Ensuring Sustainable Safe Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Needs of Community Flock as well as School Students of all

the villages of Jashohari Anukha-I and II, Purandarpur and Andulia Gram Panchayats under Kandi Block of Murshidabad District through Community Based Development (CBD) and Participatory Approach. Mid-term Survey from the SHG Perspective

Kandi Jibdharpara Mohila Unnyan Samity SPADE

Water for People - India

Mid-term Survey from the SHG Perspective

Study Design, Data Analysis & Reporting

Anubrata Datta, Coordinator, Resource Center

Data Collection : Suraj Datta, Papan Halder, Tarak Mandal, Sujay Das, Sagarika Mandal, Parvina Khatun, Gouri Paul, Purnima Das, Tuhina Das, Jyostna Das, Lily Ghosh, Agamani Ray, Utpala Das, Asish Ghosh, Nurzila Khatun, Baisakhi Ghosh

December, 2010

SPADE
52, Garfa Main Road, Kolkata-700075 Phone : 033 24186171, 24186431 Tele fax : 033 24185452 Email : spadekolkata@gmail.com

SPADE, in collaboration with Kandi Jibdharpara Mohila Unnyan Samity, has been implementing the Water For People sponsored project entitled Ensuring Sustainable Safe Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Needs of Community Flock as well as School Students of all the villages of Jashohari Anukha-I and II, Purandarpur and Andulia Gram Panchayats under Kandi Block of Murshidabad District through Community Based Development (CBD) and Participatory Approach since May, 2010. The First Phase shall continue up to the end of December, 2010. During the First Phase, in a nut cell, the achievements were as under :
Activities Awareness Promotion targeting the General Public of the project area in 40 Sansads Meeting for Networking with other NGOs, CBOs & SHGs to get themselves involved Targeted 40 Achieved 35 Remark Total participation 857

16

15

255

Sample Survey in Selected villages after Exposure Visit

Workshop for Development of Rules & Regulations

Awareness Program at Gram Panchayat & Block levels

Design and development of IEC in local language

Linking up Water & Sanitation issues at the GP level, PHE Department, Schools, etc.

We have completed the survey regarding the models of the toilet around the four Gram Panchayats of Kandi Block. Most of the families decided to set up the Double Pits Toilet but at present they set up single pit. After some days they shall set up the other pit. The Workshop comprising the members of Kandi Jibdharpara Mahila Unnayan Samity had been conducted and procedures regarding Disbursement of Loans for construction of Toilets at the beneficiary level, MIS for loan recovery & Preparation of Loan Recovery Card GP Members demonstrated interest since this is also a part of the Nirmal Gram Scheme. Block Officials mentioned the 4 4 deficiencies at the Sanitary Mart level. Also, Block Officials seemed to be too busy in Election Related activities Leaflet on Apni Ki Nijer Maan Sanman Drama Manusher Jonney Drama Jaal Catalogue of Different Variety of Toilets Slogan Collection of Zingles/Slogans Discussions held at the different levels. In short the results are : Schools are more interested in involving Project Staff in discussing personal Hygiene issues with the students of Higher classes Students are promising to discuss the necessities of Toilet returning home

Organizing Street Drama on Save Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Issues

Organizing Mass Awareness Camps on Save Water, Sanitation & Hygiene issues

Graffiti & Wall Writing

Capacity Building

Hardware Activities

GP members are showing interest in supplying Soap and other Cleaning Materials at the Kitchen wherein Mid Day meals are being cooked Script is ready School students are found to be too much shy and introvert to participate in a drama Team has been formed comprising the Federation Members Gradually, Water, Sanitation & Hygiene is becoming a prominent issue Many of the participants are asking questions relating to water and hygiene since the community is lacking a reliable source of authentic information Some of the community members are raising the issue that the loan for constructing Toilets is available to the Federation members only. Covered about 30 locations Organized an Exposure Visit at Sabuj Sangha comprising a team of 15 members Mason Training has been organized involving faculty from Sabuj Sangha Sensitization of Federations, Local Clubs, Local NGOs, Clusters, SHGs, Schools on the benefits of having safe drinking water and adopting Safe Sanitation Practices Orientation & Sensitization program for the community and School students Demo Toilet developed 2 Finished Toilet constructed 20 Loan disbursed to 36 Members Loan Application received - 80

Background of the Present Study Before initiating the subsequent phases, it is crucial to look back and see what has happened and decide how the project related activities could be planned and implemented so as to assure optimal utilization of scarce resources of both the sponsor as well as of the implementing agencies. The objectives behind conducting the present study was two fold : 1. To understand the Water and Sanitation situation from the SHGs perspective 2. To ascertain the strategies for the next phase The present study was basically a Questionnaire Survey that had been conducted exclusively among the SHG members. The Survey Team was constituted comprising the staff of WfP Project and KJMUS. The Team used Schedules for data collection. Structured Questionnaires have not been used because in many cases, the target respondents are not in a position to fill up the formats themselves because of their feeble level of literacy. Also, Structured Questionnaires escalate costs. The surveys were mostly conducted during the meetings of the SHGs. Since all the members could not attend all the meetings, few absentees might have been left out from few groups. However, by and large, the results reflect the status of about 60% of the target population. For Data Entry and Analysis, MS Excel has been used. The analysts deliberately avoided tedious calculations since that would make simple things difficult. Wherever possible Graphs and Charts have been used so that the reader could understand the broad dimensions without much difficulty.

Abbreviations used : 1. KJMUS : Kandi Jibdharpara Mohila Unnyan Samity 2. SHG : Self Help Group 3. WfP : Water For People India

Sample Description
The Study covered 1602 households comprising 3171 male and 3083 female. Average size of the households was found to be 3.9 members.
Gender-wise Distribution of the Members of Households

49% 51%

Male

Female

Out of the households covered under the present study, only 36% have toilets at their houses and the remaining 64% have no toilet facilities at their houses.
Existence of Toilet in the House

36%

64%

Have no Toilet

Have Toilet

Again, out of the Households covered, only 6% have their own source of water and the remaining 94% depends on Government Installed Tube wells
Source of Water for the Household 6%

94%

Govt Tubwell

Own Tubwell

The present study has altogether covered 172 SHGs distributed among 4 Gram Panchayats and some portion of the Kandi Municipal Area.

Gram Panchayat-wise Distribution of SHGs Covered

Purandarpur

Municipality Area Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - I

Andulia

20

40

60

Amongst the five areas covered, the largest number of households was from Jashohari Anukha II, followed by Kandi Municipal Area, Andulia and Purandarpur
Area-wise distribution of Households Covered

Jashohari Anukha - I Andulia Jashohari Anukha - II

Purandarpur Municipality Area

Observations

No of Female in the Household-wise Distribution of the Sample

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 >5

No of Households

No Toilet

From the above diagram it is evident that maximum number of households contains 2 female members and fewer households contain 4 or more female. Here, our strategy, at the initial stage, might be to concentrate more on households containing more female members. Since we are using the SHGs as disseminating media, we can highlight the inconveniences of the female for open space defecation and develop IECs and Advocacy Tools to convince the SHG members to sharpen their focus on households containing more female members.
Status of Toilet Have Toilet Don't have Toilet Have Toilet Don't have Toilet Status of Water Source Have own Tube well Have own Tube well Don't have own Tube well Don't have own Tube well Total No of Households 50 43 533 976 1602

From the above table, it is evident that 50 households have both toilet and water sources. Another 533 households have toilets but do not have water sources. There are 43 households who have water sources of their own but do not have toilet at their home. These 43 households might be targeted initially since they are supposed to be able to pay for the expenses. The table below shows a comparison among the different GPs and Municipal areas in terms of percentage of households having no toilets. It is clearly evident that in Jashohari Anukha I, 88.33% of the samples have no toilets whereas the same is 49.44 at Kandi Municipal Area. From this, it can be concluded that we have to prioritize our activities in the order of Jashohari Anukha I, Andulia, Purandarpur, Jashohari Anukha II, and

Kandi Municipality Area. Alternatively, we can also think of initially focusing on those areas where total sanitation might be easier, that is, where most others have toilets.
Gram Panchayat-wise distribution of the respondents Having No Toilet

Andulia Jashohari Anukha - II Purandarpur

Jashohari Anukha - I Municipality Area

Gram Panchayat or Municipality-wise and SHG-wise Status of Toiletintensity

Name of the Gram Panchayat : Andulia
SHG Name Bithika Maa Majina Surjamukhi Alo Milon Kuheli Mousumi Serjina Rima Hasina Tajmahal Satabdi Maa Palaxci Ganga Sumita Datababa Sagorika Nagma Parvin Minar keya Nashima Namita Soma Sakila Murshida Roma Tajmira Apanjan Sujata Fatema Tanushree Mithu Sajahan Sukanna Sabina Reshmi Total No of Households 13 12 11 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 7 7 7 10 9 8 10 12 8 11 10 14 8 8 10 10 7 7 8 12 9 10 12 7 9 348 No Toilet 13 12 11 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 7 7 7 9 8 7 8 9 6 8 7 9 5 5 6 6 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 253 No Tube well 13 12 11 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 7 7 7 10 9 7 0 12 8 11 10 14 8 4 10 10 7 7 4 12 9 10 12 7 9 329 % of No Toilet 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 90.00 88.89 87.50 80.00 75.00 75.00 72.73 70.00 64.29 62.50 62.50 60.00 60.00 57.14 42.86 37.50 25.00 22.22 20.00 16.67 14.29 11.11 72.70

Name of the Gram Panchayat : Jashohari Anukha I

SHG Name Atoshi Diya Easha Soniya Bela Pratiskha Pujita poli Puja Yeandrila Shila Balaka Sanjukta Total No of Households 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 10 10 9 11 120 No Toilet 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 9 7 5 5 106 No Tube well 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 10 10 9 11 120 % of No Toilet 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 90.00 70.00 55.56 45.45 88.33

Name of the Gram Panchayat : Jashohari Anukha II

SHG Name Sonali Mahuya Menoka Lipika Karabi Soumi Munmun Joyee Moumita Tinta Koyal Uttran Pratibha Rupali Rumpa Bijoya Banaful Papri Sanchari Rahoni Kumkum Anjali Pinki Bristi Saheli Srity Chitralakha Kusum Sayani Kakuli Parama No of Households 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 6 5 11 11 10 10 9 7 6 11 11 10 9 4 11 11 10 10 9 10 10 7 No Toilet 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 6 5 10 10 9 9 8 6 5 9 9 8 7 3 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 4 No Tube well 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 6 5 11 11 10 10 8 7 6 11 9 8 9 4 11 11 10 8 9 10 9 7 % of No Toilet 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 90.91 90.91 90.00 90.00 88.89 85.71 83.33 81.82 81.82 80.00 77.78 75.00 72.73 72.73 70.00 70.00 66.67 60.00 60.00 57.14

Nandini Sampa Mamata Rajeswari Bhiva Sarala Sananda Paul Anima Chayan Priti Kamalika Shika Meagh Mangaldeep Athiti Shefali Mohini Rupa Pratick Sadguru kalayanmoyee Subham Total

9 9 10 10 8 6 9 9 10 10 8 8 9 11 8 4 12 9 10 13 7 10 486

5 5 5 5 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 304

9 9 10 10 6 6 9 9 10 7 8 7 7 11 8 4 9 9 10 0 7 10 454

55.56 55.56 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 44.44 44.44 40.00 40.00 37.50 37.50 33.33 27.27 25.00 25.00 8.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 62.55

Name of the Area : Kandi Municipality

SHG Name Prabhati Haragouri Mou Manoshi Joty Rakhi Jharna Bani Pritilata Shubadip Padma Agomoni Tithi Isani Imli Dolon Jutjika Sandha Pallabi Dali Maa Laxmi Chameli Nabanita Rudradeb Maina No of Households 9 9 9 7 13 12 12 11 9 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 10 9 9 6 8 10 9 12 6 No Toilet 9 9 9 7 12 11 11 10 8 9 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 4 5 6 5 6 3 No Tube well 9 9 9 7 0 12 9 11 9 6 11 10 10 7 9 9 10 9 9 6 8 10 9 12 6 % of No Toilet 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 92.31 91.67 91.67 90.91 88.89 81.82 81.82 80.00 80.00 80.00 77.78 77.78 70.00 66.67 66.67 66.67 62.50 60.00 55.56 50.00 50.00

Chaya nabanita Kalayanmoyee Sunita Aparupa Joswana Aynatika Madhubi Aparna Alocka Dristi Dipaboli Maa Durga Aparajita Nirmala Asha Gargi Maitri Nirmala Pradip Arpita Laboni Total

9 9 7 10 10 10 10 10 11 8 11 9 8 11 10 6 10 10 10 10 11 9 449

4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 222

9 9 7 10 10 10 1 10 11 8 11 9 8 11 10 4 9 5 10 10 11 9 408

44.44 44.44 42.86 40.00 40.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 18.18 12.50 9.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 49.44

Name of the Gram Panchayat : Purandarpur

SHG Name Pranati Monika Elora Manosha Mithai Methai Jharna Maa Mari Maa Rashakali Balaram Dayamoyee Bani Tulika Bhakti Radhika Arunima Kalimata Antorale Abha Dedanjali Joyeta Ireani Total No of Households 12 10 10 9 9 9 8 7 7 6 11 7 12 10 12 9 9 9 10 6 11 6 199 No Toilet 12 10 10 9 9 9 8 7 7 6 8 5 8 6 7 5 3 3 2 0 0 0 134 No Tube well 12 10 10 9 9 9 8 7 7 6 11 7 12 10 12 9 9 9 10 6 10 6 198 % of No Toilet 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 72.73 71.43 66.67 60.00 58.33 55.56 33.33 33.33 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 67.34

From the above, it could be concluded that toilet-intensity at households vary widely among regions as well as among SHGs. There are SHGs where all the members have their own toilets and again, there are SHGs where none of the members have toilets at their home. Thus, we can use the SHGs all the members of whom have their own toilets as Demonstration Groups. We can take those members to other groups for motivating others to reach at the desired 100% sanitation level. The table below shows the SHGs having 100% toilet facility at the members home.
GP / Municipality

Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha II Jashohari Anukha II Jashohari Anukha II Jashohari Anukha - II
Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Purandarpur Purandarpur Purandarpur Total

SHG Name Rupa Pratick Sadguru kalayanmoyee Subham Dipaboli Maa Durga Aparajita Nirmala Asha Gargi Maitri Nirmala Pradip Arpita Laboni Dedanjali Joyeta Ireani 19 SHGs

No of Households 9 10 13 7 10 9 8 11 10 6 10 10 10 10 11 9 6 11 6 176

Distribution of SHGs having 100% Toilet Intensity

16%

26%

58%

Municipality Area Purandarpur

Jashohari Anukha - II

The above diagram shows that the Kandi Municipality area is well ahead in toilet intensity in comparison to the Gram Panchayat areas.

Gram Panchayat / Municipality area-wise Distribution of SHGs with No groups having Toilet Facilities
GP / Municipality Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Jashohari Anukha - I Jashohari Anukha - I Jashohari Anukha - I Jashohari Anukha - I Jashohari Anukha - I Jashohari Anukha - I Jashohari Anukha - I Jashohari Anukha - I Jashohari Anukha - I Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Purandarpur Purandarpur Purandarpur Purandarpur Purandarpur Purandarpur Purandarpur Purandarpur Purandarpur Purandarpur SHG Name Bithika Maa Majina Surjamukhi Alo Milon Kuheli Mousumi Serjina Rima Hasina Tajmahal Satabdi Maa Palaxci Ganga Sumita Atoshi Diya Easha Soniya Bela Pratiskha Pujita poli Puja Sonali Mahuya Menoka Lipika Karabi Soumi Munmun Joyee Moumita Tinta Koyal Prabhati Haragouri Mou Manoshi Pranati Monika Elora Manosha Mithai Methai Jharna Maa Mari Maa Rashakali Balaram No of Households 13 12 11 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 7 7 7 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 6 5 9 9 9 7 12 10 10 9 9 9 8 7 7 6

Thus, there are only 4 SHGs within the Kandi Municipal Area none of the members of which have toilet facilities at their home. On the contrary, there are 15 SHGs in Andulia none of the members of which have toilet facilities at their home.
GP / Municipality Kandi Municipality Area Jashohari Anukha - I Purandarpur Jashohari Anukha - II Andulia No of SHGs 4 9 10 11 15 No of Households 34 80 87 100 139

Gram Panchayat-wise Distribution of SHGs with 80 - 99% of the members have No Toilet
GP Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area SHG Name Agomoni Tithi Isani Shubadip Padma Pritilata Bani Rakhi Jharna Joty Kumkum Sanchari Rahoni Papri Banaful Bijoya Rupali Rumpa Uttran Pratibha Yeandrila Parvin Nagma Sagorika Datababa No of Households 10 10 10 11 11 9 11 12 12 13 10 11 11 6 7 9 10 10 11 11 10 10 8 9 10 No Toilet 8 8 8 9 9 8 10 11 11 12 8 9 9 5 6 8 9 9 10 10 9 8 7 8 9 % of No Toilet 80.00 80.00 80.00 81.82 81.82 88.89 90.91 91.67 91.67 92.31 80.00 81.82 81.82 83.33 85.71 88.89 90.00 90.00 90.91 90.91 90.00 80.00 87.50 88.89 90.00

Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - I
Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia

Gram Panchayat-wise Distribution of SHGs with 50 80% of the members have No Toilet
GP Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Jashohari Anukha - I Jashohari Anukha - I Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Purandarpur Purandarpur Purandarpur Purandarpur Purandarpur Purandarpur SHG Name Apanjan Roma Tajmira Sakila Murshida Soma Namita Nashima Minar keya Balaka Shila Mamata Rajeswari Bhiva Sarala Nandini Sampa Parama Sayani Kakuli Kusum Srity Chitralakha Bristi Saheli Pinki Anjali Rudradeb Maina Nabanita Chameli Maa Laxmi Sandha Pallabi Dali Jutjika Imli Dolon Arunima Radhika Bhakti Tulika Bani Dayamoyee No of Households 7 10 10 8 8 14 10 11 12 8 9 10 10 10 8 6 9 9 7 10 10 9 10 10 11 11 4 9 12 6 9 10 8 9 9 6 10 9 9 9 12 10 12 7 11 No Toilet 4 6 6 5 5 9 7 8 9 6 5 7 5 5 4 3 5 5 4 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 3 7 6 3 5 6 5 6 6 4 7 7 7 5 7 6 8 5 8 % of No Toilet 57.14 60.00 60.00 62.50 62.50 64.29 70.00 72.73 75.00 75.00 55.56 70.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 55.56 55.56 57.14 60.00 60.00 66.67 70.00 70.00 72.73 72.73 75.00 77.78 50.00 50.00 55.56 60.00 62.50 66.67 66.67 66.67 70.00 77.78 77.78 55.56 58.33 60.00 66.67 71.43 72.73

Gram Panchayat-wise Distribution of SHGs with <50% of the members have No Toilet
GP Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Andulia Jashohari Anukha - I Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Jashohari Anukha - II Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Kandi Municipality Area Purandarpur Purandarpur Purandarpur SHG Name Resmi Sabina Sukanna Sajahan Mithu Tanushree Fatema Sujata Sanjukta Mohini Athiti Shefali Mangaldeep Meagh Kamalika Shika Chayan Priti Sananda Paul Anima Dristi Alocka Aparna Joswana Aynatika Madhubi Sunita Aparupa Kalayanmoyee Chaya nabanita Abha Kalimata Antorale No of Households 9 7 12 10 9 12 8 7 11 12 8 4 11 9 8 8 10 10 9 9 11 8 11 10 10 10 10 10 7 9 9 10 9 9 No Toilet 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 5 1 2 1 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 2 3 3 % of No Toilet 11.11 14.29 16.67 20.00 22.22 25.00 37.50 42.86 45.45 8.33 25.00 25.00 27.27 33.33 37.50 37.50 40.00 40.00 44.44 44.44 9.09 12.50 18.18 30.00 30.00 30.00 40.00 40.00 42.86 44.44 44.44 20.00 33.33 33.33

Key Statistics at a Glance

Andulia

Jashohari Anukha - I

Jashohari Anukha - II

Kandi Municipality

Purandarpur

Area

Total

Households covered Male Female Total population covered No of Households having no Toilet % of Households having no Toilet No of Households having Toilet No of Households using Govt Tube well % of Households using Govt Tube wells No of Households having own Tube well

348 767 745 1512 253 72.70 95 329 94.54 19

120 221 234 455 106 88.33 14 120 100.00 0

486 873 832 1705 304 62.55 182 454 93.42 32

449 943 919 1862 222 49.44 227 408 90.87 41

199 367 353 720 134 67.34 65 198 99.50 1

1602 3171 3083 6254 1019 63.61 583 1509 94.19 93

Key Learning
It has already been mentioned that the present study was conducted to develop SHGspecific strategies in and around the project area so as to foster the pace of activities as well as to develop other functional strategies like setting the priorities, fixing the targets both long term and short term, formulating the Communication Strategy, etc. In short, the learning are the following : 1. Though the survey had been conducted among the SHG members only, the data by and large reflects the overall scenario of the respective localities. 2. SHG members, as Role Models, can act as Change Agents in their respective localities. Hence, SHG focused strategies are required to be adopted to foster the pace of activities. 3. Within the members of a SHG, priorities shall be on a. Households having more female members. b. Households having own water sources 4. Within a particular locality, viz., Gram Panchayat or Municipality, SHGs with very low or very high toilet intensities may be targeted at the initial stage. 5. In Jashohari Anukha I and Andulia, toilet intensity is substantially lower in comparison to the other areas and thus, these areas require special attention. In this connection, it would be worth mentioning that toilet intensity has a relationship with overall health and hygiene awareness. Hence, it would be convenient to promote the overall health and hygiene awareness which might produce a better result.