CHEM 1413

Chapter 2
Homework Solutions

TEXTBOOK HOMEWORK

8. Answer: 1.97 10
3
cm
3
, 1.97 L
Strategy and Explanation: Given displacement volume of 120. in
3
, determine the volume in
cm
3
and liters.
Use conversion factor between inches and centimeters to change the units from cubic inches
to cubic centimeters. Then use conversion factors between cubic centimeters and milliliters,
then milliliters and liters to change the units from cubic centimeters to liters.
NOTICE: Each of the inch units in cubic inches must be converted to centimeters. That
is why the length conversion factor must cubed to obtain the volume conversion factor:

120. in
3

2.54 cm
1 in

2.54 cm
1 in

2.54 cm
1 in


=120. in
3

2.54cm
1in
|
\

|
.
|
3
=1.97 10
3
cm
3


1.97 10
3
cm
3

1 mL
1 cm
3

1 L
1000 mL
=1.97 L
Notice: The metric definition of milli- applied to liters is: 10
3
L = 1 mL. The 1:1000
ratio used above is a very common variant that appropriately indicates a larger number
(1000) of small things (mL) equal to a smaller number (1) of large things (L). Of course, it is
perfectly acceptable, but not as common in practice, to use the metric definition directly as
the conversion factor to get the same answer:

1.97 10
3
cm
3

1 mL
1 cm
3

10
3
L
1 mL
=1.97 L
Reasonable Answer Check: Centimeters are smaller than inches, so a cubic centimeter is
much smaller than a cubic inch, so the number of cubic centimeters should be larger than the
number of cubic inches. A liter is larger than a cubic centimeter, so the number of liters
should be smaller than the number of cubic inches.

9. Answer: 1550 in
2

Strategy and Explanation: Given one square meter, determine the number of square inches.
Use metric conversion between meters and centimeters, then the relationship between
centimeters and inches.
1 m
2

100 cm
1 m
|
\

|
.
|
2

1 in
2.54 cm
|
\

|
.
|
2
=1550 in
2

Notice: The significant figures are somewhat ambiguous, since the word one might be
interpreted as 1, which has one significant figure. If that is the case, the answer would be
2000 in
2
.
Reasonable Answer Check: A meter is larger than an inch, so the number of square inches
should be larger than the number of square meters.

27. Answer: 78.92 amu/atom
Strategy and Explanation: Given the average atomic weight of an element and the
percentage abundance of one isotope, determine the atomic weight of the only other isotope.
Using the fact that the sum of the percents must be 100%, determine the percent abundance
of the second isotope. Knowing that the weighted average of the isotope masses must be
equal to the reported atomic weight, set up a relationship between the known atomic mass
and the various isotope masses using a variable to describing the second isotopes atomic
weight.
We are told that natural bromine is 49.31%
81
Br and that there are only two isotopes. To
calculate the percentage abundance of the other isotope, subtract from 100%:
100.0% 49.31% = 50.69%
These percentages tell us that every 10000 atoms of bromine contains 4931 atoms of the
81
Br isotope and 5069 atoms of the other bromine isotope (limited to 4 sig figs). The atomic
weight for Br is given as 79.904 amu/atom. Table 2.2 in Section 2.6 gives the isotopic mass
of
81
Br isotope as 80.916289 amu/atom. Let X be the atomic mass of the other isotope of
bromine.

4931 atoms
81
Br
10000 Br atoms

80.916289 amu
1 atom
81
Br
|
\


|
.
|
|
+
5069 atoms other isotope
10000 Br atoms
X
amu
atom
|
\

|
.
|

= 79.904
amu
Br atom

Solve for X
39.90 + 0.5069 X = 79.904
X = 78.92 amu/atom (limited to 4 sig figs)
Reasonable Answer Check: Table 2.2 in Section 2.6 gives the atomic weight of
79
Br to be
78.918336, which is the same as that given in Table 2.2 for
79
Br, within the permissible
significant figures.

29. Answer: (a) 20 e

, 20 p
+
, 20 n
o
(b) 50 e

, 50 p
+
, 69 n
o
(c) 94 e

, 94 p
+
, 150 n
o

Strategy and Explanation: Given the atomic symbol

Z
A
X of the isotope, determine the
number of electrons, protons, and neutrons. The atomic number (Z) represents the number of
protons. In neutral atoms, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. To get
the number of neutrons, subtract the number of protons from the mass number (A).
(a) The isotope given is

20
40
Ca . That means A = 40 and Z = 20. So, the number of
protons is 20, the number of electrons is 20, and the number of neutrons is (40 20
=) 20.
(b) The isotope given is

50
119
Sn. That means A = 119 and Z = 50. So, the number of
protons is 50, the number of electrons is 50, and the number of neutrons is (119 50
=) 69.
(c) The isotope given is

94
244
Pu. That means A = 244 and Z = 94. So, the number of
protons is 94, the number of electrons is 94, and the number of neutrons is (244 94
=) 150.
Reasonable Answer Check: The number of protons and electrons must be equal in neutral
atoms. The mass number must be the sum of the protons and neutrons.

31. Answer:
Z A Number of
Neutrons
Element
35 81 46 Br
46 108 62 Pd
77 192 115 Ir
63 151 88 Eu
Strategy and Explanation: Fill in an incomplete table with Z, A, number of neutrons and
element identity.
The atomic number (Z) represents the number of protons. The mass number (A) is the
number of neutrons and protons. The elements identity can be determined using the
periodic table by looking up the atomic number and getting the symbol.

Z A Number of
Neutrons
Element
35 81 (a) (b)
(c) (d) 62 Pd
77 (e) 115 (f)
(g) 151 (h) Eu
(a) Number of neutrons = A Z = 81 35 = 46
(b) Z = 35. Look up element #35 on periodic table: Element = Br
(c) Look up Pd on the periodic table: Z = 46
(d) A = Z + number of neutrons = 46 + 62 = 108
(e) A = Z + number of neutrons = 77 + 115 = 192
(f) Z = 77. Look up element #77 on periodic table: Element = Ir
(g) Look up Eu on the periodic table: Z = 63
(h) Number of neutrons = A Z = 151 63 = 88
Reasonable Answer Check: The atomic number and the symbol must match what is
shown on the periodic table. The mass number must be the sum of the atomic number and
the number of neutrons.

37. Answer: 60.12%
69
Ga, 39.87%
71
Ga
Strategy and Explanation: Using the exact mass of several isotopes and the atomic weight,
determine the abundance of the isotopes.
Establish variables describing the isotope percentages. Set up two relationships between
these variables. The sum of the percents must be 100%, and the weighted average of the
isotope masses must be the reported atomic mass. X%
69
Ga and Y%
71
Ga. This means:
Every 100 atoms of gallium contains X atoms of the
69
Ga isotope and Y atoms of the
71
Ga
isotope.
X atoms
69
Ga
100 Ga atoms

68.9257 amu
1 atom
69
Ga
|
\


|
.
|
|
+
Y atoms
71
Ga
100 Ga atoms

70.9249 amu
1 atom
71
Ga
|
\


|
.
|
|
= 69.723
amu
Ga atom

And, X + Y = 100%. We now have two equations and two unknowns, so we can solve for X
and Y algebraically. Solve the first equation for Y: Y = 100 X. Plug that in for Y in the
second equation. Then solve for X:

X
100
68.9257
( )
+
100X
100
70.9249
( )
= 69.723

0.689257X+70.9249 0.709249X = 69.723

70.9249 69.723= 0.709249X0.689257X = 0.7092490.689257
( )
X

1.202 = 0.019992
( )
X
X = 60.12, so there is 60.12%
69
Ga
Now, plug the value of X in the first equation to get Y.
Y = 100 X = 100 60.12 = 39.88, so there is 39.88%
69
Ga
Therefore the abundances for these isotopes are: 60.12%
69
Ga and 39.88%
71
Ga
Reasonable Answer Check: The periodic table value for the atomic weight is closer to
68.9257 than it is to 70.9249, so it makes sense that the percentage of
69
Ga is larger than
71
Ga. The sum of the two percentages is 100.00%.

39. Answer:
7
Li
Strategy and Explanation: The two isotopes of lithium are
6
Li and
7
Li. The mass of
6
Li is
close to 6 amu and the mass of
7
Li is close to 7 amu. Because lithiums atomic weight (6.941
amu) is much closer to 7 amu than to 6 amu, the isotopic
7
Li is more abundant than the
isotope
6
Li.

59. Answer: (a) 0.178 nm
3
(b) 1.78 10
22
cm
3

Strategy and Explanation: The edge length of a cube is given in nanometers. Determine the
volume of the cube in cubic nanometers and in cubic centimeters.
Cube the edge length in nanometers to get the volume of the cube in cubic nanometers. Use
metric relationships to convert nanometers into meters, then meters into centimeters. Cube
the edge length in centimeters to get the volume of the cube in cubic centimeters.
V = (edge length)
3
=

(0.563 nm)
3
= 0.178 nm
3


0.563 nm
110
9
m
1 nm

100 cm
1 m
= 5.6310
8
cm
V = (edge length)
3
=

(5.6310
8
cm)
3
=1.78 10
22
cm
3

Reasonable Answer Check: Cubing fractional quantities makes the number smaller. The
unit centimeter is larger than a nanometer, so the volume in cubic centimeter should be a
very small number.


SUPPLEMENTARY HOMEWORK ANSWERS

Questions about Supplementary HW Problems will be answered in Recitation

1. C
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. B
6. B
7. A
8. C
9. 25.9 ~ 26.
10. D
11. B
12. C
13. 53.8 ~ 54 days
14. 32.0 mg