10% increase in truck weight results in 40% increase in stresses applied to the pavement >> results in rutting and

premature failure 5.2.1 Effect on AC Characteristics 1. reduce TS 2. increase flexibility at low temp 3. better flow resistance at high temp 4. better deformation resistance at high temp 5. better adhesion to agg 6. increase stiffness modulus at high temp 7. improved tensile strength and elongation 8. excellent waterproofing properties Effect on Pavement Performance 1. reduce tendency for low temp cracking increase tensile strength 2. reduce deformation/rutting under static loads and slow moving vehicles at high pavement temp withstand more cyclic loading, better tensile strength and elasticity allow to recover from deformation, increase mix stability 3. reduce raveling greater elasticity and cohesive strength 4. reduce stripping better adhesion to agg, w/o anti-strip 5. increase fatigue life increase tensile and plastic properties of mixes 6. worked more easily in cold weather (flexibility) permit use of softer grade 7. boost asphalt film thickness >> reduce oxidation (aging) 5.3 Examples of Modifiers Can be classified into 10 types filler, extender, rubber, plastic, combination, fiber, oxidant, antioxidant, hydrocarbon, anti-stripping.

5.3.3 Rubber Improve certain properties of HMA mixture In form of latex or crumb rubber Latex improve bond of AC to agg. Used to: 1. Increase stiffness of HMA >> rut resistance 2. Improve flexibility of HMA at low temp >> resist shrinkage crack *Temp of mixture higher for mixing, placing & compaction Added at refinery or HMA facilities 5.3.4 Oxidant Stiffen HMA mixture >> rut resistance Modify AC TS >> improve performance at low temp Added at refinery or HMA facilities (special equip. req.) 5.3.5 Anti-Oxidant To minimize oxidation >> improve durability Antioxidant reduce rate AC oxidized thus rate of crack *Some aging necessary to reduce rut (use of antioxidant will increase rut) Added at refinery

Type
Filler

Examples
Mineral Filler crusher fines, lime, OPC, fly ash Carbon black sulfur Sulfur Lignin P O L Y M Natural Rubber Styrene-butadene rubber (SBR) Styrene-butadene-styrene (SBS) Recycled tires

Extender

Rubber: Natural Latex Synthetic latex Block copolymer Reclaimed rubber Plastic

Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene, Ethyl-vinyl-acetate (EVA), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Blends of polymers in 3 & 4 Examples Mineral Filler crusher fines, lime, OPC, fly ash Carbon black sulfur Sulfur Lignin

Combination Type Filler

Extender Rubber: Natural Latex Synthetic latex Block copolymer Reclaimed rubber Plastic Combination P O L Y M

Natural Rubber Styrene-butadene rubber (SBR) Styrene-butadene-styrene (SBS) Recycled tires

E R

Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene, Ethyl-vinyl-acetate (EVA), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Blends of polymers in 3 & 4

5.5 Polymer Modified Asphalt Polymer a very large molecule made by chemically reacting many small molecules (monomer) to produce long chains. Main reasons to modify AC with polymers are to: 1. Obtain softer blends at low service temp and reduce crack 2. Reach stiffer blends at high service temp and reduce rut 3. Reduce viscosity at laying temp 4. Increase stability & strength of mixtures 5. Improve abrasion resistance of blends 6. Improve fatigue resistance of blends 7. Improve oxidation and aging resistance of blends 8. Reduce structural thickness of pavements 9. Reduce life cycle costs of pavement Types of polymer: 1. Elastomer elastic >> more resilient and flexible, recover from deformation (SBS, SEBS, SBR, EGA) 2. Plastomer rigid, tough, but may be brittle >> deformation resistant, higher stability and stiffness moduli (EVA, PE, PVC) Most polymers are physically dispersed into asphalt (by adding latex or solid polymer to asphalt) Ethylene-glycidyl-acrylate (EGA, Dupont Elvaloy terpolymer) chemically reacts with AC, comes in solid pellet form Properties of PMA depends on: 1. Polymer characteristics 2. AC characteristics 3. Mixing conditions 4. Compatibility of polymer with AC

Modification of AC with polymer will improve resistance in rutting, thermal cracking, fatigue damage, stripping, and temperature susceptibility. Limitations of PMA: 1. Cost increase 2. Possible compatibility problems 3. Some difficulties in storage, mixing, and working temperatures, and length of time material held at high temp before laying Traditionally adding polymer will increase 60 100% product cost, but: 1. Polymer cost tends to decrease 2. Polymer content tends to decrease 3. Pavement life cycle tend to increase up to ten times with PMA 5.5.1 Polymer Characteristics To be effective: 1. Polymer must be blended with AC to increase its rutting resistance at high temp w/o rendering it too viscous for mixing or too brittle at low temp, and capable of being processed in conventional asphalt equipment. 2. Sufficiently compatible with AC not to cause phase separation during storage, transportation, application and service. 3. Cost effective i.e. improve rheology and strength of AC and any increase in road cost recovered tru performance and reduced resurfacing costs. 4. As temp increases, stiffening effect of modifiers result in increase in modulus value of mixture >> improve temp susceptibility 5.5.2 Asphalt Characteristics Asphalt nature has a very large influence on the stability of the blend. PMA constituents are very different in molecular weight and structure, viscosity, and density. Asphalt should contains enough oil fractions to dissolve and expand the polymer

 If asphaltene content too high, addition of thermoplastic rubber (by physical mixing of constituents w/o chemical interaction between them) can result in asphaltene gelation and the blend becomes unworkable If asphaltene content is low the polymer can absorb more maltenes after which even a single phase blend may be obtained 5.5.4 Compatibility and Stability Compatible polymer yield physically stable blends, using conventional mixing techniques, and may or may not improve the physical propperties of AC. Proper degree of compatibility required to avoid separation during storing, pumping and application Compatibility and stability of polymer-asphalt can be improved by certain commercial compatibilization process (e.g. crosslinking agents such as sulfur) For stability, top portion of PMA should have the same continuous phase as the bottom portion 5.7.1 Shell Cariphalte Uses Shell Kraton D (SBS Elastomer) reduce TS, increase stiffness modulus & enhance elasticity >> improve deformation resistance, increase flexibility, fatigue life Temperature Susceptibility High Stiffness Modulus Wheel Tracking Result Higher Flexibility 5.7.2 ESSO Flexipave DRB DRB Deformation Resistance Binder >> high resistance to deformation, good workability, cost effective Problem: Rutting under slow moving, heavy traffic, 20% wheel load increase, 100% rutting increase; at 50C rutting 100 times faster than 30C Solution hard AC (poor fatigue resistance), change grading (but AC still soften when above 40C) >> modified Asphalt (still elastic at elevated temp and recover from load) Suitable binder elastic at high temp, low TS, high resilience, good workability, strong adhesion

Wheel Tracking result 5.7.4 Dura-Tirephalt Dura-Tirephalt rubber modified AC, reacted blend of AC and ground rubber crumb (15%). Delivered ready to use form, conventional mixing, laydown procedure and equipment. Benefits: 1. Increased durability more resistant to binder oxidation (thicker films and antioxidant and carbon black in rubber contributes to aging resistance) 2. Incr. rutting resistance higher viscosity and SP (incr. permanent deformation) 3. Incr. resistance to thermal and reflective crack elastic characteristics 5.7.3 Elvaloy DuPont Elvaloy ethylene-glycidyl-acetate (EGA), elastomer that chemically reacts with asphalt (reactive ethylene terpolymer) Improve long-term binder characteristics such as elasticity, freeze-thaw durability, resistance to cold cracking (TS), resistance to fatigue, and adhesion to aggregate (moisture susceptibility).