Formulas For Triangles #27 of Gottschalks Gestalts

A Series Illustrating Innovative Forms of the Organization & Exposition of Mathematics by Walter Gottschalk

Infinite Vistas Press PVD RI 2001 GG27-1 (23)

 2001 Walter Gottschalk

500 Angell St #414 Providence RI 02906 permission is granted without charge to reproduce & distribute this item at cost for educational purposes; attribution requested; no warranty of infallibility is posited

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laws governing side / angle relationships of triangles

D consider any triangle with vertices / angles A, B, C, with opposite sides a, b, c, with circumradius R; then the following laws hold:

D law of sines a b c = = = 2R sin A sin B sin C

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D law of cosines a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2 b c cos A b 2 = c 2 + a 2 - 2 c a cos B c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2 a b cos C

D variations on the law of cosines a2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2 b c cos A A = ( b + c)2 - 4 b c cos 2 2 A = ( b - c)2 + 4 b c sin 2 2 & cyclicly

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D law of cosines - projection a = b cos C + c cos B b = c cos A + a cos C c = a cos B + b cos A

D variations on the law of cosines - projection a sin B a sin C tan A = = c - a cos B b - a cos C & cyclicly

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D law of tangents a-b 2 = a + b tan 1 ( A + B)

2

tan ( A - B)

b-c 2 = b + c tan 1 (B + C)
2

tan (B - C)

c-a 2 = c + a tan 1 (C + A )
2

tan (C - A )

D law of cotangents (a + b) cot ( A + B) = (a - b) cot ( A - B)

2 2 1 1

( b + c) cot (B + C) = ( b - c) cot (B - C)
2 2

(c + a ) cot (C + A ) = (c - a ) cot (C - A )
2 2

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D law of secants a sec (B + C) = ( b + c) sec (B - C)

2 2 1 1

b sec (C + A ) = (c + a ) sec (C - A )
2 2

c sec ( A + B) = (a + b) sec ( A - B)
2 2

D law of cosecants a csc (B + C) = ( b - c) csc (B - C)

2 2 1 1

b csc (C + A ) = (c - a ) csc (C - A ) 2 2 c csc ( A + B) = (a - b) csc ( A - B)

2 2 1 1

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D Mollweide' s equations which are slight variations of the law of secants & the law of cosecants 1 sin A a 2 = b + c cos 1 (B - C) 2 1 sin B b 2 = c + a cos 1 (C - A ) 2 1 sin C c 2 = a + b cos 1 ( A - B) 2

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1 cos A a 2 = b - c sin 1 (B - C) 2 1 cos B b 2 = c - a sin 1 (C - A ) 2 1 cos C c 2 = a - b sin 1 ( A - B) 2

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formulas for the trig fcns of the angles of a triangle ito the sides D the 6 basic trig fcns of the 3 angles of a triangle with vertices / angles A, B, C, with opposite sides a, b, c, with semiperimeter s are given ito the sides by 18 formulas of which the first 3 are listed below, the remaining 15 then being easy consequences: 2 s (s - a ) (s - b) (s - c) bc

sin A =

b2 + c2 - a 2 cos A = 2bc s (s - a ) (s - b) (s - c) b2 + c2 - a 2

tan A = 4
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D also note the formulas 2 s (s - a ) 1 + cos A = bc & cyclicly 1 - cos A = & cyclicly 2 (s - b) (s - c) bc

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formulas for the trig fcns of the half - angles of a triangle ito the sides D the 6 basic trig fcns of the 3 half - angles of a triangle with vertices / angles A, B, C, with opposite sides a, b, c, with semiperimeter s are given ito the sides by 18 formulas of which the first 3 are listed below, the remaining 15 then being easy consequences: A (s - b) (s - c) sin = bc 2 s (s - a ) A = bc 2 A (s - b) (s - c) = 2 s (s - a )

cos

tan

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formulas for the area of a triangle D consider any triangle with vertices / angles A, B, C, with opposite sides a, b, c, with altitudes h a , h b , h c to sides a, b, c, with semiperimeter s, with circumradius R, with inradius r, with exradii ra , rb , rc to sides a, b, c; then the area K of the triangle is given by the following formulas:

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1 K = a ha 2 K=

& cyclicly

1 b c sin A & cyclicly 2 & cyclicly

1 sin B sin C K = a2 sin A 2 1 sin B sin C K = a2 2 sin (B + C)

& cyclicly

K = 2 R 2 sin A sin B sin C A B C K = 4 R s sin sin sin 2 2 2 K = 4 R r cos A B C cos cos 2 2 2

K = s 2 tan

A B C tan tan 2 2 2
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 K = s (s - a ) tan

A 2

& cyclically

K = s (s - a ) (s - b) (s - c) K= abc 4R

(Heron' s formula; already known to Archimedes)

K = rs K = ra (s - a ) & cyclically K = r ra rb rc

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D many pretty formulas are easy consequences of the above area formulas eg A B C sin sin 2 2 2 A B C cos cos 2 2 2

r = 4 R sin

s = 4 R cos

r = s tan

A B C tan tan 2 2 2 & cyclicly

tan

r r A = = a 2 s-a s

abc = 4 Rrs

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some trig eqns that are true for all angles A, B, C such that their sum is a straight angle: A + B + C = 180 o = p r ; hence these formulas hold for the angles A, B, C of any triangle

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 sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos

A B C cos cos 2 2 2 A B C sin sin 2 2 2

cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin

sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2C + 4 cos A cos B cos C + 1 = 0 B sin 4 A + sin 4 B + sin 4C + 4 sin 2 A sin 2B sin 2C = 0 cos 4 A + cos 4 B + cos 4C + 1 = 4 cos 2 A cos 2 B cos 2C

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 tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1 (cot A + cot B + cot C)2 = cot 2 A + cot 2 B + cot 2 C + 2 cot A B C A B C + cot + cot = cot cot cot 2 2 2 2 2 2 A B B C C A = 1 tan + tan tan + tan tan 2 2 2 2 2 2

tan

2 tan A + tan B + tan C = tan 2 A + tan 2 B + tan 2 C + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

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 sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C = 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C sin 2 A + sin 2 B - sin 2 C = 2 sin A sin B cos C sin 2 A - sin 2 B + sin 2 C = 2 sin A cos B sin C - sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C = 2 cos A sin B sin C

cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C = 1 - 2 cos A cos B cos C cos 2 A + cos 2 B - cos 2 C = 1 - 2 sin A sin B cos C cos 2 A - cos 2 B + cos 2 C = 1 - 2 sin A cos B sin C - cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C = 1 - 2 cos A sin B sin C

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Metatheorem. the formula F ( A, B, C ) is valid p p the formula F A - p, B + , C + is valid 2 2 & cyclicly the formula F ( - A, p - B, p - C ) is valid & cyclicly the formula F ( p - 2 A, p - 2 B, p - 2 C ) is valid the formula F (3 A, 3 B - p, 3 C - p ) is valid & cyclicly p A p B p C the formula F - , - , - is valid 2 2 2 2 2 2 etc

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T. if A, B, C are the angles of a triangle then sin 4 A + sin 4 B + sin 4C = 0 ABC rt D

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D bioline

Archimedes of Syracuse ca 287-212 BCE Greek mathematician, physicist, inventor; considered to be one of the three greatest mathematicians of all time, the other two being Newton and Gauss

D bioline

Heron of Alexandria fl 62 CE Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer

D bioline

Karl Brandon Mollweide 1774-1825 German mathematician, astronomer, cartographer

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