Element of blood Each element of blood performs a special function in the body.

The main elements of blood include two types of cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to all other body tissues. In the tissues, these cells pick up carbon dioxide that is carried back to the lungs to be released from the body. White blood cells are one of the bodys defenses against disease. Some of these cells travel throughout the body and destroy bacteria, some produce antibodies against bacteria and viruses, and others help fight malignant diseases. Platelets are blood elements that lead to the formation of blood clots in response to injury. Plasma is a yellowish fluid composed of about 92 percent water and 7 percent vital proteins, such as albumin, gamma globulin, antihemophilic factor, and other clotting factors. The remainder consists of mineral salts, sugars, fats, hormones, and vitamins. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets account for about 45 percent of the volume of blood in the body. The remaining 55 percent is plasma.

Definition of 'Utility'
1. An economic term referring to the total satisfaction received from consuming a good or service. 2. A company that generates, transmits and/or distributes electricity, water and/or gas from facilities that it owns and/or operates.

Form utility The process of increasing the attractiveness of a product to a group of consumers by altering its physical appearance. In a business context, form utility might involve making a product ready for consumption by converting it to a form that is more beneficial to consumers than the raw materials used to make it.
FORM UTILITY: Enhancing the marketability of a product by changing its physical characteristics. For example, boxed detergent can be produced in liquid form, which may be more advantageous for certain consumer requirements. TIME UTILITY: Enhancing a product's marketability by making it available at a convenient time. For example, a daily newspaper home delivered so that the customer has it available immediately when he/she awakes for the day. PLACE UTILITY: Where the product or service is made available. For example, if it is a retail establishment, people should be provided with easy access. Mail order companies make it easy for customers to shop whenever they want and then have their purchases delivered to them. POSSESSION UTILITY: Additional consumer value created by allowing easy transferring of a product's ownership. For example, various time payment, leasing, and credit purchase strategies can be important in making a product more attractive to a consumer. Profit planning can be defined as the set of steps that are taken by firms to achieve the desired level of profit. Planning is accomplished through the preparation of a number of budgets, which, when brought through, from an integrated business

plan known as master budget. The master budget is an essential management tool that communicates management's plan throughout the organization, allocates resources, and coordinates activities. Or

Process of developing a profit plan that outlines the planned sales revenues and expenses and the net income or loss for a time period. Profit planning requires preparation of a master budget and various analyses for risk and what-if scenarios. Tools for profit planning include the cost - volume - profit (cvp) analysis and budgeting. or Planning the long-term direction of a company's operations, with an emphasis on its profit goals.

Schedule
1. Auxiliary, explanatory, or supplemental document that forms part of a principal document, such as a list of individual items (with their descriptions and values) covered by an insurance policy, or a depreciation schedule that provides supporting details to a financial statement. 2. Timetable for a program or project showing how activities and milestone events are sequenced and phased over the allotted period. 3. Written or printed catalog or list of charges, items, prices, etc., arranged or organized in alphabetical, chronological, magnitudinal, or any other classification or order. or A plan of activities or tasks together with the times or dates when they are intended to happen or be done:

Double tax-exemption
Exemption of taxes on municipal bonds either at the state or local level. This exemption applies only when the obligation is purchased by a state resident. Out-of-state bonds will still be taxed.

AGREEMENT ON AVOIDANCE OF DOUBLE TAXATION

Income Tax policy section of National Board of Revenue is entrusted to negotiating the Double Taxation Agreements with foreign countries to promote foreign direct investment in Bangladesh. DTA is an agreement between two countries seeking to avoid double taxation by defining the taxing rights of

each country with regard to cross-border flows of income and providing for tax credits or exemptions to eliminate double taxation. It also provides exchange of information between treaty partners regarding evasion of tax. The objectives of a Bangladesh DTA are as follows:
to obtain a more effective relief from double taxation compared to relief gained under unilateral measures; to create a favorable climate for the inflow of foreign investment into the country; to make special tax incentives provided by Bangladesh fully effective for taxpayers of capital exporting countries; and to prevent evasion and avoidance of tax.

The Bangladesh model of Avoidance of Double Taxation Agreement consists of 29 Articles that are as follows:
Article 1 - Persons Covered Article 2 - Taxes Covered Article 3 - General Definitions Article 4 - Resident Article 5 - Permanent Establishment Article 6 - Income from Immovable Property Article 7 - Business Profits Article 8 - Shipping and Air Transport Article 9 - Associated Enterprises Article 10 - Dividends Article 11 - Interest Article 12 - Royalties Article 13 - Fees for Technical Services Article 14 - Independent Personal Services Article 15 - Dependent Personal Services Article 16 - Director's Fees Article 17 - Artists and Sportsmen Article 18 - Pensions Article 19 - Government Service Article 20 - Students and Trainees Article 21 - Lecturers and Researchers Article 22 - Other Income Article 23 - Elimination of Double Taxation Article 24 - Non - Discrimination Article 25 - Mutual Agreement Procedure Article 26 - Exchange of Information Article 27 - Diplomatic Agents and Consular Officers Article 28 - Entry into Force Article 29 Termination
Like many other countries in the developed as well as the developing world, Bangladesh too cannot absolve herself from the need to facilitate her trade and investments with the outside world through international tax treaty network with other countries. The increased pace of industrialization coupled with increased foreign direct investment in the country necessitated tax treaty arrangements with other countries to provide

investors with certainty and guarantees in the area of taxation. As at 6th August, 2000, the status of Bangladesh DTA's are as follows:

Name of the countries with which Agreement on Avoidance of Double Taxation is in force. Sl. No. Name of the Country No. SRO Date Date of effect in Bangladesh [assessment year commencing on or after] 1. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Singapore Sweden Republic of Korea Canada Pakistan Romania Sri Lanka France Malaysia Japan India Germany The Netherlands Italy Denmark China Belgium Thailand Poland 227-L/80 08/07/1980 01/07/1978

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 1 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

124-L/82 382-L/83 433-L/84 247-L/85 221-L/88 348-L/88 365-L/88 2-L/89 67-L/90 235-L/91 45-L/93 1-L/94 267-L/94 63-L/97 72-L/97 114-L/97 11-L/98 222-L/98 39/L/99

21/04/1982 19/10/1983 02/10/1984 06/06/1985 11/07/1988 23/11/1988 10/12/1988 04/01/1989 15/02/1990 06/08/1991 27/02/1993 01/01/1994 14/09/1994 12/03/1997 17/03/1997 13/05/1997 14/01/1998 07/09/1998 03/03/1999

01/01/1980 01/07/1984 01/07/1984 01/07/1982 01/01/1980 01/07/1989 01/07/1989 01/07/1989 01/01/1982 01/07/1992 01/07/1993 01/01/1990 01/07/1995 01/07/1980 01/07/1997 01/07/1998 01/07/1998 01/07/1999 01/07/2000

Agreement on Avoidance of Double Taxation for Air Transport concluded and ratification under process with the following countries:
1. Oman. 2. Saudi Arabia. 3. United Arab Emirates.

Negotiation concluded with following countries on Avoidance of Double Taxation Agreement (comprehensive) and ratification under process:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Egypt: Negotiation completed. Ratification under process. Indonesia: Ratification from Bangladesh side is completed. Ratification of Indonesian side is awaited. Iran: Negotiation completed but some unresolved issues are trying to settle through letter correspondence. Mauritius: The final agreement (printed in treaty paper) is sent to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for formal signature. Nepal: Negotiation completed. Ratification under process. Norway: Ratification from Bangladesh side is completed. Ratification of Norwegian side is awaited. Philippines: Our Cabinet has approved, we are now waiting for fulfillment of instrument of ratification of Philippines. Qatar: Ministry of Law, Dhaka has made some changes in initialed agreement. We have sent agreement with changes to Qatar authority for their acceptance. Russian Federation: Negotiation completed. Ratification under process. Turkey: Ratification from Bangladesh side is completed. Ratification of Turkish side is awaited. United States of America: Negotiation completed. Ratification under process.

First round of talks has been completed:

1.

South Africa: Second round of talks will be held in Dhaka in any time in year 2002 in Dhaka.

Correspondence for DTA is going on with the following countries:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Australia Austria Bahrain Cyprus Finland

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Greece Hong Kong Myanmar Morocco Nigeria Spain Switzerland Tunisia