DHS1124 Microbiology, Environmental Health, Epidemiology and Nutrition Mid Semester Examination, Year 1 Sem 1

Section A Multiple Choice Questions 1. What is microbiology? a. A study of viruses, microscopic infectious agents that is unable to grow or reproduce outside host cell b. A study of fungi, a eukaryotic organism without leaves, flowers, or roots, that reproduce by spores c. A study of microorganisms which are microscopic organisms d. The branch of biology concerned with the study of animals 2. Which of the following is not involved in the development of microscope? a. John Needham b. Carl Zeiss c. Ernst Ruska d. Anton van Leeuwenhoek 3. Pandemic means a. A disease which is present within a population b. A disease which spread through populations across a large region c. The appearance of a new case of disease in a population d. The branch of biology concerned with the study of animals 4. Who claims that life arose spontaneously? a. Ernst Ruska b. John Needham c. Louis Pasteur d. Francesco Redi 5. Regarding bacteria morphology, which of the following best describe spirochetes? a. Oval and look like cocci b. Curved rod c. Helical d. Corkscrew shape 6. Which of the following is not true about prokaryotes? a. Prokaryotes do not have cell nucleus b. Bacteria are prokaryotes c. Prokaryotes do not have mitochondria d. Fungi are prokaryotes
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DHS1124 Microbiology, Environmental Health, Epidemiology and Nutrition Mid Semester Examination, Year 1 Sem 1

7. Pleomorphic bacteria are ______ a. Bacteria with a single polar flagellum b. Bacteria which maintain a single shape c. Bacteria with a cluster of flagella on end d. Bacteria that can have a few shapes 8. What is the function of bacterial pili? a. Enable bacteria to adhere to surface b. Provide mobility to bacteria c. Assist bacteria movement towards chemical stimuli d. Transfer of DNA from one bacteria to another bacteria 9. Which of the following illness is not a bacterial infection? a. Anthrax b. Meningitis c. Pneumonia d. Rabie 10. Which of the following is not true regarding bacterial fimbriae? a. Commonly found in gram negative bacteria b. Allow bacteria movement towards light and chemical stimuli c. Enable bacteria to adhere to surface d. Distributed over the entire surface of bacteria 11. Which of the following is true regarding meningitis? a. Inflammatory illness of the lungs b. Inflammatory illness of the brain and spinal cord protective membranes c. Severe respiratory collapse d. Boil like skin lesion or ulceration 12. Bacteria can be differentiated by the following factors except a. Morphology b. Nutritional requirements c. Biochemical activities d. Unicellular & multicellular

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DHS1124 Microbiology, Environmental Health, Epidemiology and Nutrition Mid Semester Examination, Year 1 Sem 1

13. Fungal infection at the outermost layer of the skin and hair is _____ a. Superficial infection b. Cutaneous infection c. Subcutaneous infection d. Systemic infection 14. Which of the following illness is related to thicken and yellowish nails? a. Tinea pedis b. Chromoblastomycosis c. Sporotrichosis d. Onychomycosis 15. Which of the following organism causes infection of the sole and interdigital spaces of the feet? a. Tinea pedis b. Trichophyton rubrum c. Fonsecaea pedrosoi d. Chromoblastomycosis 16. Which of the following is the only vaccine develop using recombinant method? a. Hepatitis B vaccine b. Tuberculosis vaccine c. Human papillomavirus vaccine d. Tetanus vaccine 17. Which of the following illness can be the result of papovirus infection? a. Warts b. Poliomyelitis c. Acute encephalitis d. Flaccid paralysis 18. Which of the following is true? a. Meningitis is cause by Neisseria meningitidis b. Pneumonia is cause by Bacillus anthracis c. Toxic shock syndrome is cause by Streptococcus pneumoniae d. Anthrax is cause by Staphylococcus aureus

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DHS1124 Microbiology, Environmental Health, Epidemiology and Nutrition Mid Semester Examination, Year 1 Sem 1

19. Which of the following cells is not involve in phagocytosis? a. Neutrophil b. Basophil c. Eosinophil d. Monocyte 20. Taking vaccination for prevention against tuberculosis infection among babies is a kind of adaptive immunity. Which of the following best descript the above scenario? a. Natural active immunity b. Natural passive immunity c. Artificial active immunity d. Artificial passive immunity

Section B 1. Define the following terminologies: a) Fomites (2 marks) - Indirect contact transmission typically occurs via fomites which are inanimate objects upon which a pathogen has been deposited - Indirect contact transmission occurs via contact between a healthy individual and a pathogen-carrying fomite - E.g., bed sheets, eating utensils, etc., just about any inanimate object a person can come into contact with can serve as a fomite, though some fomites serve as less hostile environments for the pathogen than others b) Quarantine (2 marks) - Quarantines are used to limit the movement of individuals or populations who either harbor a/the pathogen or have been exposed to individuals known or thought to harbor a/the pathogen c) Nosocomial infections (2 marks) A nosocomial infection is an infection that is acquired in a medical setting in the course of medial treatment d) Universal precautions ( 2 marks) As a means of guarding against the transmission of blood-borne pathogens procedural guidelines, termed universal precautions, are applied in the handling of all patients

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DHS1124 Microbiology, Environmental Health, Epidemiology and Nutrition Mid Semester Examination, Year 1 Sem 1

e) Incidence (2 marks) - The incidence of a disease is the number of new cases that occur within a given period of time - Measurement of the incidence of disease gives a direct indication of how quickly a disease is spreading within a population

2. -

a) List three shapes of bacteria and describe it Cocci (Coccus) = round or oval Bacilli (Bacillus) = rod-shaped Spirilli (Spirillum) = helically coiled

(3marks)

b) Compare and contrast between gram negative and gram positive bacteria ( 7 marks)

Gram Positive vs Gram Negative

Appear Purple when stained Retain the violet Gram stain Thick peptidoglycan cell wall Some produce endospores Produce exotoxins Exp: Streptococcus; Staphalococus; Lactobacilli; Clostridium botulinum and tetani; Mycobacterium tuberculosis Appear Pink when stained Lose the violet Gram stain and pick up the pink counterstain (Safranin) Thinner peptidoglycan cell wall Additional Membrane outside cell wall Produce endotoxins Exp: E. coli; Enteric bacteria; nitrogen-fixing bacteria; chemoautotrophs; Salmonella;
Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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DHS1124 Microbiology, Environmental Health, Epidemiology and Nutrition Mid Semester Examination, Year 1 Sem 1

Section C 1.) a) Briefly discuss about traditional vaccines

(6marks)

Traditional Vaccines
Vaccines that are developed using older or traditionally developed technologies and they can be classified into 4 groups:
Vaccines containing killed microorganisms Vaccines containing attenuated microorganisms

Toxoids
Protein subunit
b) Explain briefly on 1st line defense (4marks)

Skin - Sebum and sweat provide bactericidal Body secretions - Saliva, tears, gastric and bile juice provide bactericidal Mucous membranes - Trap foreign organisms and removed via coughing and sneezing Lymphoid tissue - Contain macrophage which helps to protect against bacteria and other foreign entities Normal flora - Organisms living in our body which protect our body against microbes invasion (Lactobacillus

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