Expert system1.1Overview of Expert system Expert systems are a recent product of artificial intelligence.

An expert system is a systemthat uses human knowledge captured in a computer to solve problems that ordinary requiredhuman expertise.Or We can say that An Expert system is basically an AI program which uses knowledge to solve problems which would normally require a human expert.Or An Expert system (ES) is a complex AI program that manipulates encoded knowledge.Know ledge of an expert system is obtained from expert sources and coded in a form suitablefor the system to use in its inferences or reasoning process.The expert knowledge must be ontained from specialists or texts, journal, articles and existingdatabase. Once a sufficient body of expert system knowledge has been acquired, it must beencoded in some form, loaded into knowledge base, then tested and refined continuallythroughout the life of the system.So an Expert system contain knowledge acquire by interviewing human expertise some narrowdomain. Expert system cannot operate in situations that call for common sense.Traditional definition of a Program:Program = algorithm + data structureWhereas Expert system = knowledge + Inference engine 1.2 Characteristics of Expert system (comparison between the Expert systemand conventional computer system) 1. Expert system use knowledge rather than data to control the solution process. Much of the knowledge used in heuristic in nature rather than algorithm. 2. The knowledge is encoded and manipulate as an entity separate from the control programsuch as if not compiled together with the control program itself. In some cases, it is possible to use different knowledge bases with the same control program to producedifferent types of expert system such system are known as Expert system shells. 3. Expert systems are capable of explaining how a particular conclusion was drawn and whyrequested information is needed during a conclusion. 4. Expert system use symbolic representation for knowledge (rules, networks or frames) and perform their inference through symbolic computations that closely resemble manipulateof manual language. 1.3 Advantage of Expert system: 1. Expert systems do not forget, but human expert may forget. 2. An expert system needs the symbolic representation. 3. It reduces the risk of doing business. 4. It provides the permanent documentation of the decision process.5.An Expert system can review all the transactions but human expert system can onlyreview a sample.6 . E x p e r t s ys t e m a b l e t o d e a l w i t h u n c e r t a i n t y. 7. Expert systems are not focus on abstract. It delivers the answer to goal oriented of theinterview. 1.4 Disadvantage of Expert system (or limitations of Expert system):

1 . Ex p e r t s ys t e m h a s n o a n y c o m m o n s e n s e . 2. Expert system cannot respond creatively to unusual situation.3.Expert system must be explicitly updates while any changes in environments.4.Expert system is currently dependent on symbolic input. 5. Measuring the performance of an expert system is difficult because we do not know howto quantify the use of knowledge.6.An Expert system has access to highly specific domain knowledge. 1.5 Application of Expert system. 1 . D i a gn o s i s o f so f t w a r e d e v e l o p m e n t pr o j e c t s . 2.Diagnosis of complex electronic and electrochemical system.3 . D i f f e r e n t t yp e s o f m e d i c a l d i a gn o s i s . 4 . F o r e c a s t i n g c r o p d a m a g e . 5 . Id e n t i f i c a t i o n o f c h e m i c a l c o m p o u n d s t r u c t u r e. 1.6 Knowledge Acquisition: Knowledge acquisition is the process of adding new to a existing knowledge base and refining or otherwise improving knowledge that was previously acquired.

1.7 Architecture of Expert system. User Interface provides the means for dialog between the user and system. Explanation facility provides the user with Explanations of how a conclusion was reached or why a piece of knowledge is needed. They also need to be convinced that the solution isappropriate and applicable in their circumstances. Inference Engine accepts user input quarries and response to questions through the user interface and uses this dynamic information together with the static knowledge (the rules andfacts) stored in the knowledge base. The inference process is carried out recursively in three stages (I) match (II) select (III) execute.During the match stage, the contents of working memory are compared to facts and rulescontained in the knowledge base. Knowledge base contains facts and rules about some 1.7 Architecture of Expert system. User Interface provides the means for dialog between the user and system. Explanation facility provides the user with Explanations of how a conclusion was reached or why a piece of knowledge is needed. They also need to be convinced that the solution isappropriate and applicable in their circumstances. Inference Engine accepts user input quarries and response to questions through the user interface and uses this dynamic information together with the static knowledge (the rules andfacts) stored in the knowledge base. The inference process is carried out recursively in three stages (I) match (II) select (III) execute.During the match stage, the contents of working memory are compared to facts and rulescontained in the knowledge base. Knowledge base contains facts and rules about some specialized knowledge domain. Learning module implies that an organize or machine must be able to adapt to new situations.The job of Knowledge engineer is to extract the knowledge from the expert and other sourceslike book, journals, article etc. USER KnowledgeEngineerWorking KnowledgeInferenceUserLearningData

specialized knowledge domain. Learning module implies that an organize or machine must be able to adapt to new situations.The job of Knowledge engineer is to extract the knowledge from the expert and other sourceslike book, journals, article etc. 1.8 Existing Expert system:1 . D E N D R A L (a) First Expert system to be completed was DENDRAL. (b) It was developed at Stanford University in late 1960s. (c) The system was capable of determining the structure of chemical compounds.(d)Suppose that an organic chemist wants to know the chemical nature of some substance. The first step is to determine the number of atoms of various kinds in one molecule of the stuff. This step determines the chemical formula. Once a samples chemical formula is known, the chemist may use the samples mass spectrogram to work out the way the atoms are arranged in the chemicals structure, thus identifying the isomer of the chemical. (e)DENDRAL has following features: (1)Knowledge representation: Production rules and algorithm for generating graph structure are constructed by META- DENDRAL. META DENDRAL is a program which uses learning techniques to construct rules for an expert system automatically. (2)Reasoning: DENDRAL uses forward chaining. (3)Heuristics: DENDRAL uses generate and test method. (4)Explanation: the user can supply the information and the system can request information as required.

( 5 ) Pr o c e d u r e : (a)Spectra data given as input (b) Preliminary analysis determines - Necessary compounds -- spectra data - Forbidden compounds -- spectra data, expert knowledge (c) Generate and test: a) Structure enumerator: can generate all possible compounds - Takes necessary and forbidden lists, and creates a new possible Compound - Output is formula b) Spectra synthesizer: generates spectra data for this compound c) Matcher - matches synthesized spectra with actual one - compound with best fit is the one (6)Working: The spectrogram machine bombard a sample with high energy electrons, causing the molecule to break up into charged chunks of various sizes. Then, the machine sorts the chunks by passing them through a magnetic field which deflects the high-charge, lowweight ones more than it does the low-charge, high charges ones. it is now possible to get an estimate of the masses of these particles. This is called a mass spectrogram. By knowing the masses, it is possible to guess how the atoms of a single molecule of the unknown substance are put together. The DENDRAL program works out structures from chemical formulas and mass spectrogram using the generate and test method. The generator consists of a structure enumerator and a synthesizer, which produce a synthetic mass spectrogram by simulating the action of a real mass spectrometer on each enumerated structure. The tester compares the real mass spectrogram with those produce by the generator. The possible structure are those whose synthetic spectrograms math the real one adequately. 2 . M Y C I N (a)Mycin is an Expter system for diagnosing and recommending treatment of bacterialinfection of blood.(b)It was developed in Stanford University in California.(c)A consolation with MYCIN begins with request for routine information such as age,medical history, and so on, progressive to more specific questions as required. (d) MYCIN represented its knowledge as a set of if.THEN rules with certaintyfactors.(e)MYCIN has following features: (1) Stanford University in mid 70's. (2) Domain: Medical diagnosis for bacterial and meningitis infections.(3)Task: interview physician, make diagnosis and therapy recommendations (4) Input: Answers to queries. (5) Output: Ordered set of diagnoses and therapies. (6) Architecture: rule-based exhaustive backward chaining with uncertainty.

(7) Tools: programmed in LISP (shell called EMYCIN -- empty MYCIN).(8) Results: not in general use, but was ground-breaking work indiagnostic consultation systems. (f)Working MYCINs expertise knowledge lies in the domain of bacterialinfections.MYCINs pools of knowledge consist of approximately 500antecedent- consequently rules which give MYCIN the ability to recognizeabout 100 causes of bacterial infections.MYCIN helps the physician to prescribe disease- specific drugs. MYCINinforms itself about particular cases by requesting information from thephysician about patients symptoms. At each point the question MYCINasks is determined by MYCINs current hypothesis & the answer to allprevious question at the end, it provides. 1.9 Limitations of Expert system: 1.Expert systems are restricted to a very narrow domain of expertise. For example,MYCIN, which was developed for the diagnosis of infectious blood diseases, lacks anyreal knowledge of human physiology. If a patient has more than one disease, we cannotrely on MYCIN. In fact, therapy prescribed for the blood disease might even be harmful because of the other disease. 2. Expert systems can show the sequence of the rules they applied to reach a solution, butcannot relate accumulated, heuristic knowledge to any deeper understanding of the problem domain.3.Expert systems have difficulty in recognising domain boundaries. When given a task different from the typical problems, an expert system might attempt to solve it and fail inrather unpredictable ways.4.Heuristic rules represent knowledge in abstract form and lack even basic understandingof the domain area. It makes the task of identifying incorrect, incomplete or inconsistentknowledge difficult.5.Expert systems, especially the first generation, have little or no ability to learn from their experience. Expert systems are built individually and cannot be developed fast. Complexsystems can take over 30 personyears to build. 2.0 Parameter required in building of any Expert System: (1) Meta-knowledge : Meta-knowledge is knowledge about knowledge. or we can say thatmeta-knowledge is systematic problem and domain independent knowledge which performs or enables operation in another more or less specific domain dependentknowledge in different domain of human activities.Meta knowledge can be considered as a fundamental conceptual instrument in suchresearch and scientific domains as, knowledge engineering, knowledge management andothers dealing with study & operations on knowledge that we know. (2) Expertise Transfer : the objective of expertise transfer is to transfer expertise from oneexpert system to a computer system. these process evolved four activities:(a)Knowledge acquisition( from expert or other sources)(b)Knowledge representation( in the computer)(c)Knowledge inferencing.(d)Knowledge transfer to user. (3) Domain Exploration

: in general Domain knowledge in the knowledge which is validand directly used for preselected domain of human or autonomous computer activity.different specialist and expert use and develop their own domain knowledge. Domainrefer to the knowledge that is part of the world the system knows about .this includeobject description, relationship and other relevant concepts. 2.1 Self Explaining System : the more interesting feature of expert system is their ability toexplain themselves, is known as self explaining system. Most system has the self explainingfacility that means why it asked certain question, how it arrived its answers. Most of theseanswers are provided by explanation module. It provides the used with an explanation of reasoning process when requested.Expert system contains many modules to make it operate (Ex: memory). One of the module isself explaining module. This module is very much required in medical expert systems. Themodule explains how a conclusion is arrived about a patient and what its basics assumptions for deriving that conclusion. 2.2 Knowledge Organization: The organization of knowledge in memory is key toefficient processing. Knowledge base may require tens of thousands of facts and rules to performtheir intended task. Thus retrieval of facts and rules be done in efficient way so as to same searchtime