Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus

Department of Power Distribution and High-Voltage Technology

Dr. Klaus Pfeiffer

Electrical Distribution Systems I

LG 3 Walther-Pauer-Strae 5 03046 Cottbus Phone: (0355) 69-4035 klaus.pfeiffer@tu-cottbus.de

September, 2005

Script M.V. and L.V. cables

Contents 1 2 3 4 Types of cables Cable laying Rating Electrical parameters Exercises

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Medium-voltage- and low-voltage-cables

Cables are insulated wires under protective sheath to conduct electrical energy.

1. Types of cables distinguishing features

According to the insulation we distinguish between two types: plastic-insulated cables paper-insulated compound-impregnated cables

Nowadays plastic-insulated cables are almost solely used. Conductor material Copper Aluminium Polyvinyl chloride Cross-linked polyethylene Polyvinyl chloride Cross-linked polyethylene PVC XLPE PVC XLPE

Insulation material

Outer sheath

Furthermore we distinguish between - Single-core cables - Multicore cables (Multiconductor cables) Number of conductors for multicore cables Low-voltage level 3 (L1, L2, L3) 4 (L1, L2, L3, PEN) 5 (L1, L2, L3, PE, N) Medium-voltage level 3 (L1, L2, L3)

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The number of conductors for cables in low-voltage grids depends on the grid configuration itself. The following grid configurations are therefore examples. TN-S grid S =neutral conductor (N) and protective earth conductor (PE) are separated

TN-C grid C =neutral conductor (N) and protective earth conductor (PE) are combined

Other grid configurations (TT-grid or IT-grid) require several numbers of conductors too.

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1.1 Abbreviated type designation The abbreviated type designation consists of the following parts: - Abbreviated design designation - Number of conductors and cross sectional area in mm2 - Short symbol for structure and shape of conductor - If existing: Nominal cross sectional area of the shielding or the concentric conductor in mm2 - Nominal voltages U0 / U and insulation voltage Um Abbreviated design designation

Designation for Standard type Conductor material Copper Aluminium Insulation PVC XLPE Cross-linked, halogen-free polymer Concentric conductor made by copper wires (only for L.V.-cables)
(The concentric conductor consists of a copper wire braiding or of wavelike applied round copper wires. A conductive copper tape connects the wires.)

Identifier N --A Y 2X HX

braiding wavelike Shielding made by copper wires (only for M.V.-cables) Single-core cables or multicore cables with combined shielding Multicore cables with single conductor shielding Outer protection covering (outer sheath) PVC PE Aluminium tape glued with PE-covering Cross-linked, halogen-free polymer Not cross-linked, halogen-free polymer Cable for U0 /U = 0,6/1 kV without concentric conductor with green-yellow designated conductor without green-yellow designated conductor

C CW S SE Y 2Y (FL)2Y HX H -J -0

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Short symbol for structure and shape of conductor Single-wired round conductor (solid conductor) Normal-twisted round conductor RE RM

Solid segmental conductor

SE

Multiple-wired segmental conductor

SM

1.1.1 Examples for abbreviated type designation 1.

Designation for single-core cables in a 3-phase system with one PE-conductor NYY-0 3x(1x95 RM) / (1x95 RM)

2.

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3.

4.

5.

Designation for single-core cables in a 3-phase system N2XSY 3x(1x120 RM / 16)

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6.

7.

8.

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9.

10.

Note: Medium-voltage multicore-cables with aluminium conductors and XLPE-insulation are not manufactured. These cables are designed with paper insulation and lead sheath. Around the conductor insulation a belted insulation is arranged. Thats why these cables are called belted cables (see example NAKBA 6/10 kV).

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1.2 Examples

NYY-0
1 2 3 Conductor

0,6/1 kV

Conductor insulation (PVC) Outer sheath (PVC)

NYY-J
1 2 3 4 Conductor

0,6/1 kV

Conductor insulation (PVC) Covering Outer sheath (PVC)

NYCWY
1 2 3 4 5 Conductor

0,6/1 kV

Core for mechanical stability Conductor insulation (PVC) Covering Concentric conductor made by copper wires (wave shaped) Conductive copper tape Outer sheath (PVC)

6 7

N2XSY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Conductor

6/10 kV

Inner conducting layer Conductor insulation (XLPE) Outer conducting layer Conductive tape Shielding made by copper wires Conductive copper tape Plastic film Outer sheath (PVC)

N2XSEY
1 2 3 4 5 6 Conductor

6/10 kV

Inner conducting layer Conductor insulation (XLPE) Outer conducting layer Conductive tape Shielding made by copper wires (single conductor shielding) Conductive copper tape Covering Plastic film Outer sheath (PVC)

7 8 9 10

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NAKBA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Conductor

6/10 kV

Impregnated paper insulation Tracer Belted insulation Lead sheath Inner protection covering Steel tape armour Polypropylene thread in compound

2. Cable laying
Arrangement of single-core cables

Low-voltage level

Medium-voltage level

The shielding is earthed at the beginning and at the end of the cable

Buried laying laying directly in the ground buried laying with covering cap laying in a tube

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Laying in air laying in a cable duct on concrete laying on a cable ladder (seat area of the cables less than 10% of total area) laying on a cable tray perforated (30% perforation of total area) non-perforated laying on a cable bridge

Cable ladder

Accumulation of cable ladders

Perforated cable tray

3. Rating
3.1 Thermal rating Maximum operating temperature [C] XLPE-insulated cables PE-insulated cables PVC-insulated cables with - Cross-sectional area A300mm2 - Cross-sectional area A>300mm2 70 70 160 140 90 70 Maximum temperature at short-circuit [C] 250 150

Permissible temperatures for cables with copper and aluminium conductors

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3.2 Current carrying capacity The rated current Ir is specified for normal operation conditions. Thus the current carrying capacity Iz under normal operation conditions is I z = Ir Deviant operation conditions will be considered by reduction factors f: I z = f 1 f2 Ir f1 f2 reduction factor considering deviant temperature reduction factor considering accumulation of cables in one cable route

3.2.1 Buried laying Normal operation conditions - 1 multicore cable or 3 single-core cables - laying depth t = 0,7 m ground temperature E = 20C capacity factor m = 0,7 Determination of capacity factor m: The area beneath the straight line of value m (dashed line) is equivalent to the area beneath the load curve (solid line).

specific thermal resistance of the ground

humid ground dry ground

E = 1 Km/W E = 2,5 Km/W

no external temperature influence (e.g. from heating ducts)

Deviant operation conditions ground temperature E 20C capacity factor m 0,7 specific thermal resistance of the ground E 1 Km/W several cables in one cable route (accumulation)

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3.2.2 Laying in air Normal operation conditions - 1 multicore cable or 3 single-core cables air temperature E = 30C (must not be increased by cable power losses) no external temperature influence (e.g. from solar radiation)

Deviant operation conditions air temperature L 30C several cables in one cable route (accumulation)

The reduction factors f are given in standards. They depend on the following parameters: Buried laying Ground temperature E f1 Capacity factor m Specific thermal resistance of the ground E Number of cables Arrangement of the cables Capacity factor m Specific thermal resistance of the ground E For buried laying two more conversion factors have to be considered: reduction factor for covering caps f3 = 0,90 reduction factor for laying in a tube f4 = 0,85 Number of cables Arrangement of the cables Laying in air Air temperature L

f2

For normal operation conditions the load current is assumed to be constant. An intermittent load current yields a higher current carrying capacity. This case will not be considered, when the cables were selected. Thats why for the intermittent operation there are reserves at current carrying capacity.

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3.3 Examples for calculation of current carrying capacity Iz 3.3.1 Planning of a cable connection between transformer and switchgear Given: parameters of a station service transformer in a biomass power plant transformer rated apparent power SrT = 2 MVA transformer rated voltage (L.V.-side) UrT = 420 V cable laying : - in a cable duct (air temperature L = 50C) - on a cable ladder application of single-core cables

Answer:

IrT =

SrT = 3 U rT

2 MVA = 2750 A 3 0,42 kV

First approach:
Selection of single-core cables NYY-0 1x500 in triangular arrangement rated current Ir of cable NYY-0 1x500 Ir = 747 A
(p. 253)

Deviant operation conditions:

- air temperature L = 50C f1 = 0,71
(p. 266)

- assumption of 6 cable systems (6 parallel cables per phase) on 2 cable ladders

f2 = 0,93
(p. 268)

Current carrying capacity Iz = 0,71 0,93 6 747 = 2960 A

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Proofing of the result The current carrying capacity is greater than the rated transformer current.
Iz > IrT 2960 A > 2750 A

Second approach:
Selection of single-core cables NYY-0 1x400 in triangle arrangement Ir = 646 A (p. 253) rated current Ir of cable NYY-0 1x400 Iz = 0,71 0,93 6 646 = 2560 A Iz < I 2560 A < 2750 A

6 cable systems with NYY-0 1x400 are insufficient. The number of cable systems (parallel
cables per phase has to be increased to n = 7). In that case the reduction factor f2 decreases (p. 268 for 3 cable ladders) if the worst comes to the worst to f2 = 0,90.

Current carrying capacity Iz = 0,71 0,90 7 646 = 2890 A Proofing of the result The current carrying capacity is greater than the rated transformer current
Iz > IrT 2890 A > 2750 A

Selection of the PEN-conductors The selection and arrangement of the PEN-conductors is to be made in that way, that
Z0K < 10 Z1K
Z0K Z1K (empirical value)

Zero sequence impedance of the cable connection Positive sequence impedance of the cable connection

Otherwise the phase-to-ground short-circuit current will be to low to find a setting for the overcurrent protection. This requirement will be meet, if

APEN 0,5 A

(empirical value)

is selected and the PEN-conductors will be arranged between the cable systems.

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Result of the cable selection The following two cable connections meet the technical requirements.
NYY-0 6x3x(1x500) / 3x(1x500) NYY-0 7x3x(1x400) / 4x(1x400) 0,6/1 kV Um = 1,2 kV 0,6/1 kV Um = 1,2 kV

The decision, which cable system will be applied, is determined from - asset costs - operational costs

3.3.2 Planning of a cable connection for connecting a motor to a switchgear Given: parameters of the motor (primary air fan in a biomass power plant) PrM = 400 kW UrM = 690 V cos = 0,86

= 0,97
cable laying : - on a perforated cable tray - other cables are already laid on this cable tray without any distance - air temperature L = 45C application of multicore cables

Answer:
rated motor current

IrM =

PrM = 3 U rM cos

400 kW = 401 A 3 0,69 kV 0,86 0,97

First approach:
Selection of multicore cables NYY-J 3x300/150 rated current Ir of cable NYY-J 3x300/150 Ir = 511 A

(p. 253)

Deviant operation conditions:

- air temperature L = 45C - 2 cable trays, on each cable tray 6 cables, laid without any distance f1 = 0,79 f2 = 0,73
(p. 266) (p. 270)

Current carrying capacity Iz = 0,79 0,73 511 = 295 A

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Proofing of the result The current carrying capacity is lower than the motor rated current.
Iz < IrM 295 A < 401 A This selected cable doesnt meet the requirement.

Second approach:
Increasing of the cable cross-sectional area Selected cable: NYY-J 3x400/185 Ir = 597 A Iz = 0,79 0,73 597 = 344 A

(p. 253)

Proofing of the result

Iz < IrM 344 A < 401 A The current carrying capacity is still insufficient.

Third approach:
Multicore cables with cross-sectional area greater than A > 400 mm2 are not produced. Thats why parallel cables have to be used. (p. 253) Selected cable: NYY-J 2x3x240/120 Ir = 2 445 A = 890 A Because of laying now 7 cables on one cable tray, the reduction factor f2 decreases to (p. 270) f2 = 0,71 (approximation) Iz = 0,79 0,71 890 = 499 A

Proofing of the result

Iz > IrM 499 A > 401 A The current carrying capacity is remarkable higher than required. Thats why we can try to selected a cable with a smaller cross-sectional area.

Fourth approach
Selected cable: NYY-J 2x3x185/95 Iz = 0,79 0,71 748 = 419 A Ir = 2 374 A = 748 A
(p. 253)

Proofing of the result

Iz > IrM 419 A > 401 A This selected cable meets the requirements very well.
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Result of the cable selection 2 parallel connected multicore cables NYY-J 2x3x185/95 have to be applied.

0,6/1 kV Um = 1,2 kV

3.3.3 Planning of a cable connection for connecting wind turbines to the grid Given: 6 wind turbines with Pr = 1,8 MW (electrical power output at cos = 1) the total power output of the wind turbines has to be connected to a 110/20 kV substation (20-kV-side) cable laying : buried laying directly in the ground ground temperature E = 20 C capacity factor m = 1 specific thermal resistance of the ground E = 1,5 Km/W

Answer:
current at rated power output

I =

6 Pr 6 1,8 MW = 312 A = 3 U 3 20 kV

First approach:
Selection of single-core cables NA2XS2Y 3x(1x240), laying side by side (p. 256) Ir = 455 A

Deviant operation conditions: - capacity factor m = 1

- specific thermal resistance of the ground E = 1,5 Km/W These conditions yield to following reduction factors: f1 = 0,86 f2 = 0,85 (this value requires a distance of 7 cm between the single-core cables)

(p. 261) (p. 264)

Current carrying capacity Iz = 0,86 0,85 455 = 332 A

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Proofing of the result

Iz > I 332 A > 312 A This selected cable meets the requirements.

Result of the cable selection NA2XS2Y 3x(1x240RM/25)

12/20 kV Um = 24 kV

3.3.4 Planning of a cable connection for connecting a station service transformer to the 20-kV-grid Given: parameters of a station service transformer in a biomass power plant transformer rated apparent power SrT = 2 MVA transformer rated voltage (H.V.-side) UrT = 20 kV cable laying : - air temperature L = 40C - on cable ladder (without other cables)

Answer:
current at rated power output

I =

SrT = 3 UrT

2 MVA = 58 A 3 20 kV

First approach:
Selection of single-core cables, laying in triangular arrangement N2XS2Y 3x(1x35) Ir = 200 A (p. 257) 2 Note: 35 mm is the smallest possible cross-sectional area.

Deviant operation conditions:

- air temperature L = 40C Because of no other cables on the cable ladder (no accumulation)
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f1 = 0,91 f2 = 1

(p. 266)

(p. 268)

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Current carrying capacity Iz = 0,91 1 200 = 182 A Proofing of the result

Iz > I 182 A > 58 A The current carrying capacity is remarkable higher than required.

Result of the cable selection N2XS2Y 3x(1x35RM/16) 12/20 kV Um = 24 kV

Note: These examples only consider the current carrying capacity of the cables. More criteria for a cable selection are - thermal short-circuit strength - minimum value of short-circuit current at the end of the cable (to be detected by a protection device) - voltage drop under normal operation (in low-voltage switchgears) - voltage drop at motor start-up (in low-voltage switchgears) These additional criteria had not been considered in these examples.
The details for determination of current carrying capacity are contained in the following German Standards: - DIN VDE 0276-603: Bemessungsstrme fr Niederspannungskabel - DIN VDE 0276-620: Bemessungsstrme fr Mittelspannungskabel - DIN VDE 0276-1000: Umrechnungsfaktoren

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4. Electrical parameters
4.1 - equivalent circuit of a cable

R Xb Cb G

ohmic resistance effective reactance effective capacitance insulation conductance

Note: Usually the values for R, Xb, Cb and G are given per length (per km).

4.1.1. Ohmic resistance

R = Rr + R

Rr
R

D.C. ohmic resistance at permissible operation temperature r additional resistance

Rr = R20 [1 + 20 (r 20 )]
R20 = l A
specific ohmic resistance

R20

D.C. ohmic resistance at 20C

copper aluminium

= 0,0178 mm2/m = 0,0278 mm2/m 20 = 0,00393 20 = 0,00403

20

temperature coefficient

copper aluminium

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The additional resistance considers - skin effect - proximity effect - eddy current losses in the shielding or in the concentric conductor - hysteresis losses in metal sheath or armour The calculation of the additional resistance is very complex. Therefore they will be measured and given by the manufacturer. In a datasheet the D.C. ohmic resistance and the A.C. ohmic resistance (at same temperature and at rated current) is to be found. The difference between D.C. and A.C. ohmic resistance is the additional resistance.

4.1.2 Effective inductance

Cables without shielding

Lb =

0 a ln 2 rq

rq = 0,779 r (for solid conductors)

0 = 4 10-7 H/m

Lb =

0 a ln m 2 rq

median geometric distance

am = 3 aRS aST aTR = 3 a a 2a = 3 2 a = 1,26 a

Cables with shielding

Voltages induced in the shielding yield to a current flow in the shielding. This current generates a magnetic field, which is directly opposed to this caused by the phase currents. Thats why the inductance will be decreased by an additional inductance L

LbS = Lb L

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4.1.3 Effective capacitance

Cables without shielding

The electrical field outwards is indefinite, because it strongly depends on the electrical properties of the environment. The mutual capacitances Cg (between the conductors) and the capacitances between the conductors and ground (CE) cannot be specified. Low-voltage cables (with exception of type NYCWY) dont have shieldings. For the calculation of phase-to-ground short circuit in TN-low-voltage grids (solidly grounded) cable capacitances are not needed.

Cables with shielding Single-core cables

Cg = 0 Cb = CE

Cb =
r rS

2 0 r r ln S r
conductor radius radius of the shielding (radius of the insulation) dielectric constant 0 =
1 F 10 9 4 9 m

0 r

relative dielectric constant at operational temperature PVC

r = 8

XLPE r = 2,4

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Multicore cables with combined shielding (3 conductor)

Cb = CE + 3 Cg
CE Cg phase to ground capacitance mutual capacitance (phase to phase)

4.2 Effects on the electrical parameters The ohmic resistances are primarily determined by the cross-sectional area and the conductor material (and their specific ohmic resistance). The effective inductances (and so the effective reactances) will be decreased, if the distance between the conductors is decreasing. The effective capacitances will be increased, if the distance between the conductors is decreasing.

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4.3 Comparison of cable- and overhead line-parameters Cable Inductance LbK < LbF (0,08 0,16) /km < (0,25 0,4) /km CbK > CbF (0,2 1,0) F/km > (6 15) 10-3 F/km Overhead line

Capacitance

Xb R

(0,1 1)

(1 2) single conductor (2 10) conductor bundle

4.4 Dielectric losses

These are the losses caused by leakage currents in the insulation. dielectric loss factor tan =
Iw IC

Iw IC

active current capacitive reactive current (charging current)

dielectric loss factor tan at operational temperature PVC XLPE tan = 40 10-3 tan = 0,55 10-3

Dielectric losses PD = 3 Iw U b = 3 IC U b tan

2

Ub QC IC

angular frequency operating voltage (phase to phase voltage) capacitive charging power capacitive charging current

PD = Cb Ub tan = QC tan Conductance of the leakage G= PD Ub

2

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4.5 Capacitive charging current

Faultless operation, symmetrical load

Capacitive charging current IC = Cb U Y Capacitive charging power

QC = 3 IC UY = 3 IC U b

UY phase to ground voltage

QC =

2 3 Cb U Y

U = 3 Cb b 3

2 = Cb U b

Ub operating voltage (phase to phase voltage)

4.6 Capacitive earth-fault current

I CE = I Cb + I Cc
I Cb = CE U * b I Cc = CE U * c
* * U b = Uc = 3 U Y

ICE = 3 CE U Y

if CE = Cb then ICE = 3 IC
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4.7 Examples for capacitive charging current and capacitive earth-fault current

Example 1

Given: 8 wind turbines are connected by a ring main system to a 20-kV-substation the cable connection based on N2XS2Y 3x(1x185RM/25) 12/20 kV has a total length of 4,8 km
IC = Cb U Y = 314 s 1 0,273 F 20 kV 4,8 km = 4,75 A km 3

QC = 3 IC UY = 3 IC U b = 3 4,75 A 20 kV = 164,5 kVar

cable N2XS2Y has a shielding CE = Cb

ICE = 3 CE U Y
ICE = 3 IC = 14,3 A

Example 2

Given: the 20-kV-substation is connected via a transformer to a 110-kV-substation with a 110-kV-cable cable typ: N2XS(FL)2Y 3x(1x800RM/35) 64/110 kV cable length : 12 km
IC = Cb U Y = 314 s 1 0,22 F 110 kV 12 km = 52 ,6 A km 3

QC = 3 IC UY = 3 IC U b = 3 52 ,6 A 110 kV = 10 ,02 MVar

cable N2XS(FL)2Y has a shielding CE = Cb

ICE = 3 CE U Y
ICE = 3 IC = 157,8 A

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