C S L R RSPG

Sept. 21, 2004

SLHS-2010 Science of Human Communication

Last lecture:
Physics of Sound:
Frequency Response of Sound Speed of Sound Spectrum Class Assignment:

Todays lecture:

Read Chap. 3 (pg. 37-45) Sound Pressure Sound Intensity Decibel Scale (1-2 math equations)

Class Assignment: Read Chapter 4 (pg. 45-64) Homework Set #2 to be assigned on Tuesday
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Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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Lecture 7

SLHS2010 SLIDES by John H.L. Hansen, 2004

C S L R RSPG

Sound Pressure:

Movement of Sound Wave: Air Particles must be moved by an external force.

FORCE Moving sound wave

Dyne:

unit of force in acoustics

1 Gram Mass Example Gravitational Force 1 gram mass Force acting on 1 Gram Mass : 1,000 dynes

Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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Lecture 7

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Sound Pressure:
FORCE

Pressure:
Amount of Force over a Unit Area Surface:. A: AREA

1 gram mass

Dynes per Square Centimeter: Newton:

unit of pressure

unit of pressure CGS: centimeter-gram-second system 1 Newton = 100,000 dynes MKS: meter-kilogram-second system

Pressure needed for an Audible Sound: Small ! 0.0002 dynes / cm2

(Ear Damage: 200 dynes / cm2)

Pressure for a tire (10 lbs / in2): 700,000 dynes / cm2

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Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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Lecture 7

SLHS2010 SLIDES by John H.L. Hansen, 2004

C S L R RSPG

Sound Intensity:

Work:
Amount of Force applied to an object times distance moved. FORCE 1 gram mass distance

Erg: unit of work Power:

Amount of Work completed in some unit of time.

Measured in: WATTS

or Horsepower

1 Horsepower = 746 Watts

Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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Lecture 7

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Sound Intensity:

Intensity:
Power transmitted along the sound wave (the INTENSITY of the wave)
FORCE FORCE

Vibration of teeth of tuning fork causes a force on air particles; transmitting a sound wave

Measured in:

watts / cm2
1x 10-16 watts / cm2

Sound Intensity of:

a just audible sound

Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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Lecture 7

SLHS2010 SLIDES by John H.L. Hansen, 2004

C S L R RSPG

Decibel Scale:
Table 3.1:

Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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Lecture 7

SLHS2010 SLIDES by John H.L. Hansen, 2004

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Sounds & Their Intensities:

Table 3.2:

Sound Level Meters how we measure sound pressure

Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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Lecture 7

SLHS2010 SLIDES by John H.L. Hansen, 2004

C S L R RSPG

Sound Level Meters:

http://www.cirrusresearch.co.uk/slm.html

Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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Lecture 7

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Sound Level Meters:

http://www.bksv.com/

http://RadioShack.com/

Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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Lecture 7

SLHS2010 SLIDES by John H.L. Hansen, 2004

C S L R RSPG

Sound Level Meters:

http://www.digital-recordings.com/audiocd/radio.html

Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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Lecture 7

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Sound Pressure Ratios & Their Decibel Equivalents:

Table 3.3:

Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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Lecture 7

SLHS2010 SLIDES by John H.L. Hansen, 2004

C S L R RSPG

Pressure vs. Intensity:

I1 dB = 10 log I2

Easier to measure sound wave PRESSURE than INTENSITY

Sound Intensity

::

Sound [ Pressure]

As we move radial out from the sound source, the sound wave surface area increases by r2 (means that sound level should reduce by 1/ r2 as we move away).

Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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Lecture 7

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Decibel Scale:
We plotted dB values for frequency response

I1 dB = 10 log I2

Different Scales: dB decibel dB SPL (decibel sound-pressure-level)

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Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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Lecture 7

SLHS2010 SLIDES by John H.L. Hansen, 2004

C S L R RSPG

Decibel Scale
Last lecture: considered dB scale

Intensity:

Power transmitted along the sound wave, or the INTENSITY of the wave

Since the amount of energy in individual sounds is small, and the range of sound we can hear is wide (from soft to loud), we need a scale which makes it easy to talk about sound energy. decibel scale uses a Logarithm (in base 10) We generally measure Sound with respect to a reference (or another signal)

a just audible sound

Power in INPUT signal Power in REFERENCE signal

Sound Intensity of: =

1x 10-16 watts / cm2 = 10 log10 X2input X2ref

Powerinput I = 10 log10 input Powerref Iref

Here, I is intensity, Xi is the amplitude of the sound waveform

Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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Decibel Scale
1 dB (decibel) is 1/10 of a Bel (this is an arbitrary log unit used to represent sound amplitudes Some examples of how we use this equation:

#1) dB Threshold of hearing:

10 log10

Iinput Iref

= 10 log10

1x 10-16 watts / cm2 = 0dB 1x 10-16 watts / cm2

#2) dB value of a sound if: intensity is 1000 greater than some reference sound

dB = 10 log10

1000 x Iref = 10 log10 (1000) = Iref

10 x 3 = 30dB

#3) dB value of a sound if: one sound has intensity 75 watts/ cm2 and a second has 10 watts/ cm2

dB = 10 log10

75 watts / cm2 10 watts / cm2

= 10 log10 (7.5) = 10 x 0.875 = 8.75dB

Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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Lecture 7

SLHS2010 SLIDES by John H.L. Hansen, 2004

C S L R RSPG

Decibel Scale

#4) dB value of a sound relative to Threshold of Hearing for: (i) 1.58 x 10-15 watts / cm2 (ii) 75 watts / cm2 (iii) 100,000 watts / cm2 75 watts / cm2 1x 10-16 watts /cm2

dB = 10 log10

1.58 x 10-15watts / cm2 1x 10-16 watts / cm2

dB = 10 log10

210 dB

10 log10(15.8) = 12 dB

10 log10(7.5 x 10+17 ) = 179 dB

Sound amplitudes are usually measured in terms of pressure (force per unit area) on a thin plate (diaphragm within a microphone) Scale most often used: Sound Pressure Level (SPL) dynes/cm2

Reference: 0.0002 dynes/cm2 (roughly weakest amplitude for human hearing)

Using Sound Pressure instead of Intensity

dB =

10 log10

P2input P2ref

= 20 log10

Pinput Pref

Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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Lecture 7

SLHS2010 SLIDES by John H.L. Hansen, 2004

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Decibel Scale
dynes/cm2

Examples using dB Sound Pressure Level (SPL)

#1) if the sound pressure of one sound is 1000 times larger than a second sound, what is the dB SPL?

dB SPL = 20 log10

1000 x Pref = 20 log10 (1000) = Pref

20 x 3 = 60dB SPL

#2) what is the dB SPL value of a sound if: one sound has pressure 75 dynes/cm2 and a second has 10 dynes/cm2

dB SPL = 20 log10

75 dynes / cm2 10 dynes /cm2

= 20 log10 (7.5) = 20 x 0.875 = 17.5dB SPL

If an Audiologist tests a persons hearing, she/he uses a different scale (not SPL) Hearing Level or Hearing Threshold Level is normally used. This reference typically depends on frequency: Example: 1000Hz, 0dB HL is set ~7.5dB SPL

Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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REVIEW:
Sound Pressure Work (Erg) Sound Intensity Decibel Scale Sound Pressure Ratios & Their Decibel Equivalents
10 log10 20 log10 Iinput Iref Pinput Pref dB HL (Hearing Level) Class Assignment: Read Chapter 4 (pg. 45-64)
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(Dyne & Newton) Power (Watts & Horsepower)

dB; showed example problems dB SPL; showed example problems

Email: John.Hansen@colorado.edu

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Lecture 7

SLHS2010 SLIDES by John H.L. Hansen, 2004