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Working with 3D GIS Using ArcGIS
Copyright 2010 Esri All rights reserved. Course version 1.1. Version release date June 2010. Printed in the United States of America. The information contained in this document is the exclusive property of Esri. This work is protected under United States copyright law and other international copyright treaties and conventions. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except as expressly permitted in writing by Esri. All requests should be sent to Attention: Contracts and Legal Services Manager, Esri, 380 New York Street, Redlands, CA 92373-8100 USA. EXPORT NOTICE: Use of these Materials is subject to U.S. export control laws and regulations including the U.S. Department of Commerce Export Administration Regulations (EAR). Diversion of these Materials contrary to U.S. law is prohibited. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.
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Introduction
Introduction............................................................................................................ vii Course goals ......................................................................................................... vii Using the course workbook ................................................................................... vii Additional resources ............................................................................................. viii Installing the course data ..................................................................................... viii
Using 3D GIS
Lesson introduction ............................................................................................. 1-1 3D Analyst applications ....................................................................................... 1-2 Mouse navigation shortcuts................................................................................. 1-3 Key terms ............................................................................................................ 1-6 Exercise 1A: Navigate a scene using ArcScene ................................................. 1-7 Open an ArcScene document....................................................................... 1-7 Navigate a scene .......................................................................................... 1-7 Pan and zoom a scene ................................................................................. 1-8 Explore your scene using the Fly tool ........................................................... 1-9 Enable animated rotation ............................................................................ 1-10 Start animated rotation................................................................................ 1-11 Interact with rotation.................................................................................... 1-11 Center on a target ....................................................................................... 1-12 Set the observer.......................................................................................... 1-12 Add a new viewer........................................................................................ 1-13 Manage viewers.......................................................................................... 1-15 Define a line-of-sight ................................................................................... 1-16 Adjust the pitch ........................................................................................... 1-17 Measure 3D distances ................................................................................ 1-17 Save the document ..................................................................................... 1-19 Exercise 1B: Navigate 3D data in ArcGlobe...................................................... 1-20 Start ArcGlobe ............................................................................................ 1-20 Examine and rotate the globe ..................................................................... 1-20 Switch to surface mode............................................................................... 1-21 Use the Fly tool ........................................................................................... 1-22 Find a place on the globe............................................................................ 1-25 Animate the view transitions ....................................................................... 1-26 Lesson review ................................................................................................... 1-27 Answers to Lesson 1 questions .................................................................. 1-30
Working with 3D data

Lesson introduction ............................................................................................ 2-1 Z-values.............................................................................................................. 2-2 Z-aware features ................................................................................................ 2-3 What is multipatch geometry? ............................................................................ 2-4 Raster: Cell view ................................................................................................ 2-5 Raster: Lattice view ............................................................................................ 2-6 Triangulated irregular network (TIN) .................................................................. 2-7 Terrains .............................................................................................................. 2-8 Key terms ........................................................................................................... 2-9 Exercise 2: Create data from multiple sources................................................. 2-11 Start ArcMap and examine data ................................................................ 2-11 Create an elevation raster from DEM files ................................................. 2-11 Set up the analysis environment................................................................ 2-14 Interpolate a surface of shaking intensity................................................... 2-15 Create a 3D feature for faults..................................................................... 2-17 Create a 3D feature of earthquakes........................................................... 2-18 Update the attributes fields ........................................................................ 2-21 Close ArcMap ............................................................................................ 2-22 Lesson review .................................................................................................. 2-23 Answers to Lesson 2 questions ................................................................. 2-24
Visualizing GIS data in 3D

Lesson introduction ............................................................................................ 3-1 Key terms ........................................................................................................... 3-2 Exercise 3A: Visualize data in 3D ...................................................................... 3-4 Create an ArcScene document.................................................................... 3-4 Add and symbolize the elevation raster ....................................................... 3-4 Add and symbolize a 3D feature class of faults ........................................... 3-8 Add and symbolize major roads................................................................... 3-9 Add earthquake data and locate the initial epicenter ................................. 3-10 Symbolize the epicenter............................................................................. 3-11 Add and symbolize a building damage feature class................................. 3-14 Display the aftershock sequence ............................................................... 3-17 Symbolize the aftershocks ......................................................................... 3-18 Add and symbolize a shaking intensity feature class................................. 3-20 Visualize below the surface while navigating............................................. 3-21
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Save the document ..................................................................................... 3-23 Exercise 3B: Visualize temporal data in 3D ...................................................... 3-24 Open an ArcScene document..................................................................... 3-24 Enable time ................................................................................................. 3-24 Switch to orthographic view ........................................................................ 3-25 Create an animation using the time slider................................................... 3-26 Create an animation using the Animation toolbar ....................................... 3-27 Save the document ..................................................................................... 3-27 Lesson review ................................................................................................... 3-29 Answers to Lesson 3 questions .................................................................. 3-30
Editing features in 3D
Lesson introduction ............................................................................................. 4-1 Editing workflow .................................................................................................. 4-2 Creating textured 3D objects ............................................................................... 4-3 Key terms ............................................................................................................ 4-4 Exercise 4A: Add texture to a 3D building using SketchUp................................. 4-6 Start ArcScene and open a scene document ............................................... 4-6 Prepare building footprints and export to a COLLADA file............................ 4-6 Start Google SketchUp ................................................................................. 4-9 Import the COLLADA file into SketchUp ....................................................... 4-9 Add textures to the utility building ............................................................... 4-10 Save your model as a SketchUp 6 file ........................................................ 4-13 Replace the multipatch with your model ..................................................... 4-14 Add security lights....................................................................................... 4-15 Close ArcScene .......................................................................................... 4-22 Exercise 4B: Edit a 3D network ......................................................................... 4-23 Start ArcScene and open a scene document ............................................. 4-23 Create a roof ............................................................................................... 4-23 Create network features on the roof ........................................................... 4-25 Connect network features ........................................................................... 4-27 Close ArcScene .......................................................................................... 4-28 Exercise 4C: Perform 3D edits .......................................................................... 4-29 Start ArcScene and set the editing environment......................................... 4-29 Locate a conference room .......................................................................... 4-30 Split the conference room ........................................................................... 4-31 Update attributes for the two new offices.................................................... 4-36 Add a new wall............................................................................................ 4-37 Close ArcScene .......................................................................................... 4-39
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Lesson review .................................................................................................. 4-40 Answers to Lesson 4 questions ................................................................. 4-42
Analyzing data using 3D tools

Lesson introduction ............................................................................................ 5-1 How are z-locations stored? ............................................................................... 5-2 Raster functional surface types .......................................................................... 5-3 Suitability models ............................................................................................... 5-4 Key terms ........................................................................................................... 5-5 Exercise 5A: Find potential sites for a vinyard ................................................... 5-7 Start ArcMap and open a map ..................................................................... 5-7 Determine optimum aspect .......................................................................... 5-7 Determine optimum slope ............................................................................ 5-9 Determine optimum elevation .................................................................... 5-10 Determine areas in proximity to highways ................................................. 5-12 Find suitable sites ...................................................................................... 5-13 Save your work .......................................................................................... 5-15 Explore potential vinyard sites in ArcGlobe ............................................... 5-15 Exercise 5B: Determine maximum building height for a development ............. 5-17 Open a scene document............................................................................ 5-17 Create a skyline for each observer ............................................................ 5-17 Create a skyline barrier for each observer................................................. 5-19 Create random lines within the study area................................................. 5-20 Intersect the random lines with the skyline barriers ................................... 5-21 Determine maximum buildable volume...................................................... 5-21 Create a map of maximum building height ................................................ 5-24 Save your work .......................................................................................... 5-25 Lesson review .................................................................................................. 5-26 Answers to Lesson 5 questions ................................................................. 5-28
Optimizing 3D performance
Lesson introduction ............................................................................................ 6-1 Hardware ............................................................................................................ 6-2 Data preparation: Raster data ............................................................................ 6-3 Data preparation: Feature data .......................................................................... 6-4 Layer property settings ....................................................................................... 6-7 Application settings ............................................................................................ 6-9 Key terms ......................................................................................................... 6-10
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Exercise 6A: Work with optimization techniques within ArcScene .................... 6-11 Start ArcScene and examine your data ...................................................... 6-11 Prepare raster data for efficient display ...................................................... 6-12 Project data................................................................................................. 6-13 Add a feature class to represent water ....................................................... 6-13 Add the TreeCover polygon feature class................................................... 6-14 Add feature classes representing roads and streams................................. 6-14 Suspend an expensive layer during navigation .......................................... 6-15 Close ArcScene .......................................................................................... 6-17 Exercise 6B: Work with optimization techniques within ArcGlobe..................... 6-18 Open an ArcGlobe document ..................................................................... 6-18 Add a feature layer representing trees........................................................ 6-18 Set layer properties for the trees layer........................................................ 6-20 Experiement with the level of detail setting for rasters................................ 6-21 Experiment with draft mode ........................................................................ 6-21 Add a raster layer........................................................................................ 6-22 Add a feature layer of water bodies as a rasterized layer........................... 6-23 Add a feature layer of trails as a rasterized layer........................................ 6-23 Add a feature layer of streams as a rasterized layer .................................. 6-24 Turn off the Imagery layer at a certain scale............................................... 6-24 Close ArcGlobe........................................................................................... 6-25 Lesson review ................................................................................................... 6-26 Answers to Lesson 6 questions .................................................................. 6-28
Solving problems with 3D GIS

Lesson introduction ............................................................................................. 7-1 Exercise 7A: Visualize subsurface geology......................................................... 7-3 Open a scene document............................................................................... 7-3 Select the top points for each rock formation................................................ 7-3 Create rasters for each rock formation ......................................................... 7-4 Create TINs from each of the horizon rasters............................................... 7-5 Create a block diagram................................................................................. 7-5 Create cross-sections ................................................................................... 7-6 Create a fence diagram ................................................................................ 7-7 Save your work and exit ArcScene ............................................................... 7-7 Exercise 7B: Analyze visibility along a parade route ........................................... 7-8 Open an ArcScene document....................................................................... 7-8 Construct sight lines...................................................................................... 7-9 Determine visibility between observers and the parade route .................... 7-10
Add z information to calculate 3D View distance ....................................... 7-11 Remove sight lines..................................................................................... 7-11 Run your analysis using a maximum visibility of 600 feet.......................... 7-12 Add new observers .................................................................................... 7-14 Run the model again.................................................................................. 7-18 Close ArcScene ......................................................................................... 7-19 Exercise 7C: Visualize the aftermath of a hurricane ........................................ 7-20 Open an ArcScene document.................................................................... 7-20 Visualize maximum sustained winds ......................................................... 7-21 Visualize precipitation intensity .................................................................. 7-21 Create an elevation surface from lidar data ............................................... 7-22 Generate multipoints from the lidar data.................................................... 7-24 Create a terrain .......................................................................................... 7-24 Create a surface of high water................................................................... 7-26 Analyze surge related water depth ............................................................ 7-26 Close ArcGlobe.......................................................................................... 7-27 Exercise 7A solution: Visualize subsurface geology.................................. 7-28 Exercise 7B solution: Analyze visibility along a parade route .................... 7-39 Exercise 7C solution: Visualize the aftermath of a hurricane..................... 7-51
Appendixes
Appendix A: ESRI data license agreement ....................................................... A-1 Appendix B: Data Acknowledgments ................................................................ B-1 Appendix C: How to print your training certificate ............................................. C-1
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Introduction
At version 10, ArcGIS 3D Analyst supports a complete solution for 3D GIS. This course teaches fundamental concepts of 3D GIS as you learn how to visualize, edit, model, and analyze GIS data within a 3D context.
Course goals
After completing this course, you will be able to:
Choose the appropriate 3D Analyst application for a given task. Create and import 3D data. Edit and maintain 3D vector data in a 3D environment. Visualize GIS data within a 3D planimetric or globe view. Perform 3D analysis on vector and raster data. Use best practices to optimize 3D views. Ask and solve 3D analytic questions.
Using the course workbook

The course workbook is an integral part of your learning experience. During class, you will use the workbook to complete activities and exercises that reinforce specific tasks and skills. After class, the workbook is your personal reference to review activities or work through exercises again to reinforce what you've learned.
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Essential elements include:
Lessons: Learning objectives at the beginning of each lesson to help you find the
information you're looking for. Guided activities: Interactive activities to reinforce key topics. Exercises: Step-by-step instructions to accomplish essential tasks and skills. Review: Questions and answers that reinforce key concepts. Appendices: Your guide to additional resources. CD: Data necessary for completing the course exercises.
Additional resources
Refer to the following resources to learn more about performing analyses with ArcGIS Desktop:
3D Analyst Resource Center

http://resources.esri.com/3DAnalyst/ This site provides unified access to Web-based help, online content, and technical support for 3D GIS and tasks.
ESRI GIS Dictionary

www.esri.com/gisdictionary This online GIS dictionary includes terms from GIS analysis operations such as azimuth, datum, and histogram, as well as ESRI software-specific terminology.
Installing the course data

To use the workbook exercises, you will need to install the data that will be used throughout this course. The data is stored on a CD and will be copied to your hard drive by an automated install program. Remove the training data CD from the back of your workbook and place it in the disk drive. Click Yes to accept the ESRI license agreement. Click Next on the welcome panel. By default, the course data will be installed to the C:\Student folder.
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Note: If you need to install the course data to a different location, browse to that location. Select the folder where you want to store the course data, then click OK. Be sure to note the location of the folder you've selected so that you can easily access the data in the upcoming exercises.
Click Next. Click Finish when the data installation is complete. Remove the training data CD from your disk drive and return it to its sleeve in your workbook.
Note: This course is designed to work with ArcGIS 10 at the ArcView, ArcEditor, or ArcInfo license level.
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Using 3D GIS
Introduction
In this lesson, you will learn what 3D GIS is and become familiar with the capabilities of ArcGIS 3D Analyst. You'll also learn when to use each of the 3D Analyst applications (ArcMap, ArcGlobe, and ArcScene) and the fundamental concepts of 3D navigation.
Learning objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
Define when it is advantageous to incorporate 3D into GIS workflows. Choose the appropriate 3D application (ArcScene or ArcGlobe). Navigate within the 3D applications.
Key terms
ArcGlobe ArcScene line-of-sight observer target
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3D Analyst applications
Which application to use?
The table below provides general guidance towards selecting the appropriate 3D Analyst application.
Scenario
You have a large volume of data. You have a small volume of data. Your data covers a large extent (curvature of the Earth may be a factor). Your data covers a small extent. You have subsurface data you need to render. You need to use TINs. You need to use Terrain datasets. Your analysis will create many temporary datasets. You need to consume ArcGIS Server services. You have non-projected data. You need to use the 3D Analyst toolbar. You do not need to see your data in 3D.
ArcGlobe ArcScene ArcMap
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Lesson 1
Mouse navigation shortcuts

Most of the navigation tasks you'll need within ArcGlobe or ArcScene are accessible on your mouse or using keyboard shortcuts, eliminating the need to switch tools while working.
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Get a list of navigation tips and shortcuts from within ArcMap by clicking inside the table of contents and pressing F1.
Task
Switch scene to full-screen mode
Action
Press F11. Press F11 again to leave full-screen mode
Notes
Pivot view Drag the mouse while around the target holding the left mouse location button. Re-center the target location at the clicked point Enable/disable animated navigation Pan the view (as a 3D vector) Move the camera location to the clicked point Zoom in to/out from the target point Zoom in to/out from the target point Hold down Ctrl while holding the left mouse button. Hold down the Ctrl and Shift keys while holding down the left mouse button. Drag the mouse while holding the center mouse button. Replicates Pan (if you have no center mouse button, hold down the left and right mouse buttons together) Replicates Center on Target (the camera position does not change)
Hold down Ctrl and click the Replicates Set Observer (the target mouse location does not change)
Rotate scroll wheel
Replicates Zoom in/out
Drag the mouse while holding down the right mouse button
Replicates Zoom in/out
Center and zoom Hold down Ctrl and click the Replicates Zoom in/out in to the clicked right mouse button point Nudge scene Arrow keys on keyboard
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Notes
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Key terms
Here are some key terms associated with this lesson:
Term
Observer Target Altitude
Definition
The 3D location of the camera. The 3D location on which the camera is oriented. The height, z-value, or vertical elevation of an object above (or below) a given reference datum such as sea-level.
Vertical The amount by which the z-values in the scene are multiplied in order to exaggeration enhance details in the shape of the surface. Scenes may appear flat when the range of x- and y- values is much larger than the z-valuessetting vertical exaggeration can compensate for this by increasing relief. Line of sight Viewer A graphic line between two points on a surface that shows whether or not the view along the line is obstructed. An additional window that allows you to view the 3D data in a scene from another angle. You can have multiple viewers in a scene.
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Lesson 1
Exercise 1A: Navigate a scene using ArcScene

Estimated time: 30 minutes
If a picture is worth a thousand words, then a three-dimensional surface that you can navigate and fly through must be worth a million. ArcScene lets you navigate in 3D, including zooming in and out, panning, setting targets, defining observation points, and animation. In this exercise, you will rotate, zoom, and pan around 3D data of Crater Lake National Park using ArcScene's navigation tools. You will also set targets and observer locations to redefine the center of the scene and view it from different perspectives. You will combine this functionality with multiple viewers to compare different scene perspectives; for example, showing different flight approaches to an airport's runways (as viewed by the pilot). In this exercise, you will:
Perform basic 3D navigation techniques. Explore a scene using the Fly tool. Perform 3D measurement. Use animated rotation.
Step 1: Open an ArcScene document

Start ArcScene by clicking Start > All Programs > ArcGIS > ArcScene 10. Within the ArcScene - Getting Started dialog box, click Browse for more. Navigate to your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise01 folder and open Navigate.sxd. You see data for Crater Lake National Park in Oregon.
Step 2: Navigate a scene

If necessary, display the Tools toolbar. You can control the basic aspects of navigation in ArcScene using the Navigate First, you'll rotate your data. Click the Navigate tool . tool.
Place your cursor over the center of the scene, hold down the left mouse button and move the mouse in any direction.
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To reset the view, click Full Extent
Step 3: Pan and zoom a scene

In addition to rotation, this tool also provides a shortcut to pan and zoom functionality. Panning is used to move your data horizontally, vertically, or diagonally across the scene display. Place your cursor over the center of the display. Hold down both mouse buttons (with a three-button mouse, hold down the middle button) and drag the cursor in any direction. Once you are comfortable panning, click the Full Extent button. Zooming is used to control the distance between a target and observer. Place your cursor over the center of the display. Hold down the right mouse button and drag down to zoom in, then drag up to zoom out.
Note: If you have a scroll wheel, you can use that to zoom in and out as well.
Once you are comfortable zooming with the Navigate tool, click the Full Extent button.
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Step 4: Explore your scene using the Fly tool

The Fly tool allows you to investigate your scene by flying over it. Before you practice using the Fly tool, you should become familiar with its instructions.
Fly tool instructions

Action
Activate Fly tool Start flying Increase speed Decrease speed Stop flight
Command
Click the Fly tool Click once Additional clicks Right-click Press the Escape key, or click the middle mouse button if you have one then click the center of the view
Note: You can also fly backward by starting your flight with a right-click. To increase your backward speed, right-click; to decrease it, left-click.
When you activate the Fly tool, your fly speed is set to zero, and your cursor changes to a bird at rest. This is referred to as the suspended state. While in the suspended state, you can change your direction of view before starting the fly-through. The direction you're facing when you start the flight will be the initial direction of travel. Once you're in motion, flight through the scene will follow the movements of your mouse. First, you'll learn how to recover if you lose your bearings in flight. Click the Fly tool .
Using the commands listed on the Fly tool instructions table, begin flying over the surface and fly straight down into Crater Lake for a cool effect. This will likely result in you getting lost and unable to orient yourself within the scene. It is simple to recover from this though.
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Once you lose control of the flight, press the Esc key and reorient yourself in the scene by clicking the Full Extent button. Practice flying over the surface in different directions and speeds. Your flight speed is reported in the status bar. Do this until you feel comfortable controlling your flight. For a challenge, try locating the lookout towers near the lake, then practice flying towards each one and then backwards from each one.
Using the Fly tool, you can have a downward or upward perspective and still maintain a constant altitude and direction. The visual effect is similar to being in a plane at cruising altitude and looking out the window at the ground. Hold down the left Shift key and drag the cursor straight up or down while in motion with the Fly tool. Stop when you feel comfortable controlling your flight's direction, speed, and altitude. Click the Full Extent button.
Step 5: Enable animated rotation

Animated rotation is an animation technique for presenting or exploring 3D scenes in a hands-free fashion. You enable the Navigate button to start animated rotation through the scene properties. In the table of contents, right-click Scene layers and choose Scene Properties. Click the General tab.
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Check the box next to Enable Animated Rotation. Click OK.
Step 6: Start animated rotation

Click the Navigate tool .
Place your cursor at the right side of the display. (When animated rotation is enabled, the Navigate tool's cursor has a circle placed around it .) Hold down the left mouse button, drag the cursor to the left, and release the mouse button while dragging from right to the left. Take your hand off the mouse. The display should continue to rotate after you let go of the mouse. If it doesn't, try again and make sure you are releasing the mouse button while dragging the cursor across the display.
Note: To stop the animated rotation, make sure the pointer is over the display and press the Esc key.
Step 7: Interact with rotation

You can use other tools in the scene while the data is rotating. As soon as you click another tool, ArcScene temporarily suspends the rotation. To restart the rotation, simply click the Navigate tool again. For example, if something within Crater Lake National Park catches your eye while rotating by, you could center on that feature, zoom to the feature, then restart rotation by again clicking the Navigate tool. Click the Zoom In Notice that rotation stops. Now, you'll change the axis of rotation. The axis of rotation is based on the scene's target. Changing the target changes the axis of rotation. Click the Center on Target Click the Navigate tool. Rotation starts again. button and click on the island in the middle of Crater Lake. button and draw a box around the island.
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Make sure your mouse cursor is over the display, then press the Esc key to stop animated rotation. Rotation is turned off until you restart it by dragging and releasing again.
Step 8: Center on a target

Navigation in 3D is done via the use of a camera object. All 3D views have a single camera containing an observer location (where the camera is placed within the 3D view) and a target location (the 3D point that the camera aims toward). Suppose you want to visualize the island in the middle of Crater Lake from the Mt. Scott lookout tower. In this step, you will make Mt. Scott your target of observation. From the Bookmarks menu, click Mt. Scott. Select the Center on Target tool .
Click on the top of the lookout tower.
The Mt. Scott tower is now at the center of the scene.
Step 9: Set the observer

With ArcScene, you can view a target from different perspectives by defining an observation point. In this step, you'll set an observation location on the island. Click the Navigate tool and navigate until you can see the island in the middle of Crater Lake.
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You will make this point your target of observation. Select the Set Observer tool Click the top of the island. .
You are now viewing the Mt. Scott tower from the island. Next, you will compare this with a view from looking towards the Watchman Butte tower.
Step 10: Add a new viewer

The Add New Viewer tool allows you to make side-by-side comparisons of a scene from different perspectives.
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Click the Add New Viewer tool
Tools that operate in the main viewer also work in secondary viewers. Right-click the Viewer 1 banner, point to Bookmarks, and select Watchman Butte. Select the Center on Target tool Click the top of the tower. .
Click the Navigate tool and navigate until you can see the island in the middle of Crater Lake. Select the Set Observer tool Click the top of the island. .
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Drag the new viewer to a place where it does not block the original view.
Compare the view of Watchman Butte with the view of Mt. Scott. Both towers can be seen from the top of the island.
Step 11: Manage viewers

From the Windows menu, click Viewer Manager. In the Viewer Manager, click the words Viewer 1, then rename the viewer Watchman Butte and press Enter. If necessary, drag the Viewer Manager out of the way to see that the title has changed in the viewer title bar. Click Hide in the Viewer Manager. The Watchman Butte viewer disappears. Click Show to make it reappear. Click Close Viewer. The Watchman Butte viewer is removed from the scene. Click OK to close the Viewer Manager.
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Step 12: Define a line-of-sight

Suppose you know the exact height of an observer and a target, and you want to see what the 3D landscape looks like from that perspective. The view settings allow you to control the x, y, and z coordinates of both observer and target exactly, as well as giving you the exact line-of-sight distance between them. Union peak is one of the integral features that is visible from Watchman Butte. Click View > View Settings. Drag the View Settings dialog box to a location that does not cover the scene. Enter the following observer and target coordinates within the Positions section of the View Settings dialog box (the values are in UTM coordinates). For Viewfield angle, type 60. Observer coordinates (Watchman Butte) X = 567611.84 Y = 4754614.18 Z = 2435.54 Target coordinates (Union Peak) X = 563454.68 Y = 4742152.08 Z = 2233.57 The viewfield angle is set in degrees and lets you control what the camera sees. Smaller angles will have a zoom-in effect, whereas wider angles will allow you to see more. As the angle increases, so does distortion until it appears as if you are looking through a fish-eye, or wide angle, lens. Click Apply. The scene reflects the new target and observer. ArcScene automatically calculates the distance to the target when you click Apply. This is a 3D measure, meaning it accounts for horizontal and vertical changes along your line of sight.
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Step 13: Adjust the pitch

In the View Settings dialog box, you can adjust the pitch to raise the observer's elevation. When the observer is above the target, the pitch is positive. When the observer is below the target, the pitch is negative. If the target and observer are at the same height, the pitch is zero. The pitch can range from 89 to -89 degrees. Make a note of the current elevation (z-value) of the observer. For Roll angle and pitch, click and drag the vertical slider down until you can see the road on the other side of Union Peak. Notice that the Observer's elevation value increased. You can compare the new value with your starting elevation to determine which change in elevation was required to see the road. Click Cancel to close the View Settings dialog box. Click the Full Extent button .
Step 14: Measure 3D distances

While exploring your data, you may also find it useful to measure 3D distances between points of interest. Access the Measure 3D bookmark. Now you'll measure the straight-line distance between the tower and the top of the island. Click the Measure tool on the Tools toolbar. .
Click the Measure Direct 3D Line tool
Click the top of the tower, the location where you want to start measuring the 3D distance.
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Using 3D GIS
Move the pointer to the top of the island and click to start measuring the 3D distance. If you would like to continue measuring a straight 3D line, simply move the pointer to another location and click to add vertices.
Double-click when you want to end the line. The Measure dialog box will show you the direct 3D length measurement of the segment you drew. Now you'll measure the height of the island and the height of the tower from the lake surface. Click the Measure Height tool .
Click the Choose Units button, then click Units > Distance, and change the units to Meters. Click on a low part of the island and move the pointer up to measure height in 3D. As you move the pointer up, also move the pointer sideways to display a polygon circle that references the top of the 3D height measurement.
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Lesson 1
Measure the height to the top of the island and then measure the height of the tower from the bottom of the island.
Click the Full Extent button.
Step 15: Save the document

If you'd like, save the document with a new name in your Exercise01 folder. Close ArcScene.
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Using 3D GIS
Exercise 1B: Navigate 3D data in ArcGlobe

In this exercise, you will briefly navigate in global mode, then you will zoom to California to practice surface navigation. You will also see how your work is affected by setting some document- and application-level options. In this exercise, you will:
Perform basic 3D navigation techniques. Explore a globe using the fly tool. Find a specific location on the globe. Step 1: Start ArcGlobe
Start ArcGlobe. Open Basic.3dd from your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise01 folder. The default Internet layers are automatically displayed at startup. Notice that the default ArcGlobe layers are both categorized as draped. Drag a corner of the ArcGlobe window to enlarge it. Notice that the distance from Earth is shown in the window's lower right corner.
Step 2: Examine and rotate the globe

The current view is the default view, positioned over the Atlantic Ocean. In this step you will change it by rotating the globe and then zooming in to the United States. If necessary, turn on the Tools toolbar. The state of the Navigation Mode button (it's shown with a box around it) tells you that you are in global navigation mode; you are observing Earth from space. When the Navigation Mode button is shown without the box, that means you're in surface navigation mode. Later you will zoom in closer and navigate in surface mode.
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Lesson 1
With the Navigate tool below.
, click and drag the globe so that your view matches the graphic
While holding down the right mouse button, click the approximate center of the United States and drag the pointer downwards until all of North America and Central America fill the view. Notice that the distance measurement decreased when you zoomed in because you got closer to the surface. Knowing your distance from the surface can help you navigate the globe more accurately, especially when you're in surface navigation mode.
Step 3: Switch to surface mode

In the table of contents, turn on the California layer.
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Using 3D GIS
The data that represents the outline of California was added as a draped layer. In the table of contents, right-click California and choose Zoom to Layer. This outline will serve as a visual aid when you navigate the globe so it should be clearly visible. Click the Navigation Mode button.
The Navigation Mode button is shown without a box around it, indicating that you're in surface mode. With the Navigate tool, click the lower center of the view and drag it straight up. As you drag upwards, you are actually getting closer to the surface, which appears more three-dimensional. Continue dragging straight up until the horizon spans approximately across the middle of the display. Now the terrain is apparent and beyond the horizon the blue sky is visible. Zoom in slightly to get a better look. Return the view to the extent of the California layer.
Step 4: Use the Fly tool

One of the tools you can use to navigate the globe is the Fly tool, which in ArcGlobe behaves much the same way as it does in ArcScene.
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Lesson 1
Open the Fly California bookmark. In the graphic below, the arrow marks the starting point for your flight.
Smooth flying requires a fair amount of skill that you will gain through practice, so be patient.
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Using 3D GIS
Take a moment to review the instructions below before you start flying.
Fly tool instructions

Action
Activate Fly tool Start flying Increase speed Decrease speed Stop flight Maintain altitude
Command
Click the Fly tool Click once Additional clicks Right-click Press the Escape key, or click the middle mouse button if you have one Hold down the Shift key as you fly , then click the center of the view
Note: You can also fly backward by starting your flight with a right-click. To increase your backward speed, right-click, to decrease it, left-click.
Now you're ready to fly. Try flying along the entire length of the California coast. As you fly, practice increasing and decreasing your speed. (Your flying speed is shown at the bottom of the window on the left.) As you move along the coastline, move the pointer to the left, right, up and down to see the result of each action. Also try maintaining a constant altitude by holding down the Shift key as you fly. If you lose control, just press the Escape key on your keyboard to stop flying, return your view to the Fly California bookmark, then start over. When you reach the North end of the California coastline (the border will turn sharply east), stop flying. Or, if you want additional practice, try flying around California's entire perimeter.
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Lesson 1
Step 5: Find a place on the globe

What if you wanted to find a place on the globe by name? In this step, you'll locate Crater Lake National Park. Zoom to the globe's full extent. From the Tools toolbar, open the Globe Find tool .
Move the Find dialog box so it doesn't obscure the globe. Click the Locations tab. In the Choose a locator drop-down menu, select World Places (ArcGIS Online). In the PlaceName field, type Crater Lake National Park.
Click Find. Right-click the first item in the list that appears and select Zoom To. Close the Globe Find tool.
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Using 3D GIS
If you would like, switch to Surface mode to explore.
Step 6: Animate the view transitions

Click the Full Extent button and notice that the shifting to the new view is very abrupt. You can set an application level option to animate the transition between the views so that they are seamless and smooth. From the Customize menu, click ArcGlobe Options. In the Globe Options dialog box, click the General tab and check the box next to Animate viewer when using tools and commands. Click OK. Change the view to the Fly California bookmark and notice the smooth, animated transition to the new view. Go back to the full extent to see the same smooth transition in reverse. Animating the viewer is an application-level option, so unless you change it, the setting will apply whenever you open ArcGlobe. Close ArcGlobe.
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Lesson 1
Lesson review
1. For each scenario listed below, choose the most appropriate 3D Analyst application and explain your choice.
Scenario 1: Investigating subsurface water body quality

You have data for a small municipal water district that encompasses 9 square miles above an aquifer. Data include underground plumes of volatile organic compounds in the aquifer, an elevation raster, well locations, and facilities that likely contributed to the VOC leakage over time. Goal: Visualize the underground plume in 3D to better communicate the problem. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Scenario 2: Determining the best location for a vineyard and winery You have raster data for elevation, precipitation, and landuse. You also have vector data of streams, and a street network. You will be deriving data such as slope and aspect from the elevation data. Goal: To identify the best candidate locations for placing a vineyard and winery. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
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Using 3D GIS
3. Scenario 3: Visualizing detailed county parks You have a large volume of detailed data for an entire county. Your data includes a series of aerial photographs, a transportation network, and park boundaries. For elevation data, you have several terrains. Within each park, you have data for park facilities, tree locations, and trails. Goal: To visualize the county park system in 3D to promote park awareness and simulate park features, landscapes, and landmarks. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
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Using 3D GIS
Answers to Lesson 1 questions

Lesson review
1. For each scenario listed below, choose the most appropriate 3D Analyst application and explain your choice.
Scenario 1: Investigating subsurface water body quality

You have data for a small municipal water district that encompasses 9 square miles above an aquifer. Data include underground plumes of volatile organic compounds in the aquifer, an elevation raster, well locations, and facilities that likely contributed to the VOC leakage over time. Goal: Visualize the underground plume in 3D to better communicate the problem. Scenario 1: ArcScene is the best choice for the following reasons:
The data volume is small. The visualization is limited to a small extent. The data you wish to visualize is below the surface.
2. Scenario 2: Determining the best location for a vineyard and winery You have raster data for elevation, precipitation, and landuse. You also have vector data of streams, and a street network. You will be deriving data such as slope and aspect from the elevation data. Goal: To identify the best candidate locations for placing a vineyard and winery. Scenario 2: ArcMap is the best choice for the following reasons:
Many temporary and permanent raster surfaces will be created using There is no benefit to seeing the analysis results interactively in 3D. The results can easily be visualized later in ArcGlobe or ArcScene.
geoprocessing tools.
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Lesson 1
3. Scenario 3: Visualizing detailed county parks You have a large volume of detailed data for an entire county. Your data includes a series of aerial photographs, a transportation network, and park boundaries. For elevation data, you have several terrains. Within each park, you have data for park facilities, tree locations, and trails. Goal: To visualize the county park system in 3D to promote park awareness and simulate park features, landscapes, and landmarks. Scenario 3: ArcGlobe is the best choice for the following reasons:
The data volume is high and would most likely require caching to be used at full
resolution. The extent covers a wide region where curvature of the earth may come into play. You have terrains which are not supported within ArcScene.
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Introduction
In this lesson, you'll learn the fundamental concepts related to the data necessary for 3D GIS, especially the importance of z-values. The exercise will present techniques for data conversion, interpolation, and creating 3D features from 2D features.
Learning objectives
List and describe the data necessary for 3D GIS. Prepare and import 3D data.
Key terms
multipatch raster surface terrain triangulated irregular network (TIN) z-aware features z-value
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Z-values
Notes
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Lesson 2
Z-aware features
Notes
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What is multipatch geometry?
Notes
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Lesson 2
Raster: Cell view
Notes
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Raster: Lattice view
Notes
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Lesson 2
Triangulated irregular network (TIN)
Notes
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Terrains
Notes
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Lesson 2
Key terms
Term
multipatch
Definition
In ArcGIS, a type of geometry comprised of planar three-dimensional rings and triangles, used in combination to model objects that occupy discrete area or volume in three-dimensional space. Multipatches may represent geometric objects like spheres and cubes, or real-world objects like trees, street lamps, and park benches, as well as geospecific features such as buildings, bridges, and subsurface geologic formations. A spatial data model that defines space as an array of equally sized cells arranged in rows and columns, and composed of single or multiple bands. Each cell contains an attribute value and location coordinates. Unlike a vector structure, which stores coordinates explicitly, raster coordinates are contained in the ordering of the matrix. Groups of cells that share the same value represent the same type of geographic feature. A set of continuous data (e.g., elevation or air temperature) over an area. A multiresolution, TIN-based surface built from measurements stored as features in a geodatabase. Associated and supporting rules help organize the data and control how features are used to define the surface. Terrain datasets are typically derived from sources such as lidar, sonar, and photogrammetric data. A vector data structure that partitions geographic space into contiguous, non-overlapping triangles. The vertices of each triangle are sample data points with x-, y-, and z-values. These sample points are connected by lines to form Delaunay triangles. TINs are used to store and display surface models, and as background structure built on demand by terrains. A z-aware feature knows about its elevation, or stored z-values. Features that are z-aware store their z-values inside their geometry in the geodatabase (or shapefile), while feature classes or feature datasets that are z-aware store the units and datum those z-values represent. A value represented on the z-axis in a three-dimensional x,y,z coordinate system. The values of a terrain or chemical concentration surface can be used as z-values when rendering the surface in 3D. Numeric feature attributes (e.g., number of floors in a building) can also be z-values.
raster
surface terrain
triangulated irregular network (TIN) z-aware featuers
z-value
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Lesson 2
Exercise 2: Create data from multiple sources

Before you perform any 3D GIS tasks, identifying and creating the necessary data is critical. Suppose a local government agency wants to study the effects of a large earthquake on a major urban area to help plan for future earthquake events. They want to use the 1994 Northridge earthquake as a planning scenario. They have identified the need for elevation data, existing earthquake faults, a map of shaking intensity caused by the earthquake, and a map of the epicenter with all of its aftershocks. Your task is to create the geodatabase that supports this project. In the next lesson, you will visualize this data in 3D. In this exercise, you will:
Mosaic DEMs to create a single raster. Interpolate a raster from point features. Create 3D features based on a surface. Create 3D features from a text file. Create 3D features based on an attribute field. Prepare data for temporal visualization.
Step 1: Start ArcMap and examine data

Start ArcMap. In the Getting Started dialog box, click Browse for more. Open the Earthquake.mxd document from your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise02 folder. In the table of contents window, click the List by Source button .
The map contains layers for major faults, monitoring stations, and your study area. A text-based table of earthquake events is also present.
Step 2: Create an elevation raster from DEM files

The first data you will need is an elevation raster for your study area. If necessary, click the Display Catalog window button to display the Catalog window.
In the Catalog window, expand the DEM folder within your
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..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise02 folder.
You currently have nine DEMs that need to be mosaiced into a single raster. Eight of them are in DEM format. One of them is in SDTS format. ArcGIS can read both formats directly. You'll look for a tool to mosaic them together. From the Geoprocessing menu, choose Search for Tools. In the Search window, type Mosaic and click Search. In the results, scroll down and open the Mosaic To New Raster (Data Management) tool. For Input rasters, click the Open button and navigate to your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise02\DEM folder. Select all of the digital elevation models in DEM format (hold down the Shift key as you select each one) and click Add. Now you'll add the SDTS digital elevation mode. Click the Open button again and navigate to your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise02\DEM\CanogaPark folder. Click 9952CATD.DDF and click Add. For Output Location, navigate to your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise02 folder, click Northridge.gdb and click Add. For Raster Dataset name with Extension, type Elevation. For Pixel Type, choose 16_BIT_SIGNED.
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Lesson 2
The bit depth (pixel depth) of a cell determines the range of values that a particular raster file can store, which is based on the formula 2n (where n is the bit depth). In this case, a 16-bit signed raster can have 65,536 unique values that range from -32768 to 32767, which is perfect for storing elevation. For Number of Bands, type 1.
Click OK.
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If necessary, right-click Elevation in the table of contents and select Zoom to Layer.
The new raster is added to your map.
Step 3: Set up the analysis environment

You need to make sure that any raster data you create will have the same extent as your new Elevation raster. You will set the environment to ensure this. From the Geoprocessing menu, choose Environments. In the Environment Settings dialog box, click the Workspace heading to expand it. For Current Workspace, click the Browse button and navigate to your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise02 folder. For Scratch Workspace, click the Browse button and navigate to your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise02 folder.
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Click the Processing Extent heading. For Extent, choose Same as layer Elevation. Click OK to close the Environment Settings dialog box.
Step 4: Interpolate a surface of shaking intensity

In this step, you'll create a raster that represents shaking intensity by interpolating measurements of peak ground acceleration (PGA) collected at various stations throughout southern California. Turn on the Stations layer. The map now shows the locations of earthquake recording stations throughout the Los Angeles region. Station attributes include station code, name, and peak velocity and acceleration values. You'll use the acceleration values to interpolate PGA throughout the area. Click the ArcToolbox window button .
In ArcToolbox, expand the Spatial Analyst toolbox, then the Interpolation toolset, and open the Spline tool. Fill out the parameters as follows:
Input point features: Stations Z value field: PGA Output raster: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise02\Northridge.gdb\PGA Output cell size: 30 Spline type: Tension Weight: 4
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Keep the number of points as 12.
Click OK.
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Lesson 2
The new PGA surface represents peak ground acceleration measured in units of %g. In general, PGA usually reflects what is felt from low levels of shaking up to moderate levels of damage. Turn off the Stations and PGA layers.
Step 5: Create a 3D feature for faults

The next thing you want to create is a 3D feature class of major faults. You already have a 2D feature class of major faults. You will accomplish this using a tool that interpolates z-values for a feature class based on an underlying raster. First, you'll clip the major faults to your study area. From the Geoprocessing menu, open the Clip tool. Fill out the parameters as follows:
Input Features: MajorFaults Clip Features: StudyArea Output Feature Class: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise02\Northridge.gdb\Faults
Click OK. From the Geoprocessing menu, choose Search for Tools. In the Search window, type Interpolate Shape and click Search. In the results, open the Interpolate Shape (3D Analyst) tool. Fill out the parameters as follows:
Input Surface: Elevation Input Feature Class: Faults Output Feature Class: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise02\Northridge.gdb\Faults3D
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Click OK. Open the Attribute table for Faults3D and notice that the Shape is now Polyline Z.
Step 6: Create a 3D feature of earthquakes

The data you are tasked with creating next is a feature class of the Northridge earthquake and its aftershock sequence. This data is contained in a text file. Right-click EarthquakeCatalog.txt in the table of contents and choose Display XY Data. Near the bottom of the Display XY Data dialog box, click Edit to choose a coordinate system. Click Select. Double-click Geographic Coordinate Systems, then double-click North America. Scroll to the right and click NAD 1927.prj. Click Add. Click OK.
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On the Display XY Data dialog box, verify that you are mapping the fields as shown in the following graphic.
The fields you see here are the same ones you viewed earlier as a table. You are ready to create points on the map based on the coordinates. Click OK. A message appears indicating that your table does not have an ObjectID field. This is a field that uniquely identifies each feature. Because event layers do not have ObjectID fields, you cannot select features in event layers. When you export this event layer to the geodatabase, an ObjectID field will be added to it automatically.
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Click OK to dismiss the message.
An event layer has been created from the table and the points are displayed in the map. This event layer is not stored in the geodatabase; it is a virtual layer in ArcMap. Now you will export the event layer to a new geodatabase feature class so you can use it within 3D Analyst. Right-click the event layer, point to Data, and choose Export Data. Verify that you are exporting all features. Choose the option to use the same coordinate system as the data frame. This will assign the data frame's coordinate system to the output feature class. For Output feature class, click the Browse button.
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Save the file as Earthquakes in the ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise02\Northridge.gdb geodatabase. Click Save. Click OK on the Export Data dialog box, then click Yes on the prompt to add the layer to the map. Open the attribute table for Earthquakes and notice that the Shape is now Point Z.
Step 7: Update the attributes fields

Now that you've created the feature class of earthquakes, you have two minor adjustments to make before the data is ready for use in 3D Analyst. First, the Depth field is shown in kilometers, but it needs to be meters. Second, the date and the time of the earthquakes are stored in two fields. To visualize this data over time, these should both be in the same field. Since the Depth field is in kilometers, you'll need to build an expression to convert the kilometers to meters below the surface. Right-click the Depth field and click Field Calculator. Build the following expression. [DEPTH] * -1000
Click OK. The field is now showing meters below the surface. Next, you'll add a new field to store the data and time. Click the Table Options button and choose Add Field.
Add a new Text field named DateTime. Use the following expression in the Field Calculator to concatenate the two fields. [date_] & " " & [Time_]
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The field can now be used to enable the layer for time.
Step 8: Close ArcMap

In the next lesson, you'll have the opportunity to work with this data in 3D. Close ArcMap without saving changes to the map document.
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Lesson 2
Lesson review
1. What is a z-value and what does it store? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Describe the three types of surface data that can be used within 3D Analyst. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
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Lesson review
1. What is a z-value and what does it store? A z-value is a measurement for a given surface location that represents an attribute other than position. In an elevation or terrain model, the z-value represents elevation. However, a z-value can represent measurements other than elevation. It can represents the density or quantity of a particular attribute, such as a chemical concentration, precipitation, or temperature. 2. Describe the three types of surface data that can be used within 3D Analyst. Surfaces are represented in 3D Analyst by rasters, TINs, and terrains. A raster defines space as an array of equally sized cells arranged in rows and columns, and composed of single or multiple bands. Each cell contains an attribute value and location coordinates. Rasters can represent continuous phenomena such as elevation, temperature, or precipitation. There are two views of raster data. The cell value can represent the measured value at the center point of the cell such as elevation. In the other view, the cell value represents a sampling of a phenomenon, and the value is presumed to represent the whole cell. A triangulated irregular network (TIN) is a vector data structure that partitions geographic space into contiguous, non-overlapping triangles. The vertices of each triangle are sample data points with x-, y-, and z-values. These sample points are connected by lines to form Delaunay triangles. TINs are used to store and display surface models. A terrain is a multi-resolution, TIN-based surface built from measurements stored as features in a geodatabase. Pyramids are used to define a multi-resolution surface, which organizes data into different levels of detail, or pyramid levels, and serves to improve performance by enabling the terrain to access only the data required for a particular display or analysis function. Terrain datasets are typically derived from sources such as lidar, sonar, and photogrammetric data.
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Introduction
In this lesson, you'll learn the fundamental concepts and techniques for 3D visualization.
Learning objectives
Visualize raster data in 3D. Visualize feature data in 3D.

Key terms
base heights draping drawing priority extrusion raster resolution
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Key terms
Term
base heights
Definition
The height at which a surface, raster, or feature is drawn. You can set the base heights for features and rasters from a surface or by using a constant value or expression. Features with z-values stored in their geometry can have their base height set using the z-values. Setting the base height from a surface is also called draping. To set the base height for features or a surface using a surface. When you drape a layer over a raster surface, the resolution of the base surface is automatically down sampled to increase performance. You can change the resolution of the base surface if the default is unsatisfactory. The order in which layers that occupy the same x,y,z positions are drawn in the view. For example, if you have a road feature layer and an orthophoto draped over the same elevation surface, the roads and raster may appear patchy or broken where they coincide. You can reduce the drawing priority for the raster so it will appear below the features. You can only change the drawing priority for areal features and surfaces.
draping
drawing priority
extrusion A method applied to 2D features to generate a 3D object when actual 3D features are not available. Extrusion is a layer property unique to ArcGlobe and ArcScene, where points, lines, and polygons are stretched vertically into lines, walls, and boxes, respectively. raster The dimensions represented by each cell or pixel in a raster. resolution
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Lesson 3
Notes
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Exercise 3A: Visualize data in 3D

Suppose a local government agency has tasked you with creating a 3D visualization of the aftermath of a large earthquake on a major urban area to help plan for future earthquake events. They would like to see where the earthquake occurred, which areas received the most intense shaking, and the damage it cause to buildings. They also asked to see the distribution of significant aftershocks as these can cause additional damage. In this exercise, while completing this task, you will learn the fundamental techniques necessary to visualize data within the 3D environment. You'll learn how to drape images and vector data over surfaces and extrude vector features from a surface. In this exercise, you will:
Display and symbolize raster surfaces in 3D. Display and symbolize features in 3D. Step 1: Create an ArcScene document
Start ArcScene. On the Getting Started dialog box, choose to create a new scene. Set the Default geodatabase to the ..\\Student\W3DG\Database\Northridge\Northridge.gdb geodatabase. Click OK.
Step 2: Add and symbolize the elevation raster

In this step you will add an elevation raster for your study area. You commonly follow three steps to display a raster in ArcScene: setting its base heights, turning on shading, and choosing symbology. These are all layer properties.
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Lesson 3
Click the Add Data button . Add the Elevation raster from ..\\Student\Database\Northridge\Northridge.gdb.
The data is a raster elevation layer for the Los Angeles area. First, you'll set base heights. Base heights establish the elevations of surface locations and features. Base heights are what tell 3D Analyst that a certain square of ground is 100 meters above sea level and that a house built on that square must also be 100 meters above sea level. In other words, base heights determine the elevation values of layers and their features. Open the layer properties for Elevation. If necessary, click the Base Heights tab. By default, base heights for rasters are set to 0. That is why the layer displays flat. Under Elevation from surfaces, choose Floating on a custom surface. The path defaults to the Elevation surface. (This is the only elevation surface in the scene.) This setting will use the elevation values stored in the layer's source data to define the base heights of the layer.
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Next, you'll set shading. Click the Rendering tab. Choose to shade areal features relative to the scene's light position. (All that means is "add shading.") The Use smooth shading check box becomes checked automatically. Next, you'll set the relative drawing priority of the elevation layer in relation to other layers that you want to draw on top of the elevation layer. The highest priority value is 1. The lowest priority value is 10. Higher priority values for a layer will help make sure that layer displays when it shares a location with a lower priority layer. Change the drawing priority to 2. This will make sure that layers added on top of the elevation surface will be given a higher drawing priority.
Finally, you'll symbolize the raster with a color ramp. In the Symbology tab, Color Ramp box, right-click the color ramp (not on the drop-down arrow). In the context menu, click Graphic View to uncheck it.
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Lesson 3
The image of the color ramp is replaced by its name. Click the Color Ramp drop-down arrow and scroll down until you see Orange Light to Dark, then click it to select it. Check Display Background Value, accept the default value of 0, and click "as" drop-down arrow and find Water body 3D. Leave the Stretch type set to Standard Deviations and change the n value to 3. Increasing the value of n shades more cells with colors from the middle of the ramp. Decreasing the value of n shades more cells with colors at each end of the ramp.
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Click OK.
Step 3: Add and symbolize a 3D feature class of faults

In this step, you'll symbolize a line feature class of major faults. You'll add this to a basemap group layer. In the table of contents, right-click Scene layers, then click New Group Layer. Rename the new group layer Basemap. Add the MajorFaults3D feature class from the Northridge.gdb geodatabase. Move the layer into the Basemap group layer. The faults are added to your map. Notice how they conform to the elevation features. That's because the Major Faults layer is a 3D feature class. Open the layer properties for MajorFaults3D. Click the Symbology tab. Click the symbol to open the Symbol Selector. For Current Symbol, change the Color to red, and the Width to 2.00.
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Lesson 3
Click OK, then click OK again.
The faults are now easier to see on the surface.
Step 4: Add and symbolize major roads

In this step, you'll symbolize a line feature class representing the major roads within your study area. By default, the base heights for a 2D feature layer are set to 0. (The elevation of each feature in the layer is assumed to be zero units.) You'll assign base heights using the elevation layer. Add the Roads feature class from the Northridge.gdb geodatabase. Move the layer into the Basemap group layer. Open the layer properties for Roads. Click the Base Heights tab. Click the Floating on a custom surface option. The path defaults to the Elevation surface. The elevations of the faults will be determined by values in the Elevation layer. Values are assigned to the vertices of each road feature.
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Click the Symbology tab. Symbolize the roads with a Color of black and a Width of 1.5. Click OK.
Step 5: Add earthquake data and locate the initial epicenter

In this step, you'll add a point feature class representing the initial 6.7 magnitude earthquake and all of its aftershocks for the remainder of the year. You'll isolate the initial earthquake and pinpoint it's location on the elevation surface. Create a new group layer named Earthquakes. Add the Earthquakes feature class from the Northridge.gdb geodatabase. Move the layer into the Earthquakes group layer. You'll first explore the initial earthquake event.
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From the Selection menu, choose Select By Attributes. For Layer, choose Earthquakes. Build the expression "MAG" = 6.7. MAG is the earthquake magnitude.
Click OK. Right-click the Earthquakes layer, point to Selection, and click Create Layer From Selected Features. A new layer named Earthquakes selection is added to the table of contents. Click the Clear Selected Features button Turn off the Earthquakes layer for now. .
Step 6: Symbolize the epicenter

Now, you'll symbolize the initial earthquake. You'll combine three different techniques to represent the epicenter of the earthquake Move Earthquakes selection into the Earthquakes group layer within the table of contents. Open the layer properties for Earthquakes selection. Click the General tab and rename the layer to Epicenter Point. Click the Base Heights tab and set the base heights to the Elevation surface. Click the Symbology tab. Click the symbol to display the Symbol Selector. Click Style References, select 3D Basic, and click OK.
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Symbolize the earthquake using the red Sphere symbol.
Click OK to close the Symbol Selector. Now you'll make sure that you can see the symbol on the surface by giving it a real world size. You'll use a size of 500 meters. Click Advanced > Size. In the Size dialog box, click the Calculate button .
In the Expression Builder dialog box, type 500 for the Expression. Click OK to close the Expression Builder and click OK again to close the Size dialog box. Click OK again to close the layer properties. The epicenter is pinpointed in 3D using the surface that you chose to provide the z-values. Zoom in to get a better look at the epicenter if you'd like.
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Lesson 3
Now you'll create a transparent sphere to help you see the general location of the earthquake at distance. Right-click Epicenter Point in the table of contents and click Copy. Right-click Scene layers in the table of contents and click Paste Layer(s). Move the pasted layer into the Earthquakes group layer. Open the layer properties for new layer. Change the name of the new layer to Epicenter Sphere. Change the size of the symbol from 500 to 5000. On the Display tab, change the layers transparency to 25 percent. Click OK.
Now you'll create a vertical line to help you further visualize the the epicenter location. Right-click Epicenter Point in the table of contents and click Copy. Right-click Scene layers in the table of contents and click Paste Layer(s). Move the pasted layer into the Earthquakes group layer. Open the layer properties for new layer. Change the name of the new layer to Epicenter Line. Use the Advanced button to change the size of the symbol from 500 to 1.
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Click the symbol to open the Symbol Selector. Change the Size to 1. On the Extrusion tab, check the box to extrude features in a layer. For Extrusion value or expression, type 20000. On the Base Heights tab, set a Layer offset of -10000. Click OK.
Zoom to the full extent.
Step 7: Add and symbolize a building damage feature class

Now that you can visualize the areas that received the most intense ground shaking from the earthquake, you'll add a layer of building damage for comparison. Add the BlockGroups feature class from Northridge.gdb. Each block group contains a field that stores the number of buildings that were damaged and unsafe for entry as a result of the earthquake. Open the layer properties for BlockGroups.
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On the General tab, change the name of the layer to Damage by Block Group. On the Base Heights tab, set the base heights to use the elevation surface. On the Rendering tab, choose to shade areal features relative to the scene's light position. You'll only visualize the block groups that have more than 10 damaged buildings. Click the Definition Query tab and build the following Definition Query. "Damaged" > 10
Click the Symbology tab. In the Show area, click Quantities, then Graduated colors. Set the Value field to Damaged and for Color Ramp, choose Purple Bright. Click Classify. For Classification method, choose Defined Interval.
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For Interval size, type 50 and then click in the histogram window.
Click OK. On the Display tab, change the transparency to 40 percent. To help visualize the building damage, you'll extrude the block groups into columns to compare them to the shaking intensity data. Extrusion tells 3D Analyst how high a feature rises above the ground or extends below it. Extrusion changes the form of a feature in the 3D Scene Viewer. Points turn into vertical lines, lines turn into vertical walls, and polygons turn into three-dimensional blocks. Click the Extrusion tab. Check the box next to the option to extrude features in layer. For the Extrusion value or expression, create the following expression: [Damaged] * 25
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Be sure that Apply extrusion by adding it to each feature's minimum height is specified. Click OK. Zoom in on the scene to get a better look at the areas with the most building damage.
Turn off the Damage by Block Group layer.
Step 8: Display the aftershock sequence

Now that you have visualized the initial earthquake, its shaking, and the damage it caused, you'll visualize the aftershocks below the surface. Since the Depth field is in kilometers, you'll need to build an expression to convert the kilometers to meters below the surface. Turn on the Earthquakes layer and open its layer properties. Click the Base Heights tab. Under Elevation from features, click Use a constant value or expression and build the following expression: [DEPTH] * -1000
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Click OK. Navigate the scene to explore the earthquakes.
You now see all of the aftershocks below the surface.
Step 9: Symbolize the aftershocks

In this step, you'll visualize the aftershocks below surface by magnitude. Open the layer properties for Earthquakes.
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Change the name of the layer to Earthquakes - Aftershocks On the Symbology tab, click Quantities, then click Graduated colors. For Value, select MAG. Right-click one of the symbols and choose Properties for All Symbols. Click the gray Sphere symbol within the 3D Basic style and click OK. Click Classify. For Classification method, choose Defined Interval. For Interval size, type 1 and click in the histogram window. Click OK. Now you'll apply a color ramp. For Color Ramp, choose Spectrum-Full Bright. Right-click any of the symbols and choose Flip Symbols. Change the labels for each range as shown in the following table.
Range
Label
0.000000 - 1.000000 1 1.000001 - 2.000000 2 2.000001 - 3.000000 3 3.000001 - 4.000000 4 4.000001 - 5.000000 5 5.000001 - 6.000000 6 6.000001 - 7.000000 7 Click Apply. Finally, you'll set the size for the symbols.
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To enable the Advanced tab, you'll need to click off of click Features under Show, click Quantities, then click Graduated colors. Click Advanced > Size. Click the Expression button. In the Expression Builder, build the expression [MAG] * 100. Click OK to close the Expression Builder. Click OK to close the Size dialog box. Click OK to close Layer Properties. The earthquakes are displayed based on their magnitude.
Step 10: Add and symbolize a shaking intensity feature class

In this step, you'll add a layer that represents relative peak ground acceleration a commonly used measure of ground motion. You'll extrude the polygons underground to represent relative shaking intensity. Add the PGAIntensityPoly feature class from the Northridge.gdb geodatabase. Open the layer properties for PGAIntensityPoly. On the Base Heights tab, obtain the elevation values from the Elevation surface. Set a Layer offset of -2000.
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On the Rendering tab, choose to shade areal features relative to the scene's light position. On the Symbology tab, symbolize the polygons using unique values based on the grid_code field. Right-click the symbol and select Add All Values. Choose the Slope color ramp. On the Display tab, change the transparency to 60 percent. On the Extrusion tab, extrude the layers using the following expression.
[grid_code] * [grid_code] * -200

Click OK.
Step 11: Visualize below the surface while navigating

In this step, you'll set up your scene so that you can visualize the earthquakes and the faults as you navigate. First you'll create a low resolution version of the elevation, make it transparent, and enable it to display only while navigating. In the table of contents, copy and paste the Elevation layer as a new layer. Open the Layer Properties for the new layer. On the General tab, rename the layer to Elevation - Low Res. On the Display tab, set the transparency to 50 percent.
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On the Base Heights tab, click Raster Resolution. Change both Cellsize X and Cellsize Y to 500. On the Rendering tab, check the option to render the layer only while navigating. Click OK. Next, you'll set your elevation layer to not display while navigating. Open the Layer Properties for Elevation. On the Rendering tab, check the option to render the layer only while navigation has stopped. Click OK. Finally, you'll set the faults layer to display only while navigating. Open the Layer Properties for MajorFaults3D. On the Rendering tab, check the option to render the layer only while navigating. You'll also extrude the faults slightly to make them appear cut into the surface. On the Extrusion tab, check the box next to Extrude features in a layer. For Extrusion value or feature, type 200. Click OK.
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Use the Navigate tool
to explore the map.
Notice that as you navitgate, you can see the earthquakes and the faults.

If you'd like, save the document as Earthquake.sxd in your Exercise03 folder.
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Exercise 3B: Visualize temporal data in 3D

An earthquake large enough to cause damage will most likely be followed by many additional earthquakes called aftershocks. The rate of aftershocks decreases quickly. Many aftershocks can be expected close to the time of the initial earthquake event. Fewer can be expected the longer the time since the main event. Animations are perfect for visualizing this aftershock sequence over time. In this exercise, you'll create an animation showing the aftershock sequence for 24 hours following the main earthquake. In this exercise, you will:
Visualize temporal data by creating a time animation. Visualize temporal data using the time slider. Step 1: Open an ArcScene document
Start ArcScene. From the File menu, choose Open. Navigate to your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise03 folder and open Northridge.sxd. You see data for Northridge, CA.
Step 2: Enable time

In this step, you'll enable the time properties of the aftershocks layer in order to visualize it through time using the animations tools and Time Slider in ArcScene. Open the layer properties for Aftershocks24. Click the Time tab. Check the box next to Enable time on this layer. For Time field, choose DATETIME. For Field Format, choose YYYY/MM/DD hh:mm:ss.s.
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For Time Step Interval, enter 5 Minutes. For Time Zone, select (GMT-8:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada). Check the box to display data cumulatively.
Click OK.
Step 3: Switch to orthographic view

There are many ways to visualize temporal data. In this step, you'll use the time slider to visualize the aftershock sequence. Since the time slider does not allow you to interact with your data, you'll switch to an Orthographic view. From the View menu, choose View Settings. Under Viewing characteristics, select Orthographic (2D view). Click Cancel. Open the layer properties for Aftershocks24. Click the Base Heights tab.
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Choose the Option to obtain heights for layer from surface. Choose the Elevation surface. Click No feature-based heights. For Layer Offset, type 50. Click Apply. Click OK.
Step 4: Create an animation using the time slider

Now you'll set up the Time Slider. Click the Time Slider button . .
In the Time Slider window, click the Enable time on map button In the Time Slider window, click the Options button .
In the Time Slider Options window, make sure the Time Display tab is active. For Time zone, choose (GMT-8:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada) Check the box to adjust for daylight saving changes. For Time step interval, specify 1 minute. For Time window, specify 1 minute. For Display date format, choose MM/dd/yy. For Display time format, choose hh:mm:ss tt. Click OK. Click the play button to watch the animation. If you would like to view the earthquakes without the symbols accumulating, open the layer properties for Aftershocks24, click the Time tab, and uncheck the box to display data cumulatively. Play the animation again. Close the Time Slider.
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Step 5: Create an animation using the Animation toolbar

Another way to visualize temporal data is by creating a time animation. A time animation allow you to interact with your data while the animation is running. Switch back to 3D view and reset base heights. From the Customize menu, click Toolbars > Animation to display the Animation toolbar. On the Animation toolbar, from the Animation menu, choose Create Time Animation. Click the Open Animation Controls button .
Within the Animation Controls window, click Options. Under Play Options, click By duration and specify 30 secs.
Press the Play button to start the animation.

Note: You can interact with the animation while it is running if there is a specific area you want to watch.

If you'd like, save the document with a new name in your Exercise03 folder.
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Close ArcScene.
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Lesson review
1. List and describe the three different types of layers within a 3D view. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are base heights and what are the methods for setting them within 3D Analyst? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
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Lesson review
1. List and describe the three different types of layers within a 3D view.
Floating layers define their own place in 3D space by containing z-values in feature
geometry, feature attributes, or layer level settings. Draped layers are placed on top of a known surface layer, obtaining their z-values from it. Elevation layers provide a 3D surface for other layers to be placed on.
2. What are base heights and what are the methods for setting them within 3D Analyst? A feature's base height is the elevation where it or its vertices are displayed in 3D space. Base heights are also commonly referred to as "elevation values." Base heights can come from within the feature geometry (for z-aware features), an attribute value or expression, or a referenced elevation data source. Combinations are also supported, such as features that have a height relative to a surface.
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Introduction
In this lesson, you will learn techniques for editing in 3D Analyst, when it is appropriate to edit in 3D, and how to use feature templates in an edit session.
Learning objectives
Determine when to edit in 3D. Edit GIS data in a 3D environment. Create new 3D features.
Key terms
3D model COLLADA snapping environment snapping properties snapping tolerance snapTip textures
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Editing workflow
The following shows the general 3D Analyst editing workflow. The experience is basically the same as you get with ArcMap, including feature templates, snapping, and attribute editing. Steps shown in the lighter shades are optional.
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Creating textured 3D objects

You can import 3D textured models into the geodatabase as multipatch features. Several third-party 3D model formats are supported.
COLLADA (.dae) OpenFlight 15.8 (.flt) SketchUp 6.0 (.skp) 3ds max (.3ds) VRML 2.0 models (.wrl) Billboards (PNG, JPEG, BMP, TIFF, GIF, and so on)
This course uses the free version of Google SketchUp. It can be downloaded from the following Web site: http://sketchup.google.com The 3D Warehouse is a good place to find models. Models can be found and downloaded from the following Web site: Models: http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse
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Key terms
Term
3D model COLLADA
Definition
Settings within ArcGIS that define the conditions in which snapping will occur. These settings include snapping tolerance, properties, and priority. Acronym for COLLAborative Design Activity. An open-standard XML format for storing 3D models, it is often used as an interchange format for 3D applications, and is the format for 3D textured objects stored inside KML. COLLADA files have .dae file extensions and can reference additional image files that act as textures draped on 3D objects. Exporting multipatch features to COLLADA allows complex analysis results to be shared with others. It also allows textured 3D GIS data (e.g., buildings) to be updated using third-party software like SketchUp or 3DS Max.
snapping The representation of any three-dimensional object, stored as a digital environment collection of features and/or rules, that can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through rendering. 3D models can be constructed manually through a variety of software packages such as SketchUp, 3D Studio Max, and Revit. In ArcGIS, 3D models may be used to represent points in 3D space or stored as features in a multipatch feature class. snapping properties In ArcGIS editing, a combination of a shape to snap to and a method for determining what part of the shape will be snapped to. Snapping properties can be set to have a feature snap to a vertex, edge, or endpoint of features in a specific layer. For example, a layer snapping property might allow snapping to the vertices of building walls. In an ArcGIS editing session, the distance within which the pointer or a feature will snap to another location. If the location being snapped to (vertex, edge, or endpoint) is within that distance, the pointer will snap automatically. Snapping tolerance is measured using map units or pixels. In ArcMap, a user-assistance component that displays on-screen descriptions of the layer name or target being snapped to when the cursor is paused over it. SnapTips only appear during an edit session. Textures (also referred to as "facades" or "materials") are images that are pasted onto the sides of 3D models, such as 3D buildings. Textures are only supported for multipatch features stored in the geodatabase.
snapping tolerance
SnapTip
textures
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Lesson 4
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Exercise 4A: Add texture to a 3D building using SketchUp

Sometimes it may be necessary to perform geometry and texture edits while editing in 3D. These edits are commonly performed in specialized 3D modeling software packages such as SketchUp. In this exercise, you'll export a building into SketchUp, perform some basics textural edits, and then replace the old building with the new texturized building. In this exercise, you will:
Convert 3D features to multipatch. Convert multipatch features to COLLADA. Add textures to a model using SketchUp. Replace a multipatch feature with a model.
Step 1: Start ArcScene and open a scene document

Open the AddModel.sxd scene document from your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise04 folder. You see an office complex with textured buildings.
Step 2: Prepare building footprints and export to a COLLADA file

You want to add a new utility building that houses the heating and air conditioning for the office complex. All you have is a building footprint for the proposed building. In this step, you'll convert the footprint into a multipatch feature class and then export that into a format that you can import into SketchUp. Turn on the BuildingFootprints layer. Notice that there is one building footprint (shown in the box below) not obscured by a textured building. This is the location of the proposed utility building.
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Turn off the OfficeBuildings and Trees layers. Open the layer properties for BldgFootprints and extrude the layer using its Height field. Click on the Utility building using the Select Features tool to select it.
Now you'll convert the extruded building into a multipatch.
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Use the Search window to find and open the Layer 3D To Feature Class tool and fill out the parameters as follows:
Input Feature Layer: BuildingFootprints Output Feature Class:

..\\Student\W3DG\Database\Campus1\OfficeBuilding.gdb\UtilityBldg Click OK. Click the Clear Selected Features button .
Turn off the BuildingFootprints to see the new multipatch building.
Now you'll convert the mulitpatch building into a COLLADA file that you can import within Google SketchUp. Use the Search window to find and open the Multipatch To Collada tool and fill out the parameters as follows:
Input Multipatch Features: UtilityBldg Output Collada Folder: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise04\UtilityBldg

Check the box next to Prepend source name. Click OK. Minimize ArcScene. In the next few steps, you'll add texture to the utility building.
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Step 3: Start Google SketchUp

Double-click the Google SketchUp icon or click: Start > All Programs > Google SketchUp 7 > Google SketchUp Click Choose Template. Choose the Google Earth Modeling - Meters template.
Click Start using SketchUp. If necessary, close the Instructor window. The start screen should look something like this:
Step 4: Import the COLLADA file into SketchUp

In this step, you'll import the COLLADA file. Click File > Import.
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Navigate to your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise04\UtilityBldg folder, select the UtilityBuilding_1.dae file, and click Open.
Note: If necessary, change the Files of Type to Google Earth Files (Kmz, Dae).
Click Yes if you receive any warnings. Click the Zoom Extents button to better see the entire building.
Click the Orbit button
to explore the building.
Step 5: Add textures to the utility building

The proposed utility building will be constructed using dark brown blocks or bricks. You'll add this kind of texture to the building. Click the Select button .
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Double-click on the model so that it appears in a hollow box.
Now you'll add some textures to your building model. Use the Orbit tool so that you can see the top of the building.
Click Window > Materials. The process of adding materials in SketchUp is as follows: 1. Click on a category. 2. Click on a specific color or pattern. 3. Click on the surface(s) you want to apply it to.
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In the Materials window, select the Roofing category.
Click a texture of your choice, and then click on the top of the building to add that texture.
Now you'll add texture to each of the building's sides. In the Materials window, select the Brick and Cladding category.
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Click a texture of your choice, and then click on the side of the building to add that texture.
Use the Orbit tool texture to each.
to navigate to each of the other three sides and add the same
Step 6: Save your model as a SketchUp 6 file

In this step, you'll save your model as a SketchUp 6 file, the version that ArcGIS supports. From the File menu, choose Save As. Change the Save as type to SketchUp Version 6 (*.skp)
Make sure that you see SketchUp Version 6 (*.skp) next to Save as Type. If you save as a Version 7 file, it will not open in ArcGIS.
Save the model as UtilityBldg.skp within your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise04 folder.
Click Save.
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Close SketchUp.
Step 7: Replace the multipatch with your model

In this step, you'll add your new model back into ArcScene. The process is simple. You'll simply replace the multipatch with the model. Maximize ArcScene. From the Customize menu, click Toolbars, then select 3D Editor. Start a 3D Editing session. Click Continue to dismiss the Start Editing dialog box. In the Start Editing dialog, choose UtilityBldg as the layer to edit and click OK. Use the Select Features tool to select the new utility building.
From the 3D Editor menu, choose Replace with Model.
Navigate to your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise04 folder, click UtilityBldg.skp, then click Open. The textured model appears in place of the multipatch. Click Clear Selected Features .
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Turn the OfficeBuildings layer back on.
Save your edits.
Step 8: Add security lights

Finally, you'll interactively add security lights to the new building. Turn on the LightSources layer. Click Bookmarks > Add Lighting. In the Create Features window, select the Wall mounted (medium) template.
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Click on the point shown in the following graphic to add a new light to the left side of the building.
The light will be added to the building.
Now, you'll move the light a little higher on the building. Click the Edit Placement tool .
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While holding down the Shift key on your keyboard, click on the new light with the left mouse button and move it vertically as needed.
Now you'll look at the new light from the top of the building in order to rotate the new light. While holding down the Alt key on your keyboard, navigate using the left mouse button to orient your scene, as in the following graphic.
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Hold down the center mouse button to rotate the light so that it aligns with the wall, as in the following graphic.
Using the same procedure above, add another light to the right side of the building in the location shown in the following graphic.
Your second light should appear similar to the following graphic, as viewed from the top.
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Now you'll add another light to the side of the building, perpendicular to where you placed the new lights. Navigate so that the building is oriented as shown in the following graphic.
In the Create Features window, select the Directional Cone (wall-mounted, large) template.
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Click on the point shown in the following graphic to add a new light to the left side of the building.
The new light is added to the building, but it is not illuminating in the right direction. You'll rotate it manually to fix this. Click the Edit Placement button , and rotate the light so that the light illuminates straight out of the building, as shown in the following graphic.
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Now you'll adjust the angle of the light and its brightness range by editing the attributes of the new light. Click the Attributes button .
For ROTATION_Y, type 30 and press Enter. For BRIGHTNESS_RANGE, type 15 and press Enter.
Click the Clear Selected Features button
Stop editing and save your changes.
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Step 9: Close ArcScene

Close ArcScene. Click Yes to save your edits.
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Lesson 4
Exercise 4B: Edit a 3D network

In certain instances, it is very effective and intuitive to edit data in 3D. For example, suppose you were tasked with editing a 3D network. It would be very difficult to edit vertical lines if you were in a 2D environment. In this exercise, you will update a network representing interior pathways within an office building to reflect the addition of a ladder offering roof access. In this exercise, you will:
Duplicate features vertically. Create vertical lines. Step 1: Start ArcScene and open a scene document
Open the Edit3DNetwork.sxd scene document from your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise04 folder. You see three interconnected office buildings named M, MA, and N. The interior of each building contains offices and the network features.
Step 2: Create a roof

Your BuildingFloors layer only accounts for floors 1 through 3. You would like to include a level that represents the roof. This is easily accomplished by selecting the third floor and duplicating it vertically. Start a 3D editing session.
Note: One thing to keep in mind as you edit is that 3D editing can be difficult because you are working with features in x, y, z space. If you are unhappy with any edit or make a mistake, don't forget that you can simply click the undo button and try again.
Turn off the Offices and BuildingFootprints layers. First you'll select the third floor of the building. From the Selection menu, choose Select by Attributes.
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For Layer, choose BuildingFloors. Build the following expression. "FLOOR_NUMBER" = 3 Click OK. The third floor for each of the three buildings is selected.
Now you'll duplicate the third floor to create the roof. From the 3D Editor menu, choose Duplicate Vertical. In the Vertical Offset, type 4.5 and press Enter.
With the floors selected, click the Attributes button
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You'll see three records in the Attributes window. Change the FLOOR_NUMBER to Roof for each of the three records. Hint: You can change the attributes for all three features at once by selecting the parent layer in the tree of the Attributes window.
You'll see the symbology change for the roof. Click Clear Selected Features Save your edits. .
Step 3: Create network features on the roof

In this step, you'll select a portion of the 3D network on the third floor and duplicate it on the roof. Click Bookmarks > Ladder location.
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Click the Selection tool
and click on the line shown in the following graphic to select it.
From the 3D Editor menu, choose Duplicate Vertical, again specifying a Vertical Offset of 4.5.
The line is duplicated on the roof. With it selected, click the Attributes button Change the name to Roof Access. .
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Click Clear Selected Features
Step 4: Connect network features

Now you'll create a 3D vertical line to represent the ladder connecting the third floor to the roof to represent the ladder. First you'll set the snapping environment to help you connect the line to the right features. Click 3D Editor > Snapping > Options. Check the box next to Show snap tips. Set the Snapping tolerance to .2 map units. Click 3D Editor > Snapping > Snapping Window. In the Snapping Environment window, click End for both FloorTransitions and FloorLines.
In the Create Features window, click the Stairs template under Floor Transitions. Move your mouse pointer to the point shown in the graphic.
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Click once to start the line. Move your mouse up to meet the corresponding point on the roof.
Double-click to complete the line. Remember, if you make a mistake, you can always click the Undo button Now you'll update its attributes. With the line selected, click the Attributes button Change the name to Ladder for roof access. . and try again.

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Lesson 4
Exercise 4C: Perform 3D edits

ArcGIS 3D Analyst makes it easy to make just-in-time edits of z-aware GIS features directly within ArcScene or ArcGlobe. When examining an office building you might discover a conference room that has since been converted to single offices. Or perhaps you need to edit a 3D network within the building to enable roof access. In this exercise you will perform the first of these two tasks. You'll work with many of the same ArcMap editing options that you may already be familiar including edit templates and snapping. In this exercise, you will:
Set up the 3D editing environment. Split polygon features. Update attributes. Create and use a new feature template.
Step 1: Start ArcScene and set the editing environment

Start ArcScene and open Editing3D.sxd from your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise04 folder. The scene document shows a 3D view of a three story office building with feature classes representing the rooms, walls, windows, and floors of the building. The first thing you'll do is start an editing session and set up the editing environment. Click 3D Editor > Start Editing. Click Continue to dismiss the message Start Editing dialog box. Click 3D Editor > Snapping > Options. Check the box next to Show snap tips. Set the Snapping tolerance to 2 pixels.
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Click OK. Click 3D Editor > Snapping > Snapping Window Enable End snapping for the Walls layer.
This exercise is designed to work at a full screen. Maximizing your ArcScene window will help you to digitize your features more accurately.
Maximize your ArcScene window, if necessary.
Step 2: Locate a conference room

In this step you are going to locate the conference room that needs to be converted to office space. Click Bookmarks > Conference room. The conference room you need to split is named M3 West Conf and is highlighted in the following graphic.
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Use the Identify tool if you are unsure of which conference room you will be splitting to verify that it is named M3 West Conf.
Step 3: Split the conference room

In this step, you will cut the M3 West conference room into two offices and then update the attributes for the two new offices. First, you'll create two new vertices at the midpoint of the conference room that you'll use to split the room into two equally sized offices. Click the Edit Placement tool it. and click on the glass wall (facing the hallway) to select
Click 3D Editor > Split. Choose to split the line into two equal parts
Click OK.
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The line representing the glass wall is split into two equal parts.
Now select the exterior wall of the office.
Split the line representing the exterior wall into two equal parts. The line representing the exterior wall is split into two equal parts. Now, you'll use the two new endpoints to split the polygon.
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Click the Edit Placement tool
and click on the conference room to select it.
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Use the Navigate tool so that you are looking straight down on the conference room, as shown in the following graphic.
Click the Cut Polygons tool
on the 3D Editor toolbar.
Place your mouse pointer at the bottom of the glass wall to find the end snap point you created earlier. You'll know when you've located the snap point when your cursor changes to an arrow and the feedback in the lower right-corner of ArcScene says Walls: End Z (9). Click once at this point.
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Move your mouse pointer to the bottom of the exterior wall to find the second end snap point you created earlier. Again, make sure your cursor changes to an arrow and the feedback in the lower right-corner of ArcScene says Walls: End Z (9). Double-click at this point to split the conference room.
The office polygon is split, and you'll see the selection turn into two selections, as shown in the following graphic.
Click 3D Editor > Save Edits to save your edits.
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Step 4: Update attributes for the two new offices

Now you will update the attributes for the two offices you just created by splitting the conference room. While still in the edit session, select the Attributes editor In the Attributes window, you see two offices listed. The top-most entry is already selected. Examine the attributes for each of the two new features. Notice that the length and area for each of the two new offices are identical. First, you'll update the attributes to change the office type from conference room to manager office. Since these are the same for the two new offices, you'll perform a mass update. In the Attributes window, click the Offices node. from the 3D Editor toolbar.
Update the following field:
DESCRIPTION: Manager Office

Hint: Notice the description field is highlighted. Click in the field, and then click the ellipsis button to select Manager Office. Notice that the symbology of the office changes automatically. Now you'll change the name for each of the new offfices. Since they differ, you'll edit their names individually. Click the entry for the first office.
Type M3w006a in the NAME field to rename the office.
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Click the entry for the second office.
Type M3w006b in the NAME field to rename the office. Click the Clear Selected Features button Save your edits. .
Step 5: Add a new wall

In this step, you'll add the new wall to separate the new manager offices.
Note: Remember, if you make a mistake while editing, click the Undo button try again. and
In the Create Features window, select the Interior Walls 2.5m template. Move your mouse pointer to the bottom of the glass wall to find the end snap point. Again, make sure your cursor changes to an arrow and the feedback in the lower right-corner of ArcScene says Walls: End Z (9). Click once at this point to begin the line that will represent the wall.
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Move your mouse pointer to the bottom of the exterior wall to find the end snap point. Again, make sure your cursor changes to an arrow and the feedback in the lower right-corner of ArcScene says Walls: End Z (9). Double-click at this point to finish the line that will represent the wall.
The wall will be created. Navigate around the scene to verify that your wall was created correctly.
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Remember, if you make a mistake, click the Undo button Click on the Attributes button you set up in the template. Clear the selected features .
and try again.
. You'll notice that the new wall inherited the attributes
Stop Editing and save your edits.

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Lesson review
1. Describe when it is appropriate to perform editing in each of the 3D Analyst applications. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the importance of setting the snapping environment when editing in 3D? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. What are some situations where it would be advantageous to edit in a 3D environment? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
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Lesson review
1. Describe when it is appropriate to perform editing in each of the 3D Analyst applications. Editing within ArcScene is recommended when you have localized, precision edits to make, such as connecting 3D network features. Editing within ArcGlobe is recommended for sketching and placing features globally. 2. What is the importance of setting the snapping environment when editing in 3D? It can be difficult to know exactly where you are clicking as you are working with x,y, and z locations. Snapping allows you to create features that connect to each other so your edits are more accurate, with fewer errors. 3. What are some situations where it would be advantageous to edit in a 3D environment?
Simple edits noticed while in the 3D view (such as editing attributes or moving Editing attributes that affect 3D display (such as extrusion height or feature base
height) Placing point features (such as trees) Digitizing 3D lines, where the z-value is important (such as connecting 3D network datasets or creating vertical lines) Placing and updating multipatches imported from 3D models points)
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Introduction
This lesson focuses on the analysis of GIS data in 3D using geoprocessing tools to solve problems that can't be solved in 2D.
Learning objectives
Perform raster surface analysis. Perform 3D feature and TIN surface analysis.
Key terms
aspect extent functional surface hillshade mask NoData skyline slope viewshed
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How are z-locations stored?
Notes
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Raster functional surface types
Notes
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Suitability models
Notes
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Key terms
Term
aspect
Definition
Compass direction that a topographic slope faces, usually measured in degrees from north. Aspect can be generated from continuous elevation surfaces (e.g., the aspect recorded for a TIN face is the steepest downslope direction of the face, and the aspect of a cell in a raster is the steepest downslope direction of a plane defined by the cell and its eight neighbors). Minimum bounding rectangle (xmin, ymin and xmax, ymax) defined by coordinate pairs of a data source. All coordinates for the data source fall within the extent. A surface that stores a single z-value for any given x,y location.
extent
fuctional surface
hillshade The hypothetical illumination of a surface according to a specified azimuth and altitude for the sun. Hillshading creates a three-dimensional effect that provides a sense of visual relief for cartography. mask NoData Often referred to as an analysis mask. A means of identifying areas to be included in analysis, and may be either a raster or feature layer. In raster data, the absence of a recorded value. NoData does not equate to zero. The measure of a particular attribute in a cell may be zero, but a NoData value indicates that no measurements have been taken for that cell. A 3D polyline representing the line that divides the sky from the surface (ridgeline) and/or features that touch the sky (skyline), based from the perspective of the observer location. The incline (steepness) of a surface. Slope can be measured in degrees from horizontal (090), or percent slope (rise divided by run, multiplied by 100). A slope of 45 equals 100% slope. As slope angle approaches vertical (90), percent slope approaches infinity. Slope of a TIN face is the steepest downhill slope of a plane defined by the face. Slope for a cell in a raster is the steepest slope of a plane defined by the cell and its eight neighbors.
skyline
slope
viewshed The locations on a surface visible from one or more specified points or lines. Viewshed maps are useful for such applications as finding well-exposed places for communication towers, or hidden places for parking lots.
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Lesson 5
Exercise 5A: Find potential sites for a vinyard

Wine quality begins in the vineyard, and proper site selection is an important goal of viticulturists. Wine flavors are directly influenced by factors related to where the grapevines grow, especially soil, climate, elevation, slope, and slope aspect. High-quality grapes can be produced in vineyards situated on less-than-ideal locations, but much labor can be saved by choosing a site with favorable conditions. No site is going to provide the perfect combination of elements, but the fewer compromises the better. In this exercise, you'll use various 3D Analyst Raster Surface and Raster Math tools to find suitable sites for a winery and vineyard. In this exercise, you will:
Create raster surfaces. Reclassify raster data. Use mathematical functions on rasters. Explore analysis results in ArcGlobe.
Step 1: Start ArcMap and open a map

Start ArcMap and open Vineyard.mxd from your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05 folder. This map includes an elevation raster along with major roads for an area near San Diego California.
Step 2: Determine optimum aspect

Perhaps the most critical factor in vineyard siting is temperature. The amount of sun a vineyard receives has a major influence on grape ripening and fruit quality. In general, south- and southwest-facing slopes have the advantage of greater daily maximum temperatures and longer daily heating of fruit and vines. In this step, you'll find locations that have an aspect between 157.5 and 247.5 degrees. Load the 3D Analyst extension if it is not already loaded. Turn off the Highways layer. Click the ArcToolbox window button side of your map. to display ArcToolbox and dock it to the right
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Expand 3D Analyst Tools, then expand the Raster Surface toolset. Double-click the Aspect tool to open its dialog box. Specify the following parameter values:
Input raster: Elevation Output raster: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\VineyardResults.gdb\Aspect

Click OK. The aspect raster shows the compass direction that a slope faces. Flat areas are symbolized with gray and are almost always water bodies. Turn off the Aspect layer. Now you'll find slopes facing south and southwest. In ArcToolbox, under 3D Analyst Tools, expand the Raster Reclass toolset. Double-click the Reclassify tool. Specify the following parameter values:
Input raster: Aspect Reclass field: Value Output raster:

..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\VineyardResults.gdb\OptimumAspect For Reclassification, select all of the entries and then click Delete Entries.
Note: To select all entries hold down the Shift key and then click the first entry, followed by the last entry.
Click Add Entry. Under Old Values, type 157.5 - 247.5. Under New Values, type 1.
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Check the box next to Change missing values to NoData.
Click OK. Slopes in the OptimumAspect raster that are oriented south or southwest have been assigned the value 1. Slopes that do not meet the optimum conditions for a vineyard have a value of NoData. Turn off OptimumAspect.
Step 3: Determine optimum slope

Gentle slopes promote good cold air drainage, protecting vines from frosts. Steep slopes, however, pose problems for machinery and increase the potential for erosion. In this step, you'll find the most desirable areas for growing high-quality grapesthose with a slope between 1.5 and 15 percent. In the Raster Surface toolset, double-click the Slope tool.
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Specify the following parameter values:
Input raster: Elevation Output raster: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\VineyardResults.gdb\Slope Output measurement: PERCENT_RISE

Click OK. The green and yellow areas of the slope raster represent gentle terrain, while the orange and red areas represent steeper areas. Turn off Slope. Now you'll find the gently sloping areas. Open the Reclassify tool. Specify the following parameter values:
Input raster: Slope Reclass field: Value Output raster: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\VineyardResults.gdb\OptimumSlope

For reclassification, delete all of the existing entries and then add a new entry. Under Old Values, type 1.5 - 15. Under New Values, type 1. Check the box next to Change missing values to NoData. Click OK. Again, the ideal slopes for vineyards are represented by the value 1. Slopes that are too steep have the value NoData. Turn off OptimumSlope.
Step 4: Determine optimum elevation

Elevation also plays a significant role in the quality of wine grapes. To avoid the collection of cold air contributing to late spring and early fall frosts, you'll look for sites with an elevation greater than 200 meters but less than 500 meters.
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Open the Reclassify tool. Specify the following parameter values:
Input raster: Elevation Reclass field: Value Output raster: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\VineyardResults.gdb\OptimumElev

For reclassification, delete all of the existing entries and then add a new entry. Under Old Values, type 200 - 500. Under New Values, type 1. Check the box next to Change missing values to NoData. Click OK.
The map contains areas that meet the elevation requirement for vineyards. These areas have the value 1. Areas that don't meet the elevation requirement have a value of 0. Turn off OptimumElev.
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Step 5: Determine areas in proximity to highways

Another consideration for location of the vineyard is its proximity to winery customers and highways. Proximity to sizable tourist traffic will be critically important for a successful tasting room. In this step, you'll locate sites within 1 mile of a major highway. Turn on the Highways layers. From the Geoprocessing menu, choose Buffer. Specify the following parameter values:
Input raster or feature source data: Highways Output Feature Class:

..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\VineyardResults.gdb\HighwayBuffer Distance: Click Linear Unit and type 1. Choose Miles from the drop-down menu. Dissolve Type: ALL
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Click OK.
A buffer is created representing areas within one mile of a highway. Turn off the Highways and HighwayBuffer layers.
Step 6: Find suitable sites

To find the most suitable areas for the vineyard and winery, you will overlay the three Optimum layers you derived from the Elevation raster you started with. You want to find all the common areas in the OptimumAspect, OptimumSlope, and OptimumElev that are within the two-mile highway buffer. You'll use the HighwayBuffer layer as a mask to limit the analysis to within one mile of the highways. From the Geoprocessing menu, choose Environments. Expand Raster Analysis.
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For Mask, choose Highway Buffer.
Click OK. To locate the potential vineyard site, you'll combine each of the layers by multiplying them together two at a time. Since each layer only contains values of 1 and NoData, only those areas in common will be multiplied together. In the Raster Math toolset, double-click the Times tool. Specify the following parameter values: Input raster or constant value 1: OptimumAspect Input raster or constant value 2: OptimumSlope Output raster: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\VineyardResults.gdb\AspAndSlp Click OK. Open the Times tool again and specify the following parameter values: Input raster or constant value 1: OptimumElev Input raster or constant value 2: AspAndSlp Output raster: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\VineyardResults.gdb\PotentialVineyardSites Click OK. Based on your calculations of aspect, slope, elevation, and distance to freeways, in a short amount of time you have narrowed your search for a suitable site to a very specific part of San Diego. As a final step, you'll create a Shaded Relief image to provide some reference to the potential sites. From the Window menu, choose Image Analysis.
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Select Elevation at the top of the Image Analysis window to enable the processing functions. Under Processing, choose the Elevation #2 color ramp.
Note: To see color ramps by name, right-click the color ramp and uncheck Graphic View.
Click the Shaded Relief button
Close the Image Analysis window. Move the shaded relief layer below the PotentialVinyardSites layer. Turn on Highways.
Step 7: Save your work

From the File menu, choose Save As. Save the map document to your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05 folder with the name VineyardFinal.mxd. Exit ArcMap. If you would like to explore the potential sites in ArcGlobe, complete the next step.
Step 8: Explore potential vinyard sites in ArcGlobe

Open ArcGlobe with a new, blank globe. Add the PotentialVineyardSites raster from your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\VinyardResults.gdb geodatabase to ArcGlobe as a draped image source. Click Yes to build pyramids. Click Close to dismiss the Geographic Coordinate Systems warning after adding the layer. Symbolize the raster cells as violet or purple and set the layer transparency to 40%. Zoom to the extent of PotentialVineyardSites raster.
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Explore the sites in Surface mode. When you are finished exploring the potential sites, close ArcGlobe without saving any changes.
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Lesson 5
Exercise 5B: Determine maximum building height for a development

A common problem in urban planning is defining the maximum building height of a new development as a function of visibility. That is, how high can you build here without it being seen from a designated scenic highway or park? In this exercise, you will determine the maximum building height of a proposed new development to help protect views from a scenic highway to a mountain. In this exercise, you will:
Create skylines. Create skyline barriers. Intersect features in 3D. Extrude between TINs. Determine the surface difference between TINs.
Step 1: Open a scene document

Open BldgHeights.sxd from your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05 folder. When the scene opens, you see a TIN representing elevation, a scenic highway for which the view of Mount Iron is to be preserved, and six observation points. Use the Navigate tool to zoom in to and explore the study area.
Step 2: Create a skyline for each observer

The first thing that you'll need for your analysis are skylines for each of the observer points; that is, 3D polylines that represent a silhouette of where the surface meets the sky as seen from each observer point. You will use these skylines to create skyline barriers in the next step. Click the ArcToolbox Window button side of ArcScene. to display ArcToolbox and dock it to the right
Expand 3D Analyst Tools, then expand the 3D Features toolset.
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Open the Skyline tool and specify the following parameter values:
Input Observer Point Features: ObserverPoints Input Surface: irontin Output Skyline Feature Class:
..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\BldgHeightResults.gdb\Skylines
You only need your skyline analysis to focus on Iron Mountain. This can be controlled by setting from and to azimuth values. The analysis starts from the observer point and goes to the right, from the From Azimuth until the To Azimuth is reached. You'll use fields in the observer points to define these azimuths towards Iron Mountain. Expand Azimuths. For From Azimuth, click Field and select Azimuth_fr from the drop-down list.
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For To Azimuth, click Field and select Azimuth_to from the drop-down list.
Click OK.
Step 3: Create a skyline barrier for each observer

In this step, you'll create skylines barriers from each observer point. These barriers are like a ceiling, through which buildings would not be allowed to protrude. Open the Skyline Barrier tool and specify the following parameter values:
Input Observer Point Features: ObserverPoints Input Line Features: Skylines Output Feature Class:
..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\BldgHeightResults.gdb\Barriers Minimum Radius: 0
For Maximum Radius, click Field and select radius from the drop-down. Check the Project to Plane box. Click OK. Turn off the Skylines layer.
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Step 4: Create random lines within the study area

In this step, you will create a dense set of randomly placed vertical lines within the boundary of the new development that you'll intersect with the skyline barriers to estimate maximum building height. You will accomplish this by creating random points within the area of interest and then turning these points into lines. Search for and open the Create Random Points tool and specify the following parameter values:
Output Location: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\BldgHeightsResults.gdb Output Point Feature Class: RandomPoints Constraining Feature Class: NewDevelopment Number of Points: 1500
Click OK. Next, you'll extrude the points to create lines. Open the layer properties for RandomPoints. On the Base Heights tab, choose to obtain elevation values from the irontin surface. On the Extrusion tab, extrude the points 500 meters. Close the Layer Properties window.
Now you'll turn the extruded points into a feature class of lines. Expand the Conversion toolset within 3D Analyst Tools.
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Open the Layer 3D to Feature Class tool and specify the following parameter values:
Input Feature Layer: RandomPoints Output Feature Class:

..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\BldgHeightResults.gdb\RandomLines Click OK. Turn off the RandomPoints layer.
Step 5: Intersect the random lines with the skyline barriers

In this step, you'll intersect the randomly placed vertical lines within the study area with the skyline barriers. Wherever a line intersects a barrier, an intersection will be created. From the 3D Features toolset, open the Intersect 3D Line With Multipatch tool, and specify the following parameter values:
Input Line Features: RandomLines Input Multipatch Features: Barriers Output Point Feature Class:
..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\BldgHeightResults.gdb\IntersectingPoints Output Line Feature Class: [leave blank]
Click OK. Turn off the Barriers layer.
Step 6: Determine maximum buildable volume

In this step, you'll determine the maximum building volume within the study area by creating a TIN representing the lower most points you just created and extruding it down to the surface. First, you'll create point features that represent the places that can't be seen from the observer points. These are the points that intersected the lowest skyline barrier for any given location. You'll determine the lowest points by summarizing the minimum elevation value for each unique line id. Search for and open the Summary Statistics tool
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Specify the following parameters:
Input Table: IntersectingPoints Output Table: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\BldgHeightsResults.gdb\LowValues Statistics Field(s): DIST_3D For statistic type, choose MIN. Case field: LINE_OID
Click OK. Once the summary statistics table has been created, you'll need to join it back to the IntersectingPoints attribute table in order to determine the points for each well that have the minimum elevation. In the table of contents, right-click Intersecting Points, click Joins and Relates > Join. In the Join Data dialog box, make sure the first (unnumbered) drop-down list is set to Join attributes from a table. In drop-down list 1, choose LINE_OID. In drop-down list 2, make sure that LowValues is selected as the table to join. In drop-down list 3, choose LINE_OID. Click the option to Keep only matching records. Click OK. Click Yes when prompted to create a index. Now you'll select the lowest points. Click Selection > Select By Attributes. Select IntersectingPoints from the Layers drop-down list. Create the following expression:
IntersectingPoints.DIST_3D = LowValues.MIN_DIST_3D
Click OK. Right-click IntersectingPoints and select Joins & Relates > Remove Join(s) > Remove All Joins.
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Right-click IntersectingPoints and select Data > Export Data. Export the selected features to a new feature class named LowPoints in ..\\Student\ W3DG\Exercise05\BldgHeightResults.gdb. Click Yes to add the new layer to the current scene. Now, you'll create a TIN from these points. From the TIN Management toolset, open the Create TIN tool, and specify the following parameter values:
Output TIN: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\toptin Input Feature Class: LowPoints

Click OK. Turn off RandomLines and LowPoints. The new TIN represents the maximum height that any new building cannot surpass. Finally, you'll extrude between the new TIN surface and your original TIN elevation surface to create a volume that visually represents the total 3D area available for new development. From the Terrain and TIN Surface toolset, open the Extrude Between tool, and specify the following parameter values:
Input TIN: toptin Input TIN: irontin Input Feature Class: NewDevelopment Output Feature Class: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\BldgHeightResults.gdb\MaxBldgVolume
Click OK. Turn off toptin. While MaxBuilding Volume lets you visually see the area available for development, it would be even better to have a map showing maximum building height throughout the new development. You'll create that next.
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Step 7: Create a map of maximum building height

In this step, you'll create a raster that shows the maximum height that a building can be from any spot within the study area. You'll accomplish this by determining the difference between the TIN repesenting the max height and the original elevation surface. From the Terrain and TIN Surface toolset, open the Surface Difference tool, and specify the following parameter values:
Input Surface: toptin Input Reference Surface: irontin Output Feature Class:
..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\BldgHeightResults.gdb\SurfaceDiff Expand Raster Options.
Output Raster:
..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\BldgHeightResults.gdb\MaxBldgHeight Raster Cell Size: 5
Click OK. Open the layer properties for MaxBldgHeight and set the base heights to obtain elevation from the iron TIN. On the Symbology tab, change the color ramp to Cyan to Purple. Turn off MaxBldgVolume.
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Step 8: Save your work

From the File menu, choose Save As. Save the scene document with a new name to your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise05\ folder. Exit ArcScene.
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Lesson review
1. Describe some of the ways that you can quantify and visualize the raster surface data of a terrain. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Which tools would allow you to find out which features are shaded by a proposed 23 story office tower? ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe some of the settings in the analysis environment that let you control the results of running geoprocessing tools within 3D Analyst. ______________________________________________________________________________
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Lesson review
1. Describe some of the ways that you can quantify and visualize the raster surface data of a terrain. Possible answers include:
Aspect: The compass direction that a topographic slope faces, usually measured in Hillshade: Shadows drawn on a map to simulate the effect of the sun's rays over
the varied terrain of the land. Slope: The incline, or steepness, of a surface. Viewshed: The locations visible from one or more specified points or lines. degrees from north.
2. Which tools would allow you to find out which features are shaded by a proposed 23 story office tower? Skyline and Skyline barrier 3. Describe some of the settings in the analysis environment that let you control the results of running geoprocessing tools within 3D Analyst.
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Introduction
The way you set up your data and how you use it within 3D Analyst can be optimized to improve performance. Many factors play a role in speed, including the volume of data you are displaying, the symbology options for one or more layers, your application settings, or the hardware you are using. This lesson presents some guidelines for maintaining performance when setting up data and working with the contents of your 3D views.
Learning objectives
Perform techniques for optimizing 3D views.

Key terms
caching level of detail (LOD) pyramids rasterized
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Hardware
You can improve the performance of ArcGIS 3D Analyst by adjusting application and machine settings. Important considerations include the following:
How much physical memory does your computer have?

Increase physical memory (RAM). (ArcScene, ArcGlobe) This is considered the most effective hardware improvement.
What kind of graphics card are you using?

Upgrade your graphics card. (ArcScene, ArcGlobe) ArcGIS 3D Analyst performance is dependent on the type of graphics card that is used. A good OpenGL-compliant graphics card with at least 64 MB of texture memory is recommended. It is also recommended to check periodically for updated drivers available for you to download. Consider updating to an Esri certified version of the driver. Esri-certified drivers are available for NVIDIA and AMD manufactured graphic cards.
Can your system run ArcGlobe?

Run the system check utility. (ArcGlobe) ArcGlobe offers a system check utility, which checks how your system meets minimum and recommended system requirements. To learn more about this utility, search the ArcGIS Help for Can your system run ArcGlobe? or to access the utility directly, type in the following URL in your Web browser:
http://cyri.systemrequirementslab.com/1186/10913
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Lesson 6
Data preparation: Raster data

Choosing the format in which to store your raster can have consequences on the speed of your 3D views. The following are some considerations and techniques to help you set up your raster data for efficient 3D display.
Are you using pyramids?

Build pyramids when supported. (ArcScene, ArcGlobe) Pyramids can speed up the display of raster data by retrieving only the data at a specified resolution that is required for the display.
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Does your data use different projections?

Keep all projections the same for all data in a 3D view. (ArcScene, ArcGlobe) When all layers are in the same projection, the performance penalty incurred by on-the-fly projection calculations can be avoided.
Do you have a lot of images?

Create a mosaic dataset or a raster catalog. (ArcScene, ArcGlobe) For example, if you have a lot of aerial photos, make a mosaic.
Data preparation: Feature data

Choosing the format in which to store your feature data can have consequences on the speed of your 3D views. The following are some considerations and techniques to help you set up your feature data for efficient 3D display.
Does your data use different projections?

Keep all projections the same for all data in a 3D view. (ArcScene, ArcGlobe) When all layers are in the same projection, the performance penalty incurred by on-the-fly projection calculations can be avoided.
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Lesson 6
Does your data need to be seen at a wide variety of scales?

Use the appropriate detail for a given scale (ArcScene, ArcGlobe) Where possible, create separate feature classes to represent different scales. Assign each a different visibility range. You should draw detailed layers only at larger (zoomed-in) scales. If a detailed layer needs to be drawn at smaller scales, use simpler symbology at that scale to expedite drawing.
Does your data contain details that are not important?

Simplify geometry details that are not important. (ArcScene, ArcGlobe) Use simplified or generalized versions of layers when displaying at smaller scales. For example, a detailed map of world coastlines may draw slowly at full scale. If this layer is simplified to have fewer vertices and line segments, it will draw much faster with little difference in appearance at a small scale. As another example, remove building interiors, if not needed.
Does your data contain multipatch textures?

Down scale or disable multipatch textures. (ArcScene, ArcGlobe) This can be done directly in the data or as a layer property.
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Lesson 6
Layer property settings

A very effective way of improving 3D Analyst performance is to optimize the layers within the 3D view using the following best practices.
Does your view contain 3D geometries (pipes, buildings, trees)?

Retain 3D geometries in a vector format. (ArcScene, ArcGlobe) Also, it is useful to hide the base of extruded polygons.
Are your features being draped (roads, streams, city boundaries)?

Rasterize the draped features. (ArcGlobe) Wherever possible, it is recommended to display features as rasterized. They will perform faster and drape on the surface better.
Are you using rasterized feature data?

Reduce the level of detail as much as possible. (ArcGlobe) Each higher resolution level of detail creates four times the number of tiles as the previous level of detail.
Do you have many rasterized feature layers in the same area?

Store the layers in a group and use a group layer cache. (ArcGlobe) Store the layers in a group and use a group layer cache. Generate a full or partial layer cache.
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Do you have layers that are time-consuming to render?

Disable expensive layers during navigation. (ArcScene) This allows a smoother navigation experience. The layer will be displayed again as soon as you stop moving through the 3D view. You can specify that another, less expensive layer be displayed only while navigating to replace the suspended layer as a navigation guide. The layer's navigation behavior can be configured on the Rendering tab of the Layer Properties dialog box.
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Application settings
You can improve the performance of ArcGlobe by adjusting application and machine settings. Important optimizations include the following:
Is ArcGlobe running slow?

Switch to Draft mode. (ArcGlobe) This temporarily increases the quality of the display, thereby reducing memory usage and improving the interactive speed of the 3D view. Suspend tile fetching while navigating. (ArcGlobe) This provides a smoother navigation experience. To enable this option, click Customize > ArcGlobe Options, click the Level of Detail tab, then check Suspend tile fetching when navigating. Allocate more memory to textures and 3D geometries. (ArcGlobe) You can configure ArcGlobe memory options by clicking Customize > ArcGlobe Options, then activating the Display Cache tab and clicking the Advanced button. From the Advanced Memory Cache Settings dialog box, you can configure memory allocation by data type. Generate explicit caches where appropriate. (ArcGlobe) There are two methods of generating caches: Partial: only specified levels of detail (scales) Full: all levels of detail (scales) Generate full caches for your 3D objects (buildings, etc.) for best performance.
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Key terms
Term
caching
Definition
Caching is a mechanism for managing large amounts of data in ArcGlobe. It improves display performance and may reduce data load times by storing pre-rendered information. Refers to the complexity of an object represented in a 2D or 3D view. It is an abstraction of a layer in ArcGlobe, portraying the layer at some degree of resolution between simplified and unsimplified. In raster datasets, a reduced resolution layer that copies the original data in decreasing levels of resolution to enhance performance. The coarsest level of resolution is used to quickly draw the entire dataset. As the display zooms in, layers with finer resolutions are drawn; drawing speed is maintained because fewer pixels are needed to represent the successively smaller areas.
level of detail (LOD) pyramids
rasterized A feature layer in ArcGlobe that exists as points, lines, and polygons but is rendered as cell data. When layers are added to ArcGlobe, they may automatically be rendered in raster format to retain their cartographic symbology. This is useful for many reasons, including faster display, ease of consumption of large vector data sources, and so that polygons can match their interiors to the terrain by being draped on the globe surface.
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Lesson 6
Exercise 6A: Work with optimization techniques within ArcScene

The performance of your 3D views within ArcScene is dependent on a combination of factors such as volume of data within your view, how your data is symbolized, application settings, and your hardware. With careful consideration of these factors when you build your 3D views, you can eliminate, or at least minimize most performance related issues. In this exercise, you will apply several techniques for maximizing ArcScene performance. In this exercise, you will:
Optimize raster data. Project data. Create raster data from feature data. Create an expensive dataset. Suspend a layer during navigation.
Step 1: Start ArcScene and examine your data

An important first step before building any 3D view is to become familiar with your data. This will give you an idea of what optimizations you may need to make to achieve top performance. Start ArcScene with a new, blank scene. In the Catalog window, navigate to your ..\\Student\W3DG\Database\CraterLakeRaw folder. Expand the Elevation geodatabase and right-click the Elevation raster to display its properties. Write down the following information about the raster. You'll need this information to complete the exercise. 1. Does the Elevation raster contain pyramids? ______________________________________________________________________________
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2. What is the Elevation raster's spatial reference? ______________________________________________________________________________ Expand the ParkData geodatabase and answer the following question about the data contained within it. 3. What is the spatial reference for each of the datasets? ______________________________________________________________________________
Step 2: Prepare raster data for efficient display

The display speed for large raster datasets is best when they are displayed in their native projection and always opting to generate pyramids if they do not exist. You want your scene to use the same projection as the Elevation raster. You'll add it to the scene and the scene will inherit the same projection as the elevation raster. Add the Elevation raster to the scene from the ..\\Student\W3DG\Database\CraterLakeRaw\Elevation.gdb geodatabase. Click Yes to build pyramids. Open the layer properties for Elevation. On the Base Heights tab, set the base heights to use the Elevation surface. Another helpful technique is changing the resolution of the base surface by clicking Raster Resolution and setting either the cell size or the number of rows and columns. A larger cell size improves performance but reduces the resemblance of the base surface to the original. Click Raster Resolution. Set both Cellsize X and Cellsize Y to 25 and click OK. On the Rendering tab, check Shade areal features relative to the scene's light position. Change the drawing priority to 5 to make sure that features will be drawn on top of the surface.
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On the Symbology tab, symbolize the raster by importing the symbology from the Elevation.lyr layer file within your Exercise06 folder. Click OK to close layer properties.
Step 3: Project data

Another important best practice for setting up your data is to keep all projections the same. Ideally all of your data will use a single projection matching that of the data frame. This prevents the need for data to be projected on the fly. Recall from step 1 that the data in the ParkData geodatabase uses a different coordinate system than your current scene. In this step, you'll project all of the data in this geodatabase to make it match. Use the Search window to find and open the Batch Project tool For Input Feature Class or Dataset, select all of the feature classes in the ParkData.gdb geodatabase. For Output Workspace, choose your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise06\Optimize.gdb geodatabase. For Output Coordinate System, click the Select button and choose the same coordinate system used by the Elevation raster. Close the Spatial Reference properties window when done. Click OK. The projection of all of the data in the Optimize.gdb geodatabase now matches that of the data frame and the Elevation raster it contains.
Step 4: Add a feature class to represent water

Add the Water feature class from your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise06\Optimize.gdb geodatabase to the scene. Open the Water layer properties and set its base heights to the Elevation raster. Symbolize it with the Water Symbol from the 3D Basic style.
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Step 5: Add the TreeCover polygon feature class

You want to add the TreeCover polygon feature class to your scene to represent Crater Lake National Park. Recall from lesson 3 that polygon data must be rasterized to be draped on the surface, so its interior can match the terrain. In this step, you'll convert the tree cover feature class to a raster. Add the TreeCover feature class from ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise06\Optimize.gdb and set its base heights to the elevation raster. Notice the poor rendering. You'll need to convert this to a raster layer. Use the Search window to find and open the Feature to Raster tool and fill out its parameters as follows:
Input features: TreeCover Field: OBJECT_ID Output Raster: ..\\Exercise06\Optimize.gdb\TreeCoverRaster Output Cell Size: 10
Click OK. Set the base heights of the new raster to the Elevation layer. Symbolize the raster with a green color and set its transparency to 50%. Turn off the TreeCover feature class for now.
Step 6: Add feature classes representing roads and streams

Next, you'll add feature classes to represent roads and streams within the national park. Add the Roads and Streams layers from your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise06\Optimize.gdb Set the base heights for each layer to the elevation raster. Symbolize Roads with the Concrete 2 symbol from the 3D Basic style, using a size of 15. Symbolize Streams with the River symbol from the ArcScene basic style.
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Step 7: Suspend an expensive layer during navigation

Having a large collection of features to display in 3D can be very expensive to render. One way to achieve smoother navigation is to suspend them while navigating. In this step, you'll generate an expensive layer by randomly creating 20,000 trees within Crater Lake National Park, symbolizing them with 3D symbols, and then experimenting with the layer's navigation behavior. First, you'll create the trees. Use the Search window to find and open the Create Random Points tool and fill out its parameters as follows:
Output location: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise06\Optimize.gdb Output point feature class: ParkTrees Constraining feature class: TreeCover Number of Points: Click Long and type 20000
Click OK. Remove the TreeCover layer from the table of contents. Now you'll symbolize the trees with 3D symbology. Open the layer properties for ParkTrees. Set its base heights to the elevation layer. On the Symbology tab, click the symbol to display the Symbol Selector dialog box. Click Style References and check 3D Trees to add the style. Choose the Lodgepole Pine symbol from the 3D Trees style and change the color to a shade of green. Click OK to close the Symbol Selector window. Next, you'll alter the height of the trees to give them a more natural appearance throughout the landscape. Click the Advanced button on the layer properties dialog box and chose Size to display the Size dialog box. For Size points by Value in this field, choose <random>.
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For Minimum, type 10. For Maximum, type 120. Click OK. Now that you likely have a very expensive layer to render, you'll make sure it doesn't render during navigation. On the Rendering tab, check Render layer only while navigation has stopped. Click OK to close layer properties. Remember, you are working with 20,000 points, so it may take a little while for the points to render. Navigate your map to see how the view performs.
You'll be using the ParkTrees layer in the next exercise. You'll create a layer file so that you won't have to symbolize it again. Right-click the ParkTrees layer in the table of contents and choose Save as Layer File.
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Save the layer as ParkTrees.lyr in your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise06 folder.

Close ArcScene and save your scene as Optimize.sxd in your ..\\Student\W3DG\ Exercise06\ folder.
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Exercise 6B: Work with optimization techniques within ArcGlobe

Just as with ArcScene, performance of your 3D views within ArcGlobe is dependent on a combination of factors such as volume of data within your view, how your data is symbolized, application settings, and the hardware you are using. By following certain design considerations, you can create a globe document that offers a good level of display performance. In this exercise, you will apply several techniques for maximizing ArcGlobe performance. This exercise requires that you have completed exercise 6a as it uses some of the same data layers generated within that exercise. In this exercise, you will:
Display features as 3D vectors. Rasterize feature data. Generate an explicit cache for a layer. Change the level of detail. Work in draft mode. Use scale-dependent rendering.
Step 1: Open an ArcGlobe document

Start ArcGlobe and open the Optimize.3dd document from your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise06 folder. The view opens with the default layers and is centered on Crater Lake National Park, Oregon.
Step 2: Add a feature layer representing trees

In this step, you'll add your most expensive layer, the 20,000 trees you created in the previous exercise. Add the ParkTrees.lyr layer from your ...\\Student\W3DG\Exercise06 folder to the view.
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On the first panel of the Add Data Wizard, click Display features as 3D vectors.
Click Next. The next panel helps you to determine the scale (level of detail) at which you want to view your data set. The slider is set at a scale at which the application has estimated to be appropriate for the data set. The default scale is appropriate for most data sets. However, if the application suggested value is not the appropriate display scale for a particular data, change the value before accepting the dialog box. For Typical Scale, keep the recommended scale within the green range. You can optimize the performance of an ArcGlobe document by setting an appropriate visibility distance for each layer. For Visibility range, choose not to show the layer when zoomed out beyond 5 kilometers.
This enables distance visibility for discrete parts of the layer. This setting, although not enabled by default, further improves performance. When enabled, discrete tiles of data appear visible when navigating near their layer's distance threshold. Click Next.
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For Symbol Size, choose to Display symbols in real world units. This will enable you to symbolize trees using realistic height values. Click Finish. When the Geographic Coordinate Systems Warning dialog box appears, click Transformations. In the Geographic Coordinate System Transformations window, choose to convert from GCS_North_American_1927 into GCS_WGS_1984, using NAD_1927_To_WGS_1984_79_CONUS.
Click OK. Check the box next to Don't warn me again in this session. Click Close.
Step 3: Set layer properties for the trees layer

In this step, you'll set base heights for the trees layer. You'll also develop a full disk cache for this layer to essentially pre-render it for optimum ArcGlobe display performance. Open the layer properties for ParkTrees. Click the Elevation tab. Check Draped on the Globe surface.
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In the Globe Display tab, make sure that Scale 3D symbols with distance is checked. Click OK. Now that the data is fully symbolized, you'll generate a full disk cache for the layer. This process makes a cache of the entire layer at all supported levels of detail. If you want the highest resolution of the data available in the shortest amount of navigation time for any potential region of the data, creating a full cache of the data may be the best alternative. Right-click the ParkTrees layer in the table of contents and choose Generate Data Cache. Click OK when the Generate Cache dialog box appears. It may take a few minutes for the cache to be created. Once the cache is generated, use the Navigate tool in surface mode to zoom in. You should see the trees appear once you are within 5 km of the surface. The display is likely going to be somewhat sluggish.
Step 4: Experiement with the level of detail setting for rasters

One technique for increasing display performance is to control how much of an image or elevation raster's quality, or level of detail, is used when displaying it in ArcGlobe. From the Customize menu, choose ArcGlobe Options. Under Level of Detail, for Image, drag the slider half way in between Low detail and High detail. You'll see the display change as you move the slider. Click OK. Use the Navigate tool in surface mode to explore your map.
Step 5: Experiment with draft mode

Perhaps one of the biggest things you can do to improve the rendering and navigation speed of your 3D view is to switch to Draft mode. This improves display performance without impacting any existing data caches or layer properties. The quickest way to toggle Draft mode is by using the Draft Mode button on the Tools toolbar.
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Click the Draft Mode button
on the Tools toolbar.
Use the Navigate tool in surface mode to explore the 3D View. Notice that the level of detail for the images is reduced, the trees are now symbolized as points, and fewer features are displayed. Click the Draft Mode button again to disable Draft mode.
For finer control of Draft mode, you can customize the settings. Open ArcGlobe Options. On the Level of Detail tab, click Activate under Draft Mode. Uncheck Disable 3D marker symbols. Choose to draw only one feature for every 4 vector features. Click OK. Use the Navigate tool in surface mode to explore your map. As you navigate, you'll see some of the same rendering behaviors, but now you can see a limited subset of the 3D tree marker symbols. Click the Draft Mode button again to disable Draft mode when you are finished.
Step 6: Add a raster layer

In this step, you'll add and symbolize an elevation raster as an image source. Add the Elevation raster to the scene from ..\\Student\W3DG\Database\CraterLakeRaw\Elevation.gdb. On the Add Data Wizard Panel, choose the option to Use this layer as image source. Click Finish. Open the layer properties for Elevation. On the Symbology tab, symbolize the raster by importing the symbology from the Elevation.lyr layer file within your Exercise06 folder.
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On the Globe General tab, for Distance Range, choose not to show the layer when zoomed out beyond 5. Check the option to Check visibility based on each tile distance. Click OK.
Step 7: Add a feature layer of water bodies as a rasterized layer

In this step, you'll add the Water polygon feature class. Instead of adding the layer as a vector, you'll add it as a rasterized image. Raster layers drape better over the terrain through multiple levels of detail. Add the Water feature class from your ..\\Student\Exercise06\Optimize.gdb geodatabase to the view. On the first panel of the Add Data Wizard, for Typical Scale, keep the recommended scale within the green range. For Visibility range, choose not to show the layer when zoomed out beyond 5 kilometers. Click Next and then click Finish. Change the color of Water to blue, if necessary.
Step 8: Add a feature layer of trails as a rasterized layer

In this step you'll add the Trails line feature class as a rasterized image. Add the Trails feature class from ..\\Student\Exercise06\Optimize.gdb to the view. On the first panel of the Add Data Wizard, choose Display features as a draped image. Click Next. For Typical Scale, keep the recommended scale within the green range. For Visibility range, choose not to show the layer when zoomed out beyond 5 kilometers. Click Next. For Symbol Size, convert symbol point unit to 10 meters.
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Click Finish. Change the color of the trails to black, if necessary.
Step 9: Add a feature layer of streams as a rasterized layer

Add the Streams feature class from ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise06\Optimize.gdb to the view. Display it as a draped image, keep the recommended scale, and choose not to show the layer when zoomed out beyond 5 kilometers. For Symbol Size, convert symbol point unit to 15 meters. Click Finish. Change the color of streams to blue, if necessary. Use the Navigate tool in surface mode to explore how your two rasterized layers work.
Step 10: Turn off the Imagery layer at a certain scale

Another way of improving performance of an ArcGlobe document is to use scale dependent rendering so that data from a particular layer appears in the display when you are within a certain range of it. For example, all of the layers you've added so far will only display when you are within 5 km of the surface. In this step, you'll turn off the display of the image data once you reach this threshold. Open the layer properties for Imagery. On the Globe General tab, for Distance Range, choose not to show the layer when zoomed in beyond 5. Make sure that the box next to Check visibility based on each tile distance is unchecked. Click OK. Use the Navigate tool in surface mode to zoom in and out past the 5 kilometer distance to see how your document renders.
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Step 11: Close ArcGlobe

Close ArcGlobe and click Yes to save your changes. This will save your caches with the document.
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Lesson review
1. Why does ArcScene slow down when a large volume of data is loaded and ArcGlobe does not? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. You have been given a dataset for a large metropolitan area. You've loaded the data into ArcGlobe, but the performance seems slow. What are the likely causes and solutions for limited performance? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 6A: Work with optimization techniques within ArcScene
1. Does the Elevation raster contain pyramids? No 2. What is the Elevation raster's spatial reference? NAD_1927_UTM_Zone_10N 3. What is the spatial reference for each of the datasets? NAD_1927_StatePlane_Oregon_South_FIPS_3602
Lesson review
1. Why does ArcScene slow down when a large volume of data is loaded and ArcGlobe does not? One of the most significant differences between ArcGlobe and ArcScene is how each application handles information management. ArcGlobe is designed to be used with very large datasets. It has a caching mechanism allowing for optimum performance. The process of caching indexes and organizes data into tiles and levels of detail. This allows for fast display and visualization during navigation between different places in the ArcGlobe document. ArcScene is a memory-based application and support no caching mechanism. It loads all data into available memory and uses paging files if necessary. When loading a lot of data, ArcScene will eventually run out of memory and slow down or even crash. This is one of the reasons why ArcScene is optimized for smaller study areas with less amounts of data. 2. You have been given a dataset for a large metropolitan area. You've loaded the data into ArcGlobe, but the performance seems slow. What are the likely causes and solutions for limited performance? There are many potential reasons why the interactive speed of ArcGlobe could be limited. It may be due to factors such as the volume of data being displaying, the symbology options for one or more layers, the application settings, or the hardware you
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are using. In all likelihood, it will be a combination of these issues slowing ArcGlobe's performance. The following are just a few examples things that can be tried to remedy poor performance.
Check to make sure that your hardware is capable of running ArcGlobe. Optimize the layers within the 3D view. Allocate more memory to expensive layers. Generate explicit caches.
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Introduction
In this lesson, you will apply knowledge gained from the course's instruction and exercises towards completing a workflow of your choice. You may discover there are many ways to complete the tasks for the overall project. The workflows you may choose from are as follows:
Exercise 7a: Visualize subsurface geology

Use borehole data collected from wells to visualize the structure of subsurface rock formations in 3D. Intersect 3D features to create
Exercise 7b: Analyze visibility along a parade route

Perform a line of sight analysis for observers along a parade route. Perform 3D editing to add new observers. Use a geoprocessing model to perform analysis using different visibility conditions.
-Exercise 7c: Visualize the aftermath of a hurricane

Visualize Hurricane Katrina data in 3D including maximum sustained winds, precipitation intensity collected from radar, and storm height. Determine the extent and depth of storm surge inundation by interpolationg high water marks collected after the storm.
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Learning objectives
Apply 3D concepts towards the completion of a given workflow.
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Lesson 7
Exercise 7A: Visualize subsurface geology

Estimated time: 1 hour
The visualization of stratigraphic layers is often best accomplished through geologic block diagrams, cross-sections, and fence diagrams. In this exercise, you will create these. Limited instruction is provided for tasks that you learned in the course. Hints are provided for you throughout the exercise. If you get stuck, an exercise solution is provided at the end of the lesson. In this exercise, you will:
Create a block diagram. Create cross-sections. Create a fence diagram. Step 1: Open a scene document
Open CrossSections.sxd from ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07. When the scene opens, you see an elevation surface containing the location of where boreholes were drilled to collect rock core samples. The bore points layer is a 3D feature class representing the locations underground where a sample was taken. The points are categorized by their stratigraphic type.
Step 2: Select the top points for each rock formation

The first thing you'll need to do is isolate the top most points associated with each of the four formations. You'll need these to create stratigraphic horizons in the next step. First you'll need to select the bore points for the shallowest formation, the Georgetown formation. Use Select by Attributes to select the bore points that belong to the Georgetown formation. Once all of the points for the given formation are selected, you'll need to select just the upper points within the formation for each well. Use the Summary Statistics tool to create a table that summarizes the maximum elevation value for each Well.
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Once the summary statistics table has been created you'll need to join it back to the bore points attribute table in order to determine the points for each well that have the maximum elevation. Join the PersonStats table to the Bore Points attribute table. Finally, you'll select the bore hole points with the greatest elevation and export them to a new feature class. Select the bore points for which the PointElevation matches the maximum elevation in the PersonStats table. Export the selected bore points to a new feature class named GtownTopPoints in ..\\ Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Subsurface\SubsurfaceResults.gdb. Clear the selected records. Remove all joins. Repeat this step for the remaining three formations to create the following three layers:
PersonTopPoints KanierTopPoints UpperGlenRoseTopPoints

Hints:
You perfomed this workflow in exercise 5b, step 6. The names of the formations are contained in the HGUCode field. The elevation value for each sample point location is stored in the PointElev field. Each well is uniquely identified by the WellID field. Create the join based on the WellID field.
Step 3: Create rasters for each rock formation

In this step, you'll interpolate the top points to create rasters representing stratigraphic horizons. A horizon is defined as the top of each stratigraphic unit, and are defined at the borehole contacts.
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Interpolate each of the four top points layers using the Natural Neighbors tool, based on the PointElev field, to create rasters. Create the rasters in ..\\Student\W3DG\ Exercise07\Subsurface\SubsurfaceResults.gdb with the following names:
GtownHorizon PersonHorizon KanierHorizon UpGlenRoseHorizon
Symbolize each raster using a color ramp that matches the color of its corresponding bore points. Set the base heights for each new raster layer to obtain elevation values from itself.
Hints:
You interpolated a surface from points in exercise 2, step 4. Use the Natural Neighbors interpolation method. Specify an output cell size of 5
meters.
Step 4: Create TINs from each of the horizon rasters

In this step, you'll create a TIN from each of the four rock horizon rasters. In the next step, you'll extrude between these TINs to create volumes for each of the rock formations. Use the Raster to TIN tool to create the following four TINs in ..\\Student\W3DG\ Exercise07\Subsurface.
Gtowntin Persontin Kaniertin Upglentin
Create a new group layer named TINs containing the four new TINs.
Step 5: Create a block diagram

Now you'll extrude between the horizons to create a block diagram.
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Use the Extrude Between tool to create volumes between each of the following pairs of TINs to create the given three mulitpatch feature classes. Use Study area as the constraining horizontal feature class. Save each multipatch feature class in ..\\Student\ W3DG\Exercise07\Subsurface\SubsurfaceResults.gdb.
Input TIN Input TIN Multipatch name

Gtowntin Persontin Georgetown Person
Persontin Kaniertin Kaniertin
Upglentin Kanier
Symbolize each multipatch feature class using the same color as each of the corresponding bore hole points. Turn off the TINs group layer to better see the block diagram.
Hint:
You extruded between two TINs in exercise 5b, step 6. Step 6: Create cross-sections
With the block diagram created, you'll now create a number of cross-sections. Turn on the Cross Sections group layer. Use the Intersect 3D tool to intersect the CrossSections 3D feature class with each of the blocks to create the following feature classes:
XsGtown XsPerson XsKanier

Symbolize each of these multipatch feature classes with a unique color. Drag the layers into the Cross Sections group layer. Turn off the Cross Sections 3D layer.
Hint:
You'll use Intersect 3D three times.
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Step 7: Create a fence diagram

In this step, you'll create a fence diagram. Turn on the Fence Diagram 3D layer. Use the Intersect 3D tool to intersect the Fence Diagram 3D feature class with each of the blocks to create the following feature classes:
FGtown FPerson FKanier

Symbolize each of these multipatch feature classes with a unique color. Drag the layers into the Fence diagram group layer. Turn off the Fence Diagram 3D feature class.
Hint:
You'll use Intersect 3D three times. Step 8: Save your work and exit ArcScene
Save your scene document and exit ArcScene.
Conclusion
Once you complete this exercise, compare your procedures to those described in the exercise solution at the end of this lesson. Note whether the techniques you used to complete the exercise are the same as or different from those described in the solution. Remeber to make some notes to prepare for discussion with the rest of the class.
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Exercise 7B: Analyze visibility along a parade route

Special events such as sporting events, concerts, or parades can attract thousands of people, presenting security concerns to security planners and law enforcement. A key part of planning security at such events involves observing crowds. This can be achieved by placing surveillance cameras in strategic locations. Many law enforcement agencies may position officers on rooftops or other high vantage points to observe crowd behavior during special events. In this exercise, you'll position resources on building rooftops to perform a line of sight analysis of a parade route. Limited instruction is provided for tasks that you learned in the course. Hints are provided for you throughout the exercise. If you get stuck, an exercise solution is provided at the end of the lesson. In this exercise, you will:
Perform a line-of-sight analysis. Step 1: Open an ArcScene document

Open ParadeRoute.sxd from your Exercise07 folder. When the document opens you see a subset of buildings for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. These are part of the Virtual City template available with ArcGIS 10. You also see the parade route and a pair of observer points. Navigate the view to get a feel for the parade route in relation to the buildings. Where would you place security resources? Before you run your analysis, you'll set some geoprocessing options to control how the tools work. Click Geoprocessing > Geoprocessing Options. Under General, check the option to overwrite the outputs of geoprocessing operations. Under Display / Temporary Data, check the box next to Add results of geoprocessing operations to the display.
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Step 2: Construct sight lines

The first thing you need is to create lines between each of your observer points and the parade route. You'll space these 30 feet apart along the parade route. Use the Search window to find and open the Construct Sight Lines tool and fill out the parameters as follows:
Observer Points: Observers Target Features: Parade Route Output:

..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\VirtualCity\VirtualCityResults.gdb\SightLines Sampling Distance: 30
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Click OK.
Turn off SightLines.
Step 3: Determine visibility between observers and the parade route

Next, you'll determine the visibility between the observer points and the parade route along each of the sight lines you created in the previous step. Use the Search window to find and open Line Of Sight tool and fill out the parameters as follows:
Input Surface: Elevation Input Line of Features: SightLines Input Features (optional): Buildings Output Feature Class: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\VirtualCity\VirtualCityResults.gdb\LOS_Lines
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Click OK. Green lines are visible. Red lines are not visible.
Step 4: Add z information to calculate 3D View distance

In this step, you'll add the 3D length to each of the line of sight lines. Use the Search window to find and open the Add Z Information tool and fill out the parameters as follows:
Input Feature Class: LOS_Lines Output Property: LENGTH_3D
Click OK. An attribute field named Length3D is added to the LOS_Lines feature class, containing the 3D distance of each line of sight line.
Step 5: Remove sight lines

In this step, you'll remove those line-of-sight lines that are either obstructed from viewing the parade route or offer views that are too distant. Under clear conditions, 1100 feet is the maximum distance you want to use for your analysis. The Line of Sight tool created the attribute field VisCode, which indicates visibility along each line (1 being visible and 2 being not visible). You want to select the lines that are not visible, as well as those greater than 1100 feet.
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Use Select By Attributes to select the lines that are either not visible or have a 3D length greater than 1100 feet. Now you'll delete these lines. Use the Search window to find and open the Delete Features tool and fill out the parameters as follows:
Input Surface: LOS_Lines

Click OK. Now you can see what parts of the parade route can be seen by the two observers given a maximimum visibility of 1100 feet. Navigate around the view to explore the security coverage. Where are the gaps?
Hints:
You used Select By Attributes in Exercise 3A, step 5. You used Select By Attributes in Exercise 4B, step 5.
You used Select By Attributes in Exercise 5B, step 5.
Step 6: Run your analysis using a maximum visibility of 600 feet

One challenge faced in surveillance is dealing with reduced visibility as a result of changing atmospheric conditions such as rain, fog, smoke, or fog. In this step, you'll repeat your visibility analysis of the parade route assuming a maximum visibility of 600 feet. A model has been created for you to automate the tasks you performed in the previous steps. In the Catalog window, navigate to ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\VirtualCity and expand VisibilityAnalysis.tbx. Right-click the Parade Route Visibility model and click Edit. The model opens in the ModelBuilder window. You'll notice that the model contains the same tools you used earlier in your analysis and are represented as rectangles. The model also contains three data elements (represented as ovals), which are inputs and outputs for the tools. The tools work the same in the model as they do when you run them using dialog boxes. The only difference is that in the model they have been connected together so that the output of a tool is the input to another tool. You'll change the visibility distance to exclude the line of sight lines that are longer than 600 feet.
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In the ModelBuilder window, double-click the Expression to select LOS Lines element to open its dialog box.
Update the expression to read as follows:
"VisCode" = 2 OR "Length3D" > 600
Click OK. On the Model Builder toolbar click the Save button Now you'll run the model. On the ModelBuilder toolbar, click the Run button . .
As the model runs, the tool being executed is shown in red. A progress window will also appear. It tracks the progress of the geoprocessing operations. When the model finishes running, close the progress window.
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Explore your view around the parade route.
Do you have sufficient coverage? You'll notice that there is insufficient visibility coverage using only the existing two observers at the reduced visibility distance of 600 feet. Minimize the ModelBuilder window for now.
Step 7: Add new observers

In this step, you'll interactively add two new rooftop observers to increase security coverage along the parade route. You'll place your first new observer on the Four Seasons Hotel. Click Bookmarks > Four Seasons Hotel.
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Zoom in on the corner of the building shown below.
On the 3D Editor toolbar, click 3D Editor > Start Editing. Add a new observer point in the location shown below.
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Reposition the observer point so that it appears as shown below.
Note: To ensure that the observer point can see over the edge of the building, you may need to reposition it slightly, either horizontally, or vertically.
You'll add an additional observer on a commercial building just down the street. Click Bookmarks > Commercial building.
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Zoom in on the corner of the building shown below.
Add a new observer point in the location shown below.
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Reposition the observer point so that it appears as shown below.
On the 3D Editor toolbar, click 3D Editor > Stop Editing. Click Yes to save your edits.
Hint:
You performed 3D editing, adding points, and repositioning them vertically and
horizontally in exercise 4a, step 8.
Step 8: Run the model again

Now you'll run your analysis again to visualize the security coverage at 600 feet using four observers. Restore the model. On the ModelBuilder window, click Model > Delete Intermediate Data. You want to compare the previous model results to the new results using four observers instead of two, so you will specify that the model create a new output with a new name.
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In the ModelBuilder window, double-click the Line of Sight Lines element to open its dialog box. Update the output feature class name from LOSLines to LOSLines4Obs. On the ModelBuilder toolbar, click the Run button How is the coverage now? On your own add additional observers to fill in any gaps in coverage. .
Be sure to update the LOSLines element to use a new and unique feature class name. The model will not run if the feature class already exists in ParadeRouteResults.gdb.
Run the model again to see how the security coverage changes. Close ModelBuilder and save changes.

Close ArcScene and save your changes.
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Exercise 7C: Visualize the aftermath of a hurricane

Hurricane Katrina made landfall along the United States Gulf Coast in 2005 with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph causing storm surge flooding of 20 to 30 feet above normal tide levels near and to the east where Katrina made landfall. In this exercise, you'll visualize the size of the hurricane as it neared the Mississippi Gulf coast and visualize the maximum winds speeds produced by the storm. Then you'll analyze the extent of the storm inundation caused by the storm and determine the water height over the surface for a study area along the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Limited instruction is provided for tasks that you learned in the course. Hints are provided for you throughout the exercise. If you get stuck, an exercise solution is provided at the end of the lesson. In this exercise, you will:
Visualize hurricane winds Visualize precipitation intensity and height Analyse surge inundation Step 1: Open an ArcScene document
Open Katrina.3dd from your Exercise07 folder. When the document opens, you see your view centered on the northern U.S. Gulf coast with the following data.
Track: Path of hurricane Katrina. Radar reflectivity: This is a display of echo intensity (reflectivity) measured in dBZ
(decibels of Z, where Z represents the energy reflected back to the radar). "Reflectivity" is the amount of transmitted power returned to the radar receiver. Echo Tops: The maximum altitude at which precipitation is found within the volume. Max Sustained Wind: Maximum recorded winds
Since you'll be creating a lot of temporary layers in your analysis, you'll prevent the results of geoprocessing tools from being added automatically. Click Geoprocessing > Geoprocessing Options. Uncheck the box nex to Add results of geoprocessing operations to the display.
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Step 2: Visualize maximum sustained winds

In this step, you'll visualize the pattern of maximum sustained wind speeds produced by Hurricane Katrina. Turn on the Max Sustained Winds layer. The Max Sustained Winds layer contains a field named MAXSFC_KTS, which represents the maximum sustained wind speeds in units of knots. Symbolize the layer based on the MAXSFC_KTS field by importing the symbology from Winds.lyr in your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina folder. Set the transparency to 65%. Extrude the layer based on the MAXSFC_KTS field. You see where wind speeds were most severe and how they declined as the storm moved inland. You also see that the highest winds occured to the east of the eye of the hurricane. Turn off the Maximum Sustained Winds layer.
Hints:
You extruded point features in exercise 3a, step 6. Create an expression to multiply the MAXSFC_KTS field by 1000 while extruding. Step 3: Visualize precipitation intensity
In this step, you'll visualize the intensity of the precipitation and the storm structure using the echo tops. Turn on the Reflectivity and Echo Tops layers. The Reflectivity layer contains a dBZ field. The scale of dBZ values is related to the intensity of rainfall. Typically, light rain is occurring when the dBZ value reaches 20. The higher the dBZ, the stronger the rain rate. The Echo Tops layer contains a Height field representing the maximum height of precipitation echoes. To better visualize the storm, you'll intersect the Reflectivity layer with the Echo Tops layer.
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Intersect the Echo Tops layer and the Reflectivity layer to create a new feature class named ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina\HurricaneResults.gdb\ ReflectivityAndTops Now you'll aggregate polygons that share either the Height or dBZ fields to simplify the data. Dissolve the ReflectivityAndTops based on both the Height and dBZ fields to create a new feature class named .\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina\HurricaneResults.gdb\ StormStructure Click the Add Data button Turn off Echo Tops. Finally, you'll symbolize the new StormStructure layer and extrude by the Height field. Symbolize the layer based on the dBZ field by importing the symbology from Reflectivity.lyr in your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina folder. Set the transparency to 65%. Turn off the StormStructure and Reflectivity layers when you are finished exploring. and add the StormStructure layer to your view.
Hints:
-You extruded polygon features in exercise 3a, step 7. -Values in the height field in the StormStructure layer represents thousands of feet (e.g., the value 40 represents 40,000 feet).
Step 4: Create an elevation surface from lidar data

In this next part of the exercise, you'll analyze the extent of storm surge inundation within a study area. In this step, you'll create an elevation surface that you'll use later to help determine the area that was inundated. Since this task was not performed in the course exercises, more detailed instructions are provided. You are going to create a terrain which must reside inside a geodatabase feature dataset. You'll create that now. Click Bookmarks > Bay St. Louis. You see a small study area where you are going to perform your analysis.
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In the Catalog window, navigate to your Exercise07\Katrina folder, right-click HurricaneResults.gdb > New > Feature dataset. For Name, type TerrainData. Click Next. Organizing feature classes into common feature datasets requires a spatial reference that includes the coordinate system definition, coordinate units, and tolerances for XY and Z values. In this exercise, you will be using the NAD 1983 UTM Zone 16N for the horizontal coordinate system and NAVD 1988 for the vertical coordinate system. Expand Projected > UTM > NAD 1983 and select NAD 1983 UTM Zone 16N. Click Next. Next, you will assign the coordinate system to the Z coordinates (elevation) of your data. Vertical coordinate systems define the location of z-values relative to a surface. Expand Vertical Coordinate Systems > NorthAmerica and select NAVD 1988. Click Next. Next, you will be prompted to set the XY and Z tolerance. Tolerance reflects the accuracy of the coordinate data and is the minimum distance between coordinates. While the XY tolerance is used to set the minimum distance between XY coordinates, the Z tolerance defines the tolerance for the z-values during processing. Enter the XY and Z tolerance values:
XY tolerance: 1.0 Z tolerance: 1.0

Accept the default value for the M tolerance (tolerance of the measure properties). Click Finish. You have created a new feature dataset. You will use this when you import your lidar data.
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Step 5: Generate multipoints from the lidar data

In this step, you'll use the LAS To Multipoint tool in the 3D Analyst extension toolbox to create multipoint features. The tool imports one or more files in LAS format into a new multipoint feature class, which is supported by the geodatabase. Multipoints are useful for storing thousands of points in one database row thereby reducing the number of rows in a feature class table. This characteristic of multipoints is very beneficial because many points can be handled at the same time, and the storage retrieval costs are immensely reduced. Use the Search window to find and open the LAS to Multipoint tool. Enter the following parameters into the LAS to Multipoint tool dialog box:
Browse for: Folders Input folder name: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina\LAS Output feature class name:
..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\HurricaneResults.gdb\TerrainData\MassPoints Average point spacing: 5 Input return values: ANY_RETURNS Input coordinate system: NAD 1983 UTM Zone 16N for XY coordinate system and NAVD 1988 for Z Coordinate System.
Click OK on the LAS to Multipoints tool dialog box to run the tool. Turn off MassPoints in the table of contents.
Step 6: Create a terrain

In this step, you will import the multipoints into a terrain representing your study area along the Gulf Coast. In the Catalog window, right-click the TerrainData feature dataset and choose > New > Terrain. In the New Terrain dialog box, enter the following parameters:
Name: Terrain Select feature classes: Masspoints Approximate point spacing: 5

Click Next.
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In this panel, you can see how the participating feature class is defined. The mass points have z-values to define the terrain surface. The z-values come from their shape geometries, so their height source is set to Shape. The surface feature type (SFType) of each feature class defines the role the feature class will play in defining the terrain dataset surface. The multipoint feature classes will be represented as mass points. Click Next. Now, you'll define the pyramid type that will be used to create the terrain. You will use the window size pyramid type in this exercise. For pyramid type, select the option for Window Size and for Point selection method, choose Z Mean. Click Next to define the number of pyramid levels and the resolution thresholds (reference scales) associated with each level. Click Calculate Pyramid Properties. Click Next to review your settings in the summary panel. The summary dialog box displays the settings that are to be used to build the terrain dataset. Click Finish to create the terrain. Next, you will be asked if you would like to build the terrain. When you create a terrain, you create a new terrain dataset inside the specified feature dataset. Building a terrain adds pyramid levels, schema, and makes the terrain editable. Click Yes to build the terrain. When the terrain build process is complete, The terrain is added to the Catalog tree, inside the TerrainData dataset. Click the Add Data button and add the new terrain to your view.
Note: If necessary, move the new terrain above the Image layer in the table of contents. (Click List By Type at the top of the table of contents.)
You'll also need a TIN for your analysis, so you'll convert the terrain into this format.
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Use the Search window to find and open the Terrain to TIN tool and specify the following parameter values:
Input Terrain: Terrain Output TIN: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina\ElevTIN

Click OK.
Step 7: Create a surface of high water

Soon affter the storm, field crews were deployted to survey evidence of coastal high water marks from hurricane Katrina. In this step, you'll interpolate these high water marks to generate a surface representing hurricane related water height. Turn on the High Water Survey group layer. Create a raster surface named ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina\ HurricaneResults.gdb\HighWater by interpolating the high water marks. Interpolate based on the ELE_M_NAVD88 field. Use a cell size of 30. Now, create a TIN name WaterTin from the new surface raster in your ..\\Student\ W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina\ Click OK.
Hints:
You interpolated a surface from points in exercise 2, step 4. Use the IDW interpolation method. Step 8: Analyze surge related water depth
In this step, you'll create a raster that shows water depth from from any spot within the study area. You'll accomplish this by determining the difference between the TIN representing the water surface and the original elevation surface. You want these results automatically added to your view so you'll enable this in the geoprocessing options. Click Geoprocessing > Geoprocessing Options. Check the box next to Add results of geoprocessing operations to the display.
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Use the appropriate tool to determine the difference between the WaterTIN TIN and the Terrain surfaces. You'll create a polygon feature class named ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina\ HurricaneResults.gdb\InundationLimit that represents the inundated areas. You'll also create a raster named ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina\ HurricaneResults.gdb\SurgeHeight Symbolize SurgeHeight using the Depth.lyr layer file in your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina folder.
Hint:
You dermined the difference between two TIN or Terrain surfaces in exercise 5b, step
7.
Step 9: Close ArcGlobe

Save your ArcGlobe document and exit ArcGlobe.
Conclusion
Once you complete this exercise, compare your procedures to those described in the exercise solution at the end of this lesson. Note whether the techniques you used to complete the exercise are the same as or different from those described in the solution. Remeber to make some notes to prepare for discussion with the rest of the class.
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Exercise 7A solution: Visualize subsurface geology

The visualization of stratigraphic layers is often best accomplished through geologic block diagrams, cross-sections, and fence diagrams. In this exercise, you will create these. Limited instruction is provided for tasks that you learned in the course. Hints are provided for you throughout the exercise. If you get stuck, an exercise solution is provided at the end of the lesson.
Solution step 1: Open a scene document

Open CrossSection.sxd from ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07. When the scene opens, you see an elevation surface containing the location of where boreholes were drilled to collect rock core samples. The bore points layer is a 3D feature class representing the locations underground where a sample was taken. The points are categorized by their stratigraphic type.
Solution step 2: Select the top points for each rock formation
The first thing you'll need to do is isolate the top most points associated with each of the four formations. You'll need these to create stratigraphic horizons in the next step. First you'll need to select the Bore Points for the shallowest formation, the Georgetown formation. Click Selection > Select By Attributes and specify the following parameters.
Layer: Bore Points Expression: "HGUCode" = 'GTOWN'
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Click OK. Once all of the points for the given formation are selected, you'll need to select just the upper points within the formation for each well. Next, you'll summarizes the maximum elevation value for each unique well. Open the Summary Statistics tool and specify the following parameters:
Input Table: Bore Points Output Table:

..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Subsurface\SubsurfaceResults.gdb\GtownStats Statistics Field(s): PointElev For statistic type, choose MAX Case field: WellID
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Click OK. Once the summary statistics table has been created, you'll need to join it back to the Bore Points attribute table in order to determine the points for each well that have the maximum elevation. In the table of contents, right-click Bore Points, click Joins and Relates > Join. In the Join Data dialog box, make sure the first (unnumbered) drop-down list is set to Join attributes from a table. In drop-down list 1, choose WellID. In drop-down list 2, make sure that GtownStats is selected as the table to join. In drop-down list 3, choose WellID.
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Click the option to Keep only matching records.
Click OK. Click Yes when prompted to create a index. Finally, you'll select the bore hole points with the greatest elevation and export them to a new feature class. Open Select by attributes and specify the following parameters.
Layer: Bore Points Expression: "BorePoints.PointElev" = 'GtownStats.MAX_PointElev'
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Click OK. Now you'll create the feature class representing the top points for the Georgetown formation. Export the selected bore points to a new feature class named GtownTopPoints in your \\ Student\W3DG\Exercise07\SubsurfaceResults.gdb geodatabase. In the table of contents, right-click Bore Points, click Data > Export Data. Make sure that you are exporting the Selected features. For output feture class, specify ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\SubsurfaceResults.gdb\ GtownTopPoints. Click OK. Click Clear Selected Features .
In the table of contents, right-click Bore Points, click Joins and Relates> Remove Join(s) > Remove All Joins.
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Repeat this step for the remaining three formations to create the following three additional layers:
PersonTopPoints KanierTopPoints UpperGlenRoseTopPoints Solution step 3: Create rasters for each rock formation
In this step, you'll interpolate the top points to create rasters representing stratigraphic horizons. A horizon is defined as the top of each stratigraphic unit and are defined at the borehole contacts. Open the Natural Neighbor (3D Analyst) tool and specify the following paramers:
Input point features: GtownTopPoints Z value field: PointElev Output raster:

..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Subsurface\SubsurfaceResults.gdb\GtownHorizon Output cell size: 10
Click OK. Repeat this step to create horizons for the remaining three formations to create the following additional three layers:
PersonHorizon KanierHorizon UpGlenRoseHorizon

Open the layer properties for each raster and symbolize each using a color ramp that matches the color of their corresponding bore points.
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Set the base heights for each new raster layer to obtain elevation values from itself.
Solution step 4: Create TINs from each of the horizon rasters

In this step, you'll create a TIN from each of the four rock horizon rasters. In the next step, you'll extrude between these TINs to create volumes for each of the rock formations. Open the Raster to TIN tool and specify the following parameters:
Input Raster: GtownHorizon Output TIN: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Subsurface\Gtowntin
Click OK. Repeat this step to create TINs from each of the remaining three horizon rasters to create the following additional TINs:
Persontin Kaniertin Upglentin

Next, you'll create a group layer to contain the new TINs. In the table of contents, right-click Scene layers > New Group Layer. Rename the new group layer to TINs. Drag the four TINs into the new group layer.
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Solution step 5: Create a block diagram

Now you'll extrude between the horizons to create a block diagram. Open the Extrude Between tool and specify the following paramers:
Input TIN: Gtowntin Input TIN: Persontin Input Feature Class: Study Area Output Feature Class: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Subsurface\SubsurfaceResults.gdb\Georgetown
Click OK. Repeat this step for the following two pairs of TINs to create two additional feature classes:
Input TIN Input TIN Input Feature Class Output Feature Class
Persontin Kaniertin Kaniertin Study Area Person Kanier
Upglentin Study Area
Symbolize each multipatch feature class using the same color as each of the corresponding bore hole points.
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Turn off the TINs group layer to better see the block diagram.
Solution step 6: Create cross-sections

With the block diagram created, you'll now create a number of cross-sections by intersecting the CrossSections 3D feature class with each of the blocks. Turn on the Cross Sections group layer. Open the Intersect 3D tool and specify the following paramers:
Input Multipatch Features: Georgetown Input Multipatch Features (optional): Cross Sections 3D Output Feature Class:
..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Subsurface\SubsurfaceResults.gdb\XsGtown
Click OK.
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Repat this step for the remaining two blocks to create two additional feature classes:
XsPerson XsKanier
Symbolize each of these multipatch feature classes with a unique color.
Drag the three new layers into the Cross Sections group layer. Turn off the Cross Sections 3D layer.
Solution step 7: Create a fence diagram

In this step, you'll create a fence diagram. Turn on the Fence Diagram 3D layer. Open the Intersect 3D tool and specify the following paramers:
Input Multipatch Features: Georgetown Input Multipatch Features (optional): Fence Diagram 3D Output Feature Class:
..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Subsurface\SubsurfaceResults.gdb\FGtown
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Click OK. Repat this step for the remaining two blocks to create two additional feature classes:
FPerson FKanier
Symbolize each of these multipatch feature classes with a unique color.
Drag the layers into the Fence diagram group layer. Turn off the Fence Diagram 3D feature class.
Solution step 8: Save your work and exit ArcScene

Save your scene document and exit ArcScene.
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Exercise 7B solution: Analyze visibility along a parade route

Special events such as sporting events, concerts, or parades can attract thousands of people, presenting security concerns to security planners and law enforcement. A key part of planning security at such events involves observing crowds. This can be achieved by placing surveillance cameras in strategic locations. Many law enforcement agencies may position officers on rooftop or other high vantage points to observe crowd behavior during special events. In this exercise, you'll position resources on building rooftops to perform a line of sight analysis of a parade route.
Solution step 1: Open an ArcScene document

Open ParadeRoute.sxd from your Exercise07 folder. When the document opens, you see a subset of buildings for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. These are part of the Virtual City template available with ArcGIS 10. You also see the parade route and a pair of observer points. Navigate the view to get a feel for the parade route in relation to the buildings. Where would you place security resources? Before you run your analysis, you'll set some geoprocessing options to control how the tools work. Click Geoprocessing > Geoprocessing Options. Under General, check the option to overwrite the outputs of geoprocessing operations. Under Display / Temporary Data, check the box next to Add results of geoprocessing operations to the display. Click OK.
Solution step 2: Construct sight lines

The first thing you need to do is create lines between each of your observer points and the parade route. You'll space these 30 feet apart along the parade route.
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Use the Search window to find and open the Construct Sight Lines tool and fill out the parameters as follows:
Observer Points: Observers Target Features: Parade Route Output:

..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\VirtualCity\VirtualCityResults.gdb\SightLines Sampling Distance: 30
Click OK. Turn off SightLines.
Solution step 3: Determine visibility between observers and the parade route
Next, you'll determine the visibility between the observer points and the parade route along each of the sight lines you created in the previous step.
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Use the Search window to find and open the Line Of Sight tool and fill out the parameters as follows:
Input Surface: Elevation Input Line of Features: SightLines Input Features (optional): Buildings Output Feature Class: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\VirtualCity\VirtualCityResults.gdb\LOS_Lines
Click OK. Green lines are visible. Red lines are not visible.
Solution step 4: Add Z information to calculate 3D View distance

In this step, you'll add the 3D length to each of the line-of-sight lines. Use the Search window to find and open the Add Z Information tool and fill out the parameters as follows:
Input Feature Class: LOS_Lines Output Property: LENGTH_3D

Click OK. An attribute field named Length3D is added to the LOS_Lines feature class, containing the 3D distance of each line of sight line.
Solution step 5: Remove sight lines

In this step, you'll remove those line of sight lines that are either obstructed from viewing the parade route or offer views that are too distant. Under clear conditions, 1100 feet is the maximum distance you want to use for your analysis. The Line of Sight tool created the attribute field VisCode, which indicates visibility along each line (1 being visible and 2 being not visible). You want to select the lines that are not visible as well as those greater than 1100 feet. Click Selection > Select By Attributes. Fill out the parameters as follows:
Layer: LOS_Lines Method: Create a new selection SELECT * FROM LOS_LINES WHERE: "VisCode" = 2 OR "Length3D" > 1100
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Click OK. Use the Search window to find and open the Delete Features tool and fill out the parameters as follows:
Input Surface: LOS_Lines

Click OK. Now you can see what parts of the parade route can be seen by the two observers given a maximimum visibility of 1100 feet. Navigate around the view to explore the security coverage. Where are the gaps?
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Solution step 6: Run your analysis using a maximum visibility of 600 feet
One challenge faced in surveillance is dealing with reduced visibility as a result of changing atmospheric conditions, such as rain, fog, smoke, or fog. In this step, you'll repeat your visibility analysis of the parade route assuming a maximum visibility of 600 feet. A model has been created for you to automate the tasks you performed in the previous steps. In the Catalog window, navigate to ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\VirtualCity and expand VisibilityAnalysis.tbx. Right-click the Parade Route Visibility model and click Edit. The model opens in the ModelBuilder window. You'll notice that the model contains the same tools you used earlier in your analysis and are represented as rectangles. The model also contains three data elements (represented as ovals), which are inputs and outputs for the tools. The tools work the same in the model as they do when you run them using dialog boxes. The only difference is that in the model they have been connected together so that the output of a tool is the input to another tool. You'll change the visibility distance to exclude the line of sight lines that are longer than 600 feet. In the ModelBuilder window, double-click the Expression to select LOS Lines element to open its dialog box.
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Update the expression to read as follows:
"VisCode" = 2 OR "Length3D" > 600
Click OK. On the Model Builder toolbar click the Save button Now you'll run the model. On the ModelBuilder toolbar, click the Run button . .
As the model runs, the tool being executed is shown in red. A progress window will also appear. It tracks the progress of the geoprocessing operations. When the model finishes running, close the progress window. Explore your view around the parade route.
Do you have sufficient coverage?
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You'll notice that there is insufficient visibility coverage using only the existing two observers at the reduced visibility distance of 600 feet. Minimize the ModelBuilder window for now.
Solution step 7: Add new observers

In this step, you'll interactively add two new rooftop observers to increase security coverage along the parade route. You'll place your first new observer on the Four Seasons Hotel. Click Bookmarks > Four Seasons Hotel. Zoom in on the corner of the building shown below.
On the 3D Editor toolbar, click 3D Editor > Start Editing. In the Start Editing dialog box, select Observer. Click continue to dismiss the warning. In the Create Features window, click the ObserverLocations template and then the Point construction tool.
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Click on the location shown in the following graphic to add the observer point.
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Click the Edit Placement tool shown in the following graphic.
and reposition the observer point so that it appears as
Note: To ensure that the observer point can see over the edge of the building, you may need to reposition it slightly, either horizontally, or vertically. Remember, to move the observer vertically, hold down the SHIFT key on your keyboard, click on the new observer with the left mouse button and move it vertically.
You'll add an additional observer on a commercial building just down the street. Click Bookmarks > Commercial building.
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Zoom in on the corner of the building shown in the following graphic.
In the Create Features window, click the ObserverLocations template and then click the Point construction tool. Click on the location shown in the following graphic to add the observer point.
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Reposition the observer point so that it appears as shown in the following graphic.
On the 3D Editor toolbar, click 3D Editor > Stop Editing. Click Yes to save your edits.
Solution step 8: Run the model again

Now you'll run your analysis again to visualize the security coverage at 600 feet using four observers. Restore the model. On the ModelBuilder window, click Model > Delete Intermediate Data.
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You want to compare the previous model results to the new results using four observers instead of two, so you will specify that the model create a new output with a new name. In the ModelBuilder window, double-click the Line of Sight tool to open its dialog box. Update the output feature class name from LOSLines to LOSLines4Obs. On the ModelBuilder toolbar, click the Run button How is the coverage now? On your own add additional observers to fill in any gaps in coverage. .
Be sure to update the LOSLines element to use a new and unique feature class name. The model will not run if the feature class already exists in ParadeRouteResults.gdb.
Run the model again to see how the security coverage changes. Close ModelBuilder and save changes.
Solution step 9: Close ArcScene

Close ArcScene and save your changes.
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Lesson 7
Exercise 7C solution: Visualize the aftermath of a hurricane

Hurricane Katrina made landfall along the United States Gulf Coast in 2005 with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph causing storm surge flooding of 20 to 30 feet above normal tide levels near and to the east of where Katrina made landfall. In this exercise, you'll visualize the size of the hurricane as it neared the Mississippi Gulf coast and visualize the maximum winds speeds produced by the storm. Then, you'll analyze the extent of the storm inundation caused by the storm and determine the water height over the surface for a study area along the Mississippi Gulf Coast.
Solution step 1: Open an ArcScene document

Open Katrina.3dd from your Exercise07 folder. When the document opens, you see your view centered on the northern U.S. Gulf coast with the following data.
Track: Path of hurricane Katrina. Radar reflectivity: This is a display of echo intensity (reflectivity) measured in dBZ
(decibels of Z, where Z represents the energy reflected back to the radar). "Reflectivity" is the amount of transmitted power returned to the radar receiver. Echo Tops: The maximum altitude at which precipitation is found within the volume. Max Sustained Wind: Maximum recorded winds
Since you'll be creating a lot of temporary layers in your analysis, you'll prevent the results of geoprocessing tools from being added automatically. Click Geoprocessing > Geoprocessing Options. Uncheck the box nex to Add results of geoprocessing operations to the display.
Solution step 2: Visualize maximum sustained winds

In this step, you'll visualize the pattern of maximum sustained wind speeds produced by Hurricane Katrina. Turn on the Max Sustained Winds layer. Open the layer properties for the Max Sustained Winds layer.
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The Max Sustained Winds layer contains a field named MAXSFC_KTS which represents the maximum sustained wind speeds in units of knots. On the Symbology tab, symbolize the layer according to the MAXSFC_KTS field, using the Winds.lyr layer file in your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina folder. On the Display tab, set the transparency to 65%. On the Globe Extrusion tab, check the box next to Extrude features in a layer. Build the following expression:
[MAXSFC_KTS] * 1000
You see where wind speeds were most severe and how they declined as the storm moved inland. You'll also see that the highest winds occur to the east of the eye of the hurricane. Turn off the Max Sustained Winds layer.
Solution step 3: Visualize precipitation intensity

In this step, you'll visualize the intensity of the precipitation and the storm structure using the echo tops. Turn on the Reflectivity and Echo Tops layers. The Reflectivity layer contains a dBZ field. The scale of dBZ values is related to the intensity of rainfall. Typically, light rain is occurring when the dBZ value reaches 20. The higher the dBZ, the stronger the rain rate. The Echo Tops layer contains a Height field representing the maximum height of precipitation echoes. To better visualize the storm, you'll intersect the Reflectivity layer with the Echo Tops layer. From the Geoprocessing menu, open the Intersect tool and fill out the parameters as follows:
Input Features: Echo Tops and Reflectivity Output Feature Class:

..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina\HurricaneResults.gdb\ReflectivityAndTops Click OK. Now you'll aggregate polygons that share either the Height or dBZ fields to simplify the data.
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From the Geoprocessing menu, open the Dissolve tool and fill out the parameters as follows:
Input Features: ReflectivityAndTops Output Feature Class:

..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\HurricaneResults.gdb\Stormstructure Dissolve_Fields: Height and dBZ
Click OK. Click the Add Data button and add the StormStructure layer to your view.
Note: In the table of contents, make sure that you are using the List by Type view. If necessary, drag StromStructure above the Boundaries and places layer.
Turn off Echo Tops. Finally, you'll symbolize the new StormStructure layer and extrude by the Height field. Open the layer properties for the StormStructure layer. On the Symbology tab, symbolize the layer according to the dBZ field using the Reflectivity.lyr layer file in your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina folder. On the Display tab, set the transparency to 65%. On the Globe Extrusion tab, check the box next to Extrude features in layer. Build the following expression:
[Height] * 1000
Check the box to not draw the bottom faces of the extruded polygons. Once you have examined the results, turn off the StormStructure and Reflectivity layers.
Solution step 4: Create an elevation surface from lidar data

In this next part of the exercise, you'll analyze the extent of storm surge inundation within a study area.
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In this step, you'll create an elevation surface that you'll use later to help determine the area that was inundated. Since this task was not performed in the course exercises, more detailed instructions are provided. You are going to create a terrain which must reside inside a geodatabase feature dataset. You'll create that now. Click Bookmarks > Bay St. Louis. You see a small study area where you are going to perform your analysis. In the Catalog window, navigate to your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina folder, right click HurricaneResults.gdb > New > Feature dataset. For Name, type TerrainData. Click Next. Organizing feature classes into common feature datasets requires a spatial reference that includes the coordinate system definition, coordinate units, and tolerances for XY and Z values. In this exercise, you will be using the NAD 1983 UTM Zone 16N for the horizontal coordinate system and NAVD 1988 for the vertical coordinate system. Expand Projected > UTM > NAD 1983 and select NAD 1983 UTM Zone 16N. Click Next. Next, you will assign the coordinate system to the Z coordinates (elevation) of your data. Vertical coordinate systems define the location of z-values relative to a surface. Expand Vertical Coordinate Systems > NorthAmerica and select NAVD 1988. Click Next. Next, you will be prompted to set the XY and Z tolerance. Tolerance reflects the accuracy of the coordinate data and is the minimum distance between coordinates. While the XY tolerance is used to set the minimum distance between XY coordinates, the Z tolerance defines the tolerance for the z-values during processing. Enter the XY and Z tolerance values (from the metadata):
XY tolerance: 1.0 Z tolerance: 1.0
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Accept the default value for the M tolerance (tolerance of the measure properties). Click Finish. You have created a new feature dataset. You will use this when you import your lidar data.
Solution step 5: Generate multipoints from the lidar dataset

In this step, you'll use the LAS To Multipoint tool in the 3D Analyst extension toolbox to create multipoint features. The tool imports one or more files in LAS format into a new multipoint feature class, which is supported by the geodatabase. Multipoints are useful for storing thousands of points in one database row thereby reducing the number of rows in a feature class table. This characteristic of multipoints is very beneficial because many points can be handled at the same time, and the storage retrieval costs are immensely reduced. Use the Search window to find and open the LAS to Multipoint tool. Enter the following parameters into the LAS to Multipoint tool dialog box:
Browse for: Folders Input folder name: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina\LAS Output feature class name:
..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\HurricaneResults.gdb\TerrainData\MassPoints Average point spacing: 5 Input return values: ANY_RETURNS Input coordinate system: NAD 1983 UTM Zone 16N for XY coordinate system and NAVD 1988 for Z Coordinate System.
Click OK on the LAS to Multipoints tool dialog box to run the tool.
Solution step 6: Create a terrain

In this step, you will import the multipoints into a terrain representing your study area along the Gulf Coast. In the Catalog window, right-click the TerrainData feature dataset and choose New > Terrain.
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In the New Terrain dialog box, enter the following parameters:
Name: Terrain Select feature classes: Masspoints Approximate point spacing: 5

Click Next. In this panel, you can see how the participating feature class is defined. The mass points have z-values to define the terrain surface. The z-values come from their shape geometries, so their height source is set to Shape. The surface feature type (SFType) of each feature class defines the role the feature class will play in defining the terrain dataset surface. The multipoint feature classes will be represented as mass points. Click Next. Now, you'll define the pyramid type that will be used to create the terrain. You will use the window size pyramid type in this exercise. For pyramid type, select the option for Window Size and for Point selection method, choose Z Mean. Click Next to define the number of pyramid levels and the resolution thresholds (reference scales) associated with each level. Click Calculate Pyramid Properties. Click Next to review your settings in the summary panel. The summary dialog box displays the settings that are to be used to build the terrain dataset. Click Finish to create the terrain. Next, you will be asked if you would like to build the terrain. When you create a terrain, you create a new terrain dataset inside the specified feature dataset. Building a terrain adds pyramid levels, schema, and makes the terrain editable. Click Yes to build the terrain. When the terrain build process is complete, The terrain is added to the catalog tree inside the TerrainData dataset.
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Click the Add Data button
and add the new terrain to your view.
Note: If necessary, move the new terrain above the Image layer in the table of contents. (Click List By Type at the top of the table of contents.)
You'll also need a TIN for your analysis, so you'll convert the terrain into this format. Use the Search window to find and open the Terrain to TIN tool and specify the following parameter values:
Input Terrain: Terrain Output TIN: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina\ElevTIN

Click OK.
Solution step 7: Create a surface of high water

Soon after the storm, field crews were deployed to survey evidence of coastal high water marks from hurricane Katrina. In this step, you'll interpolate these high water marks to generate a surface representing surge related water height. Turn on the High Water Survey group layer. Use the Search window to find and open the IDW (3D Analyst) tool. Fill out the parameters as follows:
Input point features: High Water Marks Z value field: ELE_M_NAVD88 Output raster:
..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina\HurricaneResults.gdb\HighWater Output cell size: 30
Accept all other defaults. Click OK. Now, you'll create a TIN from this raster. Use the Search window to find and open the Raster to TIN tool.
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Fill out the parameters as follows:
Input Raster:
..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina\HurricaneResults.gdb\HighWater Output TIN: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina\WaterTin
Click OK.
Solution step 8: Analyze surge related water depth

In this step, you'll create a raster that shows water depth from from any spot within the study area. You'll accomplish this by determining the difference between the TIN representing the water surface and the original elevation surface. You want these results automatically added to your view so you'll enable this in the geoprocessing options. Click Geoprocessing > Geoprocessing Options. Check the box next to Add results of geoprocessing operations to the display. Use the Search window to find and open the Surface Difference tool and specify the following parameter values:
Input Surface: ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina\WaterTin Input Reference Surface: Terrain Output Feature Class:
..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina\HurricaneResults.gdb\InundationLimit Expand Raster Options.
Output Raster:
..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina\HurricaneResults.gdb\WaterDepth Raster Cell Size: 20
Click OK. Two outputs are added to your view: InundationLimit and WaterDepth. The InundationLimit polygon feature class is divided into areas where the water surface is above the elevation terrain, below the terrain, and coincident with the terrain. Each area is attributed with the knowledge as to its "above", "below", or "same" status as well as the cubic area between the surfaces for its location.
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Values in the WaterDepth layer represents the same information. You'll symbolize this raster to visualize water depth within the study area. Open the layer properties for the WaterDepth layer. On the Symbology tab, symbolize the layer using the Depth.lyr layer file in your ..\\Student\W3DG\Exercise07\Katrina folder.
Solution step 9: Close ArcGlobe

Save your ArcGlobe document and exit ArcGlobe.
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Appendix A
Esri data license agreement
IMPORTANT READ CAREFULLY BEFORE OPENING THE SEALED MEDIA PACKAGE ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC. (ESRI), IS WILLING TO LICENSE THE ENCLOSED ELECTRONIC VERSION OF THIS TRAINING COURSE TO YOU ONLY UPON THE CONDITION THAT YOU ACCEPT ALL OF THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CONTAINED IN THIS ESRI DATA LICENSE AGREEMENT. PLEASE READ THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE OPENING THE SEALED MEDIA PACKAGE. BY OPENING THE SEALED MEDIA PACKAGE, YOU ARE INDICATING YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF THE ESRI DATA LICENSE AGREEMENT. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS AS STATED, THEN ESRI IS UNWILLING TO LICENSE THE TRAINING COURSE TO YOU. IN SUCH EVENT, YOU SHOULD RETURN THE MEDIA PACKAGE WITH THE SEAL UNBROKEN AND ALL OTHER COMPONENTS (E.G., THE CD-ROM, TRAINING COURSE MATERIALS, TRAINING DATABASE, AS APPLICABLE) TO ESRI OR ITS AUTHORIZED INSTRUCTOR FOR A REFUND. NO REFUND WILL BE GIVEN IF THE MEDIA PACKAGE SEAL IS BROKEN OR THERE ARE ANY MISSING COMPONENTS. ESRI DATA LICENSE AGREEMENT This is a license agreement, and not an agreement for sale, between you (Licensee) and Esri. This Esri data license agreement (Agreement) gives Licensee certain limited rights to use the electronic version of the training course materials, training database, software, and related materials (hereinafter collectively referred to as the "Training Course"). All rights not specifically granted in this Agreement are reserved to Esri and its licensor(s). Reservation of Ownership and Grant of License: Esri and its licensor(s) retain exclusive rights, title, and ownership to the copy of the Training Course licensed under this Agreement and hereby grant to Licensee a personal, nonexclusive, nontransferable license to use the Training Course as a single package for Licensee's own personal use only pursuant to the terms and conditions of this Agreement. Licensee agrees to use reasonable efforts to protect the Training Course from unauthorized use, reproduction, distribution, or publication. Proprietary Rights and Copyright: Licensee acknowledges that the Training Course is proprietary and confidential property of Esri and its licensor(s) and is protected by United States copyright laws and applicable international copyright treaties and/or conventions.
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Appendix A
Permitted Uses:
Licensee may run the setup and install one (1) copy of the Training Course onto a
permanent electronic storage device and reproduce one (1) copy of the Training Course and/or any online documentation in hard-copy format for Licensee's own personal use only. Licensee may use one (1) copy of the Training Course on a single processing unit. Licensee may make only one (1) copy of the original Training Course for archival purposes during the term of this Agreement, unless the right to make additional copies is granted to Licensee in writing by Esri. Licensee may use the Training Course provided by Esri for the stated purpose of Licensee's own personal GIS training and education.
Uses Not Permitted:
Licensee shall not sell, rent, lease, sublicense, lend, assign, time-share, or transfer, in
whole or in part, or provide unlicensed third parties access to the Training Course, any updates, or Licensee's rights under this Agreement. Licensee shall not separate the component parts of the Training Course for use on more than one (1) computer, used in conjunction with any other software package, and/or merged and compiled into a separate database(s) for other analytical uses. Licensee shall not reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the Training Course, except and only to the extent that such activity is expressly permitted by applicable law notwithstanding this restriction. Licensee shall not make any attempt to circumvent the technological measure(s) (e.g., software or hardware key) that effectively controls access to the Training Course, except and only to the extent that such activity is expressly permitted by applicable law notwithstanding this restriction. Licensee shall not remove or obscure any copyright, trademark, and/or proprietary rights notices of Esri or its licensor(s).
Term: The license granted by this Agreement shall commence upon Licensee's receipt of the Training Course and shall continue until such time that (1) Licensee elects to discontinue use of the Training Course and terminates this Agreement or (2) Esri terminates for Licensee's material breach of this Agreement. The Agreement shall automatically terminate without notice if Licensee fails to comply with any provision of this Agreement. Upon termination of this Agreement in either instance, Licensee shall return to Esri or destroy all copies of the Training Course, and any whole or partial copies, in any form and deliver evidence of such destruction to Esri, which evidence shall be in a form acceptable to Esri in its sole discretion. The parties hereby agree that all provisions that operate to protect the rights of Esri and its licensor(s) shall remain in force should breach occur.
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Limited Warranty and Disclaimer: Esri warrants that the media upon which the Training Course is provided will be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service for a period of ninety (90) days from the date of receipt. EXCEPT FOR THE LIMITED WARRANTY SET FORTH ABOVE, THE TRAINING COURSE CONTAINED THEREIN IS PROVIDED "AS-IS," WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND NONINFRINGEMENT. ESRI DOES NOT WARRANT THAT THE TRAINING COURSE WILL MEET LICENSEE'S NEEDS OR EXPECTATIONS; THAT THE USE OF THE TRAINING COURSE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED; OR THAT ALL NONCONFORMITIES, DEFECTS, OR ERRORS CAN OR WILL BE CORRECTED. THE TRAINING DATABASE HAS BEEN OBTAINED FROM SOURCES BELIEVED TO BE RELIABLE, BUT ITS ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS, AND THE OPINIONS BASED THEREON, ARE NOT GUARANTEED. THE TRAINING DATABASE MAY CONTAIN SOME NONCONFORMITIES, DEFECTS, ERRORS, AND/OR OMISSIONS. ESRI AND ITS LICENSOR(S) DO NOT WARRANT THAT THE TRAINING DATABASE WILL MEET LICENSEE'S NEEDS OR EXPECTATIONS, THAT THE USE OF THE TRAINING DATABASE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED, OR THAT ALL NONCONFORMITIES CAN OR WILL BE CORRECTED. ESRI AND ITS LICENSOR(S) ARE NOT INVITING RELIANCE ON THIS TRAINING DATABASE, AND LICENSEE SHOULD ALWAYS VERIFY ACTUAL DATA, WHETHER MAP, SPATIAL, RASTER, TABULAR INFORMATION, AND SO FORTH. THE DATA CONTAINED IN THIS PACKAGE IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. Exclusive Remedy and Limitation of Liability: During the warranty period, Licensee's exclusive remedy and Esri's entire liability shall be the return of the license fee paid for the Training Course upon the Licensee's deinstallation of all copies of the Training Course and providing a Certification of Destruction in a form acceptable to Esri. IN NO EVENT SHALL ESRI OR ITS LICENSOR(S) BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE FOR COSTS OF PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES, LOST PROFITS, LOST SALES OR BUSINESS EXPENDITURES, INVESTMENTS, OR COMMITMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH ANY BUSINESS, LOSS OF ANY GOODWILL, OR FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, AND/OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS AGREEMENT OR USE OF THE TRAINING COURSE, HOWEVER CAUSED, ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, AND WHETHER OR NOT ESRI OR ITS LICENSOR(S) HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. THESE LIMITATIONS SHALL APPLY NOTWITHSTANDING ANY FAILURE OF ESSENTIAL PURPOSE OF ANY LIMITED REMEDY.
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Appendix A
No Implied Waivers: No failure or delay by Esri or its licensor(s) in enforcing any right or remedy under this Agreement shall be construed as a waiver of any future or other exercise of such right or remedy by Esri or its licensor(s). Order for Precedence: This Agreement shall take precedence over the terms and conditions of any purchase order or other document, except as required by law or regulation. Export Regulation: Licensee acknowledges that the Training Course and all underlying information or technology may not be exported or re-exported into any country to which the U.S. has embargoed goods, or to anyone on the U.S. Treasury Department's list of Specially Designated Nationals, or to the U.S. Commerce Department's Table of Deny Orders. Licensee shall not export the Training Course or any underlying information or technology to any facility in violation of these or other applicable laws and regulations. Licensee represents and warrants that it is not a national or resident of, or located in or under the control of, any country subject to such U.S. export controls. Severability: If any provision(s) of this Agreement shall be held to be invalid, illegal, or unenforceable by a court or other tribunal of competent jurisdiction, the validity, legality, and enforceability of the remaining provisions shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby. Governing Law: This Agreement, entered into in the County of San Bernardino, shall be construed and enforced in accordance with and be governed by the laws of the United States of America and the State of California without reference to conflict of laws principles. Entire Agreement: The parties agree that this Agreement constitutes the sole and entire agreement of the parties as to the matter set forth herein and supersedes any previous agreements, understandings, and arrangements between the parties relating hereto.
Copyright 2010 Esri
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Appendix B
Data Acknowledgments
ESRI would like thank the following organizations or locations for use of their data in this course:
Aquaveo
Lesson 7: Borehole data (www.aquaveo.com)

Federal Emergency Management Agency
Lesson 7: Hurricane Katrina Preliminary High Water Marks

NOAA Coastal Services Center
Lesson 7: Lidar data for Harrison County

NOAA National Climatic Data Center
Lesson 7: Hurricane Katrina NEXRAD data

Pictometry International Corp.
Lesson 7: Building gemetry and textures (www.pictometry.com)

United States Geological Survey
Lessons 1, 6: Crater Lake National Park data Lessons 2, 3: Digital elevation models Lessons 2, 3: Earthquake catalog Lessons 2, 3: Major faults Lesson 5: National Elevation Dataset
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Appendix C
How to print your training certificate

Congratulations on completing your instructor-led training course. Approximately 24 business hours after completing your course, your ESRI Training History will be updated on the ESRI Training Web site. -Visit http://training.esri.com. -From the Training pull-down menu, choose My Training.
-Under My Training Records, click My Training History to access a list of all the ESRI training courses you have registered for. If you are not logged in to your ESRI Global Account, you will be prompted to login or create an account.
Completed courses are listed in order of date completed. Also, Virtual Campus training courses are listed first, followed by Instructor-led training.
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Appendix C
-Scroll down until you find the course you want to print a certificate for.
Note: If you don't see your Instructor-led Course listed, click Missing Instructor-led Course? Fill out and submit the form. An ESRI Teaching Service Representative will verify attendance.
-Click Print Certificate. Your certificate opens in Adobe Acrobat and you have to option to print or to save the certificate to your computer to print at a later date.
Note: Adobe Acrobat Reader is required to print certificates.
Copyright 2010 Esri
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Working with 3D GIS Using ArcGIS

U. S. GOVERNMENT RESTRICTED/LIMITED RIGHTS

Working with 3D data

Visualizing GIS data in 3D

Lesson review .................................................................................................. 4-40 Answers to Lesson 4 questions ................................................................. 4-42

Analyzing data using 3D tools

Solving problems with 3D GIS

Using the course workbook

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Essential elements include:

3D Analyst Resource Center

ESRI GIS Dictionary

Installing the course data

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ArcGlobe ArcScene line-of-sight observer target

ArcGlobe ArcScene ArcMap

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Mouse navigation shortcuts

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Rotate scroll wheel

Replicates Zoom in/out

Replicates Zoom in/out

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Copyright 2010 Esri

Copyright 2010 Esri

Exercise 1A: Navigate a scene using ArcScene

Step 1: Open an ArcScene document

Step 2: Navigate a scene

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To reset the view, click Full Extent

Step 3: Pan and zoom a scene

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Step 4: Explore your scene using the Fly tool

Fly tool instructions

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Step 5: Enable animated rotation

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Check the box next to Enable Animated Rotation. Click OK.

Step 6: Start animated rotation

Step 7: Interact with rotation

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Step 8: Center on a target

Click on the top of the lookout tower.

The Mt. Scott tower is now at the center of the scene.

Step 9: Set the observer

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Step 10: Add a new viewer

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Click the Add New Viewer tool

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Step 11: Manage viewers

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Step 12: Define a line-of-sight

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Step 13: Adjust the pitch

Step 14: Measure 3D distances

Click the Measure Direct 3D Line tool

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Click the Full Extent button.

Step 15: Save the document