Cole Palmer Introduction

Lab 1 Diffusion & Osmosis

Diffusion and Osmosis are fueled by atoms and molecules being in constant motion, this is called kinetic energy. The molecules and atoms are constantly moving in random patterns and bouncing off one another. Diffusion is when molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, without molecular movement this wouldn't be possible. This process will continue until equilibrium is reached. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through some sort of semi-permeable membrane, such as a cell membrane or dialysis tubing. Osmosis occurs when water moves from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential.

Water Potential is affected by two factors, the addition of a solute, and pressure potential. the addition of solutes to a concentration will lower the water potential of that solute. Water movement is in conjunction with pressure potential.

There are three ways to describe the reactions between two solutions; hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. Isotonic solutions are when the two solutions reach equilibrium and there is little to no net movement of molecules. If two solutions aren't at equilibrium then the two solutions will either be hypertonic or hypotonic. The hypertonic solution is the one that has less solute, whereas the hypotonic has more. Water will always flow towards the solution with more solute and the solute will flow towards the area where there is less solute.

Hypothesis Kinetic energy will keep the molecules of different solutions moving until equilibrium is reached in all of the solutions we examine in these experiments.

Cole Palmer Materials

Lab 1 Diffusion & Osmosis

Activity A- The following materials were used to conduct this experiment: Dialysis tubing, plastic cup, glucose/starch solution, clean tap water, iodine-potassium iodide (IKI) solution, dropping pipet, glucose test strips, funnel.

Activity B- The following materials were used to conduct this experiment: Dialysis tubing, plastic cups, clean tap water, funnel, sucrose solutions, paper towels, balance, calculator.

Activity C- The following materials were used to conduct this experiment: Plastic cups, clean tap water, sucrose solutions, potato cores, plastic wrap, paper towels, balance, thermometer, calculator.

Procedure Activity APour 160-170 mL of clean tap water into a plastic cup. add 4 mL of IKI solution to the water. Dip glucose test strip into water and test glucose levels. Record data in table. Test the Glucose/Starch solution with a glucose test strip. Record the results. Obtain a precut piece of dialysis tubing and soak it in clean tap water. Open tubing, and then tie off one end. Pour in 15mL of glucose starch solution. Empty out all air and tie of the other end of the bag, make sure to leave some room for expansion. Record the data asked for in the table. Place full dialysis bag into IKI solution, be sure that the part with the liquid inside is completely immersed. Wait 30 Minutes. Take bag out of solution, notice color, then cut a slit into the bag big enough to test the glucose level. Record your findings.

Cole Palmer Activity B-

Lab 1 Diffusion & Osmosis

Pour 160 mL of clean tap water into plastic cup. Label the cup with the concentration of sucrose that you will test. Obtain a piece of dialysis tubing, soak it in clean tap water. Open the bag and tie off one end of the bag. Use a small funnel and put 25 mL of sucrose solution into the dialysis bag. Take out all air and tie off the other end of the bag, be sure to leave enough room for expansion. Dry of bag and mass it. Record the data. Immerse the dialysis bag in the clean tap water in the cup. Wait 30 minutes. Remove the bag from the cup. Mass the bag. Record data. (REPEAT THESE STEPS FOR EACH CONCENTRATION)

Activity CLabel a cup with the concentration of sucrose you will test. Obtain four 3 cm cores. Mass each core. Record Data. Place all cores into 100mL of selected sucrose solution. Cover the cup with a plastic wrap. (REPEAT THESE STEPS FOR EACH SOLUTION YOU WISH TO TEST) Allow potato sections to stay in cups overnight. ---------24 hrs later-------------Record temperature Remove cores from solution, dry them off and then mass them. Record the data.

Cole Palmer Data Table 1

Lab 1 Diffusion & Osmosis

Location Dialysis Bag Cup

Solution Glucose/ Starch IKI

Solution Color Final Dark/Blue Black Red/Orange Orange Initial Clear

Initial + +

Glucose Test Results Final + -

Table 2 Contents in Dialysis Bag .0 M sucrose (clean tap water) .2 M sucrose .4 M sucrose .6 M sucrose .8 M sucrose 1.0 M sucrose Initial Mass (grams) 26.3 26.6 26.1 23.7 23.6 28.5 Final Mass (grams) 26.4 28.1 29.6 30.8 33.4 34.4 Change in Mass (grams) .1 1.5 3.5 7.1 9.8 5.9 Percent Change in Mass .38% 5.64% 13.41% 29.96% 41.53% 20.70%.

Table 3 Contents in Cup .0 M sucrose (clean tap water) .2 M sucrose .4 M sucrose .6 M sucrose .8 M sucrose 1.0 M sucrose Temp. (degrees Celsius) 22 C Initial Mass Final Mass Change in Mass 1.6g % Change in Mass 45.71%

3.5g

5.1g

22 C 22 C 22 C 22 C 22 C

5.7g 4.79g 4.73g 3.2g 3.8g

6.0g 3.63g 3.26g 1.9g 2.2g

3g -1.16g -1.47g 1.3g 1.6g

5.26% -24.2% -31.1% -40.63% -42.1%

Cole Palmer Graphs Activity A

42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Lab 1 Diffusion & Osmosis

% Change in Mass

Group 2 Class Average

0.8

% Sucrose Solution in Dialysis Bag

Activity C

Group 2
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50

Group 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Cole Palmer Error Analysis

Lab 1 Diffusion & Osmosis

Activity A- One of the most prominent possible errors in this experiment would be not completely tying off the end of the bags. Another could have possibly been not properly measuring out the amounts of liquid.

Activity B- One of the errors that was most prone to happening would be not mixing our solutions with the correct ratio. Although i do not believe we did that another error that was a possibility would have been mixing up our solutions, or not mixing our solutions well enough.

Activity C- One of the errors that could have happened would have been not having the top of the cups completely sealed when we left them overnight, causing our data to be skewed due to evaporation.

Discussion & Conclusion Activity A- In this experiment we learned which molecules would/could diffuse through a semi permeable membrane, and which way they would go. We placed Water and IKI solution into a cup and then placed dialysis tubing with starch inside into the cup. We know that the IKI diffused into the bag because of the interaction with the starch. We know the water on the outside diffused in because inside the bag was hypotonic. We also know that some of the starch diffused out because when we tested the orange solution afterwards it tested positive for glucose.

Activity BIn this experiment we took careful note of the initial masses of the bags that were full of sucrose solution, and the final masses. This showed us which solutions would lose mass or gain it. In the end this experiment helped us to determine the difference between a hypotonic solution and hypertonic solution.

Cole Palmer Activity C-

Lab 1 Diffusion & Osmosis

This experiment was similar to Activity B. The major difference was that we were ultimately trying to find the % sucrose in the potatoes. We are able to determine this because if the solution the potato was submerged in had a higher sucrose level the potato would shrink, reversely if it had less the potato would swell.