Example

:
n

Assume that the input sequence x[n] = b Find the z-transform and plot the ROC.

where b > 0

We note that this is a two sided sequence and for b < 1 and b > 1 has the forms below:

x[n] =b|n| 0<b<1 n x[n] =b|n| b>1 n

The Z-transform for the sequence can be obtained by expressing it as the sum of a rightsided and left-sided sequence. x[n] = b n u[n] + b n u[ n 1]

b n u[n]

1 1 bz 1

|z|>b

b n u[ n 1]

1 1 b 1 z 1

| z | < 1/b

For 0< b< 1 case :

1/b

For b > 1 case :

1/b 1

For b > 1 there is no common ROC and thus the sequence will not have a Z-transform For b < 1 the ROCs overlap and the Z-transform for the composite sequence is 1 1 1 1 bz 1 b 1 z 1 1 b

X [z ] = or equivalently

b< z <

b2 1 z b ( z b ) z b 1

b <z <

1 b

Hence the corresponding pole zero pattern and the ROC are as shown below:

1/b

Example

:
X [z ] = 1 1 1 1 1 z 1 2 z 3

Consider all of the possible ROCs that can be connected with the function

the pole-zero pattern for the above transform is

Unit circle

Based on our discussion of properties there are three possible ROCs that can be associated with this expression of the Z-transform. Unit circle a)

Above ROC is associated with a right sided sequence Unit circle

b)

Above ROC is associated with a left sided sequence

c)

Unit circle

Associated with a two sided sequence Since (c) is the only ROC that encloses the unit circle only for this choice will the FT exist and converge.

Region of Convergence of a Rational Z-transform

In the case of LTI discrete-time systems all z-transforms are rational functions of z-1, i.e. are ratios of two polynomials in z-1. G[z ] = P[z ] p0 + p1 z 1 + ........ + p M 1 z ( M 1) + p M z M = D[z ] d 0 + d1 z 1 + ........ + d N 1 z ( N 1) + d N z N

which, can also be written as:

p G[z ] = 0 d0

(1 z )
M 1 l

(1 z )
1 l l =1

l =1 N

p0 ( N M ) l =1 = z N d0
l =1

(z l )
l

(z )

At a root z = l of the numerator polynomial, G[ l ] = 0 as a result the valus of z are known as zeros At a root z = l of the denominator polynomial , G[ l ] plane are called the poles of G[z]. If N > M If M > N there are (N-M) additional zeros at z = 0 . there are (N-M) additional poles at z = 0 and these points in the z-

For example u[ z ] =

z z 1

for |z| > 1

which has a zero at z = 0 and a pole at z = 1 The ROC of a rational z-transform is bounded by the location of its poles. In fact the ROC is the region of the z-plane just outside the circle centered at the origin and going through the pole at z = 1 and extending all the way to z=.