Nayyef M. Azeez and Amal A. Sabbar, 2012. Efficiency of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.

) in Phytotreatment of ISSN 2088-6586 Wastewater Pollutants from Basrah Oil Refinery. Volume 1, Number 4: 163-172, May, 2012 T2012 Department of Environmental Engineering Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya & Indonesian Society of Sanitary and Environmental Engineers, Jakarta Open Access http://www.trisanita.org/japes
International peer-reviewed journal

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Research Paper

EFFICIENCY OF DUCKWEED (LEMNA MINOR L.) IN PHYTOTREATMENT OF WASTEWATER POLLUTANTS FROM BASRAH OIL REFINERY
NAYYEF M. AZEEZ* and AMAL A. SABBAR
*Corresponding Author: Phone: +9647801415008 E-mail: naifmohsenaziz@gmail.com Received: 25th April 2012; Revised: 9th May 2012; Accepted: 9th May 2012

Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Basrah, Iraq.

Abstract: This study involved a laboratory experiment on the efficiency of the plant duck weed (Lemna minor L.) in improving the quality of wastewater of Basrah Oil Refinery. The efficiency was tested by measuring some of physicochemical characteristics of the control and plant treatments after each seven days. The experiment lasted for a month, and recorded the rates of reduction. The highest rates of reduction were for heavy metals, accounting 99.8%, 99.6%, 98.7% and 72% for Copper, Cadmium, Lead and Zinc, respectively, followed by Turbidity and Nitrate recorded 64% and 57.1% respectively. The percentage reduction of BOD5 was 49.6 %, while for COD 32.7%, either the rest of the physicochemical characteristics as follows: 48.9% for Soluble Solids and 43% of Oils and Grease, 41% of Total Alkalinity, 40% for Phenols, 39.1% for Sulfide, 38% of Suspended Solids and 30% of Phosphate. Lower rates of reduction were recorded of each Temperature (17.2%), pH and Sulfate (13.4%). The results showed that this aquatic plant can be successfully used for wastewater pollutants removal.
Keywords: Heavy metal, remediation, traditionally gold processing

INTRODUCTION Refinery wastewater is producing in a huge quantity in most the cities of the country that contain a diverse range of pollutants including Heavy Metals ,Oil and Grease ,Phenols, Sulphide, Sulphate ,Nitrate ,Phospate, Dissolved Solids, Suspended Solids, COD, BOD, which Its disposal and treatment has become a challenge for the municipalities; Many of the municipalities in growing cities neither have proper disposal system nor have any treatment facility due to higher cost and in such a situation refinery wastewater is discharge in to aquatic bodies like river, ponds, 163
Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 1 (4): 163-172.

Nayyef M. Azeez and Amal A. Sabbar, 2012. Efficiency of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) in Phytotreatment of Wastewater Pollutants from Basrah Oil Refinery.

and lakes, where it is posing a serious threat to the water quality and become a big environmental problem throughout the development of the petrochemical industry [1] [2]. Physical, chemical, and biological technologies have been developed to treat oily waste water and restore environmental quality; However their costs are high and most of them are difficult to use under field conditions, hence in such a condition there is an urgent need to study natural, simple, and cost-effective techniques for control pollution from industrial effluents and treating such wastewater, such as phytoremedation [1] [3]. Viewing this fact Phytoremediation was assumed to be very useful, as it is an innovative, ecofriendly and efficient technology in which natural properties of plant is used in engineered system to remediate hazardous wastes through physical, chemical, and biological processes from wastewater and sewage [4] [2]. Phytoremedation is the utilization of plants accumulation capabilities to remove contamination from water, soil and air, the capacity of aquatic plants to remove pollutants from water is well documented [5]. The recent application of phytoremediation technology by duckweed in wastewater treatment and management is quite interesting and revealing. Phytoremediation systems by duckweed are one of the options that have been widely applied for combined handling of wastewater with the nutrients used for poultry and aqua-cultural projects [6] [7]. Lemna minor L. known as common duckweed is a small, free floating aquatic plant fast growing, adapt easily to various aquatic conditions and play an important role in extraction and accumulation of pollutants from waters [8]. In particular, species of Lemna are reported to accumulate toxic metals and therefore are being used as experimental model systems to investigate heavy metal induced responses, Bioavaibility and bioaccumulation of various heavy metals in aquatic and wetland ecosystems is gaining tremendous significance globally [9]. Aquatic macrophytes take up metals from the water producing an internal concentration several fold greater than their surroundings. Many of the aquatic macrophytes found to be the potential scavengers of heavy metals from aquatic environment and are being used in wastewater renovation systems [10] [11]. Aquatic plants have shown their efficiency in absorbing nutrients from various sources of polluted water, [12] [13]. This study aimed to assessing the efficiency of duckweed (Lemna minor) in phytoremediate the pollutants of Basrah oil refinery wastewater. MATERIALS AND METHODS Phytoremediation potential of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) in the removal of pollutants in refinery waste water was determined in Laboratory experiment. Experiment To study pollutants removal capacity of Lemna minor L. from refinery wastewater, laboratory experiment was conducted. 20 L of Basrah oil refinery wastewater were used, and putted in four glass aquariums (273934) cm after diluted with deionized water in a 1: 4 ratio. Lemna minor were collected from the pond which located at Basrah University and transferred to laboratory that cleaned by tap water then washed by distilled water ,and 100g of fresh biomass of duckweed was putted in three aquaria and the fourth aquarium served as control that contain wastewater only. The experiment was kept under laboratory conditions of temperature (252) and lighting (8 light: 16 dark), physiochemical analysis have been conducted after 7 days and repeated four times during a month. 164
Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 1 (4): 163-172.

Nayyef M. Azeez and Amal A. Sabbar, 2012. Efficiency of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) in Phytotreatment of Wastewater Pollutants from Basrah Oil Refinery.

Analysis of refinery wastewater characteristic Refinery wastewater characteristics were determined by analyzing of some Physicochemical parameters like water Temperature, pH , Total Alkalinity, Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids, Total Dissolve Solids, Sulfide , Sulfate, BOD5, COD, Oil and Grease , Phenols, Nitrates, Phosphates and some Heavy Metals(Lead , Copper, Cadmium and Zinc). before and after the experiment . The value before Phytoremediation experiment was noted as initial value, while the value recorded after the Phytoremediation experiment was indicated by final value. All the analysis were done as described by [14] [15] [16] [17]. Pollutants removal were considered as the reduction (%) in concentration according to: (A-B) / A 100% A= Initial Concentration (before experiment) . B=Final Concentration (after experiment) . Statistical analysis ;SPSS Software program was used to compare among means. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Phytoremediation potential of duck weed (Lemna minor L.) in the removal of pollutants from refinery wastewater was studied by analyzing the refinery wastewater before and after the Phytoremediation. The value before and after the Phytoremediation and percentage changes was reported as initial and final value in Table 1. Table 1: Reduction percentage of pollutants from refinery wastewater by Lemna minor L. No Parameters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Water Temperature pH Alkalinity Turbidity TSS TDS Sulphate Sulfide Nitrate Phosphate Oil & Grease Phenols BOD5 COD Pb Cu Zn Cd Unit C mg.L-1 Initial Concentration 29 8.9 95 25 21 4130 1683 23 21 7.01 19.8 0.5 27.6 480 16 12 43 5.1 Final Concentration 24 7.7 56 9 13 2110 1456 14 9 4.9 11.2 0.3 13.9 323 0. 2 0.02 12 0.02 Percentage reduction 17.2% 13.4% 41% 64% 38% 48.9% 13.4% 39.1% 57.1% 30% 43.4% 40% 49.6% 32.7% 98.7% 99.8% 72% 99.6%

NTU mg.L-1 mg.L-1 mg.L-1 mg.L-1 g.L-1 g.L-1 mg.L-1 mg.L-1 mg.L-1 mg.L-1 g.L-1 g.L-1 g.L-1 g.L-1

165
Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 1 (4): 163-172.

Nayyef M. Azeez and Amal A. Sabbar, 2012. Efficiency of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) in Phytotreatment of Wastewater Pollutants from Basrah Oil Refinery.

Physiochemical characteristic of refinery wastewater before and after the phytoremediation with duckweed The result showed that water temperature was ranged between 24C and 29 C (Fig 1), which was within temperature tolerance limit for duckweed growth as mentioned by Culley et al. [18] who found that the upper temperature tolerance limit for duckweed growth was around 34C, and that may be due to Lemna minor was one of floating aquatic plants which cover the surface of the water and form an insulating layer prevent light penetration, leading to reduce water temperatures [19]. The Lemnaceae family is capable to survive in fairly wide pH range In nature, plant species of Lemenaceae can tolerate pH of 3.5 to 10, The optimal pH range 4.5 to 7.5 [20] also [21] has shown that some floating plants such as Eichhornia crassipes able to reduced pH value of domestic wastewater from 8.2 to7.1 during 96 days and this was agreed with our result , Fig (1) showed that the pH values was within the range 7.7- 8.9, that attributed to pH value affected by buffering factor such as CO 2 ,HCO 3 because some plants have ability to served as buffering throughout release and take ions for the completion of balance within environment [1]. Total alkalinity showed a continuous gradual removal by increasing time (Fig1). Values decreased from 95 mg.L-1 until reached 56 mg.L-1 after 30 days, significant correlation (r =0.91, p<0.05) between pH and total alkalinity were observed in this study. Turbidity was reduced Fig(1) and this may be attributed to decrease the concentration of suspended material because of settlement and adsorption on aquarium glass and this was shown in statistical analysis , as it recorded significant correlation between suspended solids and turbidity (r = 0.94; p0.05). As evident from Table 1, total suspended solids (TSS) values decreased by increasing treatment periods, reaching minimum concentration of 13 mg.L-1 after 30 days, which corroborates the findings of [22] regarding discharged duckweed treatment system in Halisahar ,Likewise [23] record a clear reduction in resuspension of sediment in Taiho lake during 41 days which covered by floating aquatic plants , and this result agreed with the study of [24]. Data in Figure (1) revealed that total dissolved solids (TDS) recorded their minimum values of 2110 mg.L-1 after 30 days treatment ,this decreasing due to the plant capacity to take some organic and in organic ions, its may be absorbed high concentration of sodium ion during growth [25]. Sooknah and Wilkie [26] explained that three types of floating plants used to treat diary wastewater reduced electrical conductivity from 2510 S.cm-1to 733S.cm-1. Results in Table (1) showed that sulfate concentration recorded 13.4% as reduction percentage during 30 days ,that may be due to plant ability to absorb different types of pollutants and accumulated in their tissues [27], On the other side Hydrogen sulfide concentrations showed a continuous gradual removal by increasing time, where its values decreased from 23 mg.L-1 until reaching 14mg.L-1 after 30 days (Fig2) , Which may be attributed to reduction in sulphate concentration that confirmed by the results of statistical analysis which reported a positive correlation between the concentration of hydrogen sulfide and sulphate (r = 0.921,p0.05). Patel and Kanungo [2] stated that in the experimental use of macrophytes for removal of nutrients from domestic wastewater, Lemna gibba removed a great amount of nitrate .In agreement with the present study, the results demonstrated that the duckweed efficiently removed nitrate from wastewater and incorporated into its biomass ,where its concentration reached 9 g.L-1 in the last week (Fig 2),that was attributed to the plant's capacity to provide suitable conditions for nitrate reduction as a result of co existence with microorganism which play an important role in conversion of nitrogen or plants direct uptaking which used a large amounts of nitrogen compounds such as NO3, NH4 during growth period [28].
29T 29T 29T 29T 29T 29T 29T 29T 29T 29T 29T 29T 29T 29T 3T 3T R R R R 3T 3T P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

166
Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 1 (4): 163-172.

Nayyef M. Azeez and Amal A. Sabbar, 2012. Efficiency of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) in Phytotreatment of Wastewater Pollutants from Basrah Oil Refinery.

Temperatur (c)

30 pH
Aquarium
Control Lemna

9 8.5 8 7.5 7 week week week week 1 2 3 4

20 10 0

Aquarium
control Lemna

Total Alkalinity (mgCaCO3-1)

100 50 0 Turbidty(NTU)
Aquarium
Control Lemna

Aquarium
Control

week week week week LemnaLandolt and Kandler [29] reported 4 th 1 2 3

25 20 15 10 5 0

week week week week 1 2 3 4

5000 TDS (mg.L-1) 3000 2000 TSS(mg.L-1)

Aquarium
Control Lemna

25 20 15 10 5 0 week week week week 1 2 3 4

4000

1000 Aquarium Lemna sp. requires at

Control
Lemna

high phosphor

week week week week 1 2 3 4

Fig. 1: Weekly changes of some refinery wastewater properties (Water temperature, pH, Alkalinity, TSS, TDS and Turbidity). Landlot and Kandeler [29] reported that Lemna sp. requires high Phosphorus concentration to grow in water. Perniel et al. [30] also found that Lemna minor monoculture consistently removed the largest amount of ammonia and phosphorus from storm water in 8 weeks. During the present experiment, Lemna minor used phosphate for growth and reduced its concentration until reaching 30% in the end of experiment that attributed to absorption and adsorption or direct up taking by plant [26]. Koner and Vermaat [31] also established that Lemna gibba and microorganism coexist with it reduced 75% of phosphate and plants used 52% for growth process and this agreed with study of [32] [33].

167
Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 1 (4): 163-172.

Nayyef M. Azeez and Amal A. Sabbar, 2012. Efficiency of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) in Phytotreatment of Wastewater Pollutants from Basrah Oil Refinery.

Sulphate (mg.L-1)

1700 sulfid (mg.L-1) 1600 1500 1400 1300

25 20 15 10 5 0 week week week week 1 2 3 4

Aquarium Control Lemna

Aquarium
Control Lemna

Nitrate(ug.L-1)

20 15 10 5 0

Phosphate(g.L-1)

25

8 6 4 2 0 week week week week 1 2 3 4

Aquarium
Control Lemna

Aquarium
Control Lemna

Fig. 2: Weekly changes of some refinery wastewater properties (Sulphate ,Hydrogen Sulfide, Nitrate, phosphate) Lemna minor verified its ability to reduction oil and grease concentration, until it reached 43% that may be attributed to plant capability to taking petroleum hydrocarbons , which represent one of the components of oil and grease and stored it in their tissues because hydrocarbons are lipophilic pollutants [34] as well as microbial degradation , and this agreed with [35] who confirmed that the wetland treatment systems are effective in removing pollutants by microbial degradation or direct up taking by plants. The result showed a Significant correlation between oil and grease and phenol (r = 0.92,p0.05) that may be one of causes of phenol reduction as well as plant ability to take phenol and stored in the vacuoles within cell wall as a chemical compound known 2,4-Dichloro phenyl B-D-glucopyranoside [36]. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), showed a gradual removal by prolonged treatment periods (Fig. 3). Data revealed that duckweed effectively reduced BOD by 49.6% (reduced from 27.6 mg.L-1 reached 13.9 mg.L-1), COD by 32.7 %( reduced from 480 mg.L-1to 323 mg.L-1). In agreement with the present research, Oron et al [37] mentioned that the duckweed contribution for the removal of organic material is due to their ability to direct use of simple organic compounds, as well as the microbial degradation processes of organic material [38]. Zimmo et al [38] found that BOD removal efficiency was higher in duckweed based ponds than in algae based ponds. 168
P P P P P P P P

Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 1 (4): 163-172.

Nayyef M. Azeez and Amal A. Sabbar, 2012. Efficiency of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) in Phytotreatment of Wastewater Pollutants from Basrah Oil Refinery.

Korner et al. [39] mentioned that duckweed significantly enhanced COD removal in shallow batch systems. Pandey [22] reported that COD removal was in the range of 70% to 80% in the discharged duckweed treatment system at Halisahar.
20 15 10 5 0 week week week week 1 2 3 3 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Oil&Grease (mg.L-1)

Aquarium
Control Lemna

Aquarium
Control Lemna

Phenols (mg.L-1) COD (mg.L-1)

Aquarium
Control Lemna

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

500 400 300 200 100 0

BOD5(mg.L-1)

Aquarium
week week week week 1 2 3 4 Control Lemna

Fig. 3: Weekly changes of some refinery wastewater properties (Oil andGrease, Phenol, BOD5, COD). Figure 4 showed that Lead (Pb),Copper (Cu),Cadimum (Cd) and Zinc (Zn) reached their minimum concentrations of 0.2,0.02,0.02and 12 mg.L-1, respectively after 30 days, with a reduction percentage of 98.7%, 99.8%, 99.6% and 72%, respectively, that was the highest rates of reduction compared with other pollutants (Table 1) ,and this due to a plant's ability to absorb metals and accumulated in their tissues [40] [41]. Kara et al [19] referred to the aquatic plants have the ability to accumulate essential metals for their growth and development and these metals include iron, manganese, zinc and copper. Khellaf and Zerdaoui [42] have proven through a laboratory experiment the capacity of Lemna minor to tolerant high concentrations of copper, cadmium, nickel, zinc, and the results of this study agreed with the results of Other studies in terms of the capacity of aquatic plants on the accumulation of heavy metals and used it as phytoremedator and monitors of heavy metals pollution such as [43] [44] [45].

169
Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 1 (4): 163-172.

Nayyef M. Azeez and Amal A. Sabbar, 2012. Efficiency of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) in Phytotreatment of Wastewater Pollutants from Basrah Oil Refinery.

Aquarium
Control Lemna

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

15 Cu (ug.L-1) week week week week 1 2 3 4 10 5 0

Cd (g.L-1)

Aquarium
Control Lemna

week week week week 1 2 3 4

20 Pb(g.L-1) Zn (g.L-1) 15 10 5 0

50 40 30 20 10 0 week week week week 1 2 3 4

Aquarium
Control Lemna

Aquarium
Control Lemna

Fig. 4: Weekly changes of some heavy metals (Pb,Cu,Cd,Zn). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the possibilities of using Lemna minor to improve the quality of refinery wastewater to an acceptable level, because of its ubiquity, rapid growth rate, ease of harvest, wide range of temperature tolerance and removing various pollutants.
References 1. Ji, G.D.; Sun , T.H. and Ni , J.R. (2007). Surface Flow Constructed Wetland for Heavy Oil Produced Water Treatment. Bio. Techno. 98:436-441. 2. Patel, D. and Kanungo ,V.(2010). Phytoremidation Potential of Duckweed (Lemna minor L:Atiny Aquatic plant ) in the Removal of Pollutants from Domestic Wastewater with Special Reference to Nutrients. The Bio sci .5(3):355- 358. 3. Ismail,Z.and Beddri,A.(2009).Potential of Water Hyacinth as a Removal Agent for Heavy Metals from Petroleum Refinery Effluents . Water Air Soil Pollut.199:57-65. 4. House,CH.(1999).Combining Constructed Wetlands and Aquatic and Soil Filter for Reclamation and Reuse of Water .Ecoi.Eng.12:27-38. 5. Demirezen ,D.and Aksoy,A.(2004).Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Typha angustifolia (L.) and Potamogeton pectinatus (L.)living in Sultan Marsh (Kayseri,Turkey).Chemosphere,56:685696. 6. Gijzen,H.and Kondker,M.(1997). AnOverview of the Ecology ,Physiology,Cultivation and Applecation of Duckweed in Ception Report.Annex-1,LiteratureR Review .Duckweed Research Project(DWRP). Dhaka, Bangladesh.

170
Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 1 (4): 163-172.

Nayyef M. Azeez and Amal A. Sabbar, 2012. Efficiency of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) in Phytotreatment of Wastewater Pollutants from Basrah Oil Refinery.

7. Naphi,I.Dalu,J.Ndamba,J.and Gijzen ,H.(2003).An Evalution of Duckweed Based Pond Systems An alternative Option for Decentralization Treatment and Reuse of Wastewater in Zimbabwe.Water Sci.Technology.48(11):115-122. 8. Kaur,L.Gadgil,K.and Sharma,S.(2010). Effect of pH and Lead Concentration on Phytoremoval of Lead Contaminated Water by Lemna minor .American Eurasian J.Agric.and Environ.Sci., 7(5):542-550. 9. Greger,M.(1999).Metal availability and Bioconcentration in plants. In: Prasad,M.and Hagemeyer,J.(eds.),Heavy Metal Stress in Plants from Molecules to Ecosystems,pp.127.Springer,Berlin 10. Abbasi, A.S. and Ramasami, E.(1999). Biotechnological Methods of Pollution Control .p.168. Universities press, Hyderabad. 11. Kadlec , R.H .,Knight,R.L.,Vaymazol,J.,Brix,H.,Copper,R.,and Habert,R.(2000).Constructed Wetlands for Pollution Control.p.164.Control Processes , Performance, Design and Operation ,IWA pub.London. 12. Cheng , J. Landesman ,L ., Bergman ,B, Classen , J., Howard , J., and Yamamoto , Y.(2002). Nutrient Removal from Swine Lagoon Liquid by Lemna minor 8627 .Transaction of the ASAE. 45:1003- 1010. 13. Janjit, I., SuWon,Y.and JaeSeong,R.(2007).Nutrient Removal by 21 Aquatic Plants for Vertical Free Surface Flow(VSF) Constructed Wetland.Ecol.Eng.29:287-293. 14. APHA (American Public Health Association ) (2005). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater . 21th ed, Washington D.C.1193p . 15. UNEP and WHO (United Nation Environment Programme and World Health Organization ) (1996). Water Quality Monitoring : A practical Guide to The Design and Implementation . Off share Water Quality Studies and Monitoring Programmes . 400 p. 16. Strickland , J.D..H. and Parsons , T.R. (1972). A Practical Handbook of Sea Water Analysis Bill. Fish Res. Broad 167, 1-311. 17. Lind, O.T.(1979). Handbook of Common Methods in Limnology 2nd ed. The C.V. Mosby Company . St. Louis, London. 199 p. 18. Culley, D. Rejmankova, Jr., Kvet, J. and Frye.J.(1981).Production ,Chemical Quality and use of Duckweed (Lemnaceae) in Aquaculture ,Wastemanagement ,and animal feeds .J.Warld.Maric.Soc.12(2)27-49. 19. Kara , Y. ;Basaran , D. ; Kara , I. ; Zeytunluoglu , A. and Gene H. (2003). Bioaccumulation of Nickel by aquatic Macrophyte Lemna minor (Duckweed). Int. J. Agri. Boil. 5 (3): 281-283 . 20. Saygideger ,S.(1996). Lemna gibba L.ve Lemna minor L.(Lemnaceae)' nin morfolojik anatomk,ekolojikve ,Fizyzolojik Ozellikleri.Ekoloji,18:8-11. 21. Mahmood ,Q.,Zhong,P.,Islam,E.,Hassan,M.J.,Jilani,G.and Jin,R. C.(2005).Lab Scale Studies on Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassips )for Bioremidation of textile Wastewater. Caspian J.Env.Sci,3(2):83-88. 22. Pandy,M.(2001).Duckweed Based Wastewater Treatment .Invention Intelligence 23. Huang ,P.,Han,B.and Lin,Z.(2007).Floating Leaved Macrophyte (Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb) Beds have Significant Effects on Sediment Resuspension in LakeTaiho, China. Hydrobiologia. 581:189-193. 24. Al-Sabunji,A.A. and AlMarashi, A.M.(2002). Use the reed in treatment sewage water. www.ieps.info/front 25. Seidel , K. (1976). Macrophytes and Water Purification In: Tourbier J., Pierson, R.W. (eds). Biological Control of Water Pollution. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp.109- 122 26. Sooknah , R.D. and Wilkie , A.C. (2004). Nutrient Removal by Floating Aquatic Macrophytes Cultured in An aerobically Digested Flushed Diary Manure Wastewater. Eco. Eng. 22:27-42. 27. Mkandawire ,M. and Dudel ,E.G.(2007).Are Lemna spp.Effective Phytoremediation Agents .Biorem ,Biodiv and Bioaval.1(1)56-71.

171
Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 1 (4): 163-172.

Nayyef M. Azeez and Amal A. Sabbar, 2012. Efficiency of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) in Phytotreatment of Wastewater Pollutants from Basrah Oil Refinery.

28. Juren, K.(1999).Treatment of Domestic and Agricultural Wastewater by Reed Bed Systems .Eco .Eng.12:13-25. 29. Landolt,E.and Kandeler ,R.(1987).The Family of Lemnaceae a monographic study .Veroffentlichungen Des Geobotanischen Instates der Edg.Tech.Hoghschle,Stiftung Ruebel ,Zuerich,638 p. 30. Pernial, M.,Runa,R.and Martinez,B.(1998). Nutrient Removal from a Storm Water Detention Pond Using Duckweed .Applied Engineering in Agriculture,14(6):605-609. 31. Korner, S. and Vermaat, J.E.,( 1998). The Relative Importance of Lemna gibba L., Bacteria and Algae for the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal in Duckweed-Covered Domestic Wastewater. Water Res. 32, 36513661. 32. Al-Sabunji,A.A.(2002). Use algae to remove some elements from sewage water . Basrah.J .Agri.Sci.15(3): 211-221.(In Arabic). 33. Jassim,A.Q.(2008).Evalution the efficiency of aquatic plants to improve water quality in the southern marshes and some canals of Basrah city.PhD.Thesis. Coll. .Agri.. Basrah Univ. 157p. 34. Ren , L., Huang ,X., MacConkey ,B., Dixon ,D. and Greenberg. B.(1994). Photoinduced Toxicity of three Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (Fluoranthene , Pyrene ,and Naphthalene ) to the Dukweed Lemna gibba .L. Exotoxiol. Environ. 28: 160-171. 35. Sun, G. Zhao, Y. and Allen , S.(2003).Enhanced Removal of Organic Matter and Ammonia Nitrogen in A Column Experiment of Tidal Flow Constructed Wetland System . J. Biotechno. 115:189-197. 36. Tang , X. ; Eke , P.E. ; Scholz , M. and Huang S. (2008). Processing Impacting on Benzene Removal in Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands. Bio. Techno. J. 100:227-234. 37. Oron,G.,DeVegt,A.,and Porath,D.(1988). Nitrogen Removal and Conversion by duckweed grown on wastewater. Water Res.22:84-179. 38. Zimmo,O.R.,VanDerSteen,N.P.,and Gijzen,H.J.(2005).Effect of Organic Surface Load on Process Performance of Pilot Scale Algae and Duckweed Based Waste Stabilization Ponds. J.Environ.Engg.,131:94- 587. 39. Korner,S., Vermaat, J.E., and Veenstra ,S.(2003). The Capacity of Duckweed to Treat Wastewater .Ecological Considerations for a Sound Desigen J.Environ.Qual.,32:90-1583. 40. Espinoza-Quinones , F.R. ; Zacarkin , C.E. ; Palacio , S.M. ; Obregon , C.L. ; Zenatti , D.C. ; Galante , R.M. ; Rossi , N. ; Pereira , I.R.A. and Walter R.A(2005). Removal of Heavy Metal From Polluted River Water Using Aquatic Macrophytes Salvinia spp. Bra. J. Phys. 35(31):744746 . 41. Shaker , I.M. ; Wafeek , M. and Aly , S.M. (2008). Effect of Water Hyacinth and Chlorella on Water Polluted by Heavy Metal and The Biochemical and Pathophysiological Response of Exposed Fish. 8 th International Symoposim on Tilapia in Aquaculture . Egypt.pp.531- 549. 42. Khellaf, N. and Zerdaoui, M.(2009).Growth Response of the Duckweed Lemna minor to Heavy Metal Pollution .Iran J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng.6(3):161- 166. 43. Aziz , N.M. (2004). Study of Distribution and Concentration Of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Some Trace Metals In Water , Sediments and Two Types Of Aquatic Plants (Phragmites australis and Typha domengensis ) in Shatt Al-Basrah Canal. Ph.D.Thesis . Collage of Science. Basrah University . 108p. 44. Mahmood,A.A.(2008). Concentrations of pollutants in water, sediments and aquatic plants in some wetlands in south of Iraq. Ph.D.Thesis . Collage of Science. Basrah University . 221p 45. Hanaf ,R.A.(2009). Bioaccumulation of copper and lead metal in three species of aquatic plants in Shatt Al-Arab River .M.Sc. Thesis Coll. Sci. Basrah.Univ.105 p.(In Arabic).

172
Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 1 (4): 163-172.