ELECTRICAL MACHINES

MACHINES IN THE WORLD ARE OF TWO TYPES1. MECHANICAL MACHINES 2. ELECTRICAL MACHINES SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL ELECTRICAL MACHINES1. ALL ELECTRICAL MACHINES ARE BASED ON SAME PRINCIPLE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION. 2. EVERY MACHINE FOLLOWS THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY. 3. EVERY MACHINE HAS ITS SPECIAL SPEEDVOLTAGE EQUATION WHICH GOVERNS ITS SPEED OR VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS. 4. MOTION OR GENERATION OF VOLTAGE, BOTH NEEDS A CHANGING FLUX. THAT IS EVERY MACHINE USES A.C. FOR ITS OPERATION. 5. EVERY MOTOR NEEDS A FIELD IN WHICH ARMARYRE ROTATES. ELECTRICAL MACHINES ARE OF TWO TYPES1. STATIC E.M. 2. DYNAMIC E.M. 1. STATIC ELECTRICAL MACHINESIN STATIC ELECTRIC MACHINES, AS THE NAME INDICATES, THERE IS NO MOVING PARTS. TRANSFORMERS COME UNDER THIS CATEGORY. TRANSFORMERS CAN BE CLASSIFIED ON DIFFERENT BASIS. ON THE BASIS OF PHASES, TRANSFORMERS CAN BE (A) SINGLE PHASE (B) MULTI-PHASE

ON THE BASIS OF CONFIGURATION OF CORE, TRANSFORMERS CAN BE (A) CORE TYPE (B) SHELL TYPE ON THE BASIS OF APPLICATIONS, TRANSFORMERS CAN BE OF MORE THAN 30 TYPES SUCH AS 1. POWER TRANSFORMER 2. CURRENT TRANSFORMER 3. CONSTANT VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (USED BELOW 100 KV) 4. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER (USED ABOVE 100 KV). 5. BUSHING TRANSFORMER OR NON-BUSHING TRANSFORMER 6. IMPEDANCE MATCHING TRANSFORMER 7. DITRIBUTION TRANSFORMER ETC. ON THE BASIS OF VOLTAGE LEVEL, TRANSFORMERS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS (A) STEP UP TRANSFORMER (B) STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER(V2/V1) = (N2/N) = (I1/I2) 1. DYNAMIC ELECTRICAL MACHINESDYNAMIC ELECTRICAL MACHINES CAN BE OF TWO TYPES(i) DISCRETE MOTION E.M. (ii) CONTINUOS MOTION E.M.
(i)

DISCRETE MOTION E.M.-

IN DISCRETE MOTION ELECTRICAL MOTION MACHINES, MOTION OCCURS AT DISCRETE INSTANCES. IT INCLUDES STEPPER MOTOR AND RELAYS. EXAMPLE- WHEN WE PRESS THE BUTTON OF DVD DRIVE OF COMPUTER, THE DRIVER MOTOR STEPS OUT AND WE PLACE DVD IN IT. AGAIN WHEN WE PRESS THE BUTTON, DRIVER STEPS IN THE DRIVE. HERE THE STEPPER MOTOR IS USED (AS THE NAME SUGGETSSTEP-PER). RELAYS AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS ARE USED IN MCB IN HOME. CONTINOUS MOTION E.M.CONTINOUS MOTION MACHINES CAN BE OF THREE TYPES (A) D.C ELECTRIC MACHINES (B) A.C ELECTRIC MACHINES (C) SPECIAL MOTORS
(ii)

(A) D.C ELECTRIC MACHINES IN THESE MOTORS, ARMATURE AND FIELD ARE SUPPLIED WITH D.C. D.C MOTORS HAVE COMMUTATOR WHICH ACTS LIKE A RECTIFIER WHICH CONVERTS A.C. GENERATED IN THE ARMATURE (MOVING PART IN THE CENTRE OF FAN) INTO D.C. COMMUTATER IS COMPOSED OF SPLIT RINGS AND BRUSHES. SPEED EQUATION E= (NPZ)/60A A.C ELECTRIC MACHINES A.C. ELECTRIC MACHINES ARE OF TWO TYPES1. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 2. INDUCTION MACHINES
(B)

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINESS.M. CAN BE

1.

(A) 1- OR 3- (B) SALIENT OR CYLINDRICAL ROTOR (C) MOTOR OR GENERATOR VARIOUS COMBINATION OF THESE MACHINES CAN BE MADE, BUT MOSTLY- 3- CYLINDRICAL ROTOR GENERATOR IS USED FOR GENERATION OF HIGH VOLTAGE. THESE MACHINES ARE USED IN 3- SYSTEMS. IN THESE MACHINES, ARMATURE AND FIELD CAN BE PLACED OVER EITHER ROTOR OR STATOR BUT GENERALLY ARMATURE IS PLACED OVER STATOR AND FIELD OVER ROTOR. THESE ARE DOBLY EXCITED MACHINES BECAUSE D.C SUPPLY IS GIVEN TO FIELD ON ROTOR AND A.C. OUTPUT IS OBTAINED FROM STATOR (IN CASE OF GENERATOR) OR A.C. INPUT IS GIVEN TO STATOR (IN CASE OF MOTOR). ITS SPEED EQUATIONNs = (120f)/P 2. INDUCTION MACHINES I.M. CAN BE(A) 1- OR 3- (B) SALIENT OR CYLINDRICAL ROTOR (C) MOTOR OR GENERATOR (D) SLIP RING INDUCTION MACHINE (SRIM) OR SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MACHINE (SCIM). IT IS SINGLY EXCITED MACHINE. AS THE NAME INDICATES, FLUX FROM STATOR IS ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED OVER ROTOR AND THEN BOTH FLUXES INTERACT TO MOVE THE MOTOR. I.M. IS GENERALLY USED AS MOTOR. THESE ARE INEFFICIENT AS GENERATOR. HOUSE CEILING FAN IS - 1- CAPACITOR START INDUCTION MOTOR.

SPEED EQUATION OF INDUCTION MACHINE IS Nr = Ns (1-s) (C) SPECIAL MOTORS THERE ARE SOME SPECIAL TYPES OF MOTOR CONFIGURATIONS MADE SUCH AS UNIVERSAL MOTOR WHICH CAN OPERATE OVER BOTH A.C. AND D.C.