CLEP INTRO PSYCH TERMS

Acceptance Acute pain Advocacy Allodynia Ambiguous loss Anxiety Auditability Authoritarian parenting Authoritative parenting Behaviourism unconditional positive regard of another person. pain that lasts for less than three months. usually means a professional representing a patient when the professional believes the patient is disempowered or unable to speak for themself. an exaggerated response to a non-painful stimulus, such as light touch. a loss that is unclear, unconfirmed or indeterminate and therefore is often more difficult to deal with. an unpleasant physical and emotional reaction to a perceived threat. the process of ensuring rigour in qualitative research by identifying the research process and decision trail. parenting that is rejecting or unresponsive while at the same time attempting to control the child and what they do. parenting that is accepting and responsive while trying to control the child and protect them from mistakes. a school of psychology that views behaviour as being influenced by factors external to the individual, that is, behaviours are learned depending on whether they are rewarded or not, by association with another event or by imitation. age in terms of physical health and development. a health model that holds that ill-health is caused by viruses and germs and as such there is one cause and one cure. this model extends the causes of disease to incorporate the psychological aspects of illness, such as continual stress leading to an increase in cortisol production that may have long-term physical consequences on the body's systems. this model extends the causes of disease to social disadvantages linked to the environment, and the social, cultural and political structures of a society. a psychological syndrome characterised by emotional exhaustion, cynicism and a diminished sense of self-efficacy that occurs as a consequence of prolonged chronic workplace stress. explanations that provide a single or sometimes multiple causes for why things occur; often formed with the word 'because'. an increase in the responsiveness or sensitivity of neurons within the central nervous system (spinal cord and brain). pain that lasts beyond the term of normal healing time; pain that lasts for longer than three months. the number of years since someone was born. a simple form of learning by association whereby repeated pairing of a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response. a statement of belief about the standard of care a profession should deliver. a counselling intervention that utilises behavioural and cognitive principles to assist the person to set and achieve personal goals or change health behaviours. a school of psychology that acknowledges the role of perception and thoughts about oneself, one's individual experience and the environment as influences on behaviour. when a patient shows the behaviours and follows the treatment regimen a health

Biological age Biomedical model of health Biopsychological model of health Biopsychosocial model of health Burnout

Causal explanations Central sensitisation Chronic pain Chronological age Classical conditioning Code of conduct Cognitive behavioural therapy Cognitive theory Compliance/adherence

professional has advised they are described by many health professionals as compliant. For some time, however, this term has been questioned and it has been suggested that it be replaced by adherence. Complicated grief Concrete operational stage Conditioned response Conditioned stimulus Consumer (of research) Contextual explanations Continuing bonds grief that is ongoing and problematic for the bereaved person, often associated with complexities in relationships, lack of preparation for the loss and limited social support. when a child uses logical forms of reasoning to classify things into groups based on characteristics, but only with concrete objects. the response elicited by the conditioned stimulus in the presence or absence of the stimulus such as a phobia is a conditioned response. a neutral stimulus that elicits a particular response after repeated pairing with a stimulus that naturally produces the response (unconditioned stimulus). an individual who utilises research evidence to inform work practices, that is, engages in evidence-based practice. explanations that provide situational descriptions of what conditions are present when something happens. the important ongoing connections that grievers maintain with the person who is lost, involving such activities as remembering, establishing memorials and negotiating a continuing relationship with the lost person. the process of responding to and managing demands that the individual perceives as challenging or threatening. the degree of relationship between two or more events or characteristics. a measure of rigour in qualitative research. It establishes whether the results of the research are credible or believable from the perspective of the participant in the study. minor stressful events that can have a cumulative effect on health. a decline in physical fitness through a long period of inactivity. an unconscious psychological process used to reduce anxiety and protect the conscious mind from threatening feelings and perceptions. Common defence mechanisms are denial, projection, repression and rationalisation. an unconscious defence mechanism whereby the individual does not acknowledge an impending or actual threat or loss. the presumed effect of the independent variable in the study, that is, the outcome that results from the intervention. an emotional and psychological state in which the person feels that self or the outside world is unreal, commonly involving feelings of strangeness, a sense that one's mind is separated from one's body or seeing oneself from a distance. theories that do not try to explain in terms of factors but are content to just describe what appeared to take place. a philosophical position that views all events as being predetermined and having a cause. It also proposes that specific causal factors can potentially be known. key events or periods of a child's development; sometimes used as a watershed to predict outcomes if the milestone is met or not met adequately. a reference work published by the American Psychiatric Association that provides guidelines and criteria for the diagnosis and classification of mental disorders.

Coping Correlation Credibility Daily hassles Deconditioning Defence mechanism

Denial Dependent variable Depersonalisation

Descriptive theories Determinism Developmental milestones Diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM)

Diathesis-stress hypothesis a proposition that mental illness results from a combination of a genetic predisposition and environmental stress, and that both must be present for the condition to manifest itself. Disenfranchised grief grief that is not or cannot be openly acknowledged, publicly mourned or socially supported. Specific types of relationships, losses, grievers, circumstances and ways of grieving may not be socially recognised. a particular conceptualisation of grieving that views the grief process as the oscillation between loss-oriented work and restoration-oriented work.

Dual process model

Dysaesthesia Early intervention Emerging adulthood Empathy Endogamous marriage Essentialism Ethics Evidence-based practice Exogamous marriage Explanative theories Fear appeal Fear-avoidance Fight/flight mechanism Flinders model Formal operational stage General adaptation syndrome (GAS) Genuineness Gestalt psychology

an unpleasant abnormal sensation. early diagnosis and treatment of illness to minimise the impact of the illness and its consequences. the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Sensing and non-judgmentally verbalising how one senses the other individual's feelings and meanings. a marriage in which the bride and groom are from the same group. explaining behaviour or events in terms of some 'essential' property of the person or object such as 'The tree moved because it possesses magic' or 'All African children like to dance'. moral principles that guide action. In health research ethical research ensures that potential benefits outweigh possible harm and that participants, consent is informed. using research findings to inform and establish sound clinical practices. a marriage in which the partners are from different groups. theories that are only satisfied when a cause or a context is given for why the events happened the way they did; description alone is not enough. efforts to increase motivation to change an individual's attitudes and behaviours by inducing fear. the avoidance of physical activity due to a fear of increased pain or (re)injury. a response to a perceived threat involving sympathetic and endocrine arousal that prepares the individual to attack or flee. a cognitive- and behavioural-based intervention for self-management of chronic disease. stage in which abstract thinking is possible and can be used in reasoning and logical processes. a stress response consisting of three phases arousal, resistance and exhaustion. genuine people are 'congruent'; their non-verbal behaviour is consistent with their inner thoughts and feelings. a school of psychology that maintains that psychological investigation must focus on the whole individual and the context in which behaviours occur, and not just on parts of the person or on an isolated behaviour. the reactions, behaviours and adaptations that grieving people experience over time in response to a loss. This process has been described using such concepts as stages, phases and tasks. a view of grief, first proposed by Sigmund Freud, that emphasises the emotional, cognitive, socia l and behavioural activity and effort involved in coping and making adjustments after a significant loss. a theory that explains the initiation, adoption and continuation of health behaviours as a process that consists of planning, action and maintenance tasks. action by an individual that enhances, maintains or threatens health. a psychological theory that predicts health behaviours based on the person's perception of the health threat and belief that engaging in a certain behaviour will reduce the health threat. an educational approach to increase health literacy to assist individuals and communities to make informed decisions and take action regarding their health, particularly in relation to lifestyle. inequalities in health that stem from differences in social status and are therefore 'socially unjust'. the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health. It can involve a range of educational, political, social and environmental strategies. a field of study that examines how and why people stay healthy, or become ill, and how individuals react when ill. a state of mental, physical, social and spiritual wellbeing; not merely the absence of disease. a global movement initiated by WHO that encourages local governments to engage in health development through political commitment, institutional change, capacity building, partnership-based planning and innovative projects. a school of psychology that emphasises the development of a concept of self and the striving of the individual towards achieving personal goals and potential.

Grief process Grief work Health action process approach Health behaviour Health belief model Health education Health inequities Health promotion Health psychology Health Healthy cities

Humanistic psychology

Hyperalgesia Illness prevention Independent variable Indigenous Australian Indulgent (or permissive) parenting Informed consent Interdisciplinary Intersectoral Kinship Levels of loss Locus of control (LOC)

an exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus. strategies that aim to deter the occurrence of illness. the presumed cause of the outcome (dependent variable) observed. a person who identifies as being Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. parenting that both accepts what a child does and does not try to control the child. an ethical principle that requires a researcher to obtain the voluntary participation of subjects after informing them of potential benefits and risks. an approach to healthcare practice in which different health disciplines, such as psychology, nursing, social work, podiatry, physiotherapy and other medical and allied health professionals, work collaboratively. an approach whereby different agencies and government departments such as health, housing and transport work collaboratively on a common goal like 'health'. family or blood ties. Weenolsen's framework proposing that loss is experienced at five levels primary, secondary, holistic, self-conceptual and metaphorical. the individual's belief regarding responsibility for reinforcement for a particular behaviour and whether the individual believes that reinforcements (outcomes) are controlled by the self (internal LOC) or by the environment (external LOC). an indigenous New Zealander. a permanent and legally recognised arrangement between two people that includes both a sexual and an economic relationship with mutual rights and obligations. a scientific philosophy developed by Descartes that rejects purpose and qualities in favour of what is quantifiable. It proposes that all natural phenomena, including human behaviour, can be explained by physical causes and processes. behaviour or concepts are mediated by something else; we see a tree and walk towards it but this is mediated by the eye and brain and these must be part of our explanation. the view that health and illness (including behavioural and emotional problems) have physical causes and hence are treated with biomedical interventions. It is the predominant model of care delivery in Western healthcare systems. attending behaviours that are the essence of good communication including eye contact, attentive body language, vocal style and verbal style. the mindful person is one who sees novelty in every situation and activity, whether done before or not. learning by observation (also called vicarious learning). a marriage in which there is only one husband or wife. the frequency or occurrence of a disease, and the degree to which the illness or disability affects the person. the number of deaths in a population from a specific cause. a client-centred; semi-directed counselling approach that encourages an individual to change a health behaviour by focusing on reasons for and against the change. The resulting cognitive dissonance creates a state of ambivalence for the person and hence an opportunity for the person to initiate change. It is particularly suited to clients with addictive behaviours. the controversy concerning whether human behaviour is influenced more by genetic inheritance and biology (nature) or by learning and the environment (nurture). parenting that is unaccepting or unresponsive to the child and also does not try to control them. policy based on the idea that the market will provide what is needed given the opportunity. Health is therefore a commodity and those who need health purchase it. pain arising from pathology to or changes within the peripheral and central nervous system. a health movement that, prior to the 1980s, operated principally within a biomedical framework that in

Mori Marriage Mechanism

Mediational/ mediationism Medical model

Micro-skills Mindfulness Modelling Monogamous marriage Morbidity Mortality Motivational interviewing

Nature/nurture debate Neglectful (uninvolved) parenting Neo-liberal policy Neuropathic pain New public health

the 21st century also acknowledges social and political influences on health. Nociception Nociceptive pain Nociceptor Nonfinite loss Noxious stimulus Object permanence Operant conditioning Optimism Pain behaviour Palliative care activity in the nervous system generated by a noxious stimulus. pain arising from injury or pathology in the tissues, for example, soft tissue sprains and strains, bone fractures or appendicitis. a nerve cell or receptor that is preferentially sensitive to a noxious stimulus. the loss, associated with experiences such as disability and dementia, that unfolds throughout one's lifespan and involves awareness of having lost 'what should have been'. a stimulus that is actually or potentially damaging to body tissue. when a child acts as if an object has permanence even when it cannot be seen. a learning process whereby outcomes are controlled by consequences of the behaviour, that is, behaviour is rewarded, punished or ignored. the perception and belief that adverse events are a temporary challenge to be addressed and are within the control of the individual. any behaviour that serves to indicate that a person is in pain such as complaining, grimacing, limping or avoiding activity. an approach to healthcare concerned primarily with attending to physical and emotional comfort, rather than effecting a cure, through responding holistically to symptoms, pain, and emotional, social and spiritual needs. the increased sensitivity of nociceptors at the periphery that occurs in response to a noxious stimulus. the perception and belief that adverse events are permanent, catastrophic and outside the control of the individual. a qualitative research methodology that examines a phenomenon or the 'lived experience' of a phenomenon. It aims to understand either the experience or the meaning of the experience for the participant/s. a series of actions by a government that guide present or future courses of action. For example, Medicare is a government policy that provides health care for all Australians with funding derived from the taxation base. This enables Medicare to be classified as a universal health care policy based on redistribution of taxes between high income earners and lower income groups. where a woman has more than one husband at the same time. marriage to multiple spouses. the health of a group of people who are united by a specific factor, for example, biological, social or geographic. A population health approach is action taken to improve the health of whole populations. the philosophical view that knowledge is limited to facts that are observable or obtained through scientific experiment. a serious, debilitating mental illness that affects some people who experience or witness an extremely traumatic stressful event that is outside the realm of usual human experience and involves the threat of death or serious injury. children begin to have words for the things around them and use those words but this stage is 'pre' operational where 'operational' refers to 'logical' operations. the individual's judgement as to whether a particular event or situation is negative (poses a threat), positive (benign) or neutral (irrelevant). a holistic approach to healthcare that is underpinned by a philosophy of social justice and addresses the social determinants of health in addition to biomedical causative factors for illness. the implementation of biomedical, psychosocial, political and environmental strategies that aim to foster wellbeing and prevent the occurrence of illness. the likelihood that a research finding occurred by chance (statistical significance). a particular type of complicated grief, characterised by intrusive thoughts related to the deceased, intense separation distress, and/or distressingly strong yearnings for the person or thing that is lost, lasting longer

Peripheral sensitisation Pessimism Phenomenology

Policy

Polyandry Polygyny (polygamous marriage) Population health Positivism Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Preoperational stage Primary appraisal Primary health care Primary intervention Probability Prolonged grief disorder

than six months and causing significant impairment in functioning. Protective factors for health Proximity Psychoanalytic theory Psychological age Psychological death factors that reduce the likelihood that an illness will occur, for example, by being vaccinated, by having access to clean water and by having a supportive family and social network. proxemics is the distance people place themselves from each other in different interactions such as public, social and personal. a personality theory that asserts that behaviour is driven by unconscious processes, as well as influenced by childhood/developmental conflicts that either have been resolved or remain unresolved. an individual's ability to adapt to various circumstances compared with others who might be the same chronological age. a situation in which a person lacks consciousness of existence, for example, due to medical brain death, or where someone's personality or behaviour has changed so significantly, for example, due to mental illness or brain injury, that others view the person as they previously existed as dead. the empirical study of human behaviour. the multidisciplinary study of the interrelationship between behavioural, neuroendocrine and immunological adaptive processes. concerned with the health of individuals, communities and populations and also the identification and modification of environmental factors that impact on health. a research paradigm that is interested in questions that involve human consciousness and subjectivity and values humans and their experiences in the research process. a process that attempts to find out scientific knowledge by measurement of elements. a study design in which random assignment is not used but the independent variable is manipulated and certain mechanisms of control are used. an experimental study of the effects of a variable (e.g. a drug or treatment) administered to human subjects who are randomly selected from a broad population and assigned randomly to either an experimental or a control group. a person may not believe that what the health professional suggests is in their best interest and, after considering the facts, may choose not to accept treatment or choose a different therapy. a tertiary intervention that refers to the process of making adaptations to live with a chronic illness and to minimising disability. a philosophical approach in which concepts are interpreted with reference to simpler processes. The issue under investigation is analysed into simpler parts or organised systems, with a view to explaining or understanding it. a journal that requires its articles to have been evaluated or critiqued by expert peers before being accepted for publication. a statistical term for the internal consistency of a test; the extent to which it can be expected to produce the same result on different occasions. the ability to bounce back following adversity, and to achieve good outcomes despite challenges and threats. the extent to which research methods are scrupulously and meticulously carried out in order to recognize important influences in the study. increase vulnerability to illness, for example, social inequities and poor nutrition. a group of cases or individuals studied as representatives of the population from which they are drawn. the individual's assessment of his/her personal (internal) and environmental (external) resources to respond to a particular stressful event or situation. healthcare which is delivered when symptoms, injury or illness are identified. Treatment is initiated as early as possible to restore health. scholarly material written by person(s) other than the individual who developed the theory or conducted the research. Most are usually published. Often a secondary source represents a response to or a summary and critique of a theorist's or researcher's work. the achievement of one's potential and the mark of a healthy individual according to Maslow.

Psychology Psychoneuroimmunology Public health Qualitative research Quantitative research Quasi experimental design Randomised control trial (RCT) Rational non-adherence Recovery Reductionism

Refereed journal Reliability Resilience Rigour Risk factors for health Sample Secondary appraisal Secondary intervention Secondary source

Self-actualisation

Self-efficacy Sensorimotor stage Social age Social construction Social death Social determinants of health Social justice Social learning theory Social marketing

the personal belief that one can achieve certain goals and cope adequately in particular circumstances. children at this age think, as it were, through their senses and their physical movements; children explore and learn just what they physically interact with through their senses. the social roles and expectations relative to chronological age. an idea, concept or phenomenon that is viewed as real because there is agreement within a social group that they will act as if the construction does exist. the experience of sick or dying persons in which they are perceived and treated by other persons, such as health professionals, as if they were already dead. the social and economic factors that impact health outcomes such as socioeconomic status, housing and employment. a value base that views fairness and equity as a right for all regardless of social position. Bandura's theory of observational learning or modelling. uses marketing principles and theory from the disciplines of psychology, sociology and communications to identify solutions to social and health problems and to encourage individuals and populations to lead healthy lifestyles. having social support or help from those around you. the view that factors that are external to the individual influence health outcomes such as social determinants. an explanatory model for human behaviour in which the emphasis shifts from the individual to the broader social forces influencing the person. the likelihood that the results of a study could have occurred by chance or not (probability). the process of perceiving, describing or responding to a person or groups of people in such a way that they are socially discredited, devalued or isolated. a physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioural experience of an individual in response to an event that the individual perceives to be challenging or threatening. the event or experience that challenges or threatens the individual's coping resources. healthcare delivered when the disease cannot be cured or the illness process is prolonged. It aims to assist individuals (and their family and carers) to cope with a change in their health status, to limit disability from the health problem and to promote health and quality of life. the three qualities considered important by Rogers genuinesss, acceptance and empathy. a psychological theory that proposes that a person's intentions and behaviour can be understood by identifying the person's attitudes to the behaviour, subjective norms about the behaviour and the person's belief regarding their control of the action. a term used to describe the school of humanistic psychology. a model of behaviour change that outlines the stages a person goes through when changing a behaviour. The stages are pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance (or relapse). the systematic classification of types, such as losses, that have characteristics or traits in common. a stimulus that regularly and reliably elicits a response such as salivation at the sight of food. determination of whether a measurement instrument actually measures what it is purported to measure. a hypothesis that predicts performance based on the degree to which the individual is aroused. The theory predicts that performance increases with arousal up to a point at which performance deteriorates. Vygotsky's term for the range of behaviour between what a child can do alone and what a child can do with social scaffolding.

Social scaffolding Sociological model of health Sociological perspective Statistical significance Stigmatisation Stress Stressor Tertiary intervention

The therapeutic triad Theory of planned behaviour Third force Transtheoretical model Typology Unconditioned stimulus Validity Yerkes-Dodson law Zone of proximal development