Centrifugal Pump

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP is a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing turbo

machinery. Centrifugal pumps are used to transport liquids/fluids by the conversion of the rotational kinetic energy to the hydro dynamics energy of the liquid flow. The rotational energy typically comes from an engine or electric motor or turbine. In the typical simple case, the fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from where it exits. Common uses include water, sewage, petroleum and petrochemical pumping. The reverse function of the centrifugal pump is a water turbine converting potential energy of water pressure into mechanical rotational energy.

Parts of a centrifugal pump

History
According to Reti, the Brazilian soldier and historian of science, the first machine that could be characterized as a centrifugal pump was a mud lifting machine which appeared as early as 1475 in a treatise by the Italian Renaissance engineer Francesco di Giorgio Martini. True centrifugal pumps were not developed until the late 17th century, when Denis Papin built one using straight vanes. The curved vane was introduced by British inventor John Appold in 1851.

How it Works
A Centrifugal Pump works by converting kinetic energy into potential energy measurable as static fluid pressure at the outlet of the pump. The action is described by Bernoullis principle. With the mechanical action of an electric motor or similar, the rotation of the pump impeller imparts kinetic energy to the fluid through centrifugal force. The fluid drawn from the inlet piping into the impeller intake eye and is accelerated outwards through the impeller vanes to the volute and outlet piping. As the fluid exits the impeller, if the outlet piping is too high to allow flow, the fluid kinetic energy is converted into static pressure. If the outlet piping is open at a lower level, the fluid will be released at a greater speed

Centrifugal Pump Working Principle

Vertical centrifugal pumps

Vertical centrifugal pumps are also referred to as cantilever pumps. They utilize a unique shaft and bearing support configuration that allows the volute to hang in the sump while the bearings are outside of the sump. This style of pump uses no stuffing box to seal the shaft but instead utilizes a "throttle Bushing". A common application for this style of pump is in a parts washer

Multistage centrifugal pumps

A centrifugal pump containing two or more impellers is called a multistage centrifugal pump. The impellers may be mounted on the same shaft or on different shafts. For higher pressures at the outlet impellers can be connected in series. For higher flow output impellers can be connected in parallel. All energy transferred to the fluid is derived from the mechanical energy driving the impeller.

Efficiency of large pumps

Unless carefully designed, installed and monitored, pumps will be or will become inefficient wasting a lot of energy. Pumps need to be regularly tested to determine the efficiency.

Energy usage
The energy usage in a pumping installation is determined by the flow required, the height lifted and the length and friction characteristics of the pipeline. The power required to drive a pump ( ), is defined simply using SI units by:

where: is the input power required (W) is the fluid density (kg/m3) is the standard acceleration of gravity (9.80665 m/s2) is the energy Head added to the flow (m) is the flow rate (m3/s) is the efficiency of the pump plant as a decimal The head added by the pump ( ) is a sum of the static lift, the head loss due to friction and

any losses due to valves or pipe bends all expressed in metres of fluid. Power is more commonly expressed as kilowatts (103 W, kW) or horsepower (hp = kW*0.746). The value for the pump efficiency, may be stated for the pump itself or as a combined efficiency of the pump and motor system. The energy usage is determined by multiplying the power requirement by the length of time the pump is operating.

Problems of centrifugal pumps

Cavitation the NPSH of the system is too low for the selected pump. Wear of the Impeller can be worsened by suspended solids. Corrosion inside the pump caused by the fluid properties. Overheating due to low flow. Leakage along rotating shaft. Lack of prime centrifugal pumps must be filled (with the fluid to be pumped) in
order to operate.

Surge.

Centrifugal pumps for solids control

An oilfield solids control system needs many centrifugal pumps to sit on or in mud tanks. The types of centrifugal pumps used are sand pumps, submersible slurry pumps, shear pumps, and charging pumps. They are defined for their different functions, but their working principle is the same.

Magnetically coupled pumps

Where leakage of the fluid pumped poses a great risk (e.g., aggressive fluid in the chemical or nuclear industry, or electric shock - garden fountains), magnetically coupled pumps are often used. They have no direct connection between the motor shaft and the impeller so no gland is needed. There is no risk of leakage, unless the casing is broken. Additionally, these pumps are less prone to damage by cavitation. The impeller of such a pump is magnetically coupled with the motor, across a separation wall which is resistant to the fluid pumped. The motor drives a rotor carrying one or several pairs of permanent magnets and these drag around a second pair(s) of permanent magnets attached to the pump impeller.

Sigma Mixer

SIGMA MIXING MACHINE is a heavy-duty mixer specially designed to produce uniform

mixing, blending & kneading of highly viscous, paste & dough type materials. Sigma mixer is used for kneading of putty, epoxy, paints, pigments, adhesives, gums, battery pastes, welding electrode flux, catalysts paste, plastic compounds, rubber compounds, papad, chocolate, bubble gum, etc.

Principle of Operation
The tangential action of mixing and kneading is thoroughly obtained by two Z shaped kneading blades, which rotates very accurately at different speed towards each other causing the product to be transferred from one blade to the other. The mixing action is a combination of bulk movement, stretching, folding, dividing, and recombining of the material. The shearing & tearing action of the material against blades and the side walls causes size reduction of the solids.

Machine description
The machine consists of two counter-rotating tangential rotors in a specially shaped trough (W - shaped), curved at the bottom to form two longitudinal half cylinders. Close clearance is maintained between the blades & the walls resulting in a perfectly homogeneous mix. The shaft sealing is achieved by stuffing box arrangement with Gun Metal bushings & pusher type Teflon breaded gland rope packing so that the material does not leak out. Hinged type top cover is provided with an optional feeding hopper. Jacketed arrangement for heating or cooling application is also provided.

Discharge arrangement
Mechanical tilting arrangement with the help of worm & worm wheel done manually. Hydraulic or motorized tilting arrangement for quick & easy discharging of material.

Provision of an extrusion screw: In this the machine is provided with a set of

contra-rotating kneading blades and an extrusion screws. The extrusion screw is located inside the mixing trough below the two mixing blades. During the mixing cycle the blades rotate towards each other while the mixing screws rotate in a reverse direction, constantly feeding new materials into the mixing blades. After the mixing cycle is completed, the direction of the screw is reversed and the material is extruded through suitable openings provided at the sides. The extrusion screw has its own separate drive so that blades and screw operate independently. This system eliminates manual handling & ensures operator safety to materials at elevated temperatures or those of toxic nature.

Available in following sizes

SIZE LxBxH CAPACITY Litres POWER H.P.

9 x 6 x 6 12 x 9 x 9 14 x 12 x 12 18 x 15 x 15 24 x 18 x 18 30 x 24 x 24 36 x 30 x 30

5 10 25 50 125 250 500

1 3 5 10 15 20 30