INTRODUCTION

to

ELECTRICITY

ELECTRICITY

Movement of electrons. Invisible force that provides light, heat, sound, motion . .

Introduction to Electricity - Lecture by Uma Jadhav

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Atoms
Smallest piece of an element containing all of the properties of that element

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 A very highly simplified model of an atom has most of the mass in a small,

dense center called the nucleus. The nucleus has positively charged protons and neutral neutrons. Negatively charged electrons move around the nucleus at much greater distance. Ordinary atoms are neutral because there is a balance between the number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons.

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Electricity at the Atomic Level

Components of an Atom
Nucleus
The center portion of an atom

containing the protons and neutrons particles

Protons
Positively charged atomic

Neutrons
Uncharged atomic particles

Atomic Number:
The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
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Electricity at the Atomic Level

Electrons
Negatively charged particles

Electron Orbitals

Orbits in which electrons move around the nucleus of an atom

2D 3D

Valence Electrons

The outermost ring of electrons in an atom

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Introduction to Electricity - Lecture by Uma Jadhav

Electricity at the Atomic Level

Electron Orbits Atoms like to have their valence ring either filled (8) or empty(0) of electrons.
Copper

Cu
29

Electrons in Valence

Conductor / Insulator

01

Conductor

An electron from one orbit can knock out an electron

from another orbit. When an atom loses an electron, it seeks another to fill the vacancy.
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Electricity at the Atomic Level

Electron Flow: Electricity is created as electrons collide and transfer from atom to atom.

Electrostatic Charge:
Electrons move from atom to atom to create ions. positively charge ions result from the loss of electrons and are called cations. Negatively charge ions result from the gain of electrons and are called anions.
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Electric Charge & Electrical Forces:

Electrons have a negative electrical charge. Protons have a positive electrical charge.

These charges interact to create an electrical force.

Like charges produce repulsive forces so they repel each other (e.g. electron and electron or proton and proton repel each other). Unlike charges produce attractive forces so they attract each other (e.g. electron and proton attract each other).
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Introduction to Electricity - Lecture by Uma Jadhav

What is Electricity?
Electricity is the presence and motion of charged

particles.
Electric Current is a flow of charged particles

around an closed path an electric circuit.

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Electrical Conductor And Insulators

Electrical conductors are materials that can move
electrons easily. Good conductors include metals. Copper is the best electrical conductor. Electrical nonconductors (insulators) are materials that do not move electrons easily. Examples are wood, rubber etc. Semiconductors are materials that sometimes behave as conductors and sometimes behave as insulators. Examples are silicon, arsenic, germanium.
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Introduction to Electricity - Lecture by Uma Jadhav

Insulator
Electron Orbits Atoms like to have their valence ring either filled (8) or empty(0) of electrons.
Sulfur
Electrons in Valence Conductor / Insulator

S
16

06

Insulator

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Conductor & Insulators

Sr. No. Conductor Insulator

1 2
3 4

Electrons flow easily between atoms 1-3 valence electrons in outer orbit Have low resistance against current Examples: Silver, Copper, Gold, Aluminum

Electron flow is difficult between atoms 5-8 valence electrons in outer orbit Have high resistance against current Examples: Mica, Glass, Quartz
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Conductor & Insulators

Conductors

Insulators

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Electrical Circuit
Electrical circuit is a system of conductors and components forming a complete path for current to travel Properties of an electrical circuit include
Quantities Voltage Abbreviations V Units Volts Symbols V

Current
Resistance

I
R

Amperes
Ohms

All electrical circuits have three parts in common. A voltage source. An electrical device Conducting wires.
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The Electrical Circuit

An electrical circuit contains some device that acts as a source of energy as it gives charges a higher potential against an electrical field. The charges do work as they flow through the circuit to a lower potential. The charges flow through connecting wires to make a continuous path. A switch is a means of interrupting or completing the circuit. The source of the electrical potential is the voltage source.

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Current & Current In A Circuit

Current: The flow of electric charge or The charge flowing through a point per unit time
Unit: AMPERES (A) Types: Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC)
off on

When the switch is off, there is no current. When the switch is on, there is current.
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Voltage & Voltage In A Circuit

The force (pressure) that

causes current to flow

Unit: VOLTS (V)
off on

The battery provides voltage that

will push current through the bulb when the switch is on.
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Resistance & Resistance In A Circuit

The opposition of current

flow Unit: Ohms ()

Resistors are components
off on

that create resistance.

Reducing current causes the

bulb to become more dim.

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The magnitude of the electrical resistance of a conductor depends on four variables: The length of the conductor. The cross-sectional area of the conductor. The material the conductor is made of. The temperature of the conductor.

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Current & Resistance

Current is the flow of the outer electrons of atoms

through the material.

Resistance then results from the collisions of

electrons with other electrons and with atoms.

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Symbols

Voltage

Current
Resistance
Introduction to Electricity - Lecture by Uma Jadhav

I
R
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Ohms Law
In an Electrical circuit, the current passing through a

conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points (providing physical conditions remain constant).
The mathematical relationship between current,

voltage, and resistance

V=IR I=V/R R=V/I

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Example
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery

and has a bulb with a resistance of 150 . When the flashlight is on, how much current will be drawn from the battery?
IR
+ -

Schematic Diagram

VT =

VR

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Example
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery

and has a bulb with a resistance of 150 . When the flashlight is on, how much current will be drawn from the battery?
IR
+ -

Schematic Diagram

VT =

VR

VR 6V IR 0.04 A 40 mA R 150
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Circuit Configuration
Components in a circuit can be connected in one of two

ways.
Series Circuits
Components are connected end-to-end.

Parallel Circuits
Both ends of the components are connected together.

There is only a single path for current to There are multiple paths for current to flow. flow.

Components
(i.e., resistors, batteries, capacitors, etc.) Introduction to Electricity - Lecture by Uma Jadhav

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Series Circuits
A circuit that contains only one path

for current flow If the path is open anywhere in the circuit, current stops flowing to all components. Characteristics of a series circuit The current flowing through every series component is equal. The total resistance (RT) is equal to the sum of all of the resistances (i.e., R1 + R2 + R3). The sum of all of the voltage drops (VR1 + VR2 + VR3) is equal to the total applied voltage (VT). This is called Kirchhoffs Voltage Law.
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Example: Series Circuit

For the series circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to calculate the following:
The total resistance (RT) The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, & IR3) The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3) Use the results to verify Kirchhoffs Voltage Law.
IT + VR1 -

+ VT

IR1
IR2

+
VR2 -

IR3

RT
Introduction to Electricity - Lecture by Uma Jadhav

VR3

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Solution
Total Resistance:
RT=R1 +R2+R3 RT= 220 + 470 =1.2k (1200 ) RT = 1900 = 1.9 k

Current Through Each Component: V 12 v IT T (Ohm's Law) IT 6.3 mAmp RT 1.89 k

Since this is a series circuit: IT IR1 IR2 IR3 6.3 mAmp

Voltage Across Each Component:
VR1 IR1 R1 (Ohm's Law)
VR2 IR2 R2 (Ohm's Law)
VR2 6.349 mA 470 2.984 volts

VR1 6.349 mA 220 1.397 volts

VR3 IR3 R3 (Ohm's Law)
VR3 6.349 mA 1.2 K 7.619 volts
Introduction to Electricity - Lecture by Uma Jadhav

VT VR1 VR2 VR3

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Parallel Circuits
A circuit that contains more than one

path for current flow If a component is removed, then it is possible for the current to take another path to reach other components. Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit The voltage across every parallel VT component is equal. The total resistance (RT) is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocal: The sum of all of the currents in each branch (IR1 + IR2 + IR3) is equal to the total current (IT). This is called Kirchhoffs Current Law.
Introduction to Electricity - Lecture by Uma Jadhav

IT

+
-

+
VR1 -

+
VR2 -

+
VR3 -

RT

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Example Parallel Circuits

For the parallel circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to calculate the following: The total resistance (RT) The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3) The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, & IR3) Use the results to verify Kirchhoffs Current Law.
IT
IR1 + + VR1 VR2 + VR3 IR2 + IR3

VT

32 RT
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Solution
Total Resistance:
RT 1 1 1 1 R1 R2 R3

RT

1 RT 346.59 = 350 1 1 1 470 2.2 k 3.3 k

Voltage Across Each Component:

Since this is a parallelcircuit : VT VR1 VR2 VR3 15 volts

Current Through Each Component:

V IR1 R1 R1 (Ohm's Law)

VR1 15 v 31.915 mA=32 mA R1 470 V 15 v IR2 R2 6.818 mA = 6.8 mA R2 2.2 k V 15 v IR3 R3 4.545 mA= 4.5mA R3 3.3 k IR1
IT VT RT 15 v 43.278 mA = 43 mA 346.59 33

IT IR1 IR2 IR3

Introduction to Electricity - Lecture by Uma Jadhav

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Combination Circuits
Contain both series and parallel arrangements

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Electrical Power
Electrical power is directly related to the amount of

current and voltage within a system. Power is measured in watts

P I V

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References
Microsoft, Inc. (2008). Clip Art. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from

http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/clipart/default.aspx http://www-outreach.phy.cam.ac.uk/workshop/Mar2008/resources/Intro.pdf learn.kalida.k12.oh.us/mod/resource/view.php?id=259&redirect.. augusta.k12.wi.us/HS/dept/sci/.../Electricity%20&%20Magnetism.ppt

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