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KARTHIK 3-MECH PH:9965086619 CONTENT : CONTENT Introduction Biofuel Biomass Algae based fuels Alcohol fuels Hydrogen HCNG Liquid nitrogen Compressed air Alternative fossils fuels Nuclear power INTRODUCTION: INTRODUCTION Alternative fuels , also known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels . . Some well known alternative fuels biodiesel, bioalcohol ,chemically stored electricity (batteries and fuel cells), hydrogen, non-fossil methane, non-fossil natural gas, and other biomass sources. The main purpose of fuel is to store energy, which should be in a stable form and can be easily transported to the place of production. BIOFUEL:: BIOFUEL: Alternative fuel dispensers at a regular gasoline station in Arlington, Virginia. Biofuels are also considered a renewable source. Although renewable energy is used mostly to generate electricity, it is often assumed that some form of renewable energy or at least it is used to create alternative fuels. BIOFUEL:: BIOFUEL: BIOMASS: BIOMASS Biomass, as a renewable energy source, refers to living and recently dead biological material that can be used as fuel or for industrial production. In this context, biomass refers to plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce. For example, trash such as dead trees and branches, yard clippings and wood chips are biofuel, and it also includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibers, chemicals or heat. BIOMASS: BIOMASS BIOMASS: BIOMASS Industrial biomass can be grown from numerous types of plants, including miscanthus, switchgrass, hemp, corn, poplar, willow, sorghum, sugarcane, and a variety of tree species, ranging from eucalyptus to oil palm (palm oil). The particular plant used is usually not important to the end products, but it does affect the processing of the raw material. BIOMASS: BIOMASS Algae based fuels: Algae based fuels Algae based biofuels have been hyped in the media as a potential panacea to our Crude Oil based Transportation problems. Algae based fuels are being successfully tested by the navy Algae based plastics show potential to reduce waste and the cost per pound of algae plastic is expected to be cheaper than traditional plastic prices. Algae based fuels: Algae based fuels Alcohol fuels: Alcohol fuels Methanol and Ethanol fuel are typically primary sources of energy; they are

convenient fuels for storing and transporting energy. These alcohols can be used in "internal combustion engine as alternative fuels", with butanol also having known advantages, such as being the only alcohol-based motor fuel that can be transported readily by existing petroleumproduct pipeline networks, instead of only by tanker trucks and railroad cars. Alcohol fuels: Alcohol fuels Hydrogen Fuel: Hydrogen Fuel Hydrogen is an emissionless fuel. The by product is pure water which is harmless to our earth. HCNG (or H2CNG) is a mixture of compressed natural gas and 4-9 percent hydrogen by energy. HCNG for mobile use is premixed at the hydrogen station. Hydrogen Fuel: Hydrogen Fuel Liquid nitrogen: Liquid nitrogen Liquid nitrogen is another type of emissionless fuel. Liquid nitrogen propulsion may also be incorporated in hybrid systems, e.g., battery electric propulsion and fuel tanks to recharge the batteries Liquid nitrogen: Liquid nitrogen