PGE385M Spring 2002 Semester Lecture Presentation, January 17

INTEGRATED FORMATION EVALUATION

Carlos Torres-Verdn, Ph.D. Assistant Professor The University of Texas at Austin

Formation Evaluation

Formation Evaluation Flowchart

Density: Influence of Porosity and Saturation

Equations and Tools

Linear Equations and Volumetric Models

Linear Equations and Volumetric Models

Formation Evaluation: Basic Data

Logging Tools
INDUCTION LOG
RESISTIVITY 80 cm

LATEROLOG
NEUTRON
RADIOACTIVITY

80 cm 40 cm 30 cm 20 cm 60 cm 5 cm 2 cm 0 cm 0 cm

GAMMA RAY DENSITY SONIC

MICRO RESISTIVITY
MICROLOG
DIPMETER

ACOUSTIC
RESISTIVITY

250 cm

200

150

100

50

DEPTH OF INVESTIGATION

RESOLUTION

MUDFILTRATE INVASION EXPERIMENT

Mud-Filtrate Invasion Experiment

Open-Hole Logging Environment

Dynamic Mud Filtrate Invasion and Mud Cake Buildup

Source: Oilfield Review, Schlumberger

NOMENCLATURE

Porosity

GENERALIZED COMPARISON

Density Measurements in the Borehole

Typical Borehole Density Tool Configuration

COMPENSATED NEUTRON LOG

A SIMPLE EXPERIMENT

NEUTRON POROSITY TRANSFORMS

NEUTRON PHENOMENA AS A FUNCTION OF ENERGY

POROSITY AND LITHOLOGY

PULSED NEUTRON THEORY

Porosity Logs: Neutron, Density, NMR

Laminated Clean Gas Sand

SONIC LOGGING: BASIC PRINCIPLES

SONIC LOGGING
Single Transmitter-Dual Receiver Tool

Static and Dynamic Deformation

Monopole in a Fast Formation

SONIC POROSITY: Intuitive Model

Sonic Porosity: Theory and Measurements

Acoustic Log: Core Calibration

LWD/Wireline Neutron-Density Comparison

Effects of Drilling Muds on Log Responses

Shale, Silt, and Clay

Low-Resistivity Sand

Pore-Filling Kaolinite

Pore-Lining Chlorite

Chlorite

Pore-Bridging Illite

Vshale DETERMINATION

Electrical Response of Rock Formations

POROSITY

TOTAL POROSITY? EFFECTIVE POROSITY?

WATER SATURATION

TOTAL WATER SATURATION? BOUND-FREE (MOVABLE) WATER? IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION (i.e. clay-bound water and capillary-bound water)?

ARCHIES Clean Sand Equation Effective DC Resistivity Response

RESISTIVITY: Influence of Water Saturation

Water-Wet Hydrocarbon-Bearing Rock Formation

Wilcox Sand Oklahoma City

1 cm Clay Close-Up

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SHALY SANDS

Several Water Saturation Models

Shale-Free Electrical Model

Archie (1942) (Indonesian)

Laminated Shale Electrical Model Poupon-Leveaux

Double-Layer Dispersed Clay Electrical Models Waxman-Smits Dual-Water Mixed Dispersed-Clay / Laminar-Shale Electrical Model Patchett-Herrick

Water Adsorption by Clays [Cation-Exchange-Capacity (CEC) Mechanism]

Shale Distribution

MULTIPLE SHALE VOLUME MODELS

WAXMAN-SMITS Dispersed Clay Equation Effective DC Resistivity Response

POUPON Laminar Sand-Shale Equation Effective DC Resistivity Response

PATCHETT-HERRICK (Poupon + Waxman-Smits) Equation Effective DC Resistivity Response

MULTIPLE WATER SATURATION INTERPRETATIONS

GR & Caliper Permeability & Resistivity T2 Spectra Archie Waxman Smits Dual Water Poupon - Patchett Leveaux Herrick Formation Volumetrics

Mineralogy Determination

Imaging Thin Beds

Formation Testing

Pressure-Drawdown Analysis

Fluid Gradients

Fluid Contacts and Density

Permeability

Fractured Reservoirs

WHEN DOES THEORY BREAK DOWN? Example of Microfracturing

Photograph courtesy of Prof. Jon Olson

SUMMARY

Acknowledgements
Baker Atlas Schlumberger Halliburton