,6 10,7 Skilled agricultural and shery workers * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1,6 Cra s and related trades workers 14,2 11,2 13,4 12,3 11,5 10,3 14,4 14,2 30,7 13,6 9,5 15,5 : 15,3 16,2 22,3 10,4 6,2 7,3 20,1 15,2 16,1 11,6 13,0 12,9 8,6 13,1 Plant and machine operators and assemblers 6,1 11,0 9,7 4,8 16,8 5,7 7,8 6,4 9,8 9,2 11,5 12,0 : 8,4 6,1 14,4 * 8,1 * 11,4 8,7 8,2 10,4 14,7 6,3 9,5 8,9

Managers and senior ocials * * * * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * 5,2 * * * * 1,9

Professionals

Clerks

Service and sales workers 23,9 15,8 26,9 23,8 20,1 25,0 20,0 29,0 17,5 24,2 18,6 13,5 : 28,9 14,6 15,6 15,0 23,5 24,9 18,2 22,5 21,6 25,2 16,4 28,6 33,1 22,6

Elementary Occupations 15,5 17,2 25,9 23,2 16,9 20,4 16,4 26,1 13,2 16,7 24,3 32,6 : 20,5 36,9 24,8 * 11,9 20,3 19,9 21,1 20,2 17,4 22,1 26,4 13,2 20,8

Total

Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Germany Greece Estonia Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK EU25

6,7 10,8 7,2 8,9 6,6 16,3 11,5 6,8 10,4 11,5 5,5 * : 5,5 9,0 * 21,0 14,5 11,8 8,6 11,4 10,0 8,2 9,8 7,8 11,7 8,8

13,7 18,6 6,8 16,6 12,6 9,9 14,1 12,0 7,6 8,7 12,5 7,2 : 11,9 * 5,5 23,4 16,0 13,6 9,7 10,1 7,8 11,1 6,5 9,4 7,8 11,6

100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 : 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), data extracts provided by Eurostat

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A3.5 Inow job vacancies registered by PES by ISCO-08 (1-digit), 2011Q3

ISCO-08 1-digit (%) Country Technicians and associate professionals 10,7 : : 17,2 : 21,2 14,4 : 9,2 31,6 : : 11,6 : 2,4 5,5 : : : : 5,9 : : : : 25,4 11,0 13,9 Skilled agricultural and shery workers 0,6 : : 0,6 : 0,4 0,7 : 2,3 0,7 : : 0,5 : 17,3 1,3 : : : : 4,5 : : : : 0,4 0,2 0,5 Cra s and related trades workers 20,1 : : 20,9 : 8,9 21,9 : 26,7 14,1 : : 7,7 : 4,4 27,6 : : : : 21,5 : : : : 6,3 10,9 15,0 Plant and machine operators and assemblers 6,1 : : 15,4 : 3,6 12,6 : 17,2 3,3 : : 12,2 : 10,5 12,8 : : : : 7,3 : : : : 6,6 16,0 13,0

Managers and senior ocials 1,1 : : 1,5 : 3,3 1,2 : 3,9 2,9 : : 4,1 : 2,4 1,6 : : : : 0,2 : : : : 2,1 5,6 3,5

Professionals

Clerks

Service and sales workers 32,4 : : 13,0 : 20,4 16,0 : 17,4 20,6 : : 38,0 : 2,2 14,4 : : : : 25,9 : : : : 29,7 20,3 20,3

Elementary Occupations 19,9 : : 18,2 : 19,2 15,2 : 13,6 7,3 : : 8,4 : 50,4 26,7 : : : : 23,2 : : : : 6,0 23,7 18,9

Total

Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Germany Greece Estonia Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK EU12

2,2 : : 6,9 : 18,3 5,2 : 2,4 13,1 : : 7,9 : 3,2 7,8 : : : : 4,1 : : : : 17,6 6,0 6,9

7,0 : : 6,3 : 4,7 12,7 : 7,3 6,3 : : 9,6 : 7,3 2,3 : : : : 7,4 : : : : 5,9 6,2 7,9

100,0 : : 100,0 : 100,0 100,0 : 100,0 100,0 : : 100,0 : 100,0 100,0 : : : : 100,0 : : : : 100,0 100,0 100,0

Source: Public Employment Services (PES) of 12 countries; the data of Denmark are obtained via the EURES database. The PES of other countries did not deliver data on the inow of vacancies from 2008. For the Czech Republic and Lithuania the number of 2010Q4 is missing and estimated as the average of 2008Q4 and 2009Q4. For the UK the number of 2010Q3 is missing and estimated as the average of 2010Q2 and 2010Q4.

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A3.6 Number of job-nders by educational level (ISCED), 2007Q1 - 2011Q3, EU27

2007 Educational level Q1 Primary education / rst stage of basic education or lower Lower secondary or second stage of basic education (Upper) secondary education (Upper) secondary education shorter than 2 years, which leads directly to labour market Post-secondary non-tertiary education First stage of tertiary education Second stage of tertiary education NoAnswer Total 794 2.296 5.163 236 Q2 832 2.669 5.791 273 Q3 813 3.057 6.149 273 Q4 806 3.050 6.028 301 Q1 779 2.280 5.375 249 Q2 765 2.480 5.520 237 Q3 742 2.811 5.867 238 Q4 680 2.609 5.527 227 Q1 552 1.699 4.115 144 Q2 675 1.990 4.444 176 Q3 643 2.337 4.883 174 Q4 616 2.333 4.828 189 Q1 553 1.711 4.128 147 Q2 694 2.194 5.126 161 Q3 706 2.525 5.562 178 Q4 591 2.391 5.305 191 Q1 567 1.800 4.344 162 Q2 644 2.200 5.176 156 Q3 614 2.477 5.444 196 2008 2009 2010 2011

330 2.403 51 35

348 2.448 53 45

347 2.712 45 62

358 3.184 54 39

291 2.547 43 32

358 2.445 53 35

352 2.652 52 59

360 2.929 62 50

258 2.084 65 23 8.941

276 2.044 42 40

300 2.230 50 44

306 2.684 46 36

265 2.068 42 27

323 2.240 45 44

336 2.521 49 41

353 2.875 66 34

290 2.274 62 37

326 2.387 46 44

372 2.583 60 40

11.308 12.459 13.460 13.823 11.595 11.892 12.772 12.443

9.687 10.661 11.039

8.941 10.828 11.917 11.805

9.535 10.978 11.786

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), data extracts provided by Eurostat Numbers of Slovakia in 2011Q2 are estimated as averages of 2008Q2, 2009Q2 and 2010Q2.

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A3.7 Job-nders by educational level, by country, 2011Q3

ISCED (%) (Upper) secondary education shorter than 2 years, which leads directly to labour market * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1,7

Country

Primary Education / rst stage of basic education or lower

Lower secondary or second stage of basic education

(Upper) secondary education

Post-secondary non-tertiary education

First stage of tertiary education

Second stage of tertiary education

Total

Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Germany Greece Estonia Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK EU27

0,8 8,8 3,4 0,0 10,6 2,7 3,8 21,3 1,0 3,2 5,0 1,7 3,1 5,3 1,2 0,0 7,9 0,7 7,7 1,1 25,6 3,6 0,2 0,0 13,7 2,6 0,1 5,2

28,6 15,5 15,6 10,7 12,6 27,3 22,6 16,3 18,8 22,7 21,3 25,3 12,2 36,2 18,5 9,8 9,5 47,0 29,6 10,5 28,2 12,7 19,3 9,0 31,2 12,7 5,5 21,1

46,8 40,5 66,2 72,5 43,3 45,3 48,3 27,9 47,1 54,5 49,5 57,0 32,6 42,8 54,1 53,1 35,7 30,3 38,7 63,3 26,7 61,2 65,6 66,8 27,9 41,6 49,7 46,3

12,0 5,1 0,5 1,3 1,7 0,1 7,8 10,6 9,7 0,4 0,1 2,7 13,8 0,8 5,2 21,1 3,4 2,5 1,3 2,5 1,0 1,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 9,7 0,2 3,2

9,9 29,8 14,3 15,2 31,3 23,6 16,6 19,8 23,4 18,9 23,8 13,3 37,5 14,7 21,1 15,9 28,1 18,8 22,3 22,4 14,1 20,4 12,3 23,5 26,6 24,8 33,0 22,0

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0,5

100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), data extracts provided by Eurostat

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A3.8 Number of job-nders by educational eld (ISCED), 2007 - 2010, EU26 (x1000)
Educational eld General programs Teacher training and education science Humanities, languages and arts Social sciences, business and law Science, mathematics and computing Life science (including biology and environmental science) Physical science (including physics, chemistry and earth science) Mathematics and statistics Computer science Computer use Engineering, manufacturing and construction Agriculture and veterinary Health and welfare Services Not applicable, unknown, no answer Total (26 countries) 2007 3.981 1.229 2.237 7.809 513 262 355 177 669 128 8.818 862 2.512 2.717 18.173 2008 4.469 1.205 2.069 7.429 395 310 257 168 615 107 8.180 845 2.610 2.621 16.952 2009 3.476 1.005 1.821 6.619 322 281 273 139 480 95 6.692 697 2.351 2.206 13.564 2010 3.899 1.085 1.831 7.036 313 261 231 92 567 107 7.690 786 2.414 2.453 14.390

50.442 48.230 40.023 43.160

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), data extracts provided by Eurostat

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A3.9 Job-nders by educational eld, by country, 2010

HATFIELD (%)
Life science (including biology and environmental science) Physical science (including physics, chemistry and earth science)

Country

General Programs

Teacher Training and Education science

Humanities, languages and arts

Social sciences, business and law

Science, mathematics and computing

Mathematics and statistics

Computer science

Computer use

Engineering, manufacturing and construction

Agriculture and veterinary

Health and welfare

Services

Not applicable

Total

Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Germany Greece Estonia Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK EU27

9,2 11,9 22,2 5,5 11,1 9,2 8,9 24,3 29,0 22,1 0,6 9,7 31,1 9,6 28,6 21,3 3,4 13,7 4,6 14,2 2,4 17,0 15,1 3,9 15,6 14,2 0,2 8,9

3,0 4,1 0,9 2,6 3,3 2,0 4,2 1,0 1,6 1,6 0,2 2,7 3,2 1,1 2,5 2,7 2,4 3,6 4,8 2,5 3,3 1,3 2,3 4,1 2,3 4,5 3,0 2,6

2,7 5,0 1,6 2,8 9,1 5,6 2,7 5,3 2,5 5,1 6,3 1,1 4,2 4,2 2,6 2,1 10,0 2,8 3,6 2,7 6,4 4,1 2,2 1,8 2,6 7,3 6,5 4,2

16,7 18,2 8,6 17,8 22,5 15,8 18,2 6,8 14,3 10,6 24,7 12,8 13,7 16,0 11,9 13,3 23,8 8,6 23,5 16,5 11,8 10,6 22,4 14,9 10,6 12,4 12,4 16,5

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0,7

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0,6

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0,6

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0,2

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1,3

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0,3

23,6 14,9 27,2 40,5 14,2 14,6 21,5 10,1 23,1 17,5 21,7 34,4 10,4 11,4 22,2 34,6 12,3 5,0 8,6 35,7 4,0 36,6 24,6 41,8 7,6 16,7 5,9 17,9

1,9 1,0 2,8 3,9 1,0 1,6 2,1 1,4 3,1 1,9 2,5 3,3 1,1 1,5 3,1 2,8 1,4 0,9 1,4 3,5 0,5 4,0 1,9 4,8 0,4 1,8 0,5 1,8

4,0 10,0 1,1 4,4 2,3 10,5 7,7 5,1 1,6 7,4 5,7 2,6 6,7 1,9 2,2 2,7 5,4 3,6 12,6 2,2 2,4 0,5 4,1 3,4 4,2 10,1 6,4 5,7

12,1 6,5 5,1 11,4 6,5 2,7 6,2 4,5 7,8 7,8 4,6 6,7 4,2 5,9 6,2 10,2 5,4 2,8 6,9 7,2 2,8 5,2 9,0 10,0 3,6 5,2 4,8 5,7

25,6 24,8 29,8 8,8 24,6 34,6 26,1 37,8 14,0 24,1 27,3 24,6 22,4 45,9 19,6 7,4 31,2 51,4 30,9 11,5 59,6 15,2 16,8 13,0 50,3 25,4 54,5 33,1

100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), data extracts provided by Eurostat

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A4.1 UV ratio per country, 2008Q1-2011Q3

Ratio Country Q1 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Germany Greece Estonia Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK EU27 : : 9 2 1 : 4 7 2 : : : : : 5 3 3 : 1 : 26 6 6 10 : 5 2 3 2008 Q2 : : 8 2 1 : 3 12 2 : : : : : 6 3 3 : 1 : 23 6 5 11 : 6 2 3 Q3 : : 8 2 1 : 4 11 3 : : : : : 11 4 4 : 1 : 30 6 5 10 : 6 3 4 Q4 : : 9 2 2 : 4 23 5 : : : : : 20 10 6 : 1 : 32 8 8 11 : 8 4 4 Q1 : : 12 5 2 : 5 9 14 : : : : : 46 26 6 : 2 : 38 12 10 13 : 10 5 6 2009 Q2 : : 13 7 3 : 5 10 23 : : : : : 90 38 8 : 2 : 42 16 11 17 : 13 5 6 Q3 : : 14 10 3 : 5 13 21 : : : : : 117 41 7 : 3 : 50 21 13 21 : 15 6 7 Q4 : : 17 12 5 : 4 19 29 : : : : : 134 62 9 : 3 : 55 35 17 27 : 12 5 7 Q1 : : 21 13 6 : 6 14 30 : : : : : 144 48 7 : 4 : 51 28 18 31 : 10 5 8 2010 Q2 : : 22 12 4 : 4 24 25 : : : : : 127 49 6 : 3 : 44 30 15 31 : 8 5 6 Q3 : : 21 11 5 : 3 30 18 : : : : : 94 36 4 : 3 : 48 31 15 28 : 8 5 6 Q4 : : 23 11 7 : 3 57 20 : : : : : 84 46 5 : 3 : 50 36 15 27 : 7 5 6 Q1 : : 25 12 7 : 3 : 17 : : : : : 65 28 4 : 3 : 63 28 16 26 : 6 5 5 2011 Q2 : : 23 10 7 : 3 : 15 : : : : : 62 27 3 : 3 : 58 26 13 25 : 5 5 5 Q3 : : 22 9 12 : 3 58 10 : : : : : 54 20 4 : 3 : 56 26 11 25 : 6 6 6 : : 16 5 3 : 4 19 11 : : : : : 38 19 5 : 2 : 43 15 11 19 : 8 4 5 Average Quarterly

Source: Stock of job vacancies: Eurostat, Job Vacancy Statistics http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/labour_market/job_vacancies Unemployed: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/employment_unemployment_lfs/introduction

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A4.2 Ratio of number of unemployed to number of job-nders by country, 2007Q1 - 2011Q3

Ratio Country Q1 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Germany Greece Estonia Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK EU26 1,0 1,9 1,9 1,9 1,1 0,5 2,2 6,4 1,0 1,2 1,6 2,7 0,6 1,8 1,0 1,1 1,4 2,4 1,0 2,6 2,7 1,8 1,1 3,8 1,0 0,9 1,2 1,6 2007 Q2 0,8 1,8 1,2 1,7 0,5 0,4 1,8 3,2 0,9 0,8 1,3 2,0 0,8 1,5 0,8 0,8 1,1 1,8 0,7 1,9 2,1 2,9 0,9 3,5 0,9 0,7 1,0 1,3 Q3 0,8 1,5 1,7 1,7 0,8 0,4 1,5 3,5 0,7 0,6 1,2 2,1 0,6 1,4 0,8 0,8 1,0 1,4 0,6 1,6 2,3 3,7 0,7 4,0 0,9 0,5 1,0 1,2 Q4 0,7 1,3 1,7 1,4 0,5 0,3 1,4 4,6 0,7 0,8 1,1 2,0 0,7 1,6 0,8 0,7 0,7 1,3 0,6 1,5 2,0 3,8 0,9 3,4 1,0 0,6 0,8 1,2 Q1 0,8 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,1 0,4 1,9 5,6 1,0 1,0 1,3 2,3 0,9 1,8 1,2 1,0 2,5 1,7 0,7 1,6 2,1 3,2 1,0 4,4 1,3 0,8 1,0 1,5 2008 Q2 0,6 1,5 1,3 1,4 0,5 0,3 1,6 3,0 0,8 0,7 1,2 1,9 1,3 1,7 1,0 0,9 1,4 1,4 0,6 1,4 2,1 3,5 0,8 3,7 1,5 0,7 1,2 1,4 Q3 0,6 1,6 1,1 1,4 0,6 0,4 1,3 2,9 1,2 0,6 1,1 2,0 1,1 1,6 1,0 1,3 2,0 1,4 0,5 1,3 2,2 3,4 0,6 2,8 1,5 0,6 1,2 1,3 Q4 0,7 1,3 1,5 1,3 0,5 0,4 1,2 4,4 1,1 0,8 1,2 2,2 1,5 1,9 2,1 2,1 2,0 2,2 0,6 1,4 2,1 3,8 0,8 3,1 2,1 0,8 1,2 1,4 Q1 1,0 2,3 2,0 2,1 1,1 0,7 2,1 5,5 2,4 1,4 2,0 3,5 3,2 2,8 4,4 4,6 1,9 2,8 0,9 2,3 3,1 5,5 1,4 4,7 3,3 1,2 2,1 2,3 2009 Q2 0,9 2,0 1,7 2,2 1,1 0,8 1,9 3,4 3,5 1,3 1,8 2,6 3,6 2,4 4,5 4,0 1,4 3,0 0,9 1,9 3,1 6,0 1,7 5,0 3,4 1,1 2,3 2,2 Q3 0,9 2,1 2,0 2,4 1,0 0,8 1,7 3,6 3,1 0,9 1,6 2,9 3,3 2,4 4,1 3,9 1,2 2,0 0,9 2,1 3,0 7,6 1,4 5,1 2,9 0,9 2,1 2,0 Q4 0,9 1,8 2,9 2,2 1,1 0,9 1,4 5,4 3,6 1,4 1,7 3,0 3,4 2,6 3,9 5,2 1,2 2,2 1,1 2,1 3,0 6,5 1,5 6,4 3,2 1,1 1,7 2,0 Q1 1,0 2,6 4,3 3,0 1,9 1,3 2,0 8,2 5,1 1,8 2,1 3,7 4,4 3,1 4,2 7,3 2,2 2,6 1,2 2,8 3,6 7,4 1,9 6,7 4,1 1,4 2,6 2,7 2010 Q2 0,8 2,2 2,8 2,1 1,2 0,9 1,5 5,0 3,5 1,1 1,7 2,6 3,7 2,6 2,7 4,2 1,3 2,0 0,6 2,1 3,3 6,8 1,9 4,5 3,7 1,1 2,2 2,1 Q3 0,7 2,1 2,7 2,1 1,1 0,9 1,2 5,8 2,3 0,7 1,5 2,8 3,1 2,3 2,1 3,5 0,9 1,7 1,0 1,9 3,2 6,6 1,7 5,0 3,1 0,8 1,8 1,9 Q4 0,7 1,6 3,7 2,0 0,9 0,9 1,1 9,2 2,0 1,0 1,6 2,9 3,3 2,5 2,2 3,6 0,9 2,0 0,9 2,3 3,3 6,8 2,0 5,5 3,6 0,9 1,6 1,9 Q1 0,9 1,7 4,1 2,3 2,1 1,2 1,6 14,2 2,8 1,4 1,9 3,9 4,1 2,7 3,0 5,9 1,2 1,7 1,0 3,1 3,0 5,6 2,1 6,6 4,2 1,1 2,3 2,5 2011 Q2 0,7 1,5 2,9 2,0 1,3 0,9 1,2 8,7 2,1 1,0 1,6 2,4 3,6 2,4 2,3 2,6 1,6 2,0 0,8 2,2 3,0 5,2 1,8 4,8 3,8 0,9 2,2 2,1 Q3 0,6 1,7 2,7 1,9 1,6 0,9 1,1 9,1 1,4 0,7 1,4 2,5 3,4 2,5 2,1 3,2 1,0 1,6 0,8 2,3 2,6 5,4 1,7 6,6 3,6 0,7 2,1 1,9 0,8 1,7 2,1 1,9 1,0 0,7 1,5 5,4 1,9 1,0 1,5 2,6 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,6 1,3 1,9 0,8 2,0 2,7 4,4 1,3 4,6 2,4 0,8 1,6 1,8 Average Quarterly

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey

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A4.3 Ratio of registered unemployed to inow of registered job vacancies (PES)

Average Country Q1 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Germany Greece Estonia Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK EU26 1,9 8,9 2,7 2,9 2,5 13,4 0,9 5,5 2008 Q2 1,7 6,3 3,5 3,6 2,0 13,0 1,1 4,8 Q3 1,8 6,1 5,0 4,1 2,0 11,2 1,7 5,0 Q4 3,8 6,9 11,6 9,2 4,4 13,4 2,6 6,2 Q1 3,0 9,5 17,3 20,4 7,1 19,0 2,1 7,4 2009 Q2 2,6 8,6 17,4 22,9 5,5 15,3 3,4 7,4 Q3 2,4 7,7 20,9 27,3 6,3 13,8 4,6 7,1 Q4 3,9 8,1 24,3 42,6 11,1 18,3 4,5 7,9 Q1 2,6 8,9 11,6 42,9 12,0 19,5 2,5 7,4 2010 Q2 2,1 6,1 6,4 26,9 7,0 14,5 2,7 5,6 Q3 1,9 5,5 5,5 33,9 6,5 14,9 3,2 5,3 Q4 3,5 5,8 5,9 15,6 8,4 21,6 2,7 5,7 Q1 2,1 6,3 6,2 20,2 7,8 20,8 1,7 5,3 2011 Q2 1,9 5,1 3,4 13,8 4,1 17,8 1,8 4,5 Q3 2,0 4,9 3,0 12,7 4,9 19,7 2,4 4,6 2,4 6,8 7,2 14,5 5,9 16,1 2,3 5,8 Quarterly

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A5.1 Number of job-nders nding a temporary work agency job, 2007 - 2010, EU27
Current job is a temporary work agency job Yes No Total 2007 4.334 46.716 51.050 2008 4.268 44.435 48.702 2009 3.119 37.209 40.328 2010 3.572 39.920 43.491

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), data extracts provided by Eurostat

A5.2 Number of job-nders nding a job through Public Employment Services, 2007 - 2010, EU27
Current job found through Public Employment Services Yes No No answer Total 2007 3.803 47.232 15 51.050 2008 3.777 44.926 1 48.702 2009 3.261 37.057 9 40.328 2010 3.317 40.145 29 43.491

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), data extracts provided by Eurostat

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Country-specic data
CONVENTIONS (meaning)
An.m AC * a n.e.c. : = table is presented in the Annex and related to the core text in chapter n = table is presented in the Annex, in section Country-specic data = limited reliability = number is below publication limit or negative = not elsewhere classied = not available

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AC.1Top 25 occupations (ISCO-08 4-digit) of job-nders (LFS) by country, 2011Q3

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Table 1 Austria: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Waiters Shop sales assistants General oce clerks Cleaners and helpers in oces, hotels and other establishments Cooks Secretaries (general) Kitchen helpers Administrative and executive secretaries Nursing associate professionals Manufacturing labourers not elsewhere classied Building and related electricians Bricklayers and related workers Building construction labourers Freight handlers Metal working machine tool setters and operators Heavy truck and lorry drivers Cashiers and ticket clerks Social work associate professionals Commercial sales representatives Physical and engineering science technicians not elsewhere classied Stock clerks Carpenters and joiners Hairdressers Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers Receptionists (general) Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 21,050 19,420 15,710 15,440 5,610* 5,200* 4,970* 4,830* 4,610* 4,300* 4,030* a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 149,880 285,020 2011Q1 Ranking 2 1 4 3 5 11 6 7 16 14 27 22 41 9 18 29 8 55 40 26 84 15 17 52 25

Table 2 Belgium: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Domestic, hotel and oce cleaners and helpers Shop salespersons General oce clerks Building frame and related trades workers Heavy truck and bus drivers Material-recording and transport clerks Client information workers Child care workers and teachers aides Personal care workers in health services Food preparation assistants Physical and engineering science technicians Other clerical support workers Transport and storage labourers Building nishers and related trades workers Cashiers and ticket clerks Sales and purchasing agents and brokers Other elementary workers Waiters and bartenders Secondary education teachers Manufacturing labourers Business services and administration managers Numerical clerks Electrical equipment installers and repairers Mobile plant operators Food and related products machine operators Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 16,750 12,200 10,970 7,740 7,560 7,020 6,200 6,000 5,870 5,650 5,430 5,400 5,120 4,240* 3,970* 3,770* 3,450* 3,450* 3,150* 2,960* 2,940* 2,900* 2,780* 2,750* 2,630* 140,900 221,180 2011Q1 Ranking 2 1 18 5 14 4 9 21 39 13 20 3 59 6 52 85 25 8 11 23 80 36 24 12 45

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey * means: limited reliability, a means: below publication limit; rank 100 means: 100 or farther down.

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Table 3 Bulgaria: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Shop salespersons Agricultural, forestry and shery labourers Waiters and bartenders Mining and construction labourers Other elementary workers Market gardeners and crop growers Protective services workers Cooks Other personal services workers Building frame and related trades workers Domestic, hotel and oce cleaners and helpers Manufacturing labourers Heavy truck and bus drivers Cashiers and ticket clerks Mobile plant operators Textile, fur and leather products machine operators Building nishers and related trades workers Refuse workers Garment and related trades workers Machinery mechanics and repairers Car, van and motorcycle drivers Food preparation assistants Blacksmiths, toolmakers and related trades workers Food processing and related trades workers Personal care workers in health services Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 7,770* 7,060* 6,730* 6,240* 6,200* 5,320* a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 89,120 124,810 2011Q1 Ranking 1 8 13 6 4 12 17 15 59 7 2 18 9 11 41 24 44 5 14 28 10 43 19 23 3

Table 4 Cyprus: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Domestic, hotel and oce cleaners and helpers Waiters and bartenders Shop salespersons Building frame and related trades workers Cooks Mining and construction labourers General oce clerks Cashiers and ticket clerks Car, van and motorcycle drivers Client information workers Building nishers and related trades workers Sales and purchasing agents and brokers Protective services workers Finance professionals Numerical clerks Other elementary workers Tellers, money collectors and related clerks Secretaries (general) Financial and mathematical associate professionals Sports and tness workers Engineering professionals (excluding electro-technology) Secondary education teachers Travel attendants, conductors and guides Other clerical support workers Heavy truck and bus drivers Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 2,740 1,660 1,530 950* 730* 720* 610* 570* 560* 530* 530* a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 15,436 19,940 2011Q1 Ranking 1 3 2 4 47 7 15 39 20 16 34 5 100 18 8 48 50 13 14 11 100 10 100 28 19

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey * means: limited reliability, a means: below publication limit; rank 100 means: 100 or farther down.

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Table 5 Czech Republic: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Shop sales assistants Cleaners and helpers in oces, hotels and other establishments Manufacturing labourers not elsewhere classied Heavy truck and lorry drivers Waiters Li ing truck operators Cashiers and ticket clerks Stock clerks Bricklayers and related workers Cooks Assemblers not elsewhere classied Security guards General oce clerks Commercial sales representatives Sweepers and related labourers Building construction labourers Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers Toolmakers and related workers Accounting and bookkeeping clerks Freight handlers Metal working machine tool setters and operators Mechanical machinery assemblers Welders and ame-cutters Insurance representatives Health care assistants Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 15,200 6,530 6,120 6,080 5,090 5,020 3,940* 3,810* 3,650* 3,530* 3,420* 3,250* 2,880* 2,650* 2,470* 2,380* 2,310* 2,250* 2,190* 2,170* 2,080* 2,080* 1,930* 1,880* 1,580* 94,490 184,840 2011Q1 Ranking 1 2 3 4 5 12 44 40 66 15 7 10 8 25 13 100 9 18 6 42 14 11 30 94 54

Table 6 Germany: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Shop salespersons Manufacturing labourers Domestic, hotel and oce cleaners and helpers General oce clerks Material-recording and transport clerks Waiters and bartenders Nursing and midwifery associate professionals Personal care workers in health services Car, van and motorcycle drivers Legal, social and religious associate professionals Transport and storage labourers Machinery mechanics and repairers Blacksmiths, toolmakers and related trades workers Other clerical support workers Building nishers and related trades workers Building and housekeeping supervisors Physical and engineering science technicians Building frame and related trades workers Food preparation assistants Electrical equipment installers and repairers Market gardeners and crop growers So ware and applications developers and analysts Other health associate professionals Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers Cooks Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 157,570 113,140 87,250 86,740 72,360 68,970 60,290 58,030 57,530 57,170 52,110 47,040 46,380 43,740 42,610 40,340 39,680 37,400 36,000 33,900 30,100 29,740 28,760 28,500 28,170 1383,520 2270,220 2011Q1 Ranking 1 2 3 4 9 7 6 13 8 14 10 12 16 11 20 15 17 27 22 21 46 19 25 36 18

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey * means: limited reliability, a means: below publication limit; rank 100 means: 100 or farther down.

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Table 7 Denmark: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Personal care workers in health services Shop salespersons Domestic, hotel and oce cleaners and helpers Transport and storage labourers Child care workers and teachers aides Building frame and related trades workers Food preparation assistants Other elementary workers Cashiers and ticket clerks Primary school and early childhood teachers Sales and purchasing agents and brokers Other sales workers Waiters and bartenders Manufacturing labourers General oce clerks Heavy truck and bus drivers Building nishers and related trades workers Physical and engineering science technicians Mining and construction labourers Medical doctors Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers Engineering professionals (excluding electro-technology) So ware and applications developers and analysts Blacksmiths, toolmakers and related trades workers Sports and tness workers Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 15,620 14,100 10,350 9,890 9,670 8,310 7,380 6,920* 6,790* 6,410* 6,150* 5,920* 5,340* 5,100* 4,720* 4,380* 4,110* 4,000* a a a a a a a 156,570 240,560 2011Q1 Ranking 3 1 8 4 2 9 10 14 7 11 5 13 19 66 6 20 18 26 35 15 42 32 17 33 56

Table 8 Estonia: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) House builders Painters and related workers Shop sales assistants Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers Cleaners and helpers in oces, hotels and other establishments Waiters Welders and ame-cutters Commercial sales representatives Heavy truck and lorry drivers Data entry clerks Sweepers and related labourers Bricklayers and related workers Stock clerks Plumbers and pipe tters Mechanical engineers Security guards Structural-metal preparers and erectors Health care assistants Building construction labourers Concrete placers, concrete nishers and related workers Agricultural and industrial machinery mechanics and repairers Manufacturing labourers not elsewhere classied Early childhood educators Insulation workers Training and sta development professionals Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 33,280 55,350 2011Q1 Ranking 8 100 1 30 11 100 100 2 14 100 9 100 37 22 76 23 38 7 100 32 100 43 100 100 100

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey * means: limited reliability, a means: below publication limit; rank 100 means: 100 or farther down.

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Table 9 Spain: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Domestic, hotel and oce cleaners and helpers Waiters and bartenders Shop salespersons Agricultural, forestry and shery labourers Building frame and related trades workers Personal care workers in health services Transport and storage labourers Client information workers Cooks Mining and construction labourers Protective services workers Sales and purchasing agents and brokers Building nishers and related trades workers Cashiers and ticket clerks Heavy truck and bus drivers General and keyboard clerks Car, van and motorcycle drivers Sports and tness workers Mobile plant operators Food processing and related trades workers Manufacturing labourers Food preparation assistants Child care workers and teachers aides Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers Market gardeners and crop growers Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 133,750 120,490 86,700 78,590 67,040 56,400 49,770 47,020 38,270 34,370 34,200 25,890 24,870 20,070 18,960 18,730 17,710 17,240 16,770 16,410 16,070 15,990 15,600 15,400 14,620 1,000,930 1,364,020 2011Q1 Ranking 2 3 5 1 4 7 15 8 10 6 25 9 11 21 20 12 14 35 32 16 17 19 13 24 18

Table 10 Finland: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Health care assistants Shop sales assistants Cleaners and helpers in oces, hotels and other establishments House builders Freight handlers Child care workers Carpenters and joiners Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers Heavy truck and lorry drivers Building caretakers Nursing associate professionals Cooks Kitchen helpers Secretaries (general) Waiters Food service counter attendants Home-based personal care workers Cashiers and ticket clerks Mail carriers and sorting clerks Security guards Teachers aides Building construction labourers Contact centre salespersons Primary school teachers Social work associate professionals Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 12,650 12,440 9,600 7,660 7,300 6,700 5,580 5,360 4,770 4,540 4,420 4,050 3,940* 3,940* 3,340* 3,320* 3,260* 3,130* 3,080* 3,000* 3,000* 2,970* 2,970* 2,660* 2,530* 126,210 263,410 2011Q1 Ranking 2 3 1 18 8 5 7 89 9 12 4 22 23 15 49 16 10 19 36 61 31 38 21 17 11

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey * means: limited reliability, a means: below publication limit; rank 100 means: 100 or farther down.

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Table 11 France: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Shop sales assistants Cleaners and helpers in oces, hotels and other establishments Building construction labourers Freight handlers Waiters Domestic cleaners and helpers Clerical support workers not elsewhere classied Hand packers Commercial sales representatives Food and related products machine operators Stock clerks Cooks Personal care workers in health services not elsewhere classied Child care workers Heavy truck and lorry drivers Fitness and recreation instructors and program leaders Mixed crop and livestock farm labourers Cashiers and ticket clerks Li ing truck operators Welders and ame-cutters Car, taxi and van drivers Accounting and bookkeeping clerks Physical and engineering science technicians not elsewhere classied Manufacturing labourers not elsewhere classied Secretaries (general) Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 104,570 82,650 77,270 75,540 62,510 60,670 54,270 50,610 47,830 42,120 36,740 36,280 34,790 34,660 33,720 32,350 32,130 31,470 31,020 30,370 29,320 27,900 27,350 27,250 25,600 1128,990 1953,400 2011Q1 Ranking 1 7 5 4 10 2 6 3 9 13 22 21 19 8 17 30 26 15 20 12 11 28 16 14 23

Table 12 Greece: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Waiters and bartenders Domestic, hotel and oce cleaners and helpers Shop salespersons Cooks Building frame and related trades workers Agricultural, forestry and shery labourers Client information workers General oce clerks Protective services workers Building nishers and related trades workers Mining and construction labourers Food processing and related trades workers Manufacturing labourers Refuse workers Heavy truck and bus drivers Food preparation assistants Market gardeners and crop growers Garment and related trades workers Machinery mechanics and repairers Food and related products machine operators Transport and storage labourers Car, van and motorcycle drivers Sales and purchasing agents and brokers Hairdressers, beauticians and related workers Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 11,180 10,930 5,490 4,230* 4,120* 3,870* 3,730* 3,100* 2,630* 2,630* a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 74,330 96,220 2011Q1 Ranking 4 1 5 11 3 2 7 14 15 6 9 31 39 43 19 26 16 37 30 56 22 28 55 100 8

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey * means: limited reliability, a means: below publication limit; rank 100 means: 100 or farther down.

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Table 13 Hungary: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1

Table 14 Ireland: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1

2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Sweepers and related labourers Cleaners and helpers in oces, hotels and other establishments Shop sales assistants Garden and horticultural labourers Building construction labourers Bricklayers and related workers General oce clerks Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers Toolmakers and related workers Freight handlers Heavy truck and lorry drivers Kitchen helpers Mechanical machinery assemblers Hand packers Security guards Bartenders Social work associate professionals Painters and related workers Waiters Mixed crop and livestock farm labourers Cashiers and ticket clerks Accounting associate professionals Sewing machine operators Mail carriers and sorting clerks Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 16,030 9,240 8,500 8,460 5,300 4,420* 4,070* 3,790* 3,790* 3,530* 3,440* 3,330* 2,900* 2,670* 2,650* a a a a a a a a a a 102,830 184,820

2011Q1 Ranking 2 4 1 72 18 12 9 17 6 28 7 5 10 11 59 3 22 38 14 8 21 93 31 46 100 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) No answer : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Total top-25 Total

2011Q3 Number of jobnders 92,500 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 92,500

2011Q1 Ranking 1 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey * means: limited reliability, a means: below publication limit; rank 100 means: 100 or farther down.

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Table 15 Italy: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Waiters and bartenders Shop salespersons Agricultural, forestry and shery labourers Domestic, hotel and oce cleaners and helpers Building frame and related trades workers Cooks Personal care workers in health services Protective services workers Other elementary workers Secretaries (general) Physical and engineering science technicians Sheet and structural metal workers, moulders, welders, related workers Client information workers Material-recording and transport clerks Heavy truck and bus drivers Mining and construction labourers Cashiers and ticket clerks General oce clerks Food preparation assistants Hairdressers, beauticians and related workers Secondary education teachers Electrical equipment installers and repairers Blacksmiths, toolmakers and related trades workers Transport and storage labourers Building nishers and related trades workers Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 75,560 58,150 45,670 45,490 37,040 28,260 18,590 17,370 15,870 15,660 14,820 14,770 14,110 14,000 13,620 12,780 12,590 12,490 12,410 11,650 11,070 10,290 10,050 9,730 9,610 541,650 2011Q1 Ranking 4 2 3 1 6 10 5 29 9 7 18 22 8 13 19 12 40 17 45 28 24 14 31 11 30

Table 16 Lithuania: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Shop sales assistants Civil engineering labourers Cleaners and helpers in oces, hotels and other establishments Heavy truck and lorry drivers House builders Sweepers and related labourers Hand packers Accounting and bookkeeping clerks Security guards Mobile farm and forestry plant operators Cooks Freight handlers Car, taxi and van drivers Information and communications technology installers and servicers Crop farm labourers Motor vehicle mechanics and repairers Insurance representatives Mixed crop and livestock farm labourers Manufacturing managers Welders and ame-cutters Painters and related workers Toolmakers and related workers Carpenters and joiners Bakers, pastry-cooks and confectionery makers Mechanical engineering technicians Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 5,050* a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 46,370 75,200 2011Q1 Ranking 3 75 7 1 15 2 80 21 6 68 34 8 23 88 100 24 100 100 100 20 27 37 16 17 9

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

772,410

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey * means: limited reliability, a means: below publication limit; rank 100 means: 100 or farther down.

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Table 17 Luxembourg: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) General oce clerks Management and organisation analysts Shop sales assistants Waiters Administrative and executive secretaries Financial and investment advisers Cooks Motor vehicle mechanics and repairers Translators, interpreters and other linguists Cashiers and ticket clerks Rubber products machine operators Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers Secretaries (general) Policy administration professionals Underwater divers Plasterers Accountants Social work and counselling professionals Stock clerks Accounting and bookkeeping clerks Building structure cleaners Legal secretaries Advertising and public relations managers Mail carriers and sorting clerks Enquiry clerks Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 1,130* a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 7,930 11,420 2011Q1 Ranking 1 11 3 12 50 18 100 100 100 31 100 52 19 10 100 34 4 73 15 26 100 100 100 100 100

Table 18 Latvia: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Manufacturing labourers Agricultural, forestry and shery labourers Shop salespersons Mining and construction labourers Financial and mathematical associate professionals Other elementary workers Building frame and related trades workers Mobile plant operators Refuse workers Transport and storage labourers Building nishers and related trades workers Administration professionals Wood treaters, cabinet-makers and related trades workers Heavy truck and bus drivers Domestic, hotel and oce cleaners and helpers Hairdressers, beauticians and related workers Sheet and structural metal workers, moulders, welders, related workers Material-recording and transport clerks Blacksmiths, toolmakers and related trades workers Food processing and related trades workers Electrical equipment installers and repairers Primary school and early childhood teachers Skilled agricultural, forestry and shery workers Numerical clerks Travel attendants, conductors and guides Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 9,150 6,620* 6,550* a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 59,710 77,930 2011Q1 Ranking 1 5 2 8 58 13 7 34 3 4 100 42 12 6 11 15 24 32 48 33 64 45 31 43 55

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey * means: limited reliability, a means: below publication limit; rank 100 means: 100 or farther down.

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Table 17 Luxembourg: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) General oce clerks Management and organisation analysts Shop sales assistants Waiters Administrative and executive secretaries Financial and investment advisers Cooks Motor vehicle mechanics and repairers Translators, interpreters and other linguists Cashiers and ticket clerks Rubber products machine operators Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers Secretaries (general) Policy administration professionals Underwater divers Plasterers Accountants Social work and counselling professionals Stock clerks Accounting and bookkeeping clerks Building structure cleaners Legal secretaries Advertising and public relations managers Mail carriers and sorting clerks Enquiry clerks Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 1,130* a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 7,930 11,420 2011Q1 Ranking 1 11 3 12 50 18 100 100 100 31 100 52 19 10 100 34 4 73 15 26 100 100 100 100 100

Table 18 Latvia: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Manufacturing labourers Agricultural, forestry and shery labourers Shop salespersons Mining and construction labourers Financial and mathematical associate professionals Other elementary workers Building frame and related trades workers Mobile plant operators Refuse workers Transport and storage labourers Building nishers and related trades workers Administration professionals Wood treaters, cabinet-makers and related trades workers Heavy truck and bus drivers Domestic, hotel and oce cleaners and helpers Hairdressers, beauticians and related workers Sheet and structural metal workers, moulders, welders, related workers Material-recording and transport clerks Blacksmiths, toolmakers and related trades workers Food processing and related trades workers Electrical equipment installers and repairers Primary school and early childhood teachers Skilled agricultural, forestry and shery workers Numerical clerks Travel attendants, conductors and guides Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 9,150 6,620* 6,550* a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 59,710 77,930 2011Q1 Ranking 1 5 2 8 58 13 7 34 3 4 100 42 12 6 11 15 24 32 48 33 64 45 31 43 55

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey * means: limited reliability, a means: below publication limit; rank 100 means: 100 or farther down.

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Table 19 Malta: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Waiters General oce clerks Accounting and bookkeeping clerks Teaching professionals not elsewhere classied Shop sales assistants Bus and tram drivers Chefs Health care assistants Cleaners and helpers in oces, hotels and other establishments Cashiers and ticket clerks Armed forces occupations, other ranks Accountants Hand packers Domestic cleaners and helpers Assemblers not elsewhere classied Rubber products machine operators Secondary education teachers Athletes and sports players Child care workers Building construction labourers Professional services managers not elsewhere classied Building architects Elementary workers not elsewhere classied Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers Broadcasting and audio-visual technicians Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4,870 7,340 2011Q1 Ranking 2 5 100 38 100 100 7 6 35 29 16 100 43 13 9 100 100 100 56 37 100 15 100 100 100

Table 20 Netherlands: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Shop sales assistants Waiters and bartenders Shelf llers Cashiers and ticket clerks Domestic, hotel and oce cleaners and helpers Freight handlers General oce clerks Social work associate professionals Kitchen helpers Messengers, package deliverers and luggage porters Hand packers Personal care workers in health services Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers Home-based personal care workers Telephone switchboard operators Nursing associate professionals Mail carriers and sorting clerks Material-recording and transport clerks Cooks Carpenters and joiners Client information workers Heavy truck and lorry drivers Business services agents not elsewhere classied Database and network professionals Child care workers Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 39,560 33,530 18,750 15,600 15,270 12,960 9,760* 9,230* 9,070* 8,260* 8,070* 6,530* 6,270* 6,020* 6,000* 5,830* 5,820* 5,760* 5,720* 5,590* 5,510* 5,400* 4,710* 4,540* a 258,160 469,070 2011Q1 Ranking 1 2 3 7 6 5 4 18 21 10 14 32 29 12 16 31 17 23 22 35 15 11 8 26 13

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey * means: limited reliability, a means: below publication limit; rank 100 means: 100 or farther down.

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Table 21 Poland: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Shop sales assistants Building construction labourers Heavy truck and lorry drivers Bricklayers and related workers Cleaners and helpers in oces, hotels and other establishments General oce clerks Stock clerks Hand packers Security guards Car, taxi and van drivers Manufacturing labourers not elsewhere classied Welders and ame-cutters Garden and horticultural labourers Waiters Painters and related workers House builders Crop farm labourers Commercial sales representatives Cashiers and ticket clerks Sweepers and related labourers Plasterers Cooks Toolmakers and related workers Kitchen helpers Floor layers and tile setters Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 62,690 26,250 22,700 22,170 21,360 16,950* 15,570* 14,780* 13,270* 12,870* 12,550* 12,330* 10,700* 9,790* 9,460* 9,370* 8,370* 8,120* 7,700* 7,620* 7,380* 7,290* 7,200* 6,400* 6,340* 359,230 734,490 2011Q1 Ranking 1 4 3 12 5 2 8 13 6 45 7 20 17 11 33 14 88 9 10 59 50 36 28 39 46

Table 22 Portugal: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Domestic, hotel and oce cleaners and helpers Waiters and bartenders Shop salespersons Other sales workers Building frame and related trades workers Protective services workers Building nishers and related trades workers Personal care workers in health services Client information workers Cashiers and ticket clerks Food preparation assistants Market gardeners and crop growers Mining and construction labourers Heavy truck and bus drivers Transport and storage labourers Other elementary workers Cooks General oce clerks Garment and related trades workers Architects, planners, surveyors and designers Other clerical support workers Agricultural, forestry and shery labourers Primary school and early childhood teachers Mobile plant operators Sheet and structural metal workers, moulders, welders, related workers Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 24,460 12,320 11,090 9,900 9,100 8,020 7,940 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 168,880 260,600 2011Q1 Ranking 1 4 3 31 2 8 28 26 5 11 12 17 14 13 71 7 37 9 21 38 91 23 16 24 22

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey * means: limited reliability, a means: below publication limit; rank 100 means: 100 or farther down.

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Table 23 Romania: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Building construction labourers Cooks Shop keepers Food service counter attendants Waiters Field crop and vegetable growers Cleaners and helpers in oces, hotels and other establishments Elementary workers not elsewhere classied Bricklayers and related workers Bakers, pastry-cooks and confectionery makers Freight handlers Crop farm labourers Companions and valets Mechanical engineers General oce clerks Bartenders Mixed crop and animal producers Economists Civil engineering labourers Shop sales assistants Security guards Heavy truck and lorry drivers Garden and horticultural labourers Hotel receptionists Protective services workers not elsewhere classied Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 73,190 132,340 2011Q1 Ranking 3 46 4 95 44 6 5 31 9 28 8 100 100 18 48 35 97 10 100 34 7 38 66 60 22

Table 24 Sweden: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Home-based personal care workers Shop sales assistants Health care assistants Cleaners and helpers in oces, hotels and other establishments Kitchen helpers Waiters Heavy truck and lorry drivers Child care workers Commercial sales representatives House builders Cashiers and ticket clerks Hand packers Building caretakers Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers Early childhood educators Cooks Nursing professionals Li ing truck operators Freight handlers Primary school teachers Car, taxi and van drivers Receptionists (general) Systems analysts Metal working machine tool setters and operators Administrative and executive secretaries Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 55,290 35,300 23,200 15,720 14,810 11,180 9,650 8,970 8,780 7,830 7,780 7,750 7,500 7,450 6,530 6,470 6,410 6,270 5,740 4,960* 4,320* 4,220* 4,150* 4,110* 3,920* 278,310 516,360 2011Q1 Ranking 1 2 3 4 6 11 8 5 9 18 10 21 27 100 7 14 15 16 29 12 17 28 31 44 13

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey * means: limited reliability, a means: below publication limit; rank 100 means: 100 or farther down.

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Table 25 Slovenia: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Waiters Shop sales assistants Secretaries (general) Manufacturing labourers not elsewhere classied Cooks Kitchen helpers Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers Early childhood educators Nursing associate professionals Health care assistants Heavy truck and lorry drivers Cleaners and helpers in oces, hotels and other establishments Metal working machine tool setters and operators Cashiers and ticket clerks Commercial sales representatives Stock clerks Freight handlers Applications programmers Survey and market research interviewers Shop supervisors Hand packers Draughtspersons Butchers, shmongers and related food preparers Bricklayers and related workers Policy administration professionals Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 4,330* 2,440* 2,340* 1,700* 1,530* 1,480* 1,140* 1,030* a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 26,170 46,800 2011Q1 Ranking 2 1 3 12 38 19 18 28 13 70 11 5 7 46 8 21 24 49 54 100 100 100 100 47 100

Table 26 Slovakia: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) Sweepers and related labourers Shop sales assistants Waiters Building construction labourers Heavy truck and lorry drivers Primary school teachers Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers Freight handlers Economists Stock clerks Commercial sales representatives Bricklayers and related workers Motor vehicle mechanics and repairers Business services agents not elsewhere classied Manufacturing labourers not elsewhere classied Food and related products machine operators Crane, hoist and related plant operators Process control technicians not elsewhere classied Cleaners and helpers in oces, hotels and other establishments Car, taxi and van drivers Civil engineering labourers Carpenters and joiners Cabinet-makers and related workers Librarians and related information professionals Administrative and executive secretaries Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 4,370* 3,560* a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 28,970 54,290 2011Q1 Ranking 1 2 4 9 7 40 11 53 100 13 16 26 100 69 12 100 38 81 5 17 75 27 100 100 6

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey * means: limited reliability, a means: below publication limit; rank 100 means: 100 or farther down.

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Table 27 United Kingdom: Top 25 occupations with most job-nders in 2011Q3, with ranking in 2011Q1
2011Q3 Ranking 1 Occupation (ISCO-08 4-digit) No answer : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Total top-25 Total Number of jobnders 1,271,450 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 1,271,450 2011Q1 Ranking 1 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey * means: limited reliability, a means: below publication limit; rank 100 means: 100 or farther down.

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AC.2 Top 3 growth occupations (ISCO-88 4-digit) per major occupational group, job-nders (LFS), 2007-2010

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Table 1 Austria: 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Production and operations managers in construction Managers and senior ocials Sales and marketing managers Managers of small enterprises not elsewhere classied College, university, higher education teaching professionals Professionals Other teaching professionals not elsewhere classied Business professionals not elsewhere classied Finance and sales associate professionals n.e.c. Technicians and associate professionals Computer assistants Legal and related business associate professionals Secretaries Clerks Library and ling clerks Mail carriers and sorting clerks Institution-based personal care workers Service and sales workers Child-care workers Waiters, waitresses and bartenders Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers Skilled Agricultural, shery workers Crop and animal producers Dairy and livestock producers Painters and related workers Cra , related trades workers Cabinetmakers and related workers Agricultural- or industrial-machinery mechanics, tters Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations Li ing-truck operators Assemblers Electrical-equipment assemblers Helpers, cleaners in oces, hotels, other establishments Building caretakers Doorkeepers, watchpersons and related workers Total top 9x3 Total 20072010 growth a a a a a a 10,500 a a a a a 6,200* 5,400* a 4,800* a a a a a a a a 12,600 a a 84,600 54,600 2008 index a a 94* a 130* a 118 166 a 87* a a 151 103* 105 115* a a 109 115 103 167* a a 124 130* a 119 103 2009 index a a 91* a 220* 165* 88 130* a 83* a a 166 184 99 133 a a 90* 98 84 a a a 128 145* 271* 117 93 2010 index a a 112* 276* 184* 174* 141 167 a 121* a a 141 181 107 175 a a 136 136 114 177* a a 124 169* a 135 106 Job-nders 2010 a a 7,200* 4,600* 6,400* 5,100* 36,500 8,400 a 7,800* a a 21,300 12,200 56,300 11,300 a a 11,800 11,300 22,100 4,900* a a 65,800 7,100* a 324,200 982,800

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative.

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Table 2 Belgium: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Other specialist managers Managers and senior ocials Managers of small enterprises Senior ocials of special-interest organisations Nursing and midwifery professionals 20072010 growth 3,300* a a 6,600 2,500* a 2,800* a a a a a 6,100 5,900 3,400* a a a 3,500* a a 3,600* a a a a a 49,200 -107,600 2008 index 87 a a 118 a 128* a a a 107 123 92 112 104 130 a a a 430 109 a 87 333* 95 a 101* 93 113 102 2009 index 74 213* a 136 575* a 161* a a 97 91 97 112 102 113 a a a a 84 a 50 a 77 a a a 96 83 2010 index 114 182* a 143 577* 172* 262* a a 119 101 80 126 109 109 a a a 330 105 a 114 294* 118 a a 77 115 88 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

26,200 3,500*
a

Professionals

Other teaching professionals Legal professionals Nursing and midwifery associate professionals

22,100 3,100*
4,400*

Technicians and associate professionals

Other teaching associate professionals Computer associate professionals Cashiers, tellers and related clerks

4,500* a
a

Clerks

Other oce clerks Customer services clerks Personal care and related workers

8,600 67,800
4,600

Service and sales workers

Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Forestry and related workers

29,400 71,700
41,900

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Animal producers and related workers Fishery workers, hunters and trappers Painters, building structure cleaners, related workers Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers Cra printing and related trades workers Assemblers Metal- and mineral-products machine operators Other machine operators not elsewhere classied Street vendors and related workers Garbage collectors and related labourers Messengers, porters, doorkeepers and related workers Total top 9x3 Total

a a
a

5,000 13,300
a

Cra , related trades workers

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

29,600 3,600*
13,300

a a 5,100 368,200 783,370

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative.

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Table 3 Bulgaria: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Managers of small enterprises Managers and senior ocials Directors and chief executives Legislators and senior government ocials Health professionals (except nursing) 20072010 growth a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 10,200 -183,400 2008 index a a a a a a 187* a a 139* 166* 112* 92* a a 104 a a a a a a a a a 86* a 112 100 2009 index a a a a a a 117* a a a a a 130 a a 106 a a a a a a a a a 81* a 104 74 2010 index a a a a a a 133* a a 107* a 105* 136 a a 108 a a a a a a a a a 94* a 115 70 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a a
a

Professionals

Public service administrative professionals Mathematicians, statisticians and related professionals Physical and engineering science technicians

a a
a

Technicians and associate professionals

Life science technicians, related associate professional Pre-primary education teaching associate professionals Secretaries and keyboard-operating clerks

5,900* a
a

Clerks

Numerical clerks Other oce clerks Other personal services workers

6,200* a
5,200*

Service and sales workers

Fashion and other models Travel attendants and related workers Field crop and vegetable growers

16,000 a
a

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Forestry and related workers Fishery workers, hunters and trappers Other cra and related trades workers

14,800 a
a

Cra , related trades workers

Painters, building structure cleaners and related workers Cra printing and related trades workers Industrial robot operators Metal-processing plant operators Chemical-products machine operators Shoe cleaning and other street services elementary occupations Transport labourers and freight handlers Building caretakers, window and related cleaners Total top 9x3 Total

a a
a

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

a a
a

a 7,400* a 78,700 425,360

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative.

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Table 4 Cyprus: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Production and operations managers Managers and senior ocials Other specialist managers Directors and chief executives Special education teaching professionals 20072010 growth a a a a a a a a a 1,000* a a 2,200 600* a a a : a a a a a a 2,600 a a 6,400 -9,200 2008 index a a a a 123* a a 688* a 143 83 188* 166 100 a a a : a a a 96 a a 105 86* 115 116 97 2009 index 350* a a a 112* a a a a 81* 99 a 130 66* a a a : a a 147* 115 a a 124 137 94 115 87 2010 index a 120* a a 121* 127* a a a 156 119 203* 144 136 a a a : 165* a a 114 a a 130 128 112 133 90 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 : 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a 500*
a

Professionals

Architects, engineers and related professionals Legal professionals Customs,tax,related government associate professionals

a 1,200*
900*

Technicians and associate professionals

Health associate professionals (except nursing) Safety and quality inspectors Cashiers, tellers and related clerks

a a
a

Clerks

Customer services clerks Secretaries and keyboard-operating clerks Housekeeping and restaurant services workers

2,700 2,200
700*

Service and sales workers

Personal care and related workers Fashion and other models Fishery workers, hunters and trappers

7,200 2,100
a

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Field crop and vegetable growers : Painters, building structure cleaners and related workers

a a
:

Cra , related trades workers

Textile, garment and related trades workers Electrical, electronic equipment mechanics and tters Motor vehicle drivers Textile-, fur- and leather-products machine operators Food and related products machine operators Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Messengers, porters, doorkeepers and related workers Mining and construction labourers Total top 9x3 Total

700* a
a

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

2,700 a
a

11,400 2,000 3,500 81,000 81,760

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. : means: no data

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Table 5 Czech Republic: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Computing services managers Managers and senior ocials Production and operations managers not elsewhere classied Managers of small enterprises not elsewhere classied Business professionals not elsewhere classied 20072010 growth a a a 2,400* 1,000* 900* 2,600* 1,700* 1,600* 3,100* 2,800* 1,600* 5,100 4,200* 1,900* a a a 4,900 2,800* 2,400* 6,500 2,700* 2,100* 5,400 2,900* 1,300* 62,000 11,700 2008 index a a 446* 162* 100* 605* 102* 92 143* 120* 126* 99 116 167 a a a 176* 80 106* 105* 107 122* 139* 92 129 286* 116 99 2009 index a a 212* 118* 90* 386* 83* 104 110* 152* 135* 91* 98 251 400* a a 62* 144 66* 57* 83 117* 115* 137 175 147* 112 95 2010 index a 293* 192* 291* 127 486* 184 119 154 343* 272* 135 111 253 406* a a 106* 145 167 187 190 280* 172 183 157 212* 151 102 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a 900*
1,000*

Professionals

Secondary education teaching professionals Social work professionals Mechanical engineering technicians

3,700* 4,700
1,100*

Technicians and associate professionals

Technical and commercial sales representatives Trade brokers Tellers and other counter clerks

5,800 10,400
4,500

Clerks

Telephone switchboard operators Secretaries Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators

4,300* 4,400*
6,300

Service and sales workers

Protective services workers not elsewhere classied Hairdressers, barbers, beauticians and related workers Inland and coastal waters shery workers

51,600 7,000
2,500*

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Hunters and trappers Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers Bricklayers and stonemasons

a a
2,100*

Cra , related trades workers

Welders and ame cutters Machine-tool setters and setter-operators Industrial robot operators Motorised farm and forestry plant operators Electronic-equipment assemblers Sweepers and related labourers Doorkeepers, watchpersons and related workers Garbage collectors Total top 9x3 Total

15,900 7,000
5,200

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

13,700 4,100*
5,100

12,000 8,000 2,500* 184,600 681,090

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative.

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Table 6 Germany: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Directors and chief executives Managers and senior ocials Corporate managers Managers of small enterprises Writers and creative or performing artists 20072010 growth a a a a a a 35,400 23,100 a a a a 22,800 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 215,800 -119,300 2008 index 113 119 a 148 167 114 104 118 94 103 100 81 102 103 100 125 a a 105 97 100 a a a 90 122 a 102 99 2009 index 96 91 a 146 168 98 108 121 95 109 84 78 101 102 94 a a a 100 86 49 a a a 67 113 a 94 88 2010 index 119 111 a 152 196 110 124 126 126 114 102 90 105 105 101 116 a a 125 107 102 a a a 103 112 a Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

29,400 37,800
a

Professionals

Public service administrative professionals Secondary education teaching professionals Social work associate professionals

40,900 27,600
95,200

Technicians and associate professionals

Pre-primary education teaching associate professionals Business services agents and trade brokers Library, mail and related clerks

182,600 112,600
72,600

Clerks

Material-recording and transport clerks Cashiers, tellers and related clerks Housekeeping and restaurant services workers

55,000 179,100
86,300

Service and sales workers

Personal care and related workers Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Animal producers and related workers

527,200 313,100
499,800

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Market gardeners and crop growers Fishery workers, hunters and trappers Electrical, electronic equipment mechanics and tters

20,500 a
a

Cra , related trades workers

Precision workers in metal and related materials Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers Rubber- and plastic-products machine operators Chemical-processing-plant operators Glass, ceramics and related plant operators Manufacturing labourers Agricultural, shery and related labourers Garbage collectors and related labourers Total top 9x3 Total

99,800 29,200
72,600

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

a a
a

352,900 83,200 a

108 2,992,500 99 8,432,010

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative.

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Table 7 Denmark: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Legislators and senior ocials Managers and senior ocials Senior ocials of special-interest organisations Managers of small enterprises Social science and related professionals 20072010 growth a a a a a a 9,800 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 18,400 -263,300 2008 index a a a 164* 126* 78 248 144* a 134 a 97 a a 101* a a 84 99* 79 a a a a a a a 103 94 2009 index a a a 201* 195 111 160 153* a 96 a 99 a a 104* a a 106 137 96 a a a 105* a a a 113 79 2010 index a a a 152* 129* 108 247 136* a 112 a 84 a a 102* a a 90 115* 103 a a a 103* a a a 116 77 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a a
a

Professionals

Secondary education teaching professionals Health professionals (except nursing) Other teaching associate professionals

5,000* 6,900*
18,200

Technicians and associate professionals

Special education teaching associate professionals Ship and aircra controllers and technicians Other oce clerks

16,500 3,600*
a

Clerks

Cashiers, tellers and related clerks Customer services clerks Fashion and other models

10,800 a
10,200

Service and sales workers

Service workers and shop and market sales workers Other personal services workers Fishery workers, hunters and trappers

a a
3,700*

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Forestry and related workers Crop and animal producers Painters, building structure cleaners and related workers Building frame and related trades workers Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers

a a
7,900

Cra , related trades workers

6,400* 26,200
a

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

Printing-, binding-, paper-products machine operators Locomotive engine drivers and related workers Food and related products machine operators Elementary occupations Garbage collectors and related labourers Shoe cleaning and other street services elementary occupations Total top 9x3 Total

a a
5,000*

a a a 136,600 878,920

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative.

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Table 8 Estonia: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Production and operations managers in construction Managers and senior ocials Production, operations managers in restaurants, hotels Managers of small enterprises in transport, storage and communications College, university and higher education teaching professionals 20072010 growth a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 35,600 3,500 2008 index a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 102 98 2009 index a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 185* a a a a a 141 80 2010 index a a a a a a a a a a a a 300* a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 298 102 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a a
a

Professionals

Architects, engineers and related professionals n.e.c. Secondary education teaching professionals Photographers and image and sound recording equipment operators

a a
a

Technicians and associate professionals

Building and re inspectors Buyers Receptionists and information clerks

a a
a

Clerks

Data entry operators Cashiers and ticket clerks Cooks

a a
a

Service and sales workers

Travel attendants and travel stewards Protective services workers not elsewhere classied Animal producers and related workers n.e.c.

5,900* a
a

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Forestry workers and loggers Inland and coastal waters shery workers Agricultural- or industrial-machinery mechanics, tters

a a
a

Cra , related trades workers

Electrical mechanics tters and services Plasterers Heavy truck and lorry drivers Other machine operators not elsewhere classied Locomotive engine drivers Building construction labourers Forestry labourers Sweepers and related labourers Total top 9x3 Total

a a
a

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

a a
a

a a a 53,500 156,780

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative.

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Table 9 Spain: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Senior ocials of special-interest organisations Managers and senior ocials Managers of small enterprises Directors and chief executives Health professionals (except nursing) 20072010 growth a a a 3,100* a a 4,900* 4,300* a a a a 45,600 a a 4,100* a a a a a a a a 4,400* 3,400* a Total top 9x3 Total 8,600 -2,382,300 2008 index a 77 50* 132 94 a 148 116 227* 91 67 92 118 a 120 a 118 86 89* a 91* 265* 81* 65 96 96 93 103 87 2009 index a 67 73* 115 82* a 129 107 158* 92 53 43 122 a 101 a 74 86 a a a a 73* 35* 126 100 66 101 70 2010 index a 71 59* 112 117 a 151 110 181* 104 53 46 119 a 91 302 68* 64 91* a a 155* 107* 99 110 101 69 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a 5,400
3,900*

Professionals

College, university and higher education teaching professionals Religious professionals Teaching associate professionals

28,200 7,100
a

Technicians and associate professionals

Social work associate professionals Other teaching associate professionals Library, mail and related clerks

14,500 48,800
3,000*

Clerks

Material-recording and transport clerks Numerical clerks Personal care and related workers

34,600 23,500
17,600

Service and sales workers

Fashion and other models Protective services workers Crop and animal producers

288,600 a
69,800

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Forestry and related workers Animal producers and related workers Miners, shot-rers, stone cutters and carvers

6,100 5,000*
5,200

Cra , related trades workers

Handicra workers in wood, textile, leather and related materials Potters, glass-makers and related trades workers Power-production and related plant operators Ships deck crews and related workers Chemical-products machine operators Garbage collectors and related labourers Agricultural, shery and related labourers Street vendors and related workers

4,800* a
a

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

2,700* 4,300*
9,100

49,300 444,800 11,200

101 1,092,000 68 5,130,610

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative.

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Table 10 Finland: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Senior ocials of humanitarian and other special-interest organisations Managers and senior ocials Research and development managers Directors and chief executives Secondary education teaching professionals 20072010 growth a a a 7,100 2,500* a a a a 2,700* a a 2,200* a a a a a 2,000* a a a a a a a a 39,600 -68,600 2008 index a a a 138 338* 121 111 139* a 146 a a a 110 90 106 94 a 150* a a 169* a a 98 a 100* 111 99 2009 index a a a 128 a 140 101 96* a a a a 207* 115 79 109 102 a 162* a a 139* a a 92 a 121* 106 80 2010 index a a 138* 149 436* 139 132 169* a 199 330* a 280* 108 104 127 109 a 234* a a 182* a 132* 105 a 114* 131 92 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a a
2,300*

Professionals

Special education teaching professionals Primary education teaching professionals Athletes, sports persons, related associate professionals

21,500 3,200*
6,800

Technicians and associate professionals

Business services agents and trade brokers n.e.c. Medical equipment operators Tellers and other counter clerks

8,000 3,600*
a

Clerks

Cashiers and ticket clerks Word-processor and related operators Personal care and related workers n.e.c.

5,500 2,100*
a

Service and sales workers

Home-based personal care workers Child-care workers Dairy and livestock producers

3,400* 16,100
31,300

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers Field crop and vegetable growers Cabinetmakers and related workers

7,600 17,100
a

Cra , related trades workers

Roofers Building frame and related trades workers n.e.c. Motorised farm and forestry plant operators Ore and metal furnace operators Electrical-equipment assemblers Building caretakers Farm-hands and labourers Street (food) vendors Total top 9x3 Total

3,600* a
a

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

3,500* a
2,400*

12,600 a 2,300* 166,000 836,720

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied

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Table 11 France: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Managers of small enterprises Managers and senior ocials Production and operations managers Legislators and senior government ocials Computing professionals 20072010 growth a a a 9,600* 7,200* a 23,100 22,100 21,100 a a a a a a 7,600* a a 13,200* 10,900* a 38,500 13,500* a a a a 195,700 -640,100 2008 index 85* 95 a 112 119 140 119 108 114 133 92 a 183* 159* 104 84 117* 214* 157 87 122 107 103 129* 117 99 71* 108 98 2009 index 90* 68 a 93 103 117 115 99 86 124 92 a 150* a 91 105 120* a 98 117 95 118 61 79* 80 71 75* 92 85 2010 index 123* 99 a 122 130 118 136 119 112 126 103 a 131* 124* 100 105 132* a 120 128 108 135 117 132* 108 103 92* Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

12,600* 94,200
a

Professionals

Public service administrative professionals Health professionals (except nursing) Other teaching associate professionals

53,700 31,200
38,200

Technicians and associate professionals

Administrative associate professionals Physical and engineering science technicians Library, mail and related clerks

86,800 138,000
201,100

Clerks

Customer services clerks Numerical clerks Travel attendants and related workers

22,900 42,700
a

Service and sales workers

Protective services workers Personal care and related workers Field crop and vegetable growers

10,400* 9,200*
350,400

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Animal producers and related workers Fishery workers, hunters and trappers Electrical, electronic equipment mechanics and tters Cra and related trades workers Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers

159,200 18,300*
a

Cra , related trades workers

80,600 50,000
61,900

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

Food and related products machine operators Chemical-processing-plant operators Metal-processing plant operators Messengers, porters, doorkeepers and related workers Manufacturing labourers Sales and services elementary occupations Total top 9x3 Total

148,900 92,800
19,900*

63,400 150,100 12,700*

111 1,954,600 91 6,795,730

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied

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Table 12 Greece: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Managers of small enterprises Managers and senior ocials Directors and chief executives Legislators and senior government ocials Primary, pre-primary education teaching professionals 20072010 growth a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3,400* a a a a a a a a 11,700 7,200 5,100 42,300 -17,500 2008 index a a a 66* a a a 157 a a 145 84* 115 144 74* a a a 109 110 a a a a 181 125 105 116 103 2009 index a a a 130 170* a a 116* a 136* 117* 96* 115 161 81* 120* a a 128 90 a a a a 275 131 167 130 111 2010 index a a a 116 a a 612* 159 a 112* 103* 59* 105 144 108 195 a a 112 121 a a a a 280 123 187 127 96 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a a
a

Professionals

Architects, engineers and related professionals Mathematicians, statisticians and related professionals Special education teaching associate professionals

5,400 a
a

Technicians and associate professionals

Artistic, entertainment, sports associate professionals Social work associate professionals Library, mail and related clerks

2,600* 5,500
a

Clerks

Material-recording and transport clerks Numerical clerks Housekeeping and restaurant services workers

3,000* 3,900*
2,600*

Service and sales workers

Protective services workers Personal care and related workers Field crop and vegetable growers

51,400 7,400
6,100

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Crop and animal producers Animal producers and related workers Building frame and related trades workers

6,900 a
a

Cra , related trades workers

Painters, building structure cleaners and related workers Cra printing and related trades workers Chemical-products machine operators Other machine operators not elsewhere classied Power-production and related plant operators Agricultural, shery and related labourers Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Mining and construction labourers Total top 9x3 Total

22,700 6,900
a

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

a a
a

18,200 38,100 11,000 199,300 376,280

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied

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Table 13 Hungary: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Managers of small enterprises in wholesale, retail trade Managers and senior ocials Other specialist managers not elsewhere classied Managers of small enterprises in manufacturing Business professionals not elsewhere classied 20072010 growth a a a 6,700 a a a a a a a a 6,100 4,400* a a a a 7,000 a a a a a 42,600 4,100* 3,500* 100,900 75,000 2008 index a a a 141 a a 105* 249 a a a a 108 97 101* 103 a a 462 a 200 173* a 156* 127 82 125 120 110 2009 index a a a 109* a a 84* 193* a a 252* a 87 153 182 148 a a 377 a 142* a a a 208 93 119 128 100 2010 index a a a 259 a 181* 142 174* a a a a 113 142 151 122 a a 530 187 170* 234* a 180* 252 119 113 159 113 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a a
a

Professionals

Librarians and related information professionals Computer systems designers, analysts, programmers Safety, health and quality inspectors

10,900 a
3,000*

Technicians and associate professionals

Nursing associate professionals Computer equipment operators Other oce clerks

5,800 3,600*
a

Clerks

Mail carriers and sorting clerks Data entry operators Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators

a a
a

Service and sales workers

Protective services workers not elsewhere classied Home-based personal care workers Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers

51,300 14,900
5,200

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Forestry workers and loggers Animal producers and related workers n.e.c. Agricultural- or industrial-machinery mechanics, tters

8,700 a
a

Cra , related trades workers

Tailors, dressmakers and hatters Motor vehicle mechanics and tters Machine-tool operators Chemical-products machine operators n.e.c. Earth-moving and related plant operators Sweepers and related labourers Construction and maintenance labourers: roads, dams and similar constructions Domestic helpers and cleaners Total top 9x3 Total

8,600 4,900
4,100*

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

3,500* a
3,200*

70,600 25,700 30,100 272,900 647,530

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied

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Table 14 Ireland: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Directors and chief executives Managers and senior ocials Senior ocials of special-interest organisations Legislators and senior government ocials Health professionals (except nursing) 20072010 growth a a a 2,600* a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a -18,600 -275,600 2008 index a a a 85* 127 a a a a 61* 70 57 a 89 85 a a 100* a a a a a a a 134* a 86 78 2009 index a a a 136 86 a a a a a 44* 28* a 56* 68 a a a a a a a a a a 98* a 62 50 2010 index a a a 170 116 a a a a a 47* 37* a 67 54* a a a a a a a a a a 93* a 70 55 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a a
a

Professionals

Primary, pre-primary education teaching professionals Physical, mathematical and engineering science professionals Police inspectors and detectives

6,400 6,800
a

Technicians and associate professionals

Nursing and midwifery associate professionals Optical and electronic equipment operators Library, mail and related clerks

a a
a

Clerks

Numerical clerks Material-recording and transport clerks Travel attendants and related workers

a 4,200*
3,400*

Service and sales workers

Other personal services workers Protective services workers Forestry and related workers

a 4,600
4,300*

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Fishery workers, hunters and trappers Field crop and vegetable growers Miners, shot-rers, stone cutters and carvers

a a
a

Cra , related trades workers

Handicra workers in wood, textile, leather and related materials Potters, glass-makers and related trades workers Ships deck crews and related workers Glass, ceramics and related plant operators Rubber- and plastic-products machine operators Building caretakers, window and related cleaners Agricultural, shery and related labourers Garbage collectors and related labourers Total top 9x3 Total

a a
a

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

a a
a

a 2,800* a 44,200 331,980

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied

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Table 15 Italy: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Managers of small enterprises Managers and senior ocials Senior ocials of special-interest organisations Directors and chief executives Primary, pre-primary education teaching professionals 20072010 growth a a a 4,400* 3,900* a a a a 33,900 22,400 a 10,800 a a a a a a a a 8,200 a a 75,400 12,800 a 197,100 -640,100 2008 index 149 a a 218* a a 140 116 a 150 141 114 99 129* a a a 131* 81 85 53* 173 156 a 124 100 154 122 100 2009 index 232 a 319* a 612* a 75 89 a 132 106 97 112 113* a a a 129* 91 100 a 127 135 a 128 94 73 113 80 2010 index 140 a a 257* 491* a 128 125 113* 170 135 98 129 117* a a a 102* 107 109 105 179 110 a 147 116 116 135 83 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

9,400 a
a

Professionals

Special education teaching professionals Nursing and midwifery professionals Other teaching associate professionals

7,200* 4,900*
a

Technicians and associate professionals

Special education teaching associate professionals Life science technicians, related associate professionals Other oce clerks

15,400 16,700
4,200*

Clerks

Customer services clerks Library, mail and related clerks Protective services workers

82,300 85,900
19,400

Service and sales workers

Travel attendants and related workers Fashion and other models Animal producers and related workers

47,500 5,800*
a

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Crop and animal producers Forestry and related workers Electrical, electronic equipment mechanics and tters

a a
4,300*

Cra , related trades workers

Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers Potters, glass-makers and related trades workers Food and related products machine operators Agricultural and other mobile plant operators Power-production and related plant operators Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Building caretakers, window and related cleaners Garbage collectors and related labourers Total top 9x3 Total

31,000 21,800
10,400

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

18,700 21,100
a

234,400 93,300 17,600 762,400 3221,400

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied

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Table 16 Lithuania: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Production and operations managers in manufacturing Managers and senior ocials Senior ocials of employers, workers and other economic-interest organisations Directors and chief executives College, university and higher education teaching professionals 20072010 growth a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 5,200* a a a a a 49,400 -63,900 2008 index a a a a a a a a a a a a a 104* a a a a a a a 164* a a 531 a a 161 87 2009 index a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 76* a a a a 124 61 2010 index a a a a a a a a a a a a a 113* a a a a a 132* a 217* 144* a 210* a a 216 81 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a a
a

Professionals

Medical doctors Secondary education teaching professionals Technical and commercial sales representatives

a a
a

Technicians and associate professionals

Business services agents and trade brokers n.e.c. Medical assistants Stock clerks

a a
a

Clerks

Scribes and related workers Secretaries Home-based personal care workers

a a
a

Service and sales workers

Cooks Fire-ghters Forestry workers and loggers

a 6,300*
a

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Field crop and vegetable growers Animal producers and related workers n.e.c. Plumbers and pipe tters

a a
a

Cra , related trades workers

Motor vehicle mechanics and tters Stone splitters, cutters and carvers Car, taxi and van drivers Heavy truck and lorry drivers Sewing-machine operators Transport labourers and freight handlers Doorkeepers, watchpersons and related workers Forestry labourers Total top 9x3 Total

a 5,200*
a

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

9,600* 13,400*
a

7,600* a a 92,100 271,930

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied

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Table 17 Luxembourg: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Managers of small enterprises of restaurants and hotels Managers and senior ocials Production and operations managers n.e.c. Managers of small enterprises n.e.c. Legal professionals n.e.c. 20072010 growth a a a a a a a a a a a a 1,400* a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 9,100 1,200 2008 index a a a a a a a a a a a a 134* a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 125 62 2009 index a a a a a a a a a 160* a a 145* a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 180 99 2010 index a a a a 160* a a a a 142* a a 213* a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 289 103 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a a
a

Professionals

Secondary education teaching professionals Architects, town and trac planners Nursing associate professionals

a 1,200*
a

Technicians and associate professionals

Other teaching associate professionals Finance and sales associate professionals n.e.c. Other oce clerks

a a
a

Clerks

Stock clerks Telephone switchboard operators Waiters, waitresses and bartenders

1,800* a
a

Service and sales workers

Travel attendants and travel stewards Child-care workers Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers

2,600* a
a

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Forestry workers and loggers Crop and animal producers Metal moulders and core-makers

a a
a

Cra , related trades workers

Sheet-metal workers Motor vehicle mechanics and tters Other machine operators n.e.c. Railway brakers, signallers and shunters Ships deck crews and related workers Transport labourers and freight handlers Construction and maintenance labourers: roads, dams and similar constructions Messengers, package, luggage porters and deliverers Total top 9x3 Total

a a
a

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

a a
a

a a a 13,900 36,540

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied

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Table 18 Latvia: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Production and operations managers Managers and senior ocials Other specialist managers Legislators and senior government ocials Business professionals 20072010 growth a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 16,600 16,500 4,300* 71,700 -8,800 2008 index a a a 135 a a a a a a a a 142* a 95 301* a a a a a a a a 88* 77 178 109 86 2009 index a a a 119* a a a a a a a a a a 54 a a 95* a a a a a a 234 102 87* 103 58 2010 index a a a 177 a 174* a a a 298* a a 139* a 102 a a 98* a a a 186* a a 364 168 155 177 97 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a a
a

Professionals

Public service administrative professionals Primary, pre-primary education teaching professionals Social work associate professionals

9,500 a
4,300*

Technicians and associate professionals

Life science technicians, related associate professional Ship and aircra controllers and technicians Material-recording and transport clerks

a a
a

Clerks

Customer services clerks Other oce clerks Personal care and related workers

4,800* a
a

Service and sales workers

Travel attendants and related workers Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Forestry and related workers

5,700* a
20,700

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Fishery workers, hunters and trappers Field crop and vegetable growers Wood treaters, cabinet-makers and related workers

a a
4,600*

Cra , related trades workers

Textile, garment and related trades workers Potters, glass-makers and related trades workers Power-production and related plant operators Wood-processing- and papermaking-plant operators Textile-, fur- and leather-products machine operators Garbage collectors and related labourers Manufacturing labourers Mining and construction labourers Total top 9x3 Total

a a
a

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

5,500* a
a

22,900 40,900 12,000 164,900 324,600

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied

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Table 19 Malta: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Directors and chief executives Managers and senior ocials Other specialist managers n.e.c. Production and operations managers n.e.c. Secondary education teaching professionals 20072010 growth a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a : a a a a a a a a a 4,400 -2,300 2008 index a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a : a a a a a a a a a 138 94 2009 index a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a : a a a a a a a a a 170 78 2010 index a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a : a a a a a a a a a 288 92 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 : 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a a
a

Professionals

College, university and higher education teaching professionals Medical doctors Statistical, mathematical, related associate professionals

a a
a

Technicians and associate professionals

Nursing associate professionals Special education teaching associate professionals Stock clerks

a a
a

Clerks

Cashiers and ticket clerks Library and ling clerks Other personal services workers n.e.c.

a a
a

Service and sales workers

Police ocers Travel attendants and travel stewards Field crop and vegetable growers

a a
a

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers : Aircra engine mechanics and tters

a a
:

Cra , related trades workers

Electronics mechanics and servicers Plumbers and pipe tters Electronic-equipment assemblers Bus and tram drivers Plastic-products machine operators Manufacturing labourers Messengers, package, luggage porters and deliverers Door-to-door and telephone salespersons Total top 9x3 Total

a a
a

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

a a
a

a a a 13,400 24,450

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied : means: no data

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Table 20 Netherlands: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Managers of small enterprises in wholesale, retail trade Managers and senior ocials Managers of small enterprises of restaurants and hotels Supply and distribution managers Business professionals n.e.c. 20072010 growth a a a 12,500 7,100* 6,600* 11,800 6,300* 5,000* 15,400 10,300 9,900* 43,200 37,700 9,200* a a a a a a a a a 29,700 29,100 10,500 268,500 395,000 2008 index a a a 168 153 112 150 145 134 85 117* 104 120 96 116* 87* a a a a a a 95* a 102 101 a 113 103 2009 index a a a 163 168 98* 133 69* 138 84 121* 74 102 89 136* 80* a a a a a a a a 110 57* a 99 85 2010 index 168* a a 291 196 165 186 148 156 221 265 138 253 171 251 125 a a a a 135* 277* 157* a 216 355 322 202 152 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

6,600* a
a

Professionals

Public service administrative professionals Secondary education teaching professionals Nursing associate professionals

19,000 14,500
16,700

Technicians and associate professionals

Business services agents and trade brokers n.e.c. Social work associate professionals Cashiers and ticket clerks

25,600 19,400
13,800

Clerks

Mail carriers and sorting clerks Oce clerks Waiters, waitresses and bartenders

28,100 16,600
36,000

Service and sales workers

Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Institution-based personal care workers Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers

71,400 90,400
15,300

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Field crop and vegetable growers Dairy and livestock producers Welders and ame cutters

12,600 a
a

Cra , related trades workers

Painters and related workers Building frame and related trades workers n.e.c. Chemical-still and reactor operators (except petroleum and natural gas) Car, taxi and van drivers Mechanical-machinery assemblers Helpers, cleaners in oces, hotels, other establishments Elementary occupations Street (food) vendors Total top 9x3 Total

a a
5,200*

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

4,900* 8,400*
a

55,300 40,500 15,300 532,700 1150,540

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied

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Table 21 Poland: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Sales and marketing managers Managers and senior ocials Production, operations managers in restaurants, hotels Production and operations managers n.e.c. Business professionals n.e.c. 20072010 growth a a a 13,500* 12,100* 5,300* 21,800 a a 8,000* a a 5,100* a a a a a 5,700* a a a a a a a a 137,500 -439,000 2008 index 957* a a 106 336* a 122 146* a 277* a a 111 87 40* 151* 171* a 113 155* 172* 110* 62* 155* a 87 220* 116 96 2009 index 580* a a 79 304* a 106 185* a a a a 104 71 100 96* a a 78 173* 149* 128* 90* 83* a 87 279* 103 77 2010 index 522* a a 152 334* 247* 146 182* a 323* a a 114 110 109 165* 154* a 119 217* 216* 134* 122* 123* 269* 112 181* 142 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

5,400* a
a

Professionals

Pre-primary education teaching professionals Architects, engineers and related professionals n.e.c. Technical and commercial sales representatives

39,600 17,300*
8,900*

Technicians and associate professionals

Other teaching associate professionals Athletes, sports persons, related associate professionals Library and ling clerks

69,000 7,600*
a

Clerks

Debt-collectors and related workers Production clerks Cooks

11,600* a
a

Service and sales workers

Waiters, waitresses and bartenders Hairdressers, barbers, beauticians and related workers Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers

42,900 54,800
25,600

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Forestry workers and loggers Dairy and livestock producers Motor vehicle mechanics and tters

12,200* 9,300*
a

Cra , related trades workers

Miners and quarry workers Insulation workers Electronic-equipment assemblers Metal-, rubber- and plastic-products assemblers Earth-moving and related plant operators Vehicle, window and related cleaners Construction and maintenance labourers: roads, dams and similar constructions Domestic helpers and cleaners Total top 9x3 Total

35,500 8,900*
8,200*

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

16,000* 15,300*
13,400*

6,000* 31,700 6,400* 462,300

87 3,041,490

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied

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Table 22 Portugal: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Legislators and senior ocials Managers and senior ocials Legislators and senior government ocials Production and operations managers Secondary education teaching professionals 20072010 growth a a a a a a a a a a a a 11,600 a a a a a a a a a a a 8,700 a a 67,000 -78,500 2008 index a a a 129 a a 213 a a a 82 a 128 113 a a a a 162 80 a 79 96 225 123 a a 117 101 2009 index a a a 135 a a 156 a a a 58 a 138 85 a a a a 135 78 a 93 a a 112 a a 103 88 2010 index a a a 147 a 132 174 a a a 93 a 161 104 a a a a 142 113 a 119 131 a 116 a a 124 91 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a a
a

Professionals

Legal professionals Social science and related professionals Finance and sales associate professionals

14,800 a
8,400

Technicians and associate professionals

Optical and electronic equipment operators Pre-primary education teaching associate professionals Other oce clerks

17,200 a
a

Clerks

Cashiers, tellers and related clerks Library, mail and related clerks Personal care and related workers

a 12,600
a

Service and sales workers

Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Travel attendants and related workers Fishery workers, hunters and trappers

30,500 79,700
a

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Crop and animal producers Skilled agricultural and shery workers Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers

a a
a

17,100 20,200
a

Cra , related trades workers

Building nishers and related trades workers Potters, glass-makers and related trades workers Motor vehicle drivers Agricultural and other mobile plant operators Textile-, fur- and leather-products machine operators Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Garbage collectors and related labourers Building caretakers, window and related cleaners Total top 9x3 Total

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

30,200 12,400
a

61,800 a a 352,000 785,670

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied

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Table 23 Romania: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Directors and chief executives Managers and senior ocials Production and operations managers n.e.c. Production and operations managers in manufacturing Agronomists and related professionals 20072010 growth a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 30,100 -529,000 2008 index a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 110 70 2009 index a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 92 46 2010 index a a a a a a a a a a a a a 114* a 179* a a a a a a a a a a a 202 44 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a a
a

Professionals

Computer systems designers, analysts, programmers Composers, musicians and singers Pre-primary education teaching associate professionals

a a
a

Technicians and associate professionals

Computer assistants Travel consultants and organisers Receptionists and information clerks

a a
a

Clerks

Pawnbrokers and money-lenders Stenographers and typists Housekeepers and related workers

a a
a

Service and sales workers

Cooks Fashion and other models Field crop and vegetable growers

a 7,900*
a

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Forestry workers and loggers Crop and animal producers Tool-makers and related workers

7,000* a
a

Cra , related trades workers

Building frame and related trades workers n.e.c. Bookbinders and related workers Composite products assemblers Other machine operators not elsewhere classied Railway brakers, signallers and shunters Messengers, package, luggage porters and deliverers Vehicle, window and related cleaners Street (food) vendors Total top 9x3 Total

a a
a

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

a a
a

a a a 59,400 418,990

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied

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Table 24 Sweden: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Production and operations managers n.e.c. Managers and senior ocials Sales and marketing managers Managers of small enterprises n.e.c. Pharmacists 20072010 growth a a a a a a 6,000 5,700 4,400* a a a a a a 5,500 a a a a a 4,100* 3,400* a 4,900* 3,700* 3,400* 62,100 -128,800 2008 index 77* a a a 127* a 113 94 a 105 a 101* a a 111 113 a a 82 115 128 117 161 91 112 146* 103 107 97 2009 index 120 a a a a a 108 109 a 97* a a a a 84 154 a a 59 118 82* 138 127* 85 134 99* 99 104 83 2010 index 127 141* a a 151 a 135 130 870* 115 a 113* a a 101 135 a a 123 133 121 143 196 106 131 213 136 129 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

5,500 3,000*
a

Professionals

Legal professionals n.e.c. Philologists, translators and interpreters Social work associate professionals

a 5,100
a

Technicians and associate professionals

Administrative secretaries and related associate professionals Employment agents and labour contractors Stenographers and typists

23,000 25,000
5,000*

Clerks

Debt-collectors and related workers Transport clerks Fashion and other models

5,600 a
3,600*

Service and sales workers

Fire-ghters Child-care workers Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers

a a
44,900

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Crop and animal producers Field crop and vegetable growers Motor vehicle mechanics and tters

21,100 a
a

Cra , related trades workers

Welders and ame cutters Sheet-metal workers Bus and tram drivers Other machine operators n.e.c. Heavy truck and lorry drivers Building caretakers Garbage collectors Transport labourers and freight handlers Total top 9x3 Total

13,300 7,200
5,600

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

13,700 7,000
32,100

20,700 7,000 12,600 274,500

93 1,686,500

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied

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Table 25 Slovenia: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Sales and marketing managers Managers and senior ocials Personnel and industrial relations managers Directors and chief executives Legal professionals n.e.c. 20072010 growth a a a 1,300* a a a a a a a a 1,200* a a a a a a a a 1,200* 1,000* a 2,800* a a 16,900 -61,300 2008 index a a a a a a a 504* a a a a 117 a a a a a a 254* 239* a 360* a 209* 361* 161 154 104 2009 index a a 123* a a 233* a a a a a a 94 a a a a a a a 237* a a a 101* 383* 137* 118 74 2010 index 145* a 122* 338* a 209* a a a a a a 110 764* a a a a a a a 507* 397* a 187* 311* 108* 156 73 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1,400* a
1,700*

Professionals

Mechanical engineers Medical doctors Business services agents and trade brokers n.e.c.

1,800* a
1,100*

Technicians and associate professionals

Mechanical engineering technicians Electronics, telecommunications engineering technicians Production clerks

a a
a

Clerks

Transport clerks Other oce clerks Waiters, waitresses and bartenders

a a
a

Service and sales workers

Child-care workers Housekeepers and related workers Crop and animal producers

13,100 1,100*
a

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Poultry producers Animal producers and related workers n.e.c. Upholsterers and related workers

a a
a

Cra , related trades workers

Building frame and related trades workers n.e.c. Painters and related workers Sewing-machine operators Electronic-equipment assemblers Fur- and leather-preparing-machine operators Manufacturing labourers Building construction labourers Helpers, cleaners in oces, hotels, other establishments Total top 9x3 Total

a a
a

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

1,500* 1,400*
a

5,900* 1,100* 7,900* 46,900 161,740

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied

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Table 26 Slovakia: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Managers of small enterprises in transport, storage and communications Managers and senior ocials Managers of small enterprises n.e.c. Managers of small enterprises in construction Computer systems designers, analysts, programmers 20072010 growth a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 19,400 18,100 a 63,100 -27,900 2008 index a a a a a a a a 103* a a a a a a a a a a a a 98* a a 660 a 186 181 93 2009 index a a a a a a a a 115 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 645 214* 224 196 76 2010 index a a a a 183* a a a 130 a a a a a a a a a 290* 193* a 154 213* a 805 904 166* 336 91 Job-nders 2010

Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit)

2007 index

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

a a
a

Professionals

Secondary education teaching professionals Special education teaching professionals Insurance representatives

a 2,600*
a

Technicians and associate professionals

Primary education teaching associate professionals Bookkeepers Accounting and book-keeping clerks

a a
5,500

Clerks

Tellers and other counter clerks Travel agency and related clerks Protective services workers n.e.c.

a a
a

Service and sales workers

Hairdressers, barbers, beauticians and related workers Prison guards Field crop and vegetable growers

a a
a

a a
a

Skilled Agricultural, shery workers

Market gardeners and crop growers Poultry producers Jewellery and precious-metal workers

Cra , related trades workers

Painters and related workers Agricultural- or industrial-machinery mechanics, tters Industrial robot operators Car, taxi and van drivers Rubber-products machine operators Sweepers and related labourers Garbage collectors Farm-hands and labourers Total top 9x3 Total

3,100* 3,500*
a

Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

6,000 2,900*
a

20,900 18,100 4,400* 87,100 293,100

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied

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Table 27 UK: Top 3 growth occupations per main occupational group, job-nders 2007-2010
Main group (ISCO88, 1-digit) Occupations (ISCO -88 , 4 digits) Production and operations managers in agriculture, hunting, forestry and shing Managers and senior ocials Production and operations managers in personal care, cleaning and related services Production and operations managers in business services enterprises Secondary education teaching professionals 2007-2010 growth a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 64,700 Total -1,720,800 2007 index 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2008 index a a 184 100 a 119 139 87 a 107 a 80 a 126 a a 118 a a a a a a a 158 a a 120 92 2009 index a a 73 95 a 102 110 103 a a a 70 a 95 a a 129 a a a a a a a 138 a a 97 72 2010 index a a 115 109 a 107 127 131 a 115 93 89 a 102 a a 113 a a a a a a a 116 a a 113 74 Job-nders 2010

a a
21,500

Professionals Technicians and associate professionals Clerks

Legal professionals n.e.c. Primary, pre-primary education teaching professionals Athletes, sports persons, related associate professionals Physiotherapists and related associate professionals Artistic, entertainment, sports associate professionals Transport clerks Travel agency and related clerks Stock clerks Travel guides

78,900 a
59,100

32,800 18,600
a

12,700 10,700
25,800

Service and sales workers Skilled Agricultural, shery workers Cra , related trades workers Plant, machine Operators, assemblers Elementary occupations

Home-based personal care workers Travel attendants and related workers Fishery workers, hunters and trappers Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers Crop and animal producers Bakers, pastry-cooks and confectionery makers Sheet-metal workers Glaziers Railway brakers, signallers and shunters Textile-, fur-, leather-products machine operators n.e.c. Mineral-ore and stone-processing-plant operators Farm-hands and labourers Forestry labourers Vehicle, window and related cleaners Total top 9x3

a 181,000
a

a 28,700
a

a a
a

a a
a

11,600 a a 550,200 4,896,450

Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey Occupation: ISCO88, 4-digit * means: limited reliability, a means: number is below publication limit or negative. n.e.c. means: not elsewhere classied

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AC.3 Top 25 occupations (ISCO-88 3-digit)of inow job vacancies registered by PES, 2011Q3

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Table 1 Austria: Top 25 occupations with highest PES vacancy inow 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1
2011Q3 PES vacancy inow 22,371 8,606 6,159 5,863 5,072 4,992 3,457 3,386 3,235 2,895 2,841 2,532 2,514 2,468 2,392 2,127 1,559 1,490 1,482 1,444 1,379 1,161 847 844 791 69,536 2011Q1

Table 2 Belgium: Top 25 occupations with highest PES vacancy inow 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1
2011Q3 PES vacancy inow 14,292 10,893 9,953 9,585 9,397 7,200 6,251 5,972 5,854 5,806 5,479 5,119 4,820 4,683 4,033 3,894 3,502 3,432 3,093 2,855 2,744 2,644 2,622 2,482 2,475 139,080 2011Q1

Ranking

Occupations (ISCO-88 3-digit level)

Ranking

Ranking

Occupations (ISCO-88 3-digit level)

Ranking

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Total top 25

Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Manufacturing labourers Transport labourers and freight handlers Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Machinery mechanics and tters Physical and engineering science technicians Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and tters Other oce clerks Finance and sales associate professionals Building nishers and related trades workers Other personal services workers Motor vehicle drivers Building frame and related trades workers Cashiers, tellers and related clerks Wood treaters, cabinet-makers and related trades workers Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers Mining and construction labourers Agricultural and other mobile plant operators Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers Messengers, porters, doorkeepers and related workers Other teaching associate professionals Administrative associate professionals Agricultural, shery and related labourers

1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 13 11 12 14 15 7 17 16 18 23 20 21 19 22 26 25 9 %

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Total top 25

Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Physical and engineering science technicians Secretaries and keyboard-operating clerks Manufacturing labourers Other specialist managers Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Finance and sales associate professionals Building nishers and related trades workers Client information clerks Motor vehicle drivers Material-recording and transport clerks Machinery mechanics and tters Architects, engineers and related professionals Other oce clerks Administrative associate professionals Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers Personal care and related workers Mining and construction labourers Secondary education teaching professionals Business services agents and trade brokers Agricultural and other mobile plant operators Numerical clerks Business professionals Nursing and midwifery associate professionals

1 2 4 3 5 6 7 9 10 13 12 11 8 15 16 14 17 23 22 21 20 18 37 25 43 %

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Table 3 Cyprus: Top 25 occupations with highest PES vacancy inow 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1
2011Q3 2011Q1

Table 4 Germany: Top 25 occupations with highest PES vacancy inow 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1
2011Q3 PES vacancy inow 47,270 38,533 31,630 30,666 26,274 25,036 24,060 21,359 21,130 20,658 20,407 16,720 14,360 14,290 13,433 12,179 12,025 11,708 10,545 8,594 8,466 8,425 7,704 7,368 7,245 460,085 2011Q1

PES vacancy inow 800 451 406 259 113 102 99 98 87 81 73 65 60 60 59 55 55 52 51 49 47 43 38 35 35 3,272

Ranking

Occupations (ISCO-88 3-digit level)

Ranking

Ranking

Occupations (ISCO-88 3-digit level)

Ranking

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Total top 25

Agricultural, shery and related labourers Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Other labourers n.e.c. Finance and sales associate professionals Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Building frame and related trades workers Other oce clerks Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers Food processing and related trades workers Messengers, porters, doorkeepers and related workers Transport labourers and freight handlers Machinery mechanics and tters Architects, engineers and related professionals Business professionals Building caretakers, window and related cleaners Secretaries and keyboard-operating clerks Health associate professionals (except nursing) Mining and construction labourers Administrative associate professionals Personal care and related workers Other personal services workers Client information clerks Motor vehicle drivers Garbage collectors and related labourers

4 2 1 3 7 5 6 8 10 15 14 29 21 13 19 38 18 37 9 12 25 20 16 22 44 %

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Total top 25

Manufacturing labourers Finance and sales associate professionals Personal care and related workers Material-recording and transport clerks Machinery mechanics and tters Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Other oce clerks Motor vehicle drivers Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and tters Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Building nishers and related trades workers Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Other machine operators not elsewhere classied Agricultural and other mobile plant operators Physical and engineering science technicians Architects, engineers and related professionals Other personal services workers Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers Building frame and related trades workers Mining and construction labourers Wood treaters, cabinet-makers and related trades workers Numerical clerks Transport labourers and freight handlers

1 2 3 9 6 4 5 8 7 10 11 13 14 12 17 18 15 16 21 20 19 30 27 22 23 %

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Table 5 Denmark: Top 25 occupations with highest PES vacancy inow 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1
2011Q3 PES vacancy inow 2284 1768 1688 1551 1405 1253 1089 792 773 765 655 594 544 497 487 486 483 481 423 411 398 395 386 357 348 20313 2011Q1

Table 6 Finland: Top 25 occupations with highest PES vacancy inow 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1
2011Q3 PES vacancy inow 26,398 8,413 7,208 6,228 4,226 3,345 2,915 2,825 2,437 2,410 2,346 2,220 2,161 2,096 2,055 2,042 2,026 1,905 1,618 1,319 1,184 1,150 1,038 1,029 963 % 91,557 2011Q1

Ranking

Occupations (ISCO-88 3-digit level)

Ranking

Ranking

Occupations (ISCO-88 3-digit level)

Ranking

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Total top 25

Personal care and related workers Street vendors and related workers Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Pre-primary education teaching associate professionals Finance and sales associate professionals Health professionals (except nursing) Social science and related professionals Building frame and related trades workers Nursing and midwifery associate professionals Business professionals Social work associate professionals College, university and higher education teaching professionals Public service administrative professionals Building nishers and related trades workers Other specialist managers Mining and construction labourers Secretaries and keyboard-operating clerks Primary and pre-primary education teaching professionals Transport labourers and freight handlers Motor vehicle drivers Architects, engineers and related professionals Health associate professionals (except nursing) Manufacturing labourers

1 4 2 3 5 7 6 8 11 28 9 12 14 15 13 20 17 27 10 26 24 23 21 18 31

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Total top 25

Finance and sales associate professionals Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Building caretakers, window and related cleaners Personal care and related workers Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers Building frame and related trades workers Nursing and midwifery professionals Nursing and midwifery associate professionals Building nishers and related trades workers Secretaries and keyboard-operating clerks Machinery mechanics and tters Motor vehicle drivers Architects, engineers and related professionals Material-recording and transport clerks Social science and related professionals Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and tters Health associate professionals (except nursing) Computing professionals Teaching professionals Library, mail and related clerks Primary and pre-primary education teaching professionals Other personal services workers Production and operations managers Administrative associate professionals

1 2 3 4 6 11 26 7 8 28 10 19 16 12 18 13 17 15 21 14 22 25 30 27 31 %

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Table 7 Hungary: Top 25 occupations with highest PES vacancy inow 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1
2011Q3 PES vacancy inow 50,252 12,355 5,986 4,364 3,410 3,062 2,898 2,664 2,570 2,546 2,009 1,923 1,832 1,821 1,812 1,763 1,753 1,692 1,642 1,628 1,623 1,565 1,409 1,209 1,069 114,857 2011Q1

Table 8 Lithuania: Top 25 occupations with highest PES vacancy inow 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1
2011Q3 PES vacancy inow 4,867 3,078 3,051 2,913 2,820 2,129 1,605 1,496 1,487 1,355 1,210 1,099 988 868 867 652 606 592 579 528 523 400 394 322 281 34,710 2011Q1

Ranking

Occupations (ISCO-88 3-digit level)

Ranking

Ranking

Occupations (ISCO-88 3-digit level)

Ranking

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Total top 25

Labourers and helpers n.e.c. (e.g. odd-job persons) Garbage collectors and related labourers Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Industrial robot operators Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers Messengers, porters, doorkeepers and related workers Building frame and related trades workers Secretaries and keyboard-operating clerks Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Shoe cleaning and other street services elementary occupations Textile, garment and related trades workers Agricultural, shery and related labourers Food processing and related trades workers Other personal services workers Personal care and related workers Motor vehicle drivers Administrative associate professionals Market gardeners and crop growers Machinery mechanics and tters Building nishers and related trades workers Business professionals Finance and sales associate professionals Client information clerks Agricultural and other mobile plant operators

1 2 3 7 4 8 5 10 6 9 15 11 16 26 20 13 18 14 19 17 22 25 21 33 24 %

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Total top 25

Manufacturing labourers Motor vehicle drivers Building frame and related trades workers Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Transport labourers and freight handlers Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Building nishers and related trades workers Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers Business professionals Textile, garment and related trades workers Food processing and related trades workers Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers Machinery mechanics and tters Agricultural and other mobile plant operators Protective services workers Architects, engineers and related professionals Administrative associate professionals Agricultural, shery and related labourers Garbage collectors and related labourers Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers Forestry and related workers Business services agents and trade brokers Finance and sales associate professionals Production and operations managers

1 2 5 3 4 7 6 10 12 8 9 15 13 14 16 21 18 19 33 23 17 26 24 20 29 %

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Table 9 Luxembourg: Top 25 occupations with highest PES vacancy inow 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1
2011Q3 PES vacancy inow 532 357 334 301 300 266 258 226 224 162 150 147 142 140 117 115 111 104 103 102 98 80 73 71 67 4,580 2011Q1

Table 10 Netherlands: Top 25 occupations with highest PES vacancy inow 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1
2011Q3 PES vacancy inow 3,503 2,861 2,546 2,535 2,360 2,319 2,098 1,744 1,660 1,361 1,045 964 954 846 796 761 725 715 695 647 646 597 472 451 450 % 33,751 2011Q1

Ranking

Occupations (ISCO-88 3-digit level)

Ranking

Ranking

Occupations (ISCO-88 3-digit level)

Ranking

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Total top 25

Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Finance and sales associate professionals Mining and construction labourers Building frame and related trades workers Secretaries and keyboard-operating clerks Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Computing professionals Building nishers and related trades workers Administrative associate professionals Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Physical and engineering science technicians Motor vehicle drivers Social science and related professionals Other specialist managers Social work associate professionals Architects, engineers and related professionals Numerical clerks Manufacturing labourers Material-recording and transport clerks Other oce clerks Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers Client information clerks Legal professionals Personal care and related workers Other teaching associate professionals

1 2 3 17 6 11 5 15 8 9 20 14 12 7 16 13 10 23 18 19 30 21 22 25 25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Total top 25

Other machine operators not elsewhere classied Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Motor vehicle drivers Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Finance and sales associate professionals Material-recording and transport clerks Personal care and related workers Building frame and related trades workers Building nishers and related trades workers Administrative associate professionals Protective services workers Machinery mechanics and tters Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and tters Physical and engineering science technicians Market gardeners and crop growers Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers Agricultural and other mobile plant operators Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers Nursing and midwifery associate professionals Library, mail and related clerks Transport labourers and freight handlers Mining and construction labourers Client information clerks Manufacturing labourers

2 3 7 1 6 4 8 5 9 11 12 18 15 19 14 13 16 22 17 20 38 24 21 26 42 %

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Table 11 Portugal: Top 25 occupations with highest PES vacancy inow 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1
2011Q3 PES vacancy inow 3,934 2,947 1,655 1,413 1,165 1,075 1,048 951 923 702 658 620 589 581 573 572 494 421 402 386 370 363 340 324 289 22,795 2011Q1

Table 12 Sweden: Top 25 occupations with highest PES vacancy inow 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1
2011Q3 PES vacancy inow 19,084 18,171 9,468 6,430 5,924 5,770 4,678 4,588 4,081 3,691 3,219 3,211 12 10 22 8 14 19 20 58 16 23 15 25 17 21 116,704 % 3,169 3,031 2,784 2,522 2,378 2,066 1,979 1,945 1,889 1,771 1,687 1,604 1,564 2011Q1

Ranking

Occupations (ISCO-88 3-digit level)

Ranking

Ranking

Occupations (ISCO-88 3-digit level)

Ranking

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Total top 25

Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Manufacturing labourers Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Building frame and related trades workers Textile, garment and related trades workers Personal care and related workers Crop and animal producers Material-recording and transport clerks Finance and sales associate professionals Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers Mining and construction labourers Pelt, leather and shoemaking trades workers Food processing and related trades workers Numerical clerks Motor vehicle drivers Other personal services workers Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers Secondary education teaching professionals Physical and engineering science technicians Messengers, porters, doorkeepers and related workers Building nishers and related trades workers Agricultural and other mobile plant operators Client information clerks Assemblers

1 2 5 4 6 3 9 13 18 7 11

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Total top 25

Shop, stall and market salespersons and demonstrators Finance and sales associate professionals Personal care and related workers Stall and market salespersons Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Computing professionals Business professionals Pre-primary education teaching associate professionals Primary and pre-primary education teaching professionals Architects, engineers and related professionals Motor vehicle drivers Physical and engineering science technicians Administrative associate professionals Building frame and related trades workers Material-recording and transport clerks Secondary education teaching professionals Health professionals (except nursing) Agricultural and other mobile plant operators Social science and related professionals Assemblers Computer associate professionals Numerical clerks Nursing and midwifery associate professionals Client information clerks

2 3 1 6 4 5 8 9 16 24 13 10 12 11 22 14 34 15 30 18 17 20 19 7 21 %

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Table 13 Slovakia: Top 25 occupations with highest PES vacancy inow 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1
2011Q3 2011Q1

PES vacancy inow 832 699 621 503 494 459 434 432 413 412 408 392 371 366 329 251 226 218 208 206 194 190 189 157 151 9,155

Ranking

Occupations (ISCO-88 3-digit level)

Ranking

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Protective services workers Textile, garment and related trades workers Assemblers Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers Manufacturing labourers Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers, and related trades workers Numerical clerks Industrial robot operators Computer associate professionals Mining and construction labourers Finance and sales associate professionals Building frame and related trades workers Motor vehicle drivers Optical and electronic equipment operators Building nishers and related trades workers Agricultural and other mobile plant operators Physical and engineering science technicians Transport labourers and freight handlers Agricultural, shery and related labourers Textile-, fur- and leather-products machine operators Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and tters Health associate professionals (except nursing) Administrative associate professionals Client information clerks

2 23 7 19 6 1 21 51 55 3 11 8 9 4 17 33 25 24 13 12 31 14 32 48 18 %

Total top 25

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AC.4 Top-25 PES bottleneck occupations (ISCO88 3-digit) with high inow vacancy to unemployed ratio

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Table 1 Austria: Top-25 occupations with the highest PES vacancy inow to unemployed ratio 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1

Table 2 Belgium: Top-25 occupations with the highest PES vacancy inow to unemployed ratio 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1

Ranking 1

Occupations (ISCO 88 - 3 digits) Locomotive engine drivers and related workers Rubber- and plastic-products machine operators Forestry and related workers Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers Wood treaters, cabinet-makers and related trades workers Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and tters Building nishers and related trades workers Machinery mechanics and tters Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Building frame and related trades workers Nursing and midwifery associate professionals Industrial robot operators Mining and mineral-processing-plant operators Numerical clerks Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers Assemblers Cashiers, tellers and related clerks Other machine operators not elsewhere classied Physical and engineering science technicians Metal-processing plant operators Agricultural, shery and related labourers Shoe cleaning and other street services elementary occupations Manufacturing labourers Agricultural and other mobile plant operators Sum of top 25 Total

Ratio v/u 2011Q3 2,4 2,4 1,9 1,5 1,3 1,3 1,2 1,2 1,0 1,0 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,9

ranking 2011Q1 1 5 7 3 12 11 10 21 16 17 49 4 34 90 9 26 51 23 15 22 53 6 30 20

Ranking 1

Occupations (ISCO 88 - 3 digits) Special education teaching professionals Nursing and midwifery associate professionals Police inspectors and detectives Street vendors and related workers Rubber- and plastic-products machine operators Nursing and midwifery professionals Business services agents and trade brokers Assemblers Safety and quality inspectors Physical and engineering science technicians Architects, engineers and related professionals Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers Power-production and related plant operators Administrative associate professionals Other specialist managers Messengers, porters, doorkeepers and related workers College, university and higher education teaching professionals Production and operations managers Finance and sales associate professionals Material-recording and transport clerks Machinery mechanics and tters Wood treaters, cabinet-makers and related trades workers Metal- and mineral-products machine operators Food and related products machine operators Computing professionals Sum of top 25 Total

Ratio v/u 2011Q3 14,3 5,4 4,2 3,1 2,4 2,2 1,5 1,5 1,4 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,0 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 1,0 0,3

ranking 2011Q1 24 2 12 1 5 4 6 16 7 11 8 13 9 14 18 19 60 21 25 27 22 28 41 38

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

33

43

0,5

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Table 3 Cyprus: Top-25 occupations with the highest PES vacancy inow to unemployed ratio 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1

Table 4 Germany: Top-25 occupations with the highest PES vacancy inow to unemployed ratio 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1

Ranking 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Occupations (ISCO 88 - 3 digits) Animal producers and related workers Agricultural, shery and related labourers Ships' deck crews and related workers Power-production and related plant operators Garbage collectors and related labourers Street vendors and related workers Miners, shotrers, stone cutters and carvers Health associate professionals (except nursing) Glass, ceramics and related plant operators Building caretakers, window and related cleaners Food processing and related trades workers Chemical-products machine operators Potters, glass-makers and related trades workers Mining and mineral-processing-plant operators Computing professionals Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers Health professionals (except nursing) Legal professionals Transport labourers and freight handlers Personal care and related workers Wood-processing- and papermaking-plant operators Domestic and related helpers, cleaners and launderers Secretaries and keyboard-operating clerks Life science professionals Sum of top 25 Total

Ratio v/u 2011Q3 7,0 5,3 4,3 4,0 1,7 1,7 1,4 1,0 1,0 1,0 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,6 0,1

ranking 2011Q1

Ranking 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Occupations (ISCO 88 - 3 digits) Legislators and senior government ocials Industrial robot operators Rubber- and plastic-products machine operators Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and tters Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers Nursing and midwifery associate professionals Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers Machinery mechanics and tters Locomotive engine drivers and related workers Building nishers and related trades workers Chemical-processing-plant operators Metal- and mineral-products machine operators Wood treaters, cabinet-makers and related trades workers Health associate professionals (except nursing) Wood-products machine operators Administrative associate professionals Ship and aircra controllers and technicians Architects, engineers and related professionals Health professionals (except nursing) Metal-processing plant operators Precision workers in metal and related materials Computing professionals Garbage collectors and related labourers Numerical clerks Physical and engineering science technicians Sum of top 25 Total

Ratio v/u 2011Q3 3,5 1,5 1,4 1,2 1,1 1,0 1,0 0,9 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,7 0,2

ranking 2011Q1

83 6 1 84 23 85 3 18 2 25 8 86 14 87 9 19 11 56 20 39 27 24 41 21 43

6 2 3 4 5 1 12 10 7 18 8 13 21 14 41 11 58 20 15 16 25 24 22 17 23

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Table 5 Hungary: Top-25 occupations with the highest PES vacancy inow to unemployed ratio 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1

Table 6 Lithuania: Top-25 occupations with the highest PES vacancy inow to unemployed ratio 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1

Ranking 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Occupations (ISCO 88 - 3 digits) Ship and aircra controllers and technicians Mining and construction labourers Garbage collectors and related labourers Agricultural, shery and related labourers Primary education teaching associate professionals Crop and animal producers Building caretakers, window and related cleaners Police inspectors and detectives Glass, ceramics and related plant operators Metal-processing plant operators Client information clerks Odd job workers Social work associate professionals Safety and quality inspectors Manufacturing labourers Transport labourers and freight handlers Forestry and related workers Market gardeners and crop growers Food and related products machine operators Pre-primary education teaching associate professionals Business professionals Shoe cleaning and other street services elementary occupations Handicra workers in wood, textile, leather and related materials Mining and mineral-processing-plant operators Personal care and related workers Sum of top 25 Total

Ratio v/u 2011Q3 4,2 2,1 1,3 1,2 1,1 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,5 0,3

ranking 2011Q1

Ranking 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Occupations (ISCO 88 - 3 digits) Printing-, binding- and paper-products machine operators Mathematicians, statisticians and related professionals Assemblers Senior ocials of special-interest organisations Special education teaching associate professionals Rubber- and plastic-products machine operators Textile-, fur- and leather-products machine operators Other machine operators not elsewhere classied Locomotive engine drivers and related workers Pre-primary education teaching associate professionals Forestry and related workers Food processing and related trades workers Glass, ceramics and related plant operators Metal- and mineral-products machine operators Textile, garment and related trades workers Food and related products machine operators Animal producers and related workers Fishery workers, hunters and trappers Wood-processing- and papermaking-plant operators Library, mail and related clerks Industrial robot operators Cra printing and related trades workers Building caretakers, window and related cleaners Social work associate professionals Cashiers, tellers and related clerks Sum of top 25 Total

Ratio v/u 2011Q3 1,3 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,0 0,9 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,7 0,2

ranking 2011Q1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

13 3 19 12 4 14 8 9 48 20 25 24 5 16 15 21 11 109 29 17 6 79 27 26 33

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Table 7 Netherlands: Top-25 occupations with the highest PES vacancy inow to unemployed ratio 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1

Table 8 Portugal: Top-25 occupations with the highest PES vacancy inow to unemployed ratio 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1

Ranking 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Occupations (ISCO 88 - 3 digits) Other oce clerks Ships' deck crews and related workers Protective services workers Social work associate professionals Police inspectors and detectives Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Market gardeners and crop growers Locomotive engine drivers and related workers Mining and mineral-processing-plant operators Wood-processing- and papermaking-plant operators Machinery mechanics and tters Transport labourers and freight handlers Assemblers Ship and aircra controllers and technicians Building nishers and related trades workers Building frame and related trades workers Mining and construction labourers Metal-processing plant operators Finance and sales associate professionals Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics and tters Painters, building structure cleaners and related trades workers Nursing and midwifery professionals Metal- and mineral-products machine operators Motor vehicle drivers Library, mail and related clerks Sum of top 25 Total

Ratio v/u 2011Q3 7,2 1,7 1,4 1,3 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,6 0,5 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,1

ranking 2011Q1

Ranking 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Occupations (ISCO 88 - 3 digits) Chemical-processing-plant operators Food and related products machine operators Industrial robot operators Religious professionals Agricultural, shery and related labourers Street vendors and related workers Forestry and related workers Crop and animal producers Pelt, leather and shoemaking trades workers Blacksmiths, tool-makers and related trades workers Food processing and related trades workers Protective services workers Housekeeping and restaurant services workers Other teaching professionals Animal producers and related workers Manufacturing labourers Agricultural and other mobile plant operators Fishery workers, hunters and trappers Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers Chemical-products machine operators Other machine operators not elsewhere classied Rubber- and plastic-products machine operators Other oce clerks Material-recording and transport clerks Textile, garment and related trades workers Sum of top 25 Total

Ratio v/u 2011Q3 0,5 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1

ranking 2011Q1

42 2 30 75 84 19 20 50 28 98 13 8 11 6 10 29 9 3 25 14 18 24 16 33 41

91 7 12 5 33 4 1 16 2 8 22 18 14 64 28 21 20 3 11 41 56 10 43 48 6

0,1 0,1

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Table 9 Sweden: Top-25 occupations with the highest PES vacancy inow to unemployed ratio 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1

Table 10 Slovakia: Top-25 occupations with the highest PES vacancy inow to unemployed ratio 2011Q3, with ranking 2011Q1

Ranking 1

Occupations (ISCO 88 - 3 digits) Stall and market salespersons Special education teaching professionals Legislators Finance and sales associate professionals Armed Forces Pre-primary education teaching associate professionals Nursing and midwifery associate professionals Health professionals (except nursing) Primary and pre-primary education teaching professionals Architects, engineers and related professionals Computing professionals Legislators and senior government ocials College, university and higher education teaching professionals Customs, tax and related government associate professionals Other teaching associate professionals Secondary education teaching professionals Agricultural, shery and related labourers Business services agents and trade brokers Physical and engineering science technicians Social science and related professionals Safety and quality inspectors Health associate professionals (except nursing) Protective services workers Production and operations managers Building frame and related trades workers Sum of top 25 Total

Ratio v/u 2011Q3 17,5 3,8 2,9 2,8 2,7 2,7 2,2 2,1 1,6 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,0 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7

ranking 2011Q1 1 8 4 6 2 7 3 5 21 12 11 22 9 18 15 36

Ranking 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Occupations (ISCO 88 - 3 digits) Optical and electronic equipment operators Health professionals (except nursing) Religious associate professionals Metal- and mineral-products machine operators Textile-, fur- and leather-products machine operators Metal moulders, welders, sheet-metal workers, structural-metal preparers Printing-, binding- and paper-products machine operators Precision workers in metal and related materials Computer associate professionals Industrial robot operators Mathematicians, statisticians and related professionals Health associate professionals (except nursing) Agricultural and other mobile plant operators Rubber- and plastic-products machine operators Building nishers and related trades workers Client information clerks Fashion and other models Numerical clerks Other teaching professionals Life science technicians and related associate professional Textile, garment and related trades workers Other machine operators not elsewhere classied Subsistence agricultural and shery workers Wood-products machine operators Wood-processing- and papermaking-plant operators Sum of top 25

Ratio v/u 2011Q3 1,5 0,5 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1

ranking 2011Q1

1 3 33 7 8 25 91 9 4 99 104 12 35 15 49 11 85 68 6 47 29 55 105 80 67

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

41 26 27 23 19 20 13 29 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

62

1,6 0,4
Total

0,2 0,0

European Commission EUROPEAN VACANCY AND RECRUITMENT REPORT 2012 Luxembourg: Publications Oce of the European Union 2012 196 pp. 21 x 29.7 cm

ISBN 978-92-79-27149-6 doi: 10.2767/85918 The European Vacancy and Recruitment Report is the rst of a set of biennial reports to be launched by the European Commission as part of the EU Skills Panorama. The report focuses on changes in the demand for labour, including analyses of contractual arrangements, sector demand, occupation demand, growing occupations, dicult to ll vacancies (bottleneck occupations), skills requirements and the market shares of public employment services and temporary work agencies. The report shows that top bottleneck occupations all over Europe are in health, ICT, engineering, sales and nance. This publication is available in electronic format in English only.

How to obtain EU publications

Free publications: via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu); at the European Unions representations or delegations. You can obtain their contact details on the Internet (http://ec.europa.eu) or by sending a fax to +352 2929-42758. Priced publications: via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu). Priced subscriptions (e.g. annual series of the Ocial Journal of the European Union and reports of cases before the Court of Justice of the European Union): via one of the sales agents of the Publications Oce of the European Union (http://publications.europa.eu/others/agents/index_en.htm).

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