Computer fundamental notes

Concept of computer

1) What is Computer? Computer is an electronic data processing device. It takes Data and commands as input. Computer processes the data according to the commands and provides the resulting information as an output.

2) What the reason of using computer? The reasons, which make computer to be different from the other computing devices, are its versatility, reliability, accuracy and speed.

3) What is Data?

Data is raw facts and figures which are not processed.

4) What is Information? Information is the Data when processed we get information.

5) How many parts of computer is? There are 2 parts of computer hardware and software

6) What is Hardware? Hardware are the parts of a computer which we can touch hardware are the physical components of computer consisting of monitor, mouse, keyboard, motherboard etc.

7) What is Mother Board? Motherboard is the brain of computer and without it a computer cannot work it controls the hardware parts.

8) What is C.p.u ?

C.P.U. is the Central processing unit where processing of data takes place.

9) What is Software?

Software is a special type of instruction given to the computer to control the total computer system.

10) How many types of Software?

There are two types of software. a) Application Software b) System Software

a) What is Application software?

Application software is the software is developed for a specific application is known as Application Software. Example.-Ms-Word.

b) What is System software?

System software is these types of Software concerned with making a computer work and understand the user given data and instructions to process the data to produce needed information is System Software. Example. - Operating System .

I)

What is Operating system?

Operating system is system software which acts as an interface between users and the hardware of a computer system. It is an organized collection of software consisting of procedures for operating a computer. Eg window 98, window 2000, window millennium, window up

11) How many components parts of a computer?

There are four components of computer devices, a) Input Device, b) Microprocessors (Central Processing Unit), c) Output device, d) Memory.

a) What is input device?

Input Device Is The device which used for taking data from the user is called input device. Such as Key board, Mouse etc. Floppy disk drives, CD-ROM drives, and microphones are also input devices.

b) What is Micro processor?

This is the main component of a computer. When we give any data to the computer, all types of processing can be done in this portion. It is also as Central Processing Dint (C.P. D). This is a processing unit which includes mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Processing also include logical functions like comparison and sorting.

c) What is output device?

Output Device is the device which delivers us the information from computer is called output device. Output can be two types namely a soft copy or a hard copy. Monitor can be used to displays soft copies and printer can be used for hard copies.

Monitors, printers, and speakers are common output devices. Speech synthesizers and Braille displays are also output devices. When we give data to the computer through input device, computer process that at C.P.D. and deliver us the information on output device.

d) What is Memory?

Memory is the storage capacity of a computer to remember data. Computer can only understand the electrical signals that are 'true' and 'false'. In mathematical representation are as '0' or 1. So all the data are represented only in the form of '0' or '1'. This form of representation is known as the Binary Representation. All the alphabets and numbers which give to the computer are converted into this binary representation. Each digits of this binary representation is a Binary Digit or Bit in short. A group of 4 bits is known as a Nibble & 8 bits is a

Byte. One Byte is equal to one character. This is the smallest unit of memory.

1024 Bytes =1 Kilo Byte or KB.

1024 Kilo Bytes = 1 Mega Byte or MB = 1000 Kilo Bytes.

1024 Mega Bytes = 1 Giga Byte or GB =1000 Mega Bytes =10, 00,000 Kilo Bytes.

i)

How many parts of the memory are?

Computer memory can be mainly divided into 2 parts primary memory and secondary memory.

ii)

What is Primary memory?

Primary Memory: It is called the main memory. It is volatile. Primary memory consists ofRAM.RAM (Random Access Memory)

ii)What is RAM?

RAM (Random Access Memory): This is the main memory of the computer. This is the working memory. Anything that is typed on the keyboard goes on to the RAM. Anything that is displayed on the screen comes from the RAM. RAM is volatile memory. As soon as electricity is switched of, RAM becomes blank. It is read and writes memory.

iii) What is Secondary memory Secondary Memory is the external memory. It is non-volatile and read/write operation can easily be done in this. Hard Disc, Floppy Disc, Compact Disc

are some of the secondary storage devices. ROM is example of the secondary memory. It is non volatile.

iv) What is ROM? ROM (Read Only Memory): It is read only memory. User cannot write on it. It is non-volatile. The name of this memory suggests that you can only read from this chip and cannot write or change anything on it. It is similar to a printed book that you buy from the market. You only read from the book and do not write any thing on it yourself This chip contains important information and instruction to enable a computer to startup and identify various components with in the computer. ROM is nonvolatile memory. That is, even in the absence of electricity, content of this memory is not lost.

v)

What is Floppy?

Floppy is a small plastic disc coated with magnetic material and is contained in a square shaped plastic cover. Because of its portability it is a very popular medium for storage and transfer of data. Diameter of the floppy disk is 3.5 inches. There is a write protect tab at the bottom left portion of the floppy. Nothing can be deleted or changed or written on a floppy which is write protected. Normal capacity of a floppy: 1.44 MB.

vi) What is Hard disk? Hard Disk: It consists of a number of disks or platters mounted on a shaft one above another. It is situated in the systems unit. It has a very large capacity for storage of data and is a very reliable medium because it has a very long life.

vii) What is C.D.?

CD-ROM: Compact Disks are called ROM that is read only memory because information can be read from the disk but no changes can be made in the information contained in the disk. These are generally used for distribution of software and books. One typical CD can store data equivalent to 600 floppies. Normal capacity of a CD: 655 MB.

12) What is Desktop?

Desktop is the screen which we can we see whenever we start the computer.

13) What is Icon?

Icon is the pictorial representation of the executable files, that can berun on windows.

14) What is command?

Command is Each instruction of an instruction set is known as Command.

15) What is the History of computers?

The word computer is derived from the word compute which means to calculate. So computer is considered to be a fast calculator. Counting is easy for us now, but the earliest form of counting was very slow.

16) What is the first computer machine?

The first computing machine was the abacus. The word abacus was derived from the Greek word abacus which means a calculating table. Abacus

was a manually operated device for storing arithmetical information and functions.

17) Who is the father of computer?

The father of modern computer is Charles babbage. He was an English mathematician and he invented the analytical engine in 1835.

WINDOWS

a) How to open a computer? To open a computer first on the plug board than on the u.p.s. than listen twice a tic sound & on the c.p.u. than weight for raidy to open your computer.

b) How to turn up computer?

To turn up a computer press windows key + u + u. mind it to close a computer dont forgate to off the u.p.s. & plug board.

c) How to re start a computer? To re start a computer press windows key + u + r.

1( What is Recycle bin?

Recycle bin is an area which holds discarded items or deleted items.

2) How to make Delete?

Temporary delete- select an item press delete button- press enter. Deleted items will go to the recycle bin.

Permanent delete-select an item press shift + delete press enter. Deleted items will permanently lost from the computer.

3) What is the Features of windows ; XP?

The features of the windows ; XP is

1 - Inproved code protection 2-Side by side DLL support 3-Windows File protection 4-Preemptive multitasting architecture 5- Automatic Update features 6-Fast user switching 7- Auto configuration Connectivity. 8-Fax support for multiple network

9-Advanced GUI (graphical user interface) 10-Scalable memory and processor support

3) How to make a folder?

To create a folder Press window and go to desk top press f5 for refresh press window application and press down arrow and go to new menu press right arrow and go to folder sub menu-press enter and write the name of the folder press enter

Extetion ofnote pad is txt word is .doc excel is .xls Power point is .pPT

Microsoft word (Ms word)

4) What is the concept of word processing?

The Concept of word Processing is using of ms word- word is an advance word processing product by Microsoft. It provides us tools to easily create professional quality documents And share information. Ms word is the editor of ms office.

5) Key board short cart for M S word.

Press Alt + F for go to file menu Press Ctrl+n- for new document Press Ctrl +o- to open file Press Alt +f4- to close the application with document Press Ctrl+f4- to close only document Press Ctrl +s - to save a file Press Ctrl+ e- for center alignment Press Ctrl + L- for left alignment

Press Ctrl +r - for right alignment Press Ctrl+ b- for bold Press Ctrl +u- for under line Press Ctrl+i- for italic To go to the top of the paragraph-press ctrl+ home To go to the bottom of the paragraph ctrl+ end To go the beginning of the line press home To go to the end of the line press end To go to the next paragraph from the current paragraph press ctrl +d arrow Cut-ctrl+x Copy- ctrl +c Paste-ctrl+ v Select all- ctrl+ a To know the current document- press insert +tab.

6) How to create save as?

To create Save as- go to file menu by pressing alt button-press down arrow and go to save as submenu-press enter-( press f12 and go to save as dialog box directly)-write the name of the file which is different from existing namepress enter.

7) How to create save in?

To save the file in desktop or in any other location press f12 press tab and go to save in and select the area by up arrow or down arrow press enter press tab and go to file name write the file name here and press enter.

8) How to make page set up?

To make Page set up-press alt +f+u and go to page set up dialog box-press up arrow or down arrow to

adjust the top margin in inches press tab and go to bottom edit box and adjust bottom margin similarly press tab and adjust the left and right margin- press tab and go to orientation( portrait) select portrait or landscape orientation by r arrow or l arrow-press enter.

9) How to view the print preview?

To view the Print preview-press alt+f+v and go to print preview dialog box- we get the preview of the whole document before printing-press escape and go out of the print preview.

10) How to create a document print?

To create a Print document press ctrl+p to go print dialog box- press tab and go to page range press u arrow or d arrow and select the page range now

press tab and go to number of copies type the number of copies we want to print- press enter.

11) How to create find & replace?

To create find & replace press ctrl + h, & write the word which you want to find, than press tab to go replace with & type the word which you want to replace. Than press tab & go to replace [b] or replace all [b] & to active the bottom press space bar to complete the find & replacement, than press escape to go the previous work position.

12) How to create find & high light a word?

Find a word used many times in a document and change its formatting press ctrl +f and go to find dialog box type the word which we want to format press tab and go to highlight all items found in press space bar to check this option- press tab go to

find all button-press enter once press escape oncepress ctrl +d and go to font dialog box press tab and go to Font Style and select font style by up arrow and down arrow-press tab and got font size and select size by up arrow and down arrow-Press Enter.

13) How to go the office clip board & create?

Office clipboard go to edit menu and press d arrow press b and go to office clipboard press f 6 and go to work area write any word and select it copy the word the word copied will automatically be added in the office clipboard go to next page by ctrl+enter press f6 and go to office clipboard select the word by u arrow or d arrow and press enter. The word will automatically come in the work area at cursor position.

14) How many type of the View menu?

There are 4 types of view - normal view ,web layout view, print layout view and reading layout view.

15) How to go the task pin?

Task pane press ctrl +f1 and bring the task pane on the right hand side of the work area. To close the task pane again press ctrl +f1.

16) How many type of toolbar of Microsoft word?

There are all total 31 toolbars in Microsoft word.

17) How to create header & footer?

write something in the header then press d arrow and go

To create Header & footer press alt +v+h and go to header

to footer edit box write something in the footer edit box - again press alt +v+h .

18) How to go the full screen mode?

Full screen press alt +v+u and go to full screen mode press escape to go back to the previous work area

19) How to create zoom?

zoom- press alt+v+Z and go to zoom dialog box press tab and go to percent edit box type percentage and press enter the zoom range is from 1 to 500..

20) How to arrange page number?

and go to page number dialog box & press up arrow or down arrow and select the position than press tab and go to alignment and select the alignment position by up arrow or down arrow &press enter & again enter.
to arrange page number press alt+i+u

21) How to create auto text?

To create Auto text press alt +I+a & press enter and go to auto text dialog box than press tab and go to enter auto text entries & write any text and press enter & press down arrow and go to the list &select any text by up arrow or down arrow than press enter and insert the text at the cursor position.

22) How to create new auto text entry?

To create New autotext entry write any word & select the word and press alt +f3 to go to create auto text dialog box than give an alternative name to the

text& press enter& go to auto text dialog box & press tab and go to enter auto textthan press up arrow or down arrow and select the required text and press enter. the selected text will automatically come to the cursor position.

23) How to create book mark?

book mark- insert more

then 1 page write something in different pages press alt +I+K- and go to bookmark dialog box write bookmark name- press enter go to page 2 and again go to bookmark dialog box write another bookmark name for page 2 press enter now again open bookmark dialog box press d arrow and select any bookmark name press enter and press escape.

24) How to create hyper link?

to create hyper link- write any

text in the work area and select it & press ctrl+ k and go to hyper link dialog box & press tab and go to look in & press up arrow or down arrow and select the location of the file & press enter than press tab to go the folder or list view or preview - select the required file by up arrow or down arrow & press enter & press left arrow and go to the middle of the text& press enter.

25) How to create formatting text?

to create formatting text-

select the text-press ctrl+d and go to font dialog box & select font face by up arrow or down arrow than press tab and go to font style & select font style by up arrow or down arrow than press tab and go to font size & select font size by up arrow or down arrow & press enterthan press tab and go to font color& press up arrow or down arrow, & rite arrow or left arrow and select the font color& press enter. than press tab and go to supper script or

sub script & press space bar and check the option & press enter.

26) How to create a paragraph formatting? To create a Paragraph formatting follows the process given below.

1. Alignment: There are 4 types of alignment- left (ctrl+l), right (ctrl+r), center (ctrl+e), justify (ctrl+j). 2.Line spacing: There are 3 types of spacingsingle(ctrl+1),1.5 lines(ctrl+5) and double (ctrl+2). There are also another 3 types of line spacingatleast, exactly and multiple. 3. Bullets and numbering: select the cursor position & press alt+o+n and go to bullets and numbering dialog box & press tab and go to bullet list than select bullet by up,down,rite or left arrow & press tab and go to bulleted tag than press rite arrow and go to number tag& press tab and go to number list-

select number by up,down,rite or left arrow& press enter. To cancel bullets and numbering press enter twice.

27) How to make a colum?

press alt+o+c and go to columns dialog boxthan press tab and go to presets option& select columns option by rite or left arrow than press enter.
to make a colum

28) How to make background color?

To make Back ground color press alt+O+k and go to background dialog box& press down arrow once& select background color by up,down,rite or left arrow than press enter.

29) How to make drop cap?

To make Drop cap- first write some text- select the first letter of the text& press alt+o+d and go to drop cap dialog boxthan select drop cap position by rite arrow or left arrow& select tab and go to font option& select the font face by up arrow or down arrow & press enter twice.

30) How to change case?

to make change case-

write any text& select the textthan press alt+o+e and go to change case dialog box. There are 5 cases-(1) sentence case, (2) lower case, (3) upper case, (4) title case and (5) toggle case. Here check the case by pressing up & down arrow & press space bar.

31) How to se the word count?

To se the Word count press alt+t+w and go to word count dialog box. Than the computer will tell us the number of pages words, characters, paragraphs and lines only once- press enter.

32) How to create mail merge?

To create Mail merge- press alt+T+e & press enter and go to mail merge pane- select letters option in the document type by up arrow or down arrow(there are 5 options- letters, email messeges,envelopes,labels and directory) than press tab and go to next starting document& press enter to select use the current document by down arrow or up arrow & press tab and go to next & press enterthan select type a new list by up arrow or down arrow& press go to create & press enter. than enter data in the new address list dialog box, after completing the first entry go to new entry by pressing tabthan press enter& again enter data in the second list, press tab and go to close button and

press enter than save address list dialog box will open to give the name of the file press enter & press tab and go to okay button and press enter. now we go back to the work area automatically. now write down the letter bring the cursor to the particular position and press alt+shift+f & select mail merge field by up arrow or down arrow and press enter than again bring the cursor to another position and press alt+shift+f than select another mail merge field by up arrow or down arrow and press enter and so on & now press alt+shift+n and go to merged to new document dialog box- press enter and merged all.

33) How to protect a document?

or task pane than press tab and go to allow only this type of editing& press down arrow and go to the list& press up arrow or down arrow and select no changes and read only than press tab and go to yes start
to protect adocument press alt +T+P and go to protect dialog box

enforcing protection button& press enter & give a password than press tab and reenter the password than press enter& press f6 and go to the work area. now what ever write will not be added in the document.

34) How to stop a protect document?

To stop the protection- press f6 and go to protect document task pane & press tab and go to stop protection button than press enter- give the password and press enter. Another type of protection is track changes in which the line is added after protection Will be shown in red colorant
underline. This is also called Track Mode.

35) How to create macro?

to create macro press alt+T+M- press d arrow and go to record new macro than press enter & type macro

name than press tab button and

go to keyboard button& press space bar& give a shortcut key by pressing ctrl button- press tab and go to assign button than press spacebar and press enter- now recording starts- write any thing and it will be recorded. than press alt+T+M and go to stop recording by down arrow & press enter. now press the short key and the recorded text will come to the cursor position

36) How to make a secure document?

To make a secure document press alt+T+O and go to option dialog box than press shift+Tab and go to view tag than press s and go to security tag & press tab and go to password to open & write a password than press tab and go to password to modify press enter& reenter the password to open and press enter& reenter the password to modify and press enter& close the document. than when we open the document we will have to give password to open and to modify.

Short notes

Conversion
Bit- binary digit 4 bits-

1 nibble

8 bits- 1byte 1 byte- 1 character 1 byte- smallest unit of memory 1 kb (kilo bytes) - 1024 bytes 1 mb (mega bytes) - 1024 kb 1 gb (giga byte)- 1024 mb=1000mb =1000000 kb 1 tb (tera byte)- 1024 gb 1 pb (peda byte)- 1024 tb

Value of binary- 2 Value of decimal- 10

Value of octal- 8 Value of hexa decimal- 16 Convert decimal to binary- divide the decimal number by 2 and the remainders in reverse order is the answer.

Abbreviations

What is the full form of C.P.U.?

c.p.u- central processing unit

What is the full form of C.U.?

c.u- control unit

What is the full form A.L.U.?

a.l.u- arithmetic logic unit

What is the full form of M.S.?

m.s- Microsoft

What is the full form of U.P.S.?

u.p.s- uninterrupted power supply

What is the full form of C.D.?

c.d- compact disc

What is the full form Of W.W.W.?

www- world wide web

What is the full fom of U.R.L.?

u.r.l- uniform resource locator or web address

What is the full form of I.P.?

i.p- internet protocol

What is the full form of H.T.T.P.?

h.t.t.p- hyper text transfer protocol

What is the full form of Inter Net?

internet- international networking

What is the full form of O.S.?

o.s- operating system

What is computer network?

computer network- interconnection between 2 or more computers is computer network .

How many type of computer network are there?

types of computer networkl.a.n- local area network c.a.n- campus area network m.a.n- metropolitan area network w.a.n- wide area network

w.l.a.n- wireless local area network or wireless network

What is LAN?

lan- local area network is the interconnection between computers in a small area or in the same building. For eg an office or home network.

What is WAN?

Wan- wide area network is the interconnection between computers throughout the world. And not restricted to a geographical location. For eg internet.

What is MAN?

Man- metropolitan area network is the interconnection between computers ina particular geographical area or region.for eg network of a large university.

What is Modem?

Modem- it does the work of modulation and demodulation. The process of converting digital signal to analog signal is called modulation and the opposite process is demodulation.

How many type of Modem we have known?

There are 2 types of modem- internal and external modem.