Distillation Column

General Design
1. Design Pressure
P = 0.1143 N/mm2
2. Design Temperature
T= 90C
3. Material
i. Material use is carbon stell
ii. Tensile Strength = 88.943 N/mm2
4. Design Stress
Factor of safety, FS = 1.1

Design Thin Walled Vessels Internal Pressure

1. By using cylindrical shells
S = 88.943 N/mm2
Pi = 0.1143 N/mm2
Di = 630 mm
E = 1 (assume as weld joints are fully radiographed)
Minimum thickness, t = Pi Di / 2SE Pi
= (0.1143) (0.63 10) / 2(88.943)(1) 1.2(0.1143)
= 0.405 mm = say 0.5 mm
Then the column divided into 5 sections with the thickness increasing 2mm
per section. So the five sections are 1mm, 3mm, 5mm, 7mm, and 9mm.

2. Head
a) Domed Head
i.

By assuming torisphere;
Crown radius, Rc = Di = 0.63 m = 630 mm
t=

)(

)(

)( ) (
= 63.73 mm

ii.

)
)(

By assuming ellipsoidal;
t=
=

)(

(
)( ) (
)
= 0.405 mm = say 0.5 mm

b) Flat Head
De is taken approximately 1000 mm
By using fullface gasket, C = 0.25
t=

)
(

)(

)
( )

= 17.92 mm
So, from calculation ellipsoidal dome head is chosen with thickness of head
and cylinder is same minimum thickness 0.5mm while the maximum
thickness is 9 mm.

External Pressure
Design of vessel subject to combine loading
1. Dead weight of vessel
Cw
Dm

HV
WV

= 1.15
= Di + (t/1000)
= 0.63 + (5/1000)
= 0.635 m
= 2.519 m
= 240CwDm(HV + 0.8 Dm)(t/1000)
= 240(1.15) (0.635 m)[2.519 m+0.8(0.635 m)](0.006)
= 2.6526 N

Insulation Weight
Mineral wool density = 130 kg/m3
Thickness = 20mm
Approximate volume = DiHvtins
= (0.63)(2.519)(0.02)
= 0.1005 m3
Weight
= density(volume)g
= (130)(0.1005)(9.81)
= 128.1723 N
Doubling to allow
= 128.1723 X 2
for fitting
= 256.3446 N
Total weight

= 256.9972 + 2.6526
= 258.9972 N

Bending stress
a. Wind loading
Take dynamic wind pressure as 1280 N/m2 = 0.00128 N/mm2
Mean diameter, Deffective = Di + 2(tavg + tins)
= 0.63 + 2(0.005 + 0.02)
= 0.68 m = 680 mm
b. Bending moment at bottom tangent line
Fw = 0.00128 N/mm2 x 680m
= 0.8704 N/mm
Mx = (0.8704/2) x (25192)
= 2.762 X 106 Nmm
2. Primary stresses
H

= PDi /2t
= (0.1143)(630)
2(9)
= 4.0005 N/mm2

= PDi /4t
= ((0.1143)(630)
4(9)
= 2.00025 N/mm2

Wv
(Di + t) t
=
258.9972
(630 + 9)9
= 0.01434 N/mm2

Bending Stress

b = (M/Iv)[(Di/2) +t]
Do = Di + (2t)
= 630 + (2 X 9)
= 648 mm
Iv

= (/64)(Do 4 Di 4)
= (/64)(16894 16694)
= 2.041 X 1010 mm4

b = (2.762 X 106 Nmm/2.041 X 1010 m4)[(1669m/2) +10]

= 0.04385 N/mm2

The resultant longitudinal stress is

z

= L + W b

Upwind
z

= 2.00025 0.01434 + 0.04385

= 2.02976 N/mm2

Downwind
z

= 2.00025 0.01434 - 0.04385

= 1.94206 N/mm2

As there is no torsional shear stress, the principal stresses will be z and h.

The radial stress is negligible,
The greatest difference between the principle stresses will be on down-wind side.
Up-wind:
down-wind:

4.0005 2.02976 = 1.97074 N/mm2

4.0005 1.94206 = 2.05844 N/mm2

Check elastic stability (buckling)

Critical buckling stress
C

= (2 x 104)(t/DO)
= (2 x 104)(9mm/648mm)
= 277.78 N/mm2

The maximum compressive stress will occur when the vessel is not under pressure
0.01434 + 0.04385 = 0.05819 N/mm2
Since 0.05819 N/mm2 below then buckling stress so, the design is satisfactory.

Vessel support
Skirt support
s
= 90o
Material of Construction
= Carbon Steel
Height of skirt
= 0.5 m
Assume thickness of skirt is equal to lower part of vessel = 9 mm
Maximum allowable Stress = 88.943 N/mm2
Youngs Modulus
= 200000 N/mm2
Maximum dead weight load on the skirt occur when vessel is full with water.
Approximate weight
Weight of vessel
Total weight
Wind Loading
Bending Moment

= ( (/4) X 0.632 X 2.519 )1000 X 9.81 = 7703.1465 N

= 258.9972 N
= 7703.1465 + 258.9972 = 7962.144 N
= 0.8704 N/mm
= (0.8704/2)(11302) = 5.5571 X 105 N/mm2

Resultant stress in the skirt

The bending stress in the skirt:
bs

= 4Ms /[(Ds + tsk) tskDs]

= 4(5.5571 X 105)/[ (630 + 9)(9 X 630)]
= 0.1953 N/mm2

ws

= wv /[(Ds + tsk) tsk]

ws
= 7962.144 /[(630 + 9) 9]
(test) = 0.4407 N/mm2
ws
= 258.9972/[(630 + 9) 9]
(operating) = 0.01434 N/mm2
Maximum s = 0.1953 + 0.4407
Maximum s = 0.1953 0.01434

= 0.636 N/mm2 (compressive)

= 0.18096 N/mm2 (tensile)

Criteria for design

Take joint efficiency, E = 0.85
s (tensile)
0.18096 N/mm2
0.18096 N/mm2

< Ss E sin s
< 88.943 (0.85) (sin 90)
< 75.6 N/mm2

s (compressive)
0.636 N/mm2
0.636 N/mm2

< 0.125 EY (tsk/Ds) sin s

< 0.125 (200000) (9/630) (sin 90)
< 357.143 N/mm2

Both criteria are satisfied.

Bolted flanged joints
1. Type of flange and selection lap-joint flange (page 858)
2. Gaskets: solid flat metal
- stainless steel
- gasket factor, m = 6.50 m
3. Full face flange faces are taken because:
> wide faced
> simple
> inexpensive
Welded joint design
Double-sided V is chosen.