UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI

May 22, 2006 Date:___________________ Dominic Iacobucci I, _________________________________________________________,

hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of:

Master of Architecture
in:
School of Architecture and Interior Design - Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning

It is entitled:
Ecotourism Architecture

This work and its defense approved by:

First Chair: Jeffrey T. Tilman Chair: _______________________________ Second Chair: Barry Stedman _______________________________

_______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________

Ecotourism Architecture Dominic Iacobucci, B.S. Arch May 22, 2005 Thesis for M. Arch School of Architecture and Interior Design Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning University of Cincinnati Advisory Committee: First Chair: Jeff Tilman Second Chair: Barry Stedman

Abstract
The world populations are becoming more aware of their impact on the earth. With increasing tourism, ecotourism has become a mainstream option. Yet ecotourism remains ambiguous and highly debated. Tourists are seeking to experience cultures that are untouched by the everyday world. This large thirst for untouched environments along with the uncertainty and confusion that surrounds ecotourism is causing deception in the tourism industry. With the industry of ecotourism continually growing, there needs to be a true understanding of ecotourism. What is it? What kind of interactive environment truly represents its ideals? If the built environment fails to meet the high standards of ecotourism, then the movement of ecotourism is poised for failure. This paper will confront this relationship, and establish the criteria upon which ecotourism architecture should follow for ecotourisms success.

Acknowledgments
I would like to thank my chairs, Jeff Tilman and Barry Stedman, for all their support in this long process of discovering ecotourism architecture. I also would like to thank of all my family and friends that have been supportive of this topic, and the time that I have needed to devote to finishing this thesis. I would like to especially thank Susan Iacobucci who took the time to help edit this thesis. Thank you to all those people that helped me with my research, especially Kathleen and Peter Golden of Volcano Rainforest Retreat, Don Stenberg of Kona Village Resort, and Michael D. Tuttle of Hale Ohia Cottages who took the time out of their busy schedules to show me their facilities and let me understand their views of ecotourism.

Table of Contents
Abstract Acknowledgements List of Diagrams, Figures, Graphs, Images, and Tables Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: What is Ecotourism, and its Relation to Architecture? Ecotourism Protect Natural Areas Education Sustainable Managed Size of Ecotourism Types of Tourism and Ecotourism Nature-Based Tourism Cultural Tourism Adventure Tourism Hybrids (Trekking) 3S (Sea, Sand, Sun) Tourism Alternative and Mass Tourism Sustainable Tourism Consumptive and Non-Consumptive Tourism Soft and Hard Ecotourism Natural and Unnatural Ecotourism Exploitive, Passive, and Active Ecotourism Summary Chapter 3: Precedent Analysis Ecotourism Current Practices Precedents Tiamo Resorts South Andros Island, Bahamas Volcano Rainforest Retreat Volcano, Hawaii Kona Village Resort - Kupulehu, Hawaii Chapter 4: Sustainable Building Response Based on Best Practices Environmental and Social Policy Energy Water Solid and Liquid Waste Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control Resource Conservation Social Commitment Ecosystem and Conservation Management Materials and Design Overall Ecotourism Case Study Performance The Rule of Ten Chapter 5: My Take on Ecotourism Architecture Appendix 1: Case Studies of Ecotourism Facilities 1 3 6 9 12 14 16 18 22 25 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 30 31 34 34 34 37 41 46 49 53 57 60 63 66 70 73 74 77 81 83 86 4

3 Rivers Eco Lodge Amsterdam Manor Beach Resort Barcelo Ixtapa Beaches Negril Resort Beaches Sandy Bay Binna Burra Mountain Lodge Bucuti Beach Resort Casuarina Beach Resort Coco Palm Beach Resort & Spa Kandalam Hotel Melia Bali Villas and Spa Resort Royal Plantation Spa & Golf Resort Sandals Antigua Resort & Spa Sandals Grande St Lucian Spa & Beach Resort Sandals Montego Bay Sandals Ocho Rios Resort and Golf Club Sandals Royal Caribbean Sheraton Auckland Hotel and Towers Sundancer Spa & Beach Resort The Boat Landing Guesthouse The Summer House Ventaclub Gran Dominicus Appendix 2: Applying Criteria to Hawaii Site Location Weather Site Characteristics Visitors and Tourists Site Photographs Program Bibliography

87 91 96 100 105 112 117 123 130 137 141 146 153 158 164 174 180 187 191 197 201 205 213 213 215 217 220 222 228 230

List of Diagrams, Figures, Graphs, Images, and Tables

Table Table Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Image Image Image 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 3.1 3.2 3.3 Definitions of Ecotourism (Blamey, 2001, 6; Weaver, 2001c, 6-7) Ecotourism Principles and Guidelines (Reformatted: Blamey, 2001, 10) Nature-Based Tourism (Weaver, 2001c, 16) Cultural Tourism (Weaver, 2001c, 17) Adventure Tourism (Weaver, 2001c, 18) Alternative and Mass Tourism (Weaver, 2001c, 20) Sustainable Tourism (Weaver, 2001c, 21) Soft and Hard Ecotourism (Orams, 2001, 29) Natural and Unnatural Ecotourism (Orams, 2001, 29) Exploitive, Passive, and Active Ecotourism (Orams, 2001, 30) Tiamo Resorts Typical Guest House Entry (Tiamo Resorts) Tiamo Resorts Typical Bathroom (Tiamo Resorts) Volcano Rainforest Retreat Typical Path between Buildings (Volcano Rainforest Retreat) Volcano Rainforest Retreat Bamboo Guest House (Volcano Rainforest Retreat) Volcano Rainforest Retreat Gathering Place (Volcano Rainforest Retreat) Volcano Rainforest Retreat Guest Cottage (Volcano Rainforest Retreat) Volcano Rainforest Retreat Japanese Bath (Volcano Rainforest Retreat) Kona Village Resort Site Plan (Kona Village Resort) Kona Village Resort Tahitian Hale (Kona Village Resort) Kona Village Resort Marquesan Hale (Kona Village Resort) Kona Village Resort Samoan Interior (Kona Village Resort) Kona Village Resort Fishing Pond (Kona Village Resort) Kona Village Resort Beach (Kona Village Resort) Overall Case Study Report Card of Ecotourism Criteria Case Study Efficiency in Criterion Section: Environmental and Social Policy Overall Case Study Efficiency in Section Area: Environmental and Social Policy Case Study Efficiency in Criterion Section: Energy Overall Case Study Efficiency in Section Area: Energy Case Study Efficiency in Criterion Section: Water Overall Case Study Efficiency in Section Area: Water Case Study Efficiency in Criterion Section: Solid and Liquid Waste Overall Case Study Efficiency in Section Area: Solid and Liquid Waste Case Study Efficiency in Criterion Section: Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control Overall Case Study Efficiency in Section Area: Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control Case Study Efficiency in Criterion Section: Resource Conservation Overall Case Study Efficiency in Section Area: Resource Conservation Case Study Efficiency in Criterion Section: Social Commitment Overall Case Study Efficiency in Section Area: Social Commitment

Image 3.4 Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Table Graph 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 4.1 4.2

Graph 4.3 Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10

Graph 4.11 Graph Graph Graph Graph 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15

Graph Graph Graph Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image

4.16 4.17 4.18 App1.1 App1.2 App1.3 App1.4 App1.5 App1.6 App1.7 App1.8 App1.9 App1.10 App1.11 App1.12 App1.13 App1.14 App1.15 App1.16 App1.17 App1.18 App1.19 App1.20 App1.21 App1.22 App1.23 App1.24 App1.25 App1.26 App1.27 App1.28 App1.29 App1.30 App1.31 App1.32 App1.33 App1.34 App1.35 App1.36 App1.37 App1.38 App1.39 App1.40 App1.41 App1.42 App1.43

Case Study Efficiency in Criterion Section: Materials and Design Overall Case Study Efficiency in Section Area: Materials and Design Overall Case Study Efficiency of Criterion 3 Rivers Eco Lodge 3 Rivers Eco Lodge Cabin 3 Rivers Eco Lodge Cabin Amsterdam Manor Beach Resort Amsterdam Manor Beach Resort Main Entry Amsterdam Manor Beach Resort Room Interior Barcelo Ixtapa Hotel Barcelo Ixtapa Hotel Room Interior Beaches Negril Resort Pool Beaches Negril Resort Lobby Beaches Negril Resort Outdoor Dining Beaches Sandy Bay Beaches Sandy Bay Lobby Beaches Sandy Bay Lounge Binna Burra Mountain Lodge Bucuti Beach Resort Bucuti Beach Resort Beach Bar Bucuti Beach Resort Exterior Casuarina Beach Resort Casuarina Beach Resort Exterior Casuarina Beach Resort Pool Coco Palm Beach Resort & Spa Coco Palm Beach Resort & Spa Guest Rooms Coco Palm Beach Resort & Spa Pool Coco Palm Beach Resort & Spa Single Unit Kandalama Hotel Melia Bali Villas and Spa Resort Melia Bali Villas and Spa Resort Royal Plantation Spa & Golf Resort Royal Plantation Spa & Golf Resort - Pool Royal Plantation Spa & Golf Resort Beach Sandals Antigua Resort & Spa Sandals Antigua Resort & Spa Sandals Grande St. Lucian Spa & Beach Resort Sandals Grande St. Lucian Spa & Beach Resort Main Entry Sandals Grande St. Lucian Spa & Beach Resort Pool Sandals Grande St. Lucian Spa & Beach Resort Sandals Grande St. Lucian Spa & Beach Resort Room Interior Sandals Montego Bay Sandals Montego Bay Room Interior Sandals Montego Bay Exterior Sandals Montego Bay Beach Sandals Ocho Rios Resort and Golf Club

Image App1.44 Image App1.45 Image App1.46 Image App1.47 Image App1.48 Image App1.49 Image App1.50 Image App1.51 Image App1.52 Image App1.53 Image App1.54 Image App1.55 Image App2.1 Image App2.1 Image App2.3 Image App2.4 Image App2.5 Image App2.6 Image App2.7 Image App2.8 Image App2.9 Image App2.10 Image App2.11 Table App2.12 Image App2.13 Image App2.14 Image App2.15 Image App2.16 Image App2.17 Image App2.18 Image App2.19 Image App2.20 Image App2.21 Image App2.22 Image App2.23 Image App2.24 Image App2.25 Image App2.26 Image App2.27 Image App2.28 Image App2.29 Image App2.30 Image App2.31 Image App2.32 Image App2.33 Table App2.34

Sandals Ocho Rios Resort and Golf Club Sandals Ocho Rios Resort and Golf Club Pool Sandals Royal Caribbean Sandals Royal Caribbean Main Entry Sheraton Auckland Hotel and Towers Lobby Sundancer Spa & Beach Resort Sundancer Spa & Beach Resort Exterior The Boat Landing Guesthouse The Summer House The Summer House Room Interior The Summer House Patio Ventaclub Gran Dominicus Big Island of Hawaii (Doughty and Freidman) Kohala (Juvik and Juvik) Kiholo Bay, Big Island of Hawaii (Doughty and Freidman) Lava Flow Hazard (Juvik and Juvik) Geothermal Resouces (Juvik and Juvik) Geology (Juvik and Juvik) Volcano Analysis (Juvik and Juvik) Average Annual and Monthly Rainfall (Juvik and Juvik) Average Annual Solar Radiation Intensity (Juvik and Juvik) Wind (Meters per Second) (Juvik and Juvik) Overall Weather Impact (Juvik and Juvik) Weather (Weather) Major Earthquakes on Hawaii Island, 1929-1993 (Juvik and Juvik) Native Ecosystem (Juvik and Juvik) Ecosystems Today (Juvik and Juvik) Highly Stressed Ecosystems, 1992 (Juvik and Juvik) Endangered Species Habitat (Juvik and Juvik) Protected Areas (Juvik and Juvik) Water Quality and Contamination (Juvik and Juvik) Visitors to Hawaii, 1993 Places of Origin (Juvik and Juvik) Visitor Spending in Hawaii, 1993 (Juvik and Juvik) Visitor Breakdown (Juvik and Juvik) Site, Arial Photograph Site, Trail Site, Fresh Water Spring Site, Coastline Site, Bay Site, Peninsula Site, Mainland Site, Peninsula Site, Coastline Site, Peninsula Site, Bay Program

Chapter 1: Introduction
In that past fifteen years, society has become increasingly aware of its surroundings. As the world remains highly dependant upon natural resources, the outlook for future generations becomes increasingly faint as the worlds natural resources reach become depleted. While materialism and wastefulness remains part of the developed world, more and more people are seeking to escape the shackles of everyday life for the solitude of the natural world. However, no matter how much people long for this solitude and natural connection, they remain tied to the fast paced world in which they live. Their only opportunity to experience this peaceful world is through tourism. Tourists are not just seeking to experience worlds and societies that they have never experienced before, but also ones that seem to be untouched by the world they know. With this push to experience the pristine untouched lands of the world, there is a parallel movement to preserve and protect them for future generations. This concept of preservation, known as ecotourism, not only seeks to create a sustainable connection to nature, but it strives to educate tourists on how to preserve the world they wish to experience as well as the world in which they live. Ecotourism is a subject that is agreed on by many scholars in regards to its gesture, but not in its definition and execution. It currently is an often debated topic that has no agreed scope. Even with good intentions, most ecotourism resorts are destroying the very things they seek to protect. The rise of ecotourism in the tourism industry has a parallel movement of sustainability in the building industry. Architects are continually seeking to become more environmentally aware and design their buildings to harness, rather than react to, the natural environment. Planners and architects are working towards green construction, environmental design, and new urbanism. The governments of the world are continually trying to improve the sustainability,

effectiveness and universal use of services through creating legislation and guidelines that protects that environment. As an avid traveler and an architecture student I have become very interested in the relationship between ecotourism and sustainable green building design. Through my thesis I will seek to build a connection between the two fields, and establish the importance of an architects role in the success of ecotourism. I will show that building green is not enough when building for the ecotourism industry. Ecotourism architecture will be shown as a subcategory of sustainable green architecture that is specific to culture, site, history, and education. Since the movement of ecotourism is now thirty years old, its background will need to be distilled to the most important facts. Sustainable green architecture is more accepted and clearly defined, so there is less debate and fewer problems in understanding green architecture due to its well documented and proven implementation. What truly is ecotourism architecture and what role does it have in the field of architecture? How closely related is ecotourism architecture and green sustainable architecture? Is ecotourism architecture more of an idea about space, experience, and relationships than it is about the built environment? What elements are enough for ecotourism architecture, can any green building be included? Is ecotourism architecture truly achievable, or is ecotourism more of a program that takes place in sustainable architecture? There are many more questions that can be asked about architectures role in ecotourism, but they would all follow the same line as the above questions. What is the relationship between architecture and the four concepts of ecotourism; nature, education, sustainable development, and size? How important is site analysis and regional understanding to ecotourism architecture? Architecture is very influential and prominent to the generations that follow its construction, so

10

its role in ecotourism is vitally important. Architecture must be carefully understood in respect to its relationship with the ecotourism industry, especially in regard to scope. It can be as small as a single building, or as large as a resort; it can include just the design of the site, or expand to the whole region. The understanding of the scope and history of a site becomes crucial to understanding ecotourism architecture. They need to be looked at and understood at a site specific level, as well as a regional and global level. This understanding of site and its relation to size becomes pivotal to the success of ecotourism architecture, and is one of the main problems in finding a universal solution to ecotourism design. How much sustainability is needed to have successful ecotourism architecture? Can it even be defined? The strongest link between architecture and ecotourism is society. It is the one thing that defines both of these fields, and is the very reason that each exist. Architecture often finds itself defining the classes of society through ornament, materials, and size. Ecotourism in its very essence also stratifies society through its selectiveness, remoteness, and focus; it is often something that only a few can afford. Are the rich using the world as their playground? Can architects design affordable ecotourism? If ecotourism was more affordable, would the availability to more people result in the destruction of the natural environments at a faster rate? Architectures role and importance in the rapidly growing field of ecotourism needs to be established. Even though most scholars recognize architectures importance to ecotourism, none have studied or focused on its interaction with the environment. Instead many of them have focused on the big picture, and the individual tourists interaction with the environment. The relationship of ecotourism and architecture will continue to morph and define itself through this thesis.

11

Chapter 2: What is Ecotourism, and its Relation to Architecture?

This thesis is a direct response to architectures interaction with the environment, more specifically with the untouched worlds that tourists seek to experience. This raises the question: can tourists truly ever experience an untouched world if they will be touching it the very second they interact with it? Ecotourism and architecture each arose from the societal need to respond to the environment. Ecotourism was a reaction to mass tourism and tourisms continual destruction to various parts of the world, specifically developing world countries like Costa Rica, Belize, and Peru. Architecture was originally a reaction to the need for shelter in the design of the hut. Over the years the field has become reactive to the needs of society as opposed to being proactive and redefining societys needs. As sustainability seeks to preserve the world that we live in, architecture continues to try and balance functionality with expressional aesthetics. The relationship between architecture and ecotourism is not yet defined. There are no direct works written on architectures relationship to ecotourism, even though there are some works that focus on sustainable architecture in the hospitality industry. There are many examples of ecotourism resorts, or what are claimed to be ecotourism resorts, throughout the world. These range from cabins in the Rocky Mountains to tents on St. John in the Virgin Islands. The truth is that true ecotourism resorts are few and very far between. Even though there are ecotourism destinations like Tiamo Resorts, a resort considered to be the most eco-friendly resort in the world, there are still no criteria that define what architecture is considered ecotourist. Most ecotourism resorts and operations are self-determined to be ecotourism, which causes many people to take part in non-ecotourism practices while trying to do the very opposite. The main reason there are no established criteria for ecotourist

12

architecture is the fact that there is no agreement on what is ecotourism. It is hard to establish rules to support a definition when there is no true definition to support. The Ecotourism Society, as well as the National Ecotourism Accreditation Program in Australia, has created their own principles and guidelines for ecotourism. Even though they each have their own list of principles and guidelines, they do not agree on a universal set. Each set of guidelines and principles are focused on the experience of the tourist, and what the tourist must do to participate in an ecotourism experience, rather than how that environment should be treated when creating the experience. Understanding ecotourism architecture requires understanding a combination of many factors for a particular site. These factors include a site analysis of all the intricacies of the site and building design to utilize the natural resources while having the smallest impact on the actual environment. Understanding the history and culture or the area can help determine the architectural style for the final building. One must decide whether to follow the vernacular architectural style of the region or create a sustainable building if integration is not possible. A complete understanding of resources, services, and travel available within the region are necessary to build successful ecotourism architecture. A designer must maximize sustainability without sacrificing building function or the education values built into the design of the building. Societys concept of the site and the tourists anticipated experience while interacting with the site are two factors that can sometimes be difficult to grasp for designers. Ecotourism architecture is a concept just now coming into existence and becoming the future of tourism. It expands from the extreme realms of low impact sustainable remote architecture to ecotourism within the urban environment. It employs thorough analysis to determine a solution with the most positive gain for the least negative impact.

13

Ecotourism Ecotourism has become a common word in conversation over the last decade, even though currently there is no agreement on the meaning or interpretation of the term ecotourism (Weaver, 2001, 1). Origins of the word ecotourism are unclear, but it is attributed to the founder of Forum International Travel, Dr. Nicholas Hetzer, who defined the term with four pillars (Blamey, 2001, 5; Hetzer, 1965; Forum International Travel): 1. minimizing environmental impact 2. respecting host culture 3. maximizing benefit of local people 4. maximizing tourist satisfaction Ecotourism can be traced back to the environmental movement of the 1970s and 1980s and is the result of growing environmental concern and dissatisfaction with mass tourism (Blamey, 2001, 5). People began to look for alternative forms of tourism including nature based tourism, which soon spawned a societal interest in ecotourism (Blamey, 2001, 5). Less developed countries saw it as an opportunity to preserve their lands while bringing in foreign exchange (Blamey, 2001, 5). Ecotourism became a way for many countries to conserve and develop simultaneously (Blamey, 2001, 5). The first formal definition of ecotourism is often credited to Hector Ceballos-Lascurain who defined it as traveling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific objective of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestations found in these areas, (Blamey, 2001, 56; Ceballos-Lascurain, 1987). Other older definitions focus on nature-based experiences while current definitions of ecotourism focus more on sustainable development, (Blamey, 2001, 6).

14

Though there are many different definitions, there are three recurring themes that can be seen as the main concept of what ecotourism is (Blamey, 2001, 6): 1 2 3 nature based environmentally educated sustainable managed

In parallel with the definition of ecotourism, Ross and Wall outline five fundamental functions of ecotourism (Blamey, 2001, 6-7; Ross and Wall, 1999): 1. protection of natural areas 2. education 3. generation of money 4. quality tourism 5. local participation The last three can be combined and considered as the last main concept of the definition, sustainable managed. A few definitions bring up a further dimension beyond the aforementioned three; they call for the tourism to be small, personable, and alternatively based (Blamey, 2001, 7). The popular view and definition of ecotourism is very similar to the classical perception of the term, except it is no longer seen as having to be alternatively based (Blamey, 2001, 7). Table 2.1 illustrates the many different definitions of ecotourism.
Definitions of Ecotourism Nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed by ecologically sustainable. This definition recognizes that 'natural environment' included cultural components and that 'ecologically sustainable' involves an appropriate return to the local community and long-term conservation of the resource. Traveling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific objective of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestations found in these areas. Ecologically sustainable tourism, with a primary focus on experiencing natural areas, that fosters environmental and cultural understanding, appreciation and conservation.

Allcock et al. (1947, 17) National Ecotourism Strategy of Australia Caballos-Lascurain (1987, 14) EAA (2000a)

15

Fennell (1999, 43)

A sustainable form of natural resource-based tourism that focuses primarily on experiencing and learning about nature, and is ethically managed to be low impact, non-consumptive, and locally oriented (control, benefits, and scale). It typically occurs in natural areas and should contribute to the conservation or preservation of such areas. Low-impact nature tourism which contributes to the maintenance of species and habitats either directly through a contribution to conservation and/or indirectly by providing revenue to the local community sufficient for local people to value, and therefore protect, their wildlife heritage area as a source of income. Ecotourism is responsible reveal to natural areas which conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people. It must be consistent with positive environmental ethic, fostering behavior. It does not denigrate the environmental resource. There is no erosion of resource integrity. It concentrates on intrinsic rather than extrinsic values. It is biocentric rather that homocentric in philosophy, in that an ecotourist accepts nature largely on its own terms, rather that significantly transforming the environment for personal convenience. Ecotourism must benefit the resource. The environment must experience a net benefit from the activity, although there are often spin-offs of social, economic, political, or scientific benefits. It is a first-hand experience with the natural environment. There is in ecotourism, an expectation of gratification measured in appreciation and education, not in thrill-seeking or physical achievement. There are high cognitive (informative) and affective (emotional) dimensions to the experience, requiring a high level of preparation from bother leaders and participants.

Goodwin (1996, 288)

The Ecotourism Society (Lindberg & Hawkins, 1993, 8)

J. Butler (Scace, 1993, 65)

Scace, Grifone, & Usher (1992, 14) Tickell (1994, ix)

An enlightening nature-travel experience that contributed to conservation of the ecosystem while respecting the integrity of host communities. Travel to enjoy the world's amazing diversity of natural life and human culture without causing damage to either. Nature-based tourism that is ecologically sustainable and is based on relatively undisturbed natural areas, is non-damaging and non-degrading, contributes directly to the continued protection and management of protected areas, and is subject to an adequate and appropriate management regime.

Valentine (1992)

This chart is constructed and reworked from the following sources: (Blamey, 2001, 6; Weaver, 2001c, 6-7)

Table 2.1 Definitions of Ecotourism

Protect Natural Areas Nature based tourism has become one of the most regarded and referred to parts of ecotourism. Some experts like Peter Valentine define nature-based tourism as primarily concerned with the direct enjoyment of some relatively undisturbed phenomenon of nature, (Blamey, 2001, 7; Valentine, 1992). Tensie Whelan points out that seeking to enjoy nature is not

16

the only motivation for nature based tourism (Blamey, 2001, 7; Whelan, 1991). Some people seek to escape from everyday life, while others want to get back in touch with nature. There are some that feel they need to see nature while it is still there, and the adventurous interact with nature for thrill in specific activities like hiking, rafting, and canyoning (Blamey, 2001, 7). There are many questions as to what is, and what is not nature based tourism. Does someone driving through a national forest enjoying their surrounding along the way count, or do they actually need to leave their car, walk and interact with nature (Blamey, 2001, 8)? If it is required to walk and intermingle, is there an amount of time or a distance one must walk that creates the boundary of if one is interacting with nature or not (Blamey, 2001, 8)? Valentine would argue that all these factors would, and identifies three components of nature based tourism (Blamey, 2001, 7-8): 1 2 3 activity/experience component duration component proximity

This brings up the question of size and clarity. Is ones interaction with a beach that is polluted or highly populated considered a nature based experience (Blamey, 2001, 8)? In respect to proximity, how close must one be to nature for interaction to take place? Does spending time gazing at a natural environment count, or does someone actually have to engage it (Blamey, 2001, 8)? Kurt Kutay takes these questions a step farther and questions if ecotourism should happen inside or outside of protected areas (Blamey, 2001, 8; Kutay, 1989). Is there a point where protected areas begin to have too much activity to be considered natural (Blamey, 2001, 8)? Kutay argues that protected areas should be exactly what their name claims them to be, protected from all development including ecotourism. Outside protected areas that normally are

17

the undisturbed areas should become the site of development (Blamey, 2001, 8; Kutay, 1989). Kutays point brings up another very important question of whether environments of great human disturbance and interaction can ever qualify as being ecotourism (Blamey, 2001, 8; Kutay, 1989)? Can places such as Whelans dude ranches or Sharon Chirgwin and Karen Hughs altered wetlands that are associated with managed well kept human-made water courses exposed to wildlife be considered forms of ecotourism even though they have high human disturbance (Blamey, 2001, 8; Chirgwin and Hughes, 1997)? Even though both these examples are man made, can they be nature based since they are relatively undisturbed (Blamey, 2001, 8)? Can the urban environment be considered ecotourism if it is sustainably managed even though the natural environment is highly influenced by humans and does not satisfy the standard interpretation and criterion of nature based (Blamey, 2001, 8; Hinch, 1996)? All these questions have supporters on both sides, but some like T.G. Acott et al. believe strongly that it is possible for ecotourism in non-ecotourist locations (Blamey, 2001, 8; Acott et al., 1998). In the end, all these questions just help to clarify the fuzziness of the definition of ecotourism since all their answers are subjective opinions about what nature based tourism truly is (Blamey, 2001, 8). Education The next of the main concepts of ecotourism is environmental and cultural education and interpretation (Blamey, 2001, 8). To understand educations role in ecotourism, Russell Blamey points out that it is best to first understand what education truly means, which Katherine Kalinowski and Betty Weiler have done. Katherine and Betty explain the difference between learning, a natural process, occurring throughout life and mostly incidental, and education, a conscious, planned, sequential and systematic process, based on defined learning objectives and using specific learning procedures (Blamey, 2001, 8; Kalinowski and Weiler, 1992). Next,

18

there must be an understanding of interpretation, which Tilden Freeman describes as an educational activity which aims to reveal meanings and relationships through the use of original objects, by first hand experience, and by illustrative media, rather than simply to communicate factual information, (Blamey, 2001, 8-9; Moscard, 1998). Although learning is involved in ecotourism, education and interpretation are what separates ecotourism from other types of tourism (Blamey, 2001, 9). Education has a few main purposes; to satisfy tourist demand for information, to alter in a pro-environment way the behavior and attitudes of tourist, and to leave a positive impact on environment and culture (Blamey, 2001, 9). Many peoples reason for taking an ecotourism trip is to become educated about plants, animals, landscapes, and other unique things to an area (Blamey, 2001, 9). Tourists can take their thirst for education and tailor their tourism needs to their interests, which is important since different tourist have different needs (Blamey, 2001, 9). John Urry recognized that it is human nature that when we go away we look at the environment with interest and curiosity. It speaks to us in ways we appreciate, or at least we anticipate that it will do so. In other words, we gaze at what we encounter, (Blamey, 2001, 9; Urry, 1998). Martha Honey points out that most tourist first priority for their time off is rejuvenation of their mind, with learning being a byproduct of their interaction with their surroundings during rejuvenation (Blamey, 2001, 9; Honey, 1999). C.M. Hall and Betty Weiler consider ecotourist as a special interest group when it comes to traveling, one interested in learning about the environment (Blamey, 2001, 9; Hall and Weiler, 1992). Education helps to separate ecotourism from nature based adventure tourism, but not from nature site seeing tours (Blamey, 2001, 9). Tourists are taught how to leave small impacts on a site, giving them a code of ethics (Blamey, 2001, 9). This helps to prevent people from high impact experiential learning, since it

19

is human nature to want to experience things we are unfamiliar with through interaction (Blamey, 2001, 9). The final hope of ecotourism is that immersion and exposure will eventually bring someone to become more environmentally conscious in the future (Blamey, 2001, 10). Education does not just entail sharing facts and history about the site and culture as Gianna Moscardo points out, stating that education can be information about alternative sites and things away from heavy impacted areas (Blamey, 2001, 10; Moscardo, 1998). She also expresses how to maximize an experience by informing tourists about their location, site, safety and warning messages, and suggested walks and routes (Blamey, 2001, 10). Ecotourism education should expand past the tourist to the community, informing the community of best environmental business practices (Blamey, 2001, 10). In order for a location to be successful at ecotourism, many sectors must work together and see the collaborative picture (Blamey, 2001, 10).

20

E cotourism P rinciple s and G uid elines

W ig ht (199 4) T he E c o touris m S oc i et y (L ind b erg a nd H awk in s , 19 9 3) P repare travele rs to m in im iz e t heir n egat i ve i m pac ts whi le vis iti ng s ens i t ive en vi ronm e n ts an d c ul tures b efore d epa rt ure P repare travele rs for eac h en c oun t er wi t h l oc al c ul tu re s and wi th nat ive a ni m a ls an d plan t s M ini m iz e vis i tor im p ac t s o n t he e nvironm e nt b y o fferin g l it erature, b riefing s , lead ing b y ex am ple, and t ak ing c orre c ti ve ac ti ons M ini m iz e vis i tor im p ac t s o n t he e nvironm e nt b y o fferin g l it erature, b riefing s , lead ing b y ex am ple, and t ak ing c orre c ti ve ac ti ons Us e ad e qua te l ead ers hip , an d m a int ai n s m al l eno ugh grou ps to e ns ure m inim um gro u p i m pac t on d es t in ation s . A vo id areas t ha t are u nder-m a na ged and o ve r-vis ited Nat io nal E c o t ou ris m A c c redit a t ion P rog ram (NE A P ), A us t ral ia. E qu it y P rinc i ple s F oc u s es on pe rs onal ly ex perie nc ing n atu ral areas in w a y s that lead t o g re a ter un ders tand ing an d a pprec iat io n Int egrates op po rt unit i es t o u nders tan d n at ural areas int o eac h e x perienc e Repres ent s bes t prac t ic e fo r e c olo gic al ly s u s t aina ble to u ri s m

It s hou ld not degrad e t h e res ourc e a nd s h o uld b e develope d i n a n e nviron m e ntal ly s ou nd m anne r In s h oul d p ro vide l ong-t erm b ene fit s t o th e res ou rc e, t o the lo c al c om m uni ty and in dus try It s hou ld pro vi de fi rs t -ha nd, p art ic i pat ory and en light eni ng e x pe ri enc e s It s hou ld in volve ed uc ati on am on g al l p art ies : lo c a l c om m uni t ies , g ove rnm ent , non-gove rn m e nt o rg ani z at io ns , indu s try a nd t o uris t s (be fo re , during and aft er t he trip) It s hou ld enc ourage all -p a rt y rec ogn it ion o f t he int rin s ic val ue s o f t he res ourc e

P os i tively c on t rib ut es to th e o ng oing c ons e rvati on of n at ura l a reas

P rovid es c ons t ruc ti ve on go ing c ont ribu ti ons to lo c al c om m unit ie s

It s hou ld in volve ac c e ptanc e of t he res ourc e in its own t erm s , and i n rec ogn it ion o f its li m it s , wh ic h i nvolves s up pl y -o ri ent ed m a nag e m en t It s hou ld pro m ot e und ers ta nding and i nvolve partne rs hi ps be tw een m a n y p la y ers , w hic h c ou ld involve g ove rnm ent , non-gove rn m e ntal o rg ani z at io ns , indu s try , s c i en t is t s , a nd l oc al s (b ot h b efo re a nd d uri ng o perat io ns ) It s hou ld pro m ot e m o ral an d et hic al res pon s ibi li tie s a nd b eh avior t ow ards t he na tural and c ul tu ral e nviron m e nt b y all pla y ers

E n s ure m a nagers , s t aff and c onta c t e m plo y ees k now a nd partic ipat e in Is s en s iti ve t o, in te rpret s an d a ll as pec t s o f c om pa ny polic y to invol ves di fferen t c ult ures , p re vent i m pac ts on the p art i c ularly i ndigen ous c ult ure s e nvironm e nt al an d lo c al c ult ures G ive m a n ag ers , s ta ff and c ont ac t e m plo y ees a c c es s to program m e s t ha t w ill upg ra de t h ei r abi li ty to c om m unic a te wi th and m an age c lient s in s ens i ti ve nat ural a nd c ul tural s et t ings

Cons is t en tl y m eet s c lien t e x pec t a ti ons

B e a c on t ri but or t o t he c on s ervation o f t he re g ion bein g vis it ed P rovid e c om pet it i ve, loc a l e m plo y m en t, i n all as p ec ts of b us i nes s o peration s O ffe r s it e -s ens i ti ve ac c om m odat io ns t ha t are not wa s tefu l of l oc a l res ourc es o r des t ru c ti ve t o the e nvironm e nt , w hic h provide a m ple o pport unit y for lea rn ing ab ou t th e e nvironm e nt a nd s e n s it ive i nterc ha nge w it h lo c al c o m m uni ti es

M a rk et ing i s ac c u rat e an d lea ds t o rea lis tic ex pec ta tio ns

T a b le re fo rma t te d fro m Bla me y (2001, 10)

Table 2.2 Ecotourism Principles and Guidelines

21

Sustainable Managed Sustainable Development as a term came from the publication of Our Common Future also known as the Brundtland Report, a report created by the World Commission on Environmental Development (WCED) in 1987 (Blamey, 2001, 10; Weaver, 2001c, 12). It is defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987, 8; Blamey, 2001, 10). Edward Barbier points out how the concept of sustainable development takes on two forms (Blamey, 2001, 10; Barbier, 1989). First, a generalized, normative and energized response associated with the pursuit of synergisms and balance among environment impacts, economic development, participatory processes, intergenerational equity, sustainable livelihoods, so on. The second, while overlapping with the first, is narrower and involves the development of formal rules of sustainability, (Blamey, 2001, 12; Barbier, 1989). The generalized, normative and energized response dominates discussion and is seen in many government and industry initiatives including; ecotourism strategies, sustainable indicators, accreditation, and so on (Blamey, 2001, 12). Pamela Wight points out that sustainable tourism must be a fine balance of social economic and environmental goals (Blamey, 2001, 12; Wight, 1993). Bill Bramwell and Bernard Lane have concluded there are four principles of sustainable development (Blamey, 2001, 12; Bramwell, 1993): 1 2 3 4 holistic planning and strategy preservation of essential ecological processes protection of human heritage and biodiversity development to ensure the productivity can be sustained over the long term for future generations

22

Ecotourism should support conservation and local economies (Blamey, 2001, 12). Debate arises with the interpretation of what natural environment includes in regards to cultural components, and if ecologically sustainable involves an appropriate return to the local community and longterm conservation of a resource (Blamey, 2001, 12). The goal of ecotourism in its least aggressive sense is to make things no worse off. The main reason for this is intergenerational equity, doing what is responsible to ensure that the world is livable for future generations. This idea of sustainability works from the assumption that local communities are more likely to protect or maintain a resource base that is suitable for tourism if they benefit from it, which becomes an incentive to protect it (Blamey, 2001, 12-13). There are many benefits to local communities if they conserve. These benefits include foreign exchange earnings, employment, infrastructure development, and long term economic diversification (Blamey, 2001, 13). Some of these benefits come directly from the tourists as entrance fees, ancillary goods, and services (accommodations, souvenirs, etc.) whose income can be used for conservation. Other forms of conservation include removing litter, scientific monitoring, and community rehabilitation projects (Blamey, 2001, 13). One highly debated aspect of ecotourism is whether its sustainability is biocentric (nature-centered) or anthropocentric (human-centered) (Weaver, 2001c, 12). Deep ecologists who give equivalent significance to all components of a biosphere represent the biocentric extreme. Technological utopians are anthropocentric extremists who believe that humans can manipulate their environment and solve all problems through technology (Weaver, 2001c, 12). Even being at the extremes of the spectrum, each has the belief that the wellbeing of humanity depends on nature (Weaver, 2001c, 12). Some ecotourism definitions clearly swing one way or the other. This is seen clearly in definitions calling for socio-cultural sustainability (Weaver,

23

2001c, 12). The degree of socio-cultural sustainability is often debated. Scace, Grifone, and Usher call for respect to the integrity of host communities in contrast to the International Ecotourism Society that states ecotourism should improve the welfare of local people (Weaver, 2001c, 12; Scace et. al., 1992; TIES). Weaver emphasizes the importance of anthropocentricity in ecotourism by recognizing that local people are necessary to protect natural resources and make the finances of a region sustainable through businesses and operations (Weaver, 2001c, 12-13). Even though biocentric and anthropocentric seem to be able to work together within ecotourism, there is conflict of which would take prominence if there was ever disagreement between them (Weaver, 2001c, 13). This is seen when people seek to increase their economy by increasing tourism, which causes destruction to the very environment that tourists seek to see by overpopulation. Should sustainability be steady-state sustainability which maintains the status quo, or be enhancement sustainability which makes things better than how they were found (Weaver, 2001c, 13)? There is no clear distinction of which ecotourism should do. James Butler asserts that the environment must experience a net benefit, David Fennell agrees claming it should contribute to the conservation and preservation of environmental areas (Weaver, 2001c, 13; Fennell, 1999). Mark Orams claims that this difference of opinion should be defined as active ecotourism vs. passive ecotourism (Weaver, 2001c, 13; Orams, 1995). Most ecotourism scholars would agree that enhancement sustainability is the preference, but steady state sustainability is a minimum (Weaver, 2001c, 13). This idea of sustainability is often only applied to the natural environment (Weaver, 2001c, 13). The cultural environment is never included because of its complexity; cultures are ever changing to adapt to environmental conditions and interaction with other cultures (Weaver, 2001c, 13).

24

No matter what the definition of sustainability, and what combination one chooses to define ecotourism, it becomes difficult to set guidelines and measure if something is sustainable (Weaver, 2001c, 14). This is caused by many problems; one is that there is no consensus on what indicators are most important and are best for measuring tourism and ecotourism (Weaver, 2001c, 14). Also, no one knows really what the threshold value should be for these indicators (Weaver, 2001c, 14). In regard to the issue of site, each is different and requires different indications of a threshold (Weaver, 2001c, 14-15). Size of Ecotourism The size of an ecotourism venue becomes a huge factor; should the site be the only thing included and considered in an ecotourism operation, or should it be the region (Weaver, 2001c, 14)? Even though ecotourism was created from those disillusioned with mass tourism, it is proving to be more problematic as a form of alternate tourism than mass tourism (Blamey, 2001, 18). This has a direct connection with the views of the well-known New Urbanist, Andres Duany, who stated at the United Nations World Environment Day in 2005 that environmentalists need to realize that new urbanists are not their enemy (Duany and Susanka, 2005). He went on to explain that in truth the dense urban environments that new urbanists desire help to prevent urban sprawl and the destruction of more of the environment (Duany and Susanka, 2005). Environmentalists need not focus on greening cities, but greening suburbs (Duany and Susanka, 2005). New urbanism in its very nature is sustainable because it seeks to put people in a dense environment, not only using less land but also consuming fewer resources for infrastructure (Duany and Susanka, 2005). This comes full circle with Russell Blameys point that mass tourism can sometimes have less of an impact than the sprawl of alternate tourism (Blamey, 2001, 18).

25

Hall and Weiler point out that tourists are constantly looking for immersive experiences; quality instead of quantity (Blamey, 2001, 18; Hall and Weiler, 1992). People seek personalized experiences and small scale operations, which causes small size to be viewed as an important aspect of ecotourism (Blamey, 2001, 18). Larger scale tours can meet all the criteria of ecotourism, especially education and sustainability, sometimes better than the smaller operations (Blamey, 2001, 18). Size more often defines the difference between classical and popular ecotourism (Blamey, 2001, 18). Richard Butler argues that interaction on a small scale basis with a family can have a larger impact on a culture than all tourists being together in one area with little contact with locals (Blamey, 2001, 18; Butler, 1990). Many of the reasons there is so much debate around ecotourism is the involvement of many stakeholders who all have adopted their own different perspectives (Blamey, 2001, 18). Honey identifies the major stakeholders as the scientific, conservation and non-governmental organizations, multilateral aid organizations, developing countries, the travel industry, and the traveling public (Blamey, 2001, 18; Honey, 1999, 11). Types of Tourism and Ecotourism Nature-Based Tourism (Weaver, 2001c, 16; Orams, 2001, 26-27; Weaver, 2001b, 73-74). This type of tourism relies on nature as its attraction (Weaver, 2001c, 16). Ecotourism, 3s tourism, adventure tourism, captive tourism, and extractive tourism are all subsets of nature based tourism (Weaver, 2001c, 16). Ecotourism is different than nature based tourism because it has a sustainable and educational
Fig. 2.3 Nature-Based Tourism

component (Weaver, 2001c, 16).

26

Cultural Tourism (Weaver, 2001c, 17). Cultural tourism places its primary emphasis on culture (Weaver, 2001c, 17). Ecotourism has a cultural component, but it is not a big enough part of the overall tourism experience (Weaver, 2001c, 17).
Fig. 2.4 Cultural Tourism

Adventure Tourism (Weaver, 2001c, 17-18; Weaver, 2001b, 74-75). To qualify as adventure tourism the activity must have an element of risk, high levels of physical exertion, and require certain specialized skills (Weaver, 2001c, 17). Some ecotourism qualifies as adventure, but most adventure does not qualify as ecotourism
Fig. 2.5 Adventure Tourism

(Weaver, 2001c, 17). Hybrids (Trekking) (Weaver, 2001c, 18-19; Weaver, 2001b, 75-76). These are the types of tourism that are hard to place in a category due to containing a little of many different types of tourism (Weaver, 2001c, 18). Sometimes ecotourism can be included in this (Weaver, 2001c, 18). 3S (Sea, Sand, Sun) Tourism (Weaver, 2001c, 19; Weaver, 2001b, 76-77). Since 3s is often associated with mass tourism resorts it is not included with ecotourism (Weaver, 2001c, 19). The two can coexist, even in a resort condition, but the educational component must be present in ecotourism (Weaver, 2001c, 19).

27

Alternative and Mass Tourism (Weaver, 2001c, 19-20; Orams, 2001, 25-26; Weaver, 2001b, 7780). Since the knowledge-based platform disassociated ecotourism with scale, ecotourism can fall under either alternative tourism or mass tourism (Weaver, 2001c, 19). Ecotourism originally was only alternative tourism, which grew out of a direct response to mass tourism (Weaver, 2001c, 19).
Fig. 2.6 Alternative and Mass Tourism

Sustainable Tourism (Weaver, 2001c, 20; Weaver, 2001b, 80). Ecotourism is a subset of sustainable tourism, which can be either mass tourism or alternative tourism depending on the circumstances of the destination (Weaver, 2001c, 20).

Fig. 2.7 Sustainable Tourism

28

Consumptive and Non-Consumptive Tourism (Weaver, 2001c, 21; Weaver, 2001b, 80-81). Consumptive tourism involves taking tangible products from the environment, while nonconsumptive tourism is taking intangible experiences (Weaver, 2001c, 21). Ecotourism is clearly non-consumptive in nature (Weaver, 2001c, 21). Soft and Hard Ecotourism (Orams, 2001, 28). This distinction of ecotourism was first described by Laarman and Durst in 1987 (Orams, 2001, 28). This level of measurement refers to the level of dedication of the ecotourist to the experience of physical interaction and the interest in the natural attraction (Orams, 2001, 28). A matrix creates and illustrates four different types of interaction by an
Fig. 2.8 Soft and Hard Ecotourism

ecotourist; easy physical activity with casual natural interest, easy physical activity with dedicated natural interest, difficult physical activity with casual natural interest, and difficult physical activity with dedicated natural interest (Orams, 2001, 28). Refer to Fig. 2.8. Natural and Unnatural Ecotourism (Orams, 2001, 29). Miller and Kaae state the vast amount of definitions of ecotourism create a continuum of human relation to nature (Orams, 2001, 29). One end of the continuum states that humans are part of nature and become fauna, linking humans to nature and designating all human behavior as natural, making all tourism ecotourism (Orams, 2001, 29). The other end states that humans are separate from nature and just their presence is unnatural impact, making ecotourism

29

impossible since all tourism would have a negative effect on the natural world (Orams, 2001, 29). From these extremes it was concluded that all tourism is ecotourism since there is no distinction between the naturalness of tourism and ecotourism (Orams, 2001, 29). Ecotourism falls somewhere in-between the two extremes (Orams, 2001, 29).

Fig. 2.9 Natural and Unnatural Ecotourism

Exploitive, Passive, and Active Ecotourism (Orams, 2001, 29-30). Ecotourism can also be categorized by its impact on the environment, (Orams, 2001, 29). This is considered to be an integral part of the discussion of ecotourism by many scholars including Kutay, Wight, Duenkel and Scott, Karwacki and Boyd, Orams, and Fennell (Orams, 2001, 29). The variation in scale has to do with what is the right thing (Orams, 2001, 29).

Fig. 2.10 Exploitive, Passive, and Active Ecotourism

30

Aldo Leopold states what is right as, A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise, (Orams, 2001, 29; Lepold, 1949, 224). The parts of the scale are 1) exploitive, causes damage to the host environment; 2) passive, minimal damage to the host environment; and 3) active, contributes to the health of the host environment (Orams, 2001, 30).

Summary
Ecotourism is something that is very hard to define and agree on even though it has basic parts that are accepted. The definition of ecotourism that scholars choose to accept has more to do with their individual interest than anything else. This can be seen in some scholars view that cultural sustainability is a very important part of ecotourism, while others view ecotourism as only a nature based concept. Along these same lines there are many debates on how much dedication is necessary to achieve ecotourism. Some scholars believe in hard ecotourism, thinking ecotourism should be very dedicated to the idea of conservation and nature, and in that respect not very easy. These scholars believe that soft ecotourism should not exist, and that the only true ecotourism is that practiced by extreme environmentalists. Most ecotourism seen today falls into the category of soft ecotourism. Soft ecotourism is easy in regards to challenge and difficulty, while not being overwhelming in regards to the natural attraction. These people like to learn about the natural environment around them, but are more interested in the main concepts and high points than in all the small details. They do not wish to spend days or weeks to understand the environment, unlike those that practice hard ecotourism. Can any part of an ecotourism experience be man made or helped? Some believe that it is not possible for man to ever truly experience naturalness, since they are separate from nature

31

and their very presence takes away from the natural environment. In this extreme, ecotourism is never achievable. On the other side of the spectrum there is the view that humans are a part of nature, so all tourism and all experience of life in general can be considered ecotourism. The current definitions of ecotourism fall somewhere in between these two extremes, but it is hard to know which direction ecotourism should be leaning towards. Should ecotourism try to achieve minimal impact with little to no damage to the environment or should it strive to make the environment better than how it was found? All ecotourism scholars feel that ecotourism should at the very least sustain what is already present in a natural environment, but should also strive to enhance it. This is a very hard thing to achieve and measure. Ecotourism may be able to enhance certain parts of the environment while greatly damaging other parts. It becomes important to try to sustain all parts of a natural environment and never let one part of the environment rise to a level where it overshadows the environment as a whole. With all the many definitions and contradictory interpretation of ecotourism, ecotourism still seems to be able to be distilled down to four points: natural environment, education, sustainable managed, and size. They all are important to successfully creating ecotourism architecture. The one that becomes the most crucial in regards to success though is size. Size is the one variable that can range in extremes, with success in ecotourism architecture still being achievable. Size becomes a crucial part of defining ecotourism architecture because the definition needs to be able to encompass the many extremes of projects and operations. Ecotourism architecture is about preservation of the natural world that many people long to see. Sometimes it will focus around sustainability, other times education and culture, and still other times it will be all about size and efficiency. Ecotourism architecture will blur what it

32

means to be architecture, and will attempt to not only define the physical building and surrounding environment, but the ecotourism operation and how people sociologically are affected by the surroundings.

33

Chapter 3: Precedent Analysis Ecotourism Current Practices

In understanding the current ideals of ecotourism it is important to examine the current best practices within the field. Some sites are considered ecotourist destinations as much for their operation as for their design. This chapter will look at specific case studies that are considered ecotourism resorts and what truly makes them ecotourism. After this in depth look at a few resorts, there will be an overall analysis of the trends that currently exist in several areas of sustainability, and which of these trends truly need to be present for ecotourism. Precedents Precedents for ecotourism span a wide range of locations and design solutions. Each place is unique in its experience, yet all seem to have similar innate qualities. The following precedents point out some of the best practices in ecotourism architecture, as well as some of their lofty goals, expectations, and approaches. Tiamo Resorts - South Andros Island, Bahamas Tiamo Resorts is a one of the most earth-kind resorts in the world. It meets the standard of resorts by providing great service and comfort; however, it goes farther than most resorts by being environmentally conscious in its design, construction, and operations. Guests

Image 3.1 Tiamo Resorts Typical Guest House Entry

34

have the opportunity to not only enjoy the tropical environment in which Tiamo inhabits, but also help to preserve it. Tiamo is the first full service resort in the world to exploit 100 percent alternative energy for all of its electrical needs, including a commercial kitchen (Tiamo Resorts). It can generate an electrical capacity of over 130 kilowatt hours daily, and has a battery storage facility of 4,075 amp hours. All the energy is generated via solar panels. Furthermore, Tiamo is the largest privately owned and operated solar electricity generating tourist facility in the Caribbean and Latin America. It was designed by the Real Goods Corporation in California and was installed primarily by locals. All hot water is created by the sun through the use of thermal hot water heaters. Each bungalow has a 30-gallon heater, and the commercial kitchen is fitted with two 50-gallon heaters. Because the heaters are so efficient and the water created is near boiling, tempering valves were installed to ensure the safety of those who use it. Low flush composting toilets are used to deal with black water waste (which is one of the most detrimental wastes to near shore tropical water ecosystems). They look like a normal ceramic bowl, but they use a one-pint, low-flush system. Microorganisms help to break down the waste into organic peat. The grey water waste
Image 3.2 Tiamo Resorts Typical Bathroom

from showers, sinks, and laundry is filtered through a natural process. First it is filtered for large objects, and then sent through dirt, sand, and rock filter systems for cleansing. The resort also uses biodegradable phosphorus free soaps to help further protect the water and land resources.

35

The building design at Tiamo integrates three major objectives: Minimum Site Impact: Each building is elevated using simple columns which

also help with cooling purposes. No land alteration was needed; this prevents erosion. Passive-Cooling: The building utilizes white reflective roofs, high-pitched

ceilings, wraparound porches, and open design to maximize airflow. Energy Efficiency: All energy comes from the sun, while the wind is utilized for

comfort. The buildings are wood frame constructed from non-hazardous treated pine that was taken from sustainable forests. All bungalows were placed in existing tree and vegetation to prevent the destruction of existing nature as well as for privacy and taking in the finest views of the water. The construction of Tiamo was as low impact as possible. The site was cleared by hand using machetes and chainsaws to conserve and exploit the existing vegetation as much as possible. Shallow draft boats were used to transport all materials to the site to avoid dredging of the beach/flats ecosystem in front of Tiamo. All wood was precut in the vicinity of the site then moved by hand to each building site and assembled with light power tools. A prototype building was built in India prior to ordering any materials to ensure minimal waste during construction. All leftover scraps were saved and used to make furniture and other items. Moreover, most of the construction was done using the solar power system. The construction crew consisted of local South Andros Island people, up to twenty at one stage in construction with only three nonBahamians as part of the construction management team. As great as Tiamo is for creating clean energy, reducing pollution, and making the smallest impact on its surroundings as possible, it is the mindset of Tiamo that makes it truly

36

great. The everyday operations take into account the capabilities of these systems to ensure they are used to their greatest capacities, while reaching the highest levels of efficiency to make certain that there are enough resources to accomplish what needs to be done during the day. A resort that is designed to be earth friendly means nothing if it isnt also operated using the same mindset. Tiamo is a great example of ecotourism, and of a resort that not only meets the luxurious needs of their guests in paradise, but also shows their guests how they can live an earth conscious and respecting life. Volcano Rainforest Retreat Volcano, Hawaii

Image 3.4 Volcano Rainforest Retreat Bamboo Guest House

Volcano Rainforest Retreat began as a modest house for Peter and Kathleen Golden on a half acre rainforest lot five minutes north of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on highway eleven. While it started as a place for the Goldens to get away from the city life of San Francisco, it has
Image 3.3 Volcano Rainforest Retreat- Typical Path between Buildings

become a six building bed and breakfast that allows guests to reconnect with nature (Golden).

The Goldens consider themselves stewards of the land, not just owners of it.

37

Over sixteen years, Volcano Rainforest Retreat has become a small one and half acre piece of the rainforest?? (piece of the rainforest??). The retreat contains 4 guest cottages (Guest Cottage, Sanctuary, Forest House, and Bamboo Guest House) along with a gathering place, and the Goldens office. The gathering place functions as the core of the retreat, as well as the Goldens residence. The Guest House is the original house the Goldens lived in when moving to Hawaii. They began construction on the house with a garage, and after seeing the size of the garage and its impact on the land, they converted the garage to the house. They added a few feet to the buildings length for windows and a kitchen, bathroom, and bedroom. After a few years they decided they need more space and built the Sanctuary to be Kathleens office and place for her spiritual and meditative work. After some time, it was suggested to the Goldens that they rent out their Sanctuary to guests. Not wanting to give up their office, they decided to build an actual guest house, which became the Forest House. It became immediately successful and soon after, the Goldens began renting out their Sanctuary as well. After building the Forest House, the Goldens loved the octagonal plan and decided to build themselves a new house which became the Gathering Place. After completing the Gathering Place, and turning the Guest Cottage over to guests, the Goldens soon realized they needed more
Image 3.5 Volcano Rainforest Retreat Gathering Place

space for the operation of Volcano Rainforest Retreat. They immediately opened their home and the Gathering

38

Place to guests and to run everyday operations and services. Over time they longed for the privacy they once had, and added a bedroom wing onto the Gathering Place to live from. In recent years they have added the last guest house, the Bamboo Guest House, and a separate office, moving it out of the Gathering Place. Volcano Rainforest Retreat has always strived to make its impact on the land as less intrusive as possible. All building sites were carefully selected to minimize if not eliminate the amount of trees needed to be cleared for construction. All reusable cleared material was recycled into the buildings and landscape, including some ferns that were transplanted after being cut down. The site is very densely green and contains about ninety percent indigenous plants to Hawaii. It is no longer possible to keep out all alien plants from any site. However, efforts are made to reduce the impact of the many intrusive varieties of alien plants like some breeds of Ginger by pulling them often. Natural lava rock has been used within some of the buildings and in most of the landscaping. The narrow trails that form the circulation from the site weave naturally through the rainforest and are comprised of a combination of dirt and stone. Volcano Rainforest Retreat tries to reduce its energy consumption as much as possible. It is on the grid and does use an electric provider. At an altitude of 3800 feet within a rainforest, the retreat requires heating but not cooling. Each building
Image 3.6 Volcano Rainforest Retreat Guest Cottage

39

acquires its heat from either propane or wood (gathered on site) fireplaces. In addition, all buildings have concrete slab floors and skylights to help heat the buildings and the stove to ensure they are not cold and damp. The skylights also help to alleviate the need to electrically light the buildings during the day. When needed cooling is accomplished with cross ventilation through the windows. Water on Volcano Rainforest Retreat is collected on site. The retreat utilizes multiple holding tanks with electric water pumps to transport the water to each of the buildings. Being in the rainforest, Volcano Rainforest Retreat does not need to practice water conservation. To deal with waste and sewage, the retreat contains one cesspool and two septic tanks. Because there is no water running to or from their office, they have installed a composting toilet. Volcano Rainforest Retreat is very aware of the environment and is always seeking ways to conserve. It does not recycle since there are no recycling programs, but the Goldens are always striving to reuse and reduce the waste that their bed and breakfast generates. All food waste is collected and composted on site. Most of the buildings on site are built from imported woods like cedar, redwood, and fur; but, each also has a piece from within Hawaii. Eighty percent of the furniture at Volcano Rainforest Retreat is Hawaiianeither built in
Image 3.7 Volcano Rainforest Retreat Japanese Bath

Hawaii, using Hawaiian wood, or both. Koa, Mango, Halo, and

40

Eucalyptus wood make up most of the furniture and flooring at the retreat. When it comes to defining the philosophy of Volcano Rainforest Retreat, Kathleen does it best. In describing how the retreat practices aloha aena (love for the land), she stated, we have a deep respect for the nature and beauty of the rainforest, striving to live in it in a way that demonstrates a respectful and caring relationship to the landrespect for the ancestors and stewardship. This respect for the land and Hawaiian culture prompted the Goldens to get their land and each structure blessed by Hawaiian spiritual elders in Hawaiian shamanism. They stress being environmentally friendly, and have never considered themselves an ecotourism destination. Their goal has been to be seamless with nature, making their impact as close to null as possible, while puncturing??(puncturing does not seem like an appropriate word) their buildings to be as open as possible so that all guests can constantly feel they are part of the nature in which they sought to tranquilize them. Kona Village Resort - Kupulehu, Hawaii Kona Village Resort begins a long line of resorts that spread along highway 19 just north of the Kona International Airport at Keahole on The Big Island in Hawaii. The resort began almost 40 years ago as a private residential getaway for the owner and his friends along the Hawaiian coast within the Kupulehu Lava Flow of
Image 3.8 Kona Village Resort Site Plan

1800, (Stenberg). The getaway at that

41

point was only accessible by a private airstrip. Eventually it was sold and expanded into a resort, and over the years it was sold multiple times until it became what it is today. The 80 acres of grounds that make
Image 3.9 Kona Village Resort Tahitian Hale

up Kona Village Resort are leased from part of the Bishop Trust, a trust of land that

is connected back to ancient Hawaiian Royalty. The land also has cultural heritage to Hawaii, once containing a Hawaiian fishing village and showing its connection to past cultures through its field of petroglyphs (ancient carvings and line drawings in rock) and burial sites. The east side of the village contains natural water holes and lagoons that rise and fall with the tide. The west coast it littered with black and white sand beaches. The lush grounds were not always that way, though, because the once lava fields have been planted and maintained through the use of the resorts green house. The plants are not all indigenous to Hawaii, but they are all from different tropical locations.
Image 3.10 Kona Village Resort Marquesan Hale

42

Today, Kona Village Resort contains approximately 150 private hales (cottages) immersed in a man-made paradise. The hales follow the style of many traditional tropical villages of various cultures: Fijian & Hawaiian, New Hedbrides, Marquesan/Hawaiian, Samoan, Maori, Tachitian, and Palau. Besides the hales,
Image 3.11 Kona Village Resort Samoan Interior

Kona Village Resort contains a fitness and

massage center, two dining rooms, a gift shop, multiple pools and bars, tennis courts, guest services, and support facilities. Energy has become a very important aspect to running and maintaining the Kona Village Resort operations since it lies outside the power grid. The facility generates its own electric through two diesel powered caterpillar generators that are contained within sound proof housing. The generators rely on about 15,000 gallons of gas a month. The resort requires no heating, and relies on cross ventilation, and ceiling fans to cool the hales. Kona Village Resort once relied on water collection for its water supply. The resort now buys 100,000 gallons of water per day from a water plant located next door. The resort encourages water conservation and is currently in the process of creating a grey water system. The resort utilizes
Image 3.12 Kona Village Resort Fishing Pond

43

two Compact Box sledge type R1 rated plants to treat its sewage. The plants utilize UV light instead of chemicals to treat 20,000 to 40,000 gallons of sewage a day and create a byproduct of water that is considered drinkable. Kona Village Resort currently is unable to use the water created from the plants due to environmental concerns, regulations, and testing. The water needs to be tested daily to ensure that it is clean enough to release back into the fragile coastal environment. Kona Village Resort hopes that it will soon be able to utilize its new reservoir and save over 30,000 gallons a day that they currently dump into the ground for use in irrigation. The piping to and from all hales is above ground and buried under lava rocks since the lava fields are too hard to run piping. In regards to recycling, reuse, and waste at Kona Village Resort, its practices are in line with most the standards of the Big Island. Trash is compacted which reduces the space it takes up in the landfill. Furthermore, the resort just started can and bottle recycling program. Its green waste is hauled to the country to become mulch that is reused on site and at other locations. Palm leaves that are used for aesthetics on the roofs are all harvested from trees on site. After their four years of use are up, they are sent with the rest of the green waste to be recycled. The architecture of the resort follows the tropical precedents of many cultures. All hales are built on stilts which serves two purposes. First, it helps keep the buildings cool and second it reduces the amount of bugs and animals that interact with the buildings. Most of the materials used in their building are not native to Hawaii, except the palm leaves on the roofs and some Ohia (Monkey Pod wood) that is used for signs, benches, and railings. The hales are all carpeted because the sand destroys the wood floors. Finally, bamboo is used for some of the interior finishes.

44

Kona Village Resort does not consider itself to be an ecotourism resort; however, it does consider itself to be environmentally aware. In their operation they practice ancient Hawaiian traditions and seek to reuse as many things as possible to reduce waste. Nothing is discarded that can be used for some other purpose. The resort also seeks to maintain as low of a profile as possible to maintain a green environment, since most of their customers are returning and seek solitude and seclusion.
Image 3.13 Kona Village Resort Beach

45

Chapter 4: Sustainable Building Response Based on Best Practices

When trying to understand ecotourism, especially ecotourism facilities and structures, a large debate is how much of the core values of ecotourism (nature, education, sustainability) needs to be present for something to be officially considered an ecotourism facility. As noted earlier, ecotourism is a segment of tourism whose definition is not agreed upon by its experts, and has no universal certification process. The absence of a universal certification process becomes a large problem in the industry. Many accommodations and operations claim ecotourism status with no official organization to validate or refute the claim. Some accommodations and operations falsely claim ecotourism status to attract the swelling uneducated ecotourism market. One of the main reasons for no official guidelines or requirements to ecotourism goes back to the fact that there is no agreed upon definition of ecotourism. What should be the true requirements for ecotourism, and what is really enough? Can enough ever truly be reached? The following chapter will attempt to answer these questions through an analysis of twenty six resorts, hotels, and spas that claim to be ecotourism or environmentally friendly. Each of these facilities will be evaluated against a revised version of the criteria set forth for certification through Green Globe 21. The facility evaluation will be through information collected by previous authors, their website, or questionnaires. Appendix A has an in depth overview of each of these facilities. The following data was used to quantify what it takes to be an ecotourism resort. It is important to note that whether or not a facility was competent in any given area was left up to interpretation based on the information available, which infers that some of the final results may be skewed.

46

Even though some of the information in the following data may be slightly flawed, it begins a framework for creating loose universal guidelines for ecotourism. The wide diversity of the Earth with so many factors constantly changing, creation of a universal guideline for ecotourism becomes a very difficult task. To complicate matters even farther, the operation and management of an ecotourism facility is separate from its construction. It is impossible for an accommodation that reaches ecotourism guidelines in regards to its building to ever truly reach the ideals of ecotourism if it is irresponsibly managed or operated. There is a need for ecotourism certification and standardization on building and construction with a separate certification for operation and management. A facility can only be considered an ecotourism facility when the standards have been met to receive each certification, building and management, culminating in full ecotourism certification. The following is an in depth analysis of all the considerations and factors needed to be met for a facility in the tourism industry to acquire the title of ecotourism.

47

Table 4.1 Overall Case Study Report Card of Ecotourism Criteria

48

Environmental and Social Policy: Environmental and Social Policy is an area of ecotourism that deals primarily with operation and management of a facility as opposed to building. The first area, Buys Everything Local Before Purchasing Abroad, relates to the buying of food and products for everyday operation. Ecotourism should support the local community, but only about 25% of the facilities actually bought locally before purchasing abroad. The reason for this is unknown, but some possibilities are that it was more cost efficient to buy abroad or the facility did not mention their attempt to buy local because nothing was actually attained locally. The purpose for the facility trying to buy anything and everything that can be found locally is to stimulate the local economy. The next area is Regional and Global Conservation, another operational and management mindset that needs to be integrated into the facility with little physical building implications. This area becomes very self explanatory and requires the facility to maximize its conservation in operation, as well as in the materials and the energy used to transport and build the facility. Conservation of Natural Areas, Culture, and Heritage Sites is one of the many pieces of Environmental and Social Policy that requires the facility to be conscious and responsible in site selection. The site for a facility should never destroy or endanger natural, cultural, or heritage sites. This does not mean that a facility can not interact with these sites, or even be built in proximity or on these sites if necessary, but in doing so they should never destroy the integrity of those sites. Health and Safety, Including Contingency Planning and Risk Management, Goal Setting and Progress Monitoring, and Staff Training are all areas that need to be primarily addressed in operation and management. Although there are facets of Health and Safety that should be taken into account during the building process through standard building codes, consideration of

49

regional climate, including potential dangerous weather conditions for the region, as well as indigenous plants, animals, and insects. Relevant Environmental Legislation and Regulation Followed should be referred to prior to building design and construction. Often these regulations deal with the altering of habitat and harming of endangered species. Many policies exist to regulate natural resources and waste, especially water. Legislation and Regulation could also fall under management, but is primarily something that should be addressed in the early phases of building design. Appropriate Size, Location, Nature and Scale is probably one of the hardest parts of Environmental and Social Policy to comply with because of interpretation. There is no way to really measure if something is appropriate for a site, unless we are looking at extremes, in which case it becomes obvious when something does not fit. For instance, if a building meets the highest level according to the guidelines and works at optimum efficiency as a mass tourism twelve story hotel along the coastline of Kauai, then can it be considered the appropriate size and scale? The answer should be yes, but because the building would ultimately look out of place within the landscape, the appropriateness of the size can be debated. So then the question arises, is it acceptable to have a large scale ecotourism facility if the building is fully efficient and gives back to its surroundings? This question will be answered later in My Take on Ecotourism. Overall Environmental and Social Policy is a very hard thing to rate and find compliance with ecotourism facilities. Most of the criteria are up to interpretation, and come into play during operation. Many of the facilities reviewed didnt provide well documented information on operations. The lowest facility compliance was approximately 40%, while the top third worked at 75% compliance or higher. In order for a facility to claim ecotourism status in the area of Environmental and Social Policy they should operate at a minimal of 75%

50

100%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

3 R rs E L d e ive co o g A ste a M n r B a R so m rd m a o e ch e rt B rce Ixta a H te a lo p o l B a e N g R so e ch s e ril e rt B a e S n yB y e ch s a d a B n B rra M u ta L d e in a u o n in o g B cu B a R so u ti e ch e rt C su rin B a R so a a a e ch e rt C co P lmR so S a o a e rt p H le O ia C tta e a h o gs K n a m H te a d la a o l K n V g R so o a illa e e rt M lia B li V s S a R so e a illa p e rt R ya P n tio S a G lf R so o l la ta n p o e rt S n a A tig a R so a d S a a d ls n u e rt n p S n a G n e S L cia S a a d B a R so a d ls ra d t. u n p n e ch e rt Sn a Mn g By a d ls o te o a S n a O o R s R so G lf C b a d ls ch io e rt o lu S n a R ya C rib e n a d ls o l a b a S e to A ch n H te &T w rs h ra n u la d o l o e S n a ce S a &B a R so udn r p e ch e rt T e B a L n in G e o se h o t a d g u sth u Th S m e H u e u m r o se T m R so ia o e rts V n C b G n D m icu e ta lu ra o in s V lca o R in re R tre t o n a fo st e a

failing studied facilities were able to reach these levels of efficiency.

0%

efficiency. It is not that more difficult to reach 100% efficiency, so each facility should strive to

reach this mark. With better documentation, the data would probably show that many of the

Graph 4.2 Case Study Efficiency in Criterion Section: Environmental and Social Policy

51

B uys E verything Local Before P urchasing Abroad

R egional and G lobal C onservation

C onservation of N atural Areas, C ulture, and H eritage Sites

H ealth and Safety, Including C ontingency P lanning and R isk M anagem ent

G oal Setting and P rogress M onitoring

S taff T raining

R elevant E nironm ent Legislation and R egulations F ollowed

Appropriate Size, Location, N ature and S cale

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Graph 4.3 Overall Case Study Efficiency in Section Area: Environmental and Social Policy

52

Energy: Energy is one of the most important parts of ecotourism due to the remoteness of many ecotourism facilities. Energy is one area directly related to the built environment that is better documented than most of the other areas of the criterion. Most ecotourism facilities are not documented to have Energy Conscience/Efficient Design. The inaccuracy of this data lies in the range of approximately 20%, which still puts over half the facilities studied as not having Energy Conscience/Efficient Design. Most facilities do not take this into account during the designing process due to their focus on the aesthetics and experiences of the final building. Visitors are concerned with Energy Efficiency but are unable to notice it within the design of the building. They often consider a facility to be energy efficient as long as it employs some type of renewable energy. Facilities are not overly concerned with energy issues if they are able to get power from the local grid because the cost can easily be passed on to the tourist as long as the aesthetics of the facility are exotic enough. For an ecotourism facility to be successful in the area of Energy Conscience/Efficient Design the design must be focused on reducing the need for energy as much as possible. This includes using design techniques to maximize day lighting, utilizing passive heating and cooling, and harnessing natural energy like sunlight, running water, and wind. This area of the certification criterion does have some overlap with other areas of Energy, but its primary goal is to increase the efficiency and payback of all the other areas. Energy Conservation is Practiced is the most popular energy response by ecotourism facilities. Conservation is so simple to claim and is considered accomplished if the facility uses high efficiency light bulbs, or energy saver washers and dryers. Even though every studied facility laid claim to some sort of energy conservation, this alone is not nearly enough for a

53

facility to claim to be ecotourism in regards to Energy, although energy conservation is a must for a facility to claim ecotourism. Using Passive Heating and/or Cooling is another area that many facilities did not necessarily claim but may have utilized. Passive Heating and/or Cooling is by far the easiest and most efficient way for a facility to keep the environment comfortable for its guests. For a facility to be effective in this area, it needs to incorporate these techniques early in the design process. All ecotourism facilities should incorporate Passive Heating and/or Cooling into the design when they are being built. The last two areas work hand in hand, Produced Renewable Energy on Site and Uses Renewable Energy. Most of the facilities that use renewable energy also produce it on site with one facility using renewable energy from neighbors. While almost 50% of the study facilities claimed to use renewable energy, only 20% of them actually used renewable energy as their main energy source. Many of the facilities used renewable energy to heat water or run one building of the facility. So while many ecotourism facilities are using renewable energy, they are not relying on it to the run their facility. Although ecotourism facilities should rely greatly on renewable energy it is understood why many choose not to utilize it. Renewable energy is very costly, difficult to collect, and takes up a great deal of space which makes it tough for smaller ecotourism facilities to utilize it as much as they would like. Energy became a very interesting area to look at for the studied facilities. While a third of them operated at 80% or higher efficiency, about half operated below 40% efficiency. This again could be due to facilities not documenting their actual energy uses and where they were able to get their energy, but most likely this is because many facilities feel that conservation of energy is enough to be considered ecotourism. Ecotourism buildings in regards to Energy

54

100%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

energy in the first place.

3R rs E L d e ive co o g A ste a M n r B a R so m rd m a o e ch e rt B rce Ixta aH te a lo p o l B a e N g R so e ch s e ril e rt B a e S n yB y e ch s a d a B n B rraM u ta L d e in a u o n in o g B cu B a R so u ti e ch e rt C su rin B a R so a a a e ch e rt C coP lmR so S a o a e rt p H leO iaC tta e a h o gs K n a m H te a d la a o l K n V g R so o a illa e e rt M liaB li V s S aR so e a illa p e rt R ya P n tio S aG lf R so o l la ta n p o e rt S n a A tig aR so a dS a a d ls n u e rt n p S n a G n eS L cia S aa dB a R so a d ls ra d t. u n p n e ch e rt S n a Mn g B y a d ls o te o a S n a O oR s R so G lf C b a d ls ch io e rt o lu S n a R ya C rib e n a d ls o l a b a S e to A ch n H te &T w rs h ra n u la d o l o e S n a ce S a&B a R so udn r p e ch e rt T eB a L n in G e o se h o t a d g u sth u T eS m e H u h u m r o se T m R so ia o e rts V n C bG nD m icu e ta lu ra o in s V lca oR in re R tre t o n a fo st e a

0%

over 70% of its energy from renewable resources. If the facility utilizes Energy

Conscience/Efficient Design and Uses Passive Heating and/or Cooling, it should be able to

increase the amount of renewable energy it can capture as well as reduce much of its need for

it is understood that producing renewable energy is difficult, an ecotourism facility should gain

80% efficiency and should focus on becoming competent in all five areas of Energy. Although

should work at the greatest level of efficiency. These facilities should settle for nothing less than

Graph 4.4 Case Study Efficiency in Criterion Section: Energy

55

Energy Conscience/Efficient Design

Energy Conservation is Practiced

Uses Passive Heating and/or Cooling

Produced Renewable Energy on Site

Uses Renewable Energy

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Graph 4.5 Overall Case Study Efficiency in Section Area: Energy

56

Water: After Energy, Water is one of the most vital systems of an ecotourism facility. Water not only is the transportation system of waste, but it is also used for personal hygiene and nourishment within the facility. The first two categories of water are what are most commonly thought of when thinking of sustainable water systems. They are Collects Rainwater on Site and Has on Site Water Cistern. These two areas of water collection work together. After all, the usefulness of collecting rainwater on site is negligible without a way of keeping it for use during dry times. The cistern should be sized properly to maximize the amount of water that it is able to be collected and stored for later use through careful calculations of rainfall and collection area of the site. Only one third of the studied facilities actually collected rainwater on site. Most were able to pipe in water from a treatment plant within close proximity. Like Energy, most facilities focused on conservation of Water as compared to its collection and use. Almost all of the studied facilities fulfilled the categories of Uses Water Conservation and Uses Low Flow Facets and/or Showers. Even though low flow faucets are better than standard faucets, they are only as good as the user. If a guest takes a long shower under a low flow faucet it still becomes equivalent in water consumption to that of a guest taking a short shower under a standard faucet. Some facilities have realized this fact and have installed timed faucets, so that a guest can not leave water running for long periods of time. Facilities in the operation and management side of things should also reduce water use through monitoring of laundry loads, watering of plants, and high powered water cleaning. The last two parts of Water are more site specific. Practices Desalination requires a facility to be in proximity to the ocean or another body of salt water. Although desalination is a solution for water collection, it is very inefficient and requires a great deal of energy to yield

57

small results due to its reliance on evaporating water. Desalination should be used as a last resort, and when it is used should maximize its use of renewable energy. The ideal solution for any facility is to be able to utilize Sustainable Natural Sources of water. This again is very site specific and can not be utilized on all sites, but when possible it is permitted to be used. Even though the water source is sustainable and natural it should still be used in a conservative matter. Natural sources of water are often used by other ecosystems. So if the facility decides to use the entire water source, it is indirectly destroying an ecosystem. Overall, Water should be used in a conservative manner and should be collected whenever possible. The top third of the studied facilities only operate at 66% efficiency. This is expected since it is very unlikely that most facilities would be able to utilize Sustainable Natural Sources or would have the energy and resources to Practice Desalination. For a facility to be considered ecotourism, it needs to practice rainwater collection and storage, as well as the highest levels of water conservation possible. This would account for 100% efficiency for most facilities where sites do not allow the Practice Desalination or Sustainable Natural Sources.

58

100%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

3R rs E L d e ive co o g A ste a M n r B a R so m rd m a o e ch e rt B rce Ixta aH te a lo p o l B a e N g R so e ch s e ril e rt B a e S n yB y e ch s a d a B n B rraM u ta L d e in a u o n in o g B cu B a R so u ti e ch e rt C su rin B a R so a a a e ch e rt C coP lmR so S a o a e rt p H leO iaC tta e a h o gs K n a m H te a d la a o l K n V g R so o a illa e e rt M liaB li V s S aR so e a illa p e rt R ya P n tio S aG lf R so o l la ta n p o e rt S n a A tig aR so a dS a a d ls n u e rt n p S n a G n eS L cia S aa dB a R so a d ls ra d t. u n p n e ch e rt S n a Mn g B y a d ls o te o a S n a O oR s R so G lf C b a d ls ch io e rt o lu S n a R ya C rib e n a d ls o l a b a S e to A ch n H te &T w rs h ra n u la d o l o e S n a ce S a&B a R so udn r p e ch e rt T eB a L n in G e o se h o t a d g u sth u T eS m e H u h u m r o se T m R so ia o e rts V n C bG nD m icu e ta lu ra o in s V lca oR in re R tre t o n a fo st e a

0%

Sustainable N atural S ources (If Applicable) U ses Low F low F acets and/or Showers

C ollects R ainwater on Site P ractices D esalination U ses W ater C onservation H on S W as ite ater C istern

Graph 4.6 Case Study Efficiency in Criterion Section: Water

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Graph 4.7 Overall Case Study Efficiency in Section Area: Water

100%

59

Solid and Liquid Waste: Solid and Liquid Waste is the area that most tourists take for granted when they travel. They know that there is Energy, and they know there is Water, but they never think about the byproducts of their stay in paradise. While staying at a facility all tourists consume food and beverage, and inevitably there are always remains from every meal. Composting of Organic Waste requires facilities to turn their organic waste into useful fertilizer as opposed to sending it to a landfill. This normally would be considered just a management issue, but really it is a building issue. Since composting must be done on site for most facilities it should be incorporated into the design of the facility for easy access from the dining areas while ensuring that the bugs and smells from the rotting do not disturb the guests experience. Treats Black Water on Site is another area that was not often considered by the studied facilities. If black water is treated on site, it saves all the energy that would be required to pump the water off site, and then return if for use. Black water should be treated on site through a system that includes filters, UV from the sun, and microorganisms as opposed to chemicals. The remains from the treatment of black water can be used for fertilizer on site, while the water is brought back from black to a drinkable level. An alternative to creating black water from toilets is to use composting toilets. Composting toilets are efficient but require weekly maintenance and a close eye to ensure that they are emptied and working properly. Facilities should also Recycles Grey Water. Grey water is the water that is left from washing ones hands, taking a shower, brushing teeth, cooking, laundry, and storm water. This water is safe from the same parasites found in black water, yet it is still not potable. Grey water can be recycled to water plants on site as well as become the beginning of the black water system. If grey water is going to be reused in the environment it needs to be treated first, and all

60

soaps and cleansers should be environmentally safe and biodegradable. Grey water can be stored in cisterns for later use the same way as rainwater. Reduces Trash, Reuses where Possible, and Recycles where Possible are all examples of efforts by almost every studied facility to be environmentally sound. These are the easy wins for most ecotourism facilities because they are seen and interacted with by their guests, and tourists associate with these same principles at home. Most reducing, recycling, and reusing deals with everyday operations of a facility, but it is important in the design to accommodate space for each of these functions. This includes everything from multiple waste bins, to places to store items for a latter use. When is comes to Solid and Liquid Waste about half of the resorts were over 80% efficient. Most of the facilities that did not reach this level of efficiency fell short due to not having any sort of water treatment system. In order for a facility to reach the level of ecotourism in Solid and Liquid Waste they need to become at least 80% in these areas, but truly should achieve 100% efficiency. There is no reason that any facility seeking to be an ecotourism facility should fail in any of the above areas of Solid and Liquid Waste.

61

100%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

3R rs E L d e ive co o g A ste a M n r B a R so m rd m a o e ch e rt B rce Ixta aH te a lo p o l B a e N g R so e ch s e ril e rt B a e S n yB y e ch s a d a B n B rraM u ta L d e in a u o n in o g B cu B a R so u ti e ch e rt C su rin B a R so a a a e ch e rt C coP lmR so S a o a e rt p H leO iaC tta e a h o gs K n a m H te a d la a o l K n V g R so o a illa e e rt M liaB li V s S aR so e a illa p e rt R ya P n tio S aG lf R so o l la ta n p o e rt S n a A tig aR so a dS a a d ls n u e rt n p S n a G n eS L cia S aa dB a R so a d ls ra d t. u n p n e ch e rt S n a Mn g B y a d ls o te o a S n a O oR s R so G lf C b a d ls ch io e rt o lu S n a R ya C rib e n a d ls o l a b a S e to A ch n H te &T w rs h ra n u la d o l o e S n a ce S a&B a R so udn r p e ch e rt T eB a L n in G e o se h o t a d g u sth u T eS m e H u h u m r o se T m R so ia o e rts V n C bG nD m icu e ta lu ra o in s V lca oR in re R tre t o n a fo st e a

0%

C posting of O om rganic W aste

R ecycles G rey W ater

R euses where P ossible

T reats B lack W ater on Site

R ecycles where P ossible R educes T rash

Graph 4.8 Case Study Efficiency in Criterion Section: Solid and Liquid Waste

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Graph 4.9 Overall Case Study Efficiency in Section Area: Solid and Liquid Waste

100%

62

Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control: Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control is another area whose data is probably slightly skewed and lends more to the realm of management and operations as opposed to building. Natural Quiet Policy is something that related mostly to management and operation as it is about not disturbing the animals or the serene sounds of the natural environment. This also means giving privacy to guests so they dont disturb each other. In regards to building this means ensuring that all noisy functions, anything from the kitchen to mechanical machinery, are housed in buildings that are well insulated for sound penetration. Any urbanite that has lived in a city all their life has never been able to gaze truly up at the stars and realize their vastness and numbers due to the light pollution of the city. Dark Sky Policy is something that was instituted by less than 10% of the study facilities. Dark Sky Policy is trying to ensure there is no light pollution from a facility that could disturb the animals in the natural environment. Even though it is a policy that most of the study facilities did not practice, it is very important to the well being of the natural environment and should be practiced using soft natural light wherever possible. Minimize/Eliminate Building and Transportation Pollution and Minimization of Pollutant Emissions are again two very similar areas under Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control. These areas both deal primarily with the operation and management of the vehicles that take guests to and from excursions and the facility. These areas deal with the buildings in the use of nonrenewable energies. If the facility is living up to the standards of Energy for ecotourism, minimizing pollution and emissions should not be an issue to the buildings, only to the actual construction of the facility. Any heavy machinery that is used to build the facility should be used

63

efficiently and sparingly. Anything that can be built without large diesel guzzling machines should. Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control has over two thirds of the studied facilities working at 50% efficiency. This however is an area that may not be well documented by the facilities, which could explain some of the poor efficiency results. Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control is something that is often not thought of during the building design process. For a facility to operate as ecotourism within this area, it must operate at 100% efficiency. Even though only one of the studied facilities reached this level of efficiency, it is more likely because of documentation than actual lack of efficiency. There is no reason that any facility seeking the status of ecotourism would not be able to meet all the requirements of this section for certification.
100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

C coP lmR so S a o a e rt p

S n a O oR s R so G lf C b a d ls ch io e rt o lu

T eS m e H u h u m r o se

T m R so ia o e rts

A ste a M n r B a R so m rd m a o e ch e rt

R ya P n tio S aG lf R so o l la ta n p o e rt

S n a G n eS L cia S aa dB a R so a d ls ra d t. u n p n e ch e rt

S n a A tig aR so a dS a a d ls n u e rt n p

S n a ce S a&B a R so udn r p e ch e rt

T eB a L n in G e o se h o t a d g u sth u

B n B rraM u ta L d e in a u o n in o g

V n C bG nD m icu e ta lu ra o in s

3R rs E L d e ive co o g

H leO iaC tta e a h o gs

M liaB li V s S aR so e a illa p e rt

S n a R ya C rib e n a d ls o l a b a

B rce Ixta aH te a lo p o l

B a e N g R so e ch s e ril e rt

C su rin B a R so a a a e ch e rt

K n a m H te a d la a o l

S n a Mn g B y a d ls o te o a

0%

B cu B a R so u ti e ch e rt

B a e S n yB y e ch s a d a

K n V g R so o a illa e e rt

Graph 4.10 Case Study Efficiency in Criterion Section: Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control

S e to A ch n H te &T w rs h ra n u la d o l o e

V lca oR in re R tre t o n a fo st e a

64

N atural Q uiet P olicy

D ark S P ky olicy

M inim ize/E inate Building lim and T ransportation P ollution

M inim ization of P ollutant E issions m

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Graph 4.11 Overall Case Study Efficiency in Section Area: Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control

65

Resource Conservation: Resource Conservation is a concept that is commonly associated with any ecological movement, and its close relation to ecotourism is no exception. While most of the areas within this section relate to operation and management, there are many that relate back to the built environment. Contribution to the Natural Environment requires facilities to not only be rooted in the natural environment, but to better it. Some claim that ecotourism only needs to leave a light footprint on the land, not leaving it any worse than it was found. While the opposing side feels that ecotourism should enrich and contribute to the environment. All studied facilities believe that contribution to the natural environment is very important to the concept of ecotourism. A facility built form should not destroy the site that it inhabits and it should give back through planting of indigenous species, reclaiming a destroying brown field site, or showing the world the possibilities of a site altered by natural disaster. Protection/Education of Flora and Fauna is something that seems very much rooted in operations and management, but it still has a place within the built facility. The built facility has the opportunity to not only give a Contribution to the Natural Environment, but to educate guests about that environment through signs and plaques. These should not only name species, but they should give facts about their uses, their ecosystem, and their history. The facility should be conscious of special species in the area and their patterns. The building site should never be chosen in an area where it may ultimately hurt faunas natural reproduction. Reuse of Building Materials is an area that was not very well documented by many of the studied facilities. Many of them probably had some sort of reused building materials within their facilities, but they were not documented. The reuse of building materials is something easy and

66

very useful for conserving energy but it often is not utilized nearly enough. Building materials may not be reused because they clash with the aesthetics and the overall feel of the facilities design. As much as tourists want to enjoy an environmentally friendly retreat, they also want to get away and experience paradise. An area where only about one fourth of the studied facilities reported any use was in 100% Organic Farming Methods. Most likely the reason has less to do with farming methods and more with the fact that facilities probably dont have their own farm to grow food. Organic farming becomes important in the prevention of chemical runoff in the grey water system and the surrounding ecosystems. Most facilities may buy organic fruits and vegetables even though they dont grow them. Facilities that Use 100% Biodegradable Cleaning Products are another area within this section that most studied facilities didnt document. Even though only 60% of the facilities used 100% biodegradable cleaning products, more probably do use them or would use them if it was brought to their attention. Overall this is a management and operations issue, but the use of non biodegradable cleaning products could have a very negative impact on the facilities grey water system. The last area of Resource Conservation is Use Recycled Products. This is an operations and management issue that has been addressed by all studied facilities. It is something that all facilities seek to do whenever possible. When things are unable to be bought recycled, they are often reused for something on site, or refilled. All studied facilities recognize the importance of Resource Conservation, with all of them operating at least 50% efficiency. Within this section, there truly are only two areas where a facility may not have to comply, Reuse of Building Materials and 100% Organic Farming

67

100%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

3R rs E L d e ive co o g A s rd mM n r B a R so m te a a o e ch e rt B rce Ixta aH te a lo p o l B a e N g R s rt e ch s e ril e o B a e S n yB y e ch s a d a B n B rraM u ta L d e in a u o n in o g B cu B a R so u ti e ch e rt C su rin B a R s rt a a a e ch e o C coP lmR so S a o a e rt p H leO iaC tta e a h o gs K n a m H te a d la a o l K n V g R so o a illa e e rt M liaB li V s S aR so e a illa p e rt R ya P n tio S aG lf R so o l la ta n p o e rt S n a A tig aR so a dS a a d ls n u e rt n p S n a G n eS L cia S aa dB a R s rt a d ls ra d t. u n p n e ch e o S n a Mn g B y a d ls o te o a S n a O oR s R so G lf C b a d ls ch io e rt o lu S n a R ya C rib e n a d ls o l a b a S e to A ch n H te &T w rs h ra n u la d o l o e S n a ce S a&B a R so udn r p e ch e rt T eB a L n in G e o se h o t a d g u sth u T eS m e H u h u m r o se T m R so ia o e rts V n C bG nD m icu e ta lu ra o in s V lca oR in re R tre t o n a fo st e a

0%

operate at over 80% efficiency to meet the needs of ecotourism in Resource Conservation.

Methods. Each facility should seek to meet the standards of Reuse of Building Materials on

ecotourism status would not be required to fulfill. It is impossible on some sites for farming to

take place without destroying the natural environment and ecosystem. A facility would have to

some level, no matter how small if at all possible. Farming is the only area that a facility seeking

Graph 4.12 Case Study Efficiency in Criterion Section: Resource Conservation

68

C ontribution to the N atural E nvironm ent

P rotection/E ducation of F lora and F uana

R euse B uilding M aterials

100% O rganic F arm ing M ethods

U 100% B se iodegradable C leaning P roducts

U R se ecycled P roducts

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Graph 4.13 Overall Case Study Efficiency in Section Area: Resource Conservation

69

Social Commitment: Social Commitment is an area that is almost entirely met through operation and management. There are ways that most of the building process and final facility design can meet the criteria of Social Commitment. The first area is Culture Conservation. Often this is thought of in regards to performances, stories, activities, and museums, but culture extends past this. The culture of the built environment should be incorporated and have impact on that final design of a facility. The facility should acknowledge the past while utilizing the technology and techniques that will make it successful in the future. Culture should also be incorporated into a facility in the programming of space for a guest to have a cultural everyday experience. The other three areas of Social Commitment are interrelated and work together. Works with Local Community, Hire Locals, and Contribute to Local Community are each areas that should be included in the operation and management of a facility as well as its conception, design, and construction. The local community understands the region and site better than any outsider. The local knowledge can help lead to the final solution and give insight to things that may not otherwise have been realized. The local community can also help the facility to reach its potential in connecting back with the local culture. Hire Locals enables a facility to gain the cultural craft of the region, and helps to build the economy within which it inhabits. Locals should be utilized in the operation and management of the facility. All of these things help a facility Contribute to Local Community. Social Commitment is helping the community that tourists are coming to see. There are debates on how much influence outsiders should truly have on a local community. Should local indigenous communities advance with the technology that outsiders bring? Does this technology destroy the culture that they know through the creation of a new culture? These are questions

70

100%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

3R rs E L d e ive co o g A ste a M n r B a R so m rd m a o e ch e rt B rce Ixta aH te a lo p o l B a e N g R so e ch s e ril e rt B a e S n yB y e ch s a d a B n B rraM u ta L d e in a u o n in o g B cu B a R so u ti e ch e rt C su rin B a R so a a a e ch e rt C coP lmR so S a o a e rt p H leO iaC tta e a h o gs K n a m H te a d la a o l K n V g R so o a illa e e rt M liaB li V s S aR so e a illa p e rt R ya P n tio S aG lf R so o l la ta n p o e rt S n a A tig aR so a dS a a d ls n u e rt n p S n a G n eS L cia S aa dB a R so a d ls ra d t. u n p n e ch e rt S n a Mn g B y a d ls o te o a S n a O oR s R so G lf C b a d ls ch io e rt o lu S n a R ya C rib e n a d ls o l a b a S e to A ch n H te &T w rs h ra n u la d o l o e S n a ce S a&B a R so udn r p e ch e rt T eB a L n in G e o se h o t a d g u sth u T eS m e H u h u m r o se T m R so ia o e rts V n C bG nD m icu e ta lu ra o in s V lca oR in re R tre t o n a fo st e a

section of Social Commitment.

0%

Many of the studied facilities understand the importance of this relationship with over half of

them operating in this section at 100% efficiency. Most of the resorts probably operate at higher

levels of efficiency, but again did not fully document their involvement or interaction in these

that many scholars debate. Regardless of ones opinion to these questions, it is agreed that for a

facility to be considered ecotourism it must contribute to the community within which it resides.

areas. For any facility to be considered ecotourism it must operate at 100% efficiency within the

Graph 4.14 Case Study Efficiency in Criterion Section: Social Commitment

71

C ulture C onservation

W orks with Local C m om unity

H Locals ire

C ontribute to Local C m om unity

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Graph 4.15 Overall Case Study Efficiency in Section Area: Social Commitment

72

Ecosystem and Conservation Management: Ecosystem and Conservation Management is a very simple section where all studied facilities complied. This section only has one area, which is Education of Guests and Staff. This area is covered in a couple of the other sections. It becomes a required area for any facility to be successful as ecotourism architecture because education is a requirement of ecotourism throughout all definitions of the term. This section primarily deals with operation and management and has little connection to the actual building, unless signage and an education center are utilized.

73

Materials and Design: Materials and Design is the last section and the least documented. Only six of the twenty six studied facilities have any documentation of their materials or their design and construction process. This is unfortunate, but not very surprising. In the field of ecotourism, many tourists are interested in the experience and the activities rather than the built environment. They do notice the built environment, and it has a large impact on their experience. However, its level of sustainability and energy consciousness is often not even considered during the experience. Materials and Design is one of the most important parts of an ecotourism experience, and one that is often overlooked. Design Based on Cultural Architecture is the first area of this section. What does it mean for architecture to be cultural, and at what point is it considered part of a culture as opposed to an outside influence within a culture? This question is not answerable and is left to debate, since it is primarily at the discretion of the observer. Regardless of what is considered to be cultural, the facility should be recognized by locals in respect to its cultural influences within its final design. The next two areas are very calculable and can not be debated; they are No Treated Materials Have Been Used and Recycled Materials Have been Used. The reason for no treated materials is because of the toxins used in treated materials and their destruction of the environment over time. However, sometimes it is however necessary to use treated materials in certain conditions and climates. In using treated materials there are some treatments that are more environmentally friendly than others and should be utilized. Recycled materials are important to prevent use of new materials and destroying resources instead of reusing and reducing our trash output. Recycled materials are not necessarily good for all environments, but they are better than using new materials.

74

Sustainable Materials Resources Locally Wherever Possible is important for many reasons. It helps to conserve energy through the use of sustainable materials, and through reducing the total distance that materials needs to be shipped to their final destination. By using local resources, the design relates to the natural and cultural environment and helps the local economy. Sources from Sustainably Managed Renewable Resources ensures that whatever new materials are used they dont totally destroy an ecosystem somewhere else in the world. This allows a facility to use the materials necessary to build while minimizing overall impact. These sources are normally woods from sustainably managed forests. Even though Materials and Design was not well documented by the studied facilities, it is a vital section to ecotourism facilities. Every facility should operate at over 80% efficiency within this section and should attempt to reach 100% efficiency. It becomes difficult for any facility to claim it is ecotourism if it is not willing to take on sustainability in its construction and final built result.

75

100%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

3R rs E L d e ive co o g A ste a M n r B a R so m rd m a o e ch e rt B rce Ixta aH te a lo p o l B a e N g R so e ch s e ril e rt B a e S n yB y e ch s a d a B n B rraM u ta L d e in a u o n in o g B cu B a R so u ti e ch e rt C su rin B a R so a a a e ch e rt C coP lmR so S a o a e rt p H leO iaC tta e a h o gs K n a m H te a d la a o l K n V g R so o a illa e e rt M liaB li V s S aR so e a illa p e rt R ya P n tio S aG lf R so o l la ta n p o e rt S n a A tig aR so a dS a a d ls n u e rt n p S n a G n eS L cia S aa dB a R so a d ls ra d t. u n p n e ch e rt S n a Mn g B y a d ls o te o a S n a O oR s R so G lf C b a d ls ch io e rt o lu S n a R ya C rib e n a d ls o l a b a S e to A ch n H te &T w rs h ra n u la d o l o e S n a ce S a&B a R so udn r p e ch e rt T eB a L n in G e o se h o t a d g u sth u T eS m e H u h u m r o se T m R so ia o e rts V n C bG nD m icu e ta lu ra o in s V lca oR in re R tre t o n a fo st e a

0%

S ustainable M aterials R esourced Locally W herever P ossible

N T o reated M aterials H ave Been U sed

S ources fromS ustainably M anaged R enewable R esources D esign based on C ultural Architecture R ecycled M aterials H ave Been U sed

Graph 4.16 Case Study Efficiency in Criterion Section: Materials and Design

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Graph 4.17 Overall Case Study Efficiency in Section Area: Materials and Design

100%

76

Overall Ecotourism Case Study Performance: It becomes very hard to quantify ecotourism, and what it takes for a facility to be considered ecotourism. Why even try to quantify ecotourism? It is a starting point, a place from which discussion can begin. All the facilities used in these case studies are considered to be ecotourism, and most are either certified or benchmarked under Green Globe 21. We could look at the Green Globe 21 case studies, and find out their actual scores in the point system of Green Globe 21, but it doesnt help us to understand the essence of the question; what is ecotourism? The goal of this revised criterion was to distill out the very basics of each of these facilities, and find out what pieces of ecotourism they truly held. This approach also opened the debate of what kind of advertising should an ecotourism facility actually use, and should there be any requirements to their advertising? You cant help but ask this question after realizing what information is actually available about these facilities. The point of this analytical study is to understand what criteria is necessary for a facility to be considered ecotourism architecture. In understanding the levels of overall efficiency it is important to note that each area of the criterion was given an equal amount of importance. The overall view of this quantitative approach to understanding ecotourism is that all pieces are equally important in determining a facility to be ecotourism. Energy and Water are no more important than Social Commitment or Environmental and Social Policy. Since the amount of information for some of the sections was very limited, there is an error in the final efficiency of a facility from 0% to 20%. The reason that the percentage of error ranges from 0% to 20% is that some of the facilities had enough information to fill in all areas of the criteria accurately, while others facilities were lacking information for many areas, causing the level of error to change per facility. This

77

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

3 Rivers E Lodge co Am sterdam M anor B each Resort Barcelo Ixtapa Hotel Beaches Negril Resort Beaches S andy Bay Binna B urra M ountain Lodge Bucuti B each Resort Casuarina Beach Resort Coco P alm Resort S pa Hale Ohia Cottages Kandalam Hotel a K ona V illage Resort M elia Bali Villas Spa Resort Royal Plantation S Golf Resort pa Sandals A ntigua Resort and Spa S andals Grande St. Lucian Spa and Beach Resort Sandals M ontego B ay Sandals Ocho Rios Resort Golf Club S andals Royal Caribbean Sheraton A uchland Hotel & Towers Sundancer S & B pa each Resort The B Landing Guesthouse oat The S m House um er Tiam Resorts o V enta Club Gran Dom inicus Volcano Rainforest Retreat

0%

Graph 4.18 Overall Case Study Efficiency of Criterion

facilities as compared to each other. Even with the 20% of error that could be added to a

amount of error may seem very high, but regardless the results show the stratification among the

facilities final efficiency, there are only about 33% of the facilities that could be ecotourism by

78

passing the lower level of the efficiency range, the efficiency range of 82% to 93% efficient. A level of 100% efficiency is achievable but unlikely due to areas like Desalination, 100% Organic Farming Methods, and Sustainable Natural Water Sources. Only one out of three of the studied facilities could even be considered ecotourism with a 20% curve, this result is pretty amazing. When looking at the overall level of efficiency for the studied ecotourism resorts the mean was around 55% efficiency, 75% efficiency accounting for the largest possible error. Only two facilities reached a level of efficiency higher than 70% without accounting for error, which was Casuarina Beach Resort at 73% and Tiamo Resorts at 92% efficiency. After looking at the overall flaws trying to quantify ecotourism, there becomes even more when each of the areas of the criterion is looked at in more depth. The quantification doesnt take into account the level of degree within which something reaches one of the areas or sections of the ecotourism criterion, and often that determination comes down to discretion. The definition of the term level of degree as used here refers to the amount by which something is found to have passed as efficient for an area or section. For example, to meet the criterion area of Uses Low Flow Faucets and/or Showers the level of degree by which a facility meets this criterion may vary greatly. One facility may have low flow faucets and showers in every location possible, while another may have low flow shower heads only on the lower priced rooms showers, yet another may only have low flow faucets in the public facilities. Even though the level of degree is very different among these three examples, each of these facilities have met the criteria of Uses Low Flow Faucets and/or Showers. Even with trying to understand and quantify ecotourism in regard to criteria, there will always be a level of analysis that is left up to interpretation and comparison. If the criterion was to require full efficiency in many of the areas, including Uses Low Flow Faucets and/or Showers, it is quite possible that fewer of the

79

facilities could be considered ecotourism. Sticking with the faucets, if all faucets were required to be low flow to reach full efficiency, then there would be the question of faucets in the kitchen areas, outdoor spikets, greenhouses, gardens, etc.; should they be included for full efficiency? There is no easy answer to this, which brings up the reason that ecotourism has become so hard to regulate, all ecotourism is unique upon itself. Ecotourism facilities have many factors that make each site and design problem unique, which helps to complicate the success of creating a criterion that can be applied to all ecotourism architecture. One factor that has a large impact on ecotourism facilities is the ecosystem within which it is built. The facility being able to fit into the ecosystem without destroying its balance becomes crucial to preventing the collapse of the ecosystem. Biomes, large area with similar flora, fauna, and microorganisms, can also have a great impact on the final success of an ecotourism facility. Even though they are much larger and contain the delicate ecosystems within them, they often become a base for understanding how to build and deal with the natural weather and environment of an area. The biomes are mountains, tundra, deciduous forest, marine/island, desert, tropical dry forest, cold climate forest, grassland, savannah, and tropical rainforest. Broad sweeping design solutions and strategies for ecotourism can often be based on biomes, for example water conservation becomes very important in a desert as compared to a tropical rainforest. Other factors that can make an ecotourism facility unique is the climate; the weather and seasons that effect the site, as well as the sites vulnerability to natural disasters can each have large design implications. Indigenous and endemic flora and fauna can restrict the final ecotourism facility. It is important to be aware of the impacts of feeding and handling wildlife, the location of fauna breeding sites and breeding seasons, public interaction on

80

wildlifes everyday life, wildlife movement, and specialized habitat locations to avoid destruction. Even if all natural forces for two sites were found to be identical, other sociological factors could greatly impact the final design solution. Societal conservation values, disturbances of natural culture, local community, and cultural activities should all be taken into account and can greatly impact that success of an ecotourism facility. The Rule of Ten: It is difficult to design a criterion for ecotourism architecture that can account for all different situations equally. However, there is still a very specific set of rules that a facility must follow during their design process to be considered ecotourism architecture. These rules should be the basis for distilling whether a building is ecotourism or not, but they are not rules that are able to dilute the level of degree of which a building is ecotourism architecture. Even though the level of degree becomes a difficult factor to measure, all rules for ecotourism should be followed to the greatest level of efficiency possible. These general rules for ecotourism architecture will collectively be referred to as the Rule of Ten. Ecotourism architecture: 1. Produces renewable energy 2. Uses passive heating and/or cooling 3. Conserves energy and water 4. Collects rainwater and contains a cistern 5. Recycles grey water and treats black water 6. Recycles, reuses, reduces, and composts 7. Minimizes air, light, and noise pollution 8. Educates its guests

81

9. Understands, protects, and enhances the local culture and community 10. Protects and enhances the natural ecosystem The Rule of Ten should be used from the beginning phases of the design process and are the general guidelines for any ecotourism architecture design. As long as the Rule of Ten is applied at the beginning of the design process for ecotourism architecture, the ecotourism architecture will become a successful precedent.

82

Chapter 5: My Take on Ecotourism Architecture

Knowing the background of ecotourism, it is not very hard to understand why the term is so highly debated and no agreement on a definition has ever been found. The most common reason for this is the constant struggle between the technological world and the natural world. Is it acceptable to rely on technology to save the natural world? Can advancements in materials and design solutions be utilized to create an ecotourism facility even though they clearly are not cultural or historic to the area? The answer to both of these questions is "yes". The key to understanding the debate of ecotourism is to understand that the tourism industry is going to advance, expand, and grow larger whether it is environmentally friendly or not. This becomes a problem to ecotourism by the fact that it is easier to have a looser umbrella for the term and to encourage as much conservation as possible than it is to make it hard to be considered ecotourism and have many in the tourism industry become apathetic to the green movement. The fact remains that no matter how much the ecotourism industry moves, the mass tourism industry would be able to sustain itself with some conservation without the need to be truly environmentally conscious, since most travelers seek an escape from everyday life with high class food and entertainment, instead of wanting to learn something or experience new worlds. The travelers that seek new worlds, and seek to experience the natural world, are the same people that want to preserve it. Just by this fact, the client base of remote and small tourism destinations will push the facilities to be at the level of ecotourism if the business wants to survive in its wing of the tourism segment. The true focus for creating successful tourism should be in the mass tourism segment, the segment that finds no reason to be more environmentally conscious if is wasnt for the economic benefits. It can be seen in many of the

83

case studies that the goals of the facilities are to conserve as opposed to move to renewable more sustainable methods of water collection and energy production. To the credit of mass tourism, it is very difficult if not impossible to actually move to a level of ecotourism architecture proposed in this thesis. However, that does not mean the effort should not be made on all levels of tourism to push facilities to a true level of ecotourism architecture. With the good intentions of mass tourism to build up, and make a smaller footprint on the land for a greater density of tourists, they increase the amount of consumed water and energy. There becomes a point where there is not enough site, roof, walls, and overall surface area to collect and store enough renewable energy and water to sustain the facility. Since there is a point where mass tourism can not reach the full degree of becoming ecotourism architecture, the conclusion can be made that mass tourism can never become fully ecotourism, and there will always be a point where more land must be consumed to be able to run a facility off fully renewable resources. Another interesting development while trying to understand ecotourism architecture was the skewed overall perception of the general public of what ecotourism is and what it should be. Many people feel that ecotourism is all about being in the rainforest in a hut or up in the trees experiencing nature. When they think of ecotourism, they immediately think green, and lots of it. Ecotourism however is not that, it can be, and often is, but the truth is that ecotourism is strictly a connection to nature, some sort of natural ecosystem. It could be anything from the Antarctic to the Sahara, or the Costa Rican Rainforest to the Hawaiian Lava Deserts. Ecotourism is a connection to the natural world that involves not just interaction, but education. While this connection takes place, no harm is done to the natural ecosystem and in some cases it is even rejuvenated. Architecture in ecotourism is what actually communicates with the landscape, and makes the most impact on the ecosystem. If the ecotourism architecture

84

is done properly, it not only doesnt harm the ecosystem, but it encourages tourists to help the ecosystem through a better understanding of how it works. The architecture should be a vessel for education, and a tool for conservation and rejuvenation. Ecotourism architecture seeks to better the land with which it interacts. This thesis is but a starting point for the actual understanding of the possibilities and implication of ecotourism architecture. While the field is still being understood, this thesis proposes just one of many solutions possible to categorize whether or not architecture can be considered part of ecotourism. Areas of future research should include a cost benefit analysis of various techniques of conservation. Materials should be looked at for their natural qualities, lifespan, and the amount of energy required producing them and getting them to site. More case studies and proposed criteria need to be reviewed and compared to understand the true level of degree that is required for all ecotourism architecture to be equally successful. Educations role within the physical architecture of ecotourism should be studied, and understood in regards to what kind of education, and how much should be incorporated into the design. Since there are still so many questions unanswered in ecotourism, and so many arguments yet to be resolved, there are many more things that can be studied in regards to ecotourism architecture, and understanding its true positive impact.

85

Appendix 1: Case Studies of Ecotourism Facilities

The case studies that are contained in this appendix are all case studies from Green Globe 21, except for the case studies presented in Chapter 3. They are all considered to be either certified or benchmarked ecotourism facilities based upon the Green Globe 21 certification process. All of the case studies have been revised and abridged from their original format to contain only the information that helps to understand the information presented in Chapter 4: Sustainable Building Response Based on Best Practices. All case studies are presented in bullet point format similar to their original versions, and contain acknowledgments for the actual authors of the original case studies. This appendix is useful to help understand the level of degree of each of the facilities meeting the areas of each section of the criteria presented in Chapter 4.

86

3 Rivers Eco Lodge

Commonwealth of Dominica Green Globe 21 Certified Company Modified from original document that was prepared by Mr. Lars Erik Lyk, Green Globe, from source material provided by 3 Rivers Eco Lodge, July 2005. Background Site is set in a rainforest valley in the unspoiled eastern side of Dominica on the edge of the Morne Trois Pitons National Park. Is has a backdrop of mountains covered with rainforest, and rivers
Image App1.1 3 Rivers Eco Lodge

carving through the landscape. High level of environmental care involved in its development and construction when it commenced in January 2002. Land had previously been caked in chemicals used for the cultivation of bananas The vision of the eco lodge is to provide both a relaxing and exciting natural holiday to tourists and locals alike. Environmental and Social Policy Seeks to comply with and where possible take its own measures to elevate standards above those set by environmental laws and regulations

87

Seeks to embrace sustainable business practices, thereby ensuring the longevity of the business

Integrates the local community through direct employment and training in aspects of sustainable living

Supports long-term economic stability of their community as well as the protection of the surrounding ecosystem

Showcasing environmentally sound practices

Hosting free school visits

Image App1.2 3 Rivers Eco Lodge - Cabin

Providing guided tours and workshops to interested parties Explaining renewable energy and organic farming practices Participating in community projects

Energy Water Low flow taps Has a goal of 100% renewable energy use. Use of solar footpath lights and solar heating for water Purchase and use of energy saving light bulbs Recycling cooking oil for use as fuel in transportation truck Re-use of polystyrene egg boxes as water pipe insulation Use of old fuel tanks for hot water tanks Use of old car tires to enhance the absorption of heat in solar hot water systems

88

Rocks in toilet cisterns for displacement of water Taps which turn off automatically Education on water conservation to both customers and staff

Solid and Liquid Waste Grey water passes through a grease trap which is then emptied into compost bins Water then passes through a septic soak-away which is located in front of each building Re-use of soiled toilet paper to soak up material from the campers dry toilet Organic waste is managed using the 4 bin compost system and then distributed across the gardens Bulk purchasing to minimise packaging and a ban on tin cans. Solid waste is currently distributed to landfill but measures are being put in place to minimise the amounts. Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control No use of fossil fuels Use of cooking oil instead of diesel for vehicles Organic, biodegradable chemicals for farming and pest control The solar pumps on site remains silent to minimize the noise output and avoid disturbing the surrounding river habitats. Resource Conservation Onsite use of Eco paper, which is 100% recycled when available Use of %100 biodegradable cleaning products Organic pest control Recycling and reuse of everyday products

89

100% organic farming methods 3 Rivers Eco Lodge holds monthly meetings with the village council to maintain good relations. In addition, they sponsor local development such as the Internet caf.

Social Commitment
Image App1.3 3 Rivers Eco Lodge - Cabin

100% local employment rate The knowledge of environmental best practice systems and sustainable methods are passed on to the local community by way of education and training

Helped to create a center that offers hands on experience in building alternative energy systems and organic farming practices to the local community

Sponsors local initiatives

www.3riversdominica.com

90

Amsterdam Manor Beach Resort

Aruba Green Globe 21 Certified Company Modified from original document that was prepared by Ms. Kristina Vybornaite, Green Globe, from source material provided by Amsterdam Manor Beach Resort September, 2005.

Image App1.4 Amsterdam Manor Beach Resort

Background Facilities include the Garden Gazebo for reading and relaxing, the Sunset Upperdeck Bar, Passions Restaurant and Beach Bar, "Mango's Restaurant & Cocktail Bar", free Internet access, kids playground, kiddy pool, freshwater pool with waterfall, extensive watersports, free beach pool lounges, courtesy bathing towels, Minimart, guest laundry, dry-cleaning service, car rental desk and more. Received the AMEX Green Hotel of the Year in 2001 and was rated as Number 1 Top Hotel in Aruba in 2005. Won Caribbean Travel & Life Magazines 2005 Best of the Caribbean award in the Small Hotel category. Environmental and Social Policy Minimize the use of energy, water and natural resources in the Resort without compromising guest satisfaction Minimize solid waste generation and increase reuse and recycling practices. Minimize and manage the greenhouse gas emissions and waste generation related to their operations

91

Apply appropriate technological practices on the property and maintain, innovate and upgrade their efficiency

Image App1.5 Amsterdam Manor Beach Resort Main Entry

Introduce and maintain a formalized staff development program

Employ local labor and use environmentally

sound, local products and services Foster strong community links to better influence environmental consciousness and sustainability in Aruba Comply with all relevant rules and legislation, whether regional, national or tour operator driven. Continuously monitor and record the resorts performance based on assessment of the 9 key performance areas and future goals. Energy The main environmental technology investment has been the use of propane gas in the AC / chillers, which has led to a decrease of 35-40 % in energy usage. Sensor devices are applied to the Air Conditioning (AC) system, shutting down the AC when guests leave the room or when doors or windows remain open for more than 2 minutes More efficient energy usage by chillers has also achieved by the use of heat exchangers, Talon and LPG. Solar panels have been installed to increase the use of renewable energy.

92

Energy efficient lighting has been adopted throughout the entire resort, operated by photocells and timers

Low energy consumption light bulbs are installed throughout the property, achieving a 510% reduction in energy usage for lighting. .

TVs in guest rooms automatically turn off after 2 hours on standby The pump for the waterfall and freshwater pool is switched off at night A change to a more suitable laundry detergent, has provided greater efficiency in the washing cycle and a related reduction in energy usage

Optimizing the power factor with a capacitor, reducing overall electricity usage.

Water Water-saving showerheads and faucet aerators have been installed, reducing their water use from 3 GPM to 1.6 GPM. Toilets have been adjusted to use 1.8 G. per flush The use of a more suitable laundry detergent has
Image App1.6 Amsterdam Manor Beach Resort Room I t i

meant a significantly reduced need for water, dropping from 130 G. per cycle to 70 G. per cycle. Solid and Liquid Waste Solid waste is separated into containers for aluminum, glass, cartons and general waste and is picked up on a weekly basis. Liquid waste, such as used cooking oil, is also collected in a separate container. Laundry water is used for watering the plants and landscaped areas at night.

93

Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control Indoor Air Quality Program includes the cleaning of the A/C Unit, blower and coil, the fogging of rooms to eliminate all bacteria and daily maintenance. Resource Conservation Achieved best practice level for its Resource Conservation, whether this is measured in terms of Total Paper Purchased (by weight) or as a proportion of Eco-label Paper Purchased (100%) Uses 100% Biodegradable Cleaning Chemicals

Social Commitment The resort employs staff who are all drawn from the local population, providing close links and economic benefits to the local community Through communication by newspapers, radio and TV Spots, the resort encourages community participation in beach and coast road clean-up campaigns and Reef Care Campaigns Coordinating training and awareness sessions (through CAST and with our own trainers) for hotel employees, their families, schools and the community. Involvement in the Stima Bo Bario campaign to clean all neighbourhoods in Aruba Co-sponsorship of the annual Perrier Reef Clean-up Clean Master project consisting of public area garbage container maintenance Clean-ups at tourism sites by resort staff family members Yearly Florida Caribbean Cruise Association beach clean-up Sponsoring of Aruban students to attend the VIERS environmental camp in St. John (US Virgin Island)

94

Sponsorship of facilities for the Cristo Rey project (School project-beach facilities for students)

Donations of aluminium recycling containers for 40 schools Donation of prizes for schools Earth Day projects Organizing seminars for our staff on disaster and emergency procedures, as well as socially oriented programs (first aid; drug and alcohol abuse)

Radio spots promoting awareness of environmental protection during the camping season (Easter time)

Hosting Arubas first Environmental Fair (June 2000):

www.amsterdammanor.com

95

Barcelo Ixtapa Hotel

Mexico Green Glove 21 Certified Company Modified from original document that was prepared by Mr Lars Erik Lyk, Green Globe Asia Pacific, from source material provided by Barcel Ixtapa Hotel, July 2005 Background Situated in Ixtapa on the El Palmar Beach in southwestern Mxico Implemented optional indicators for natural habitat conservation, protection of
Image App1.7 Barcelo Ixtapa Hotel

endangered species,

purchasing local goods and recycling of glass and cardboard. Environmental and Social Policy Measures, evaluates and controls activities and services in all areas of their daily operations Complies with all legislation and regulations relating to the hotels operations The Hotel prefers to purchase local products and services wherever possible. A training program for products and services providers has been established to improve cooperation and to promote the issues of sustainable development. Energy Daily monitoring of energy consumption is undertaken to detect any malfunction Energy saving campaigns are carried out for different functional areas of the Hotel.

96

A preventive maintenance program has been established for all equipment that uses gas, diesel, and electric energy, with the commitment of ensuring their correct functioning and energy saving.

Energy saving light bulbs have been installed to improve energy efficiency. Automatic timers have been installed to control the air conditioning and lighting in property service areas such as the lobby, offices and food centers.

Water The use of fresh water is measured daily via independent meters, so that any improper use or leakages may be detected and dealt with as soon as possible. A desalination plant serves to limit the need to use fresh water resources. Water saving devices are used (e.g. in showers in both the guest rooms and in the staff facilities). Solid and Liquid Waste A separation and recycling program has been introduced, separating not only organic and inorganic waste but also dividing the inorganic waste into separate containers for glass, plastic, paper, cardboard, aluminum and other metals. Shampoo and soap dispensers have been installed in the guest room showers to minimize the use of bottles and to reduce the wasteful consumption of shampoo and soap. Reuse of old sheets, towels and uniforms for cleaning rags.

Resource Conservation Awareness of natural flora and fauna is promoted through information cards near plants on the property.

97

A marine turtle program is in place protecting both the turtle nesting areas on the beach and the newborn turtles.

The hotel communicates with the local community to cooperate to take care of the ecosystem.
Image App1.8 Barcelo Ixtapa Hotel Room Interior

The hotel has its own native tree nursery which provides the flora required for landscaping the hotel grounds

A group of 20 hotel employees has undertaken a reforestation program in support of a disadvantaged community in Coacoyul.

Social Commitment Employ people from the local community and to promote the educational development of all employees by stimulating them to finish their basic education and learn foreign languages. The Hotel has a community program for promoting the relationship with the employees as well as the wider community. Undertakes campaigns to promote an ecological conscience among the staff in their daily operations Customers receive information on all the hotels sustainability programs through brochures or tent cards placed in rooms or directly from staff. The hotel Green Brigade objectively verifies the correct application of the environmental management procedures and policies and helps implement the environ mental education program for all Hotel staff.

98

Customers are also requested to complete a questionnaire evaluating the hotels environmental performance and suggesting areas for improvement.

www.barceloixtapa.com

99

Beaches Negril Resort

Jamaica Green Globe 21 Certified Company Modified from the original document that was prepared by Ms. Carol Leon, Green Globe Asia Pacific, from source material provided by Sandals Negril Resort - November 2004 Background A world-class, allinclusive beach resort set on 7 miles of white sand beach in Jamaica. Designed in classic island architecture, bringing the outside
Image App1.9 Beaches Negril Resort - Pool

in, blending fine woods and polished marble with stone arches and hand painted domed frescoes Received a Certificate of Appreciation from the Negril Coral Reef Preservation Society for their contribution and support of the Negril Environment Received the Green Palm Award from the Caribbean Hotel Association for their outstanding environmental program and participation in 2001 Environmental and Social Policy Monitor the impact of daily operations on the surrounding environment Staff Awareness and Involvement (through training)

Energy

100

Using timers on electrical equipment such as the jacuzzi blowers, steam and sauna rooms and the outdoor lighting on the walkways.

Training of staff in all departments in efficient use of electrical equipment

Use of compact fluorescent lights (CFLs), for lighting instead of incandescent bulbs throughout the resort.

Image App1.10 Beaches Negril Resort Lobby

Internal energy audits are undertaken when necessary and where possible to determine

feasibility of projects to be implemented. Maintenance personnel are provided with checklists to ensure all electrical equipment is turned on and off as necessary. Housekeeping staff leave the drapes in guest rooms partially open to encourage the use of natural lighting. Water Beaches Negril has implemented linen and towel re-use program for guests. In the dining room water is not to be poured automatically to but is instead offered to guests as required. Electricity consumption has been reduced by approximately 0.77-kilowatt hours per guest night since the year 2000. Refrigerator motors have been replaced with more energy efficient types.

101

Low-flow showerheads have been installed throughout the property. Low flush toilets have been installed throughout the property and faucet aerators have been installed in all guestrooms and public areas.

Irrigation is set for early morning or after sunset to reduce water loss via evaporation. Composted material is used for mulching gardens to reduce evaporation and the need for watering.

All departments have fitted spray nozzles to all water hoses used at the hotel Pool filters are back washed only as needed. Water form melted ice in ice bin is re-channelled to make ice. Members of staff are trained to report leaks immediately for repair, use adequate amount of water and use nozzles on water hoses.

Solid and Liquid Waste The resort has its own composting facilities where garden clippings and vegetable waste from kitchens are sent. Old linen and bed spreads are recycled into laundry bags. Old towels and bathmats are recycled into cleaning rags for Housekeeping staff. Kitchen fat and grease is collected by RYCO, a recycling company, and is then used to make soap. Used engine oil and refrigerants are collected by a recycling company and reused. Engine oil is burnt in the cements company Kiln after all constitution is lost. Both sides of paper is used before shredding and shredded paper is then used to package craft items purchased by guests. Straw dispensers are provided so that straws are only taken if needed by the guests.

102

Chemical suppliers are required to collect re-usable chemical containers. Products are purchased in bulk to reduce the volume of individual product wrappers and containers to be discarded.

Bins are used to transfer garden clippings instead of plastic bags. Housekeeping use reusable laundry bags instead of plastic bags to collect dirty linen from guestrooms.

Beaches Negril is eliminating the use of Styrofoam products from its operations. Food waste from the kitchen is given to local pig farmers. Domestic water consumption has been reduced by approximately 4.29 liters per guest night since the year 2000.

Fuel consumption (including diesel oil and LPG) has been reduced by approximately 0.11 litres per guest night since the year 2000.

Cardboard boxes and glass bottles are collected and sent to the Negril recycling centre for recycling.

Glass bottles are also returned to some suppliers such as D&G.

Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control Diesel operated heating equipment has been replaced with Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) operated equipment and this has had a positive impact on local air quality. Refrigeration equipment using ozone depleting refrigerants (CFCs) have been retrofitted to accommodate more friendly refrigerants. Trolleys and carts throughout the hotel have been fitted with cushion type casters to minimise noise. No waste is burnt at Beaches Negril.

103

Resource Conservation Most paper purchased for administrative purposes is made from 100% farmed eucalyptus trees.
Image App1.11 Beaches Negril Resort Outdoor Dining

Eliminating the use of chemicals in drain cleaning

by the use of mechanical drain cleaners and pressurized air guns. Eliminating the sale of items made from endangered species on property, for example, craft items in the gift shop. Before diving and snorkelling activities orientations are provided for guests reminding them not to touch or remove any marine life from the sea. Social Commitment Beaches Negril employs qualified local persons to work in the hotels team wherever possible, 436 of the resorts 441 staff are locals. Local craft vendors are invited to display and sell their goods at the resort. The resort promotes and sells local craft items in the gift shop as long as they d o not use endangered species. The resort seeks local artists to perform for evening entertainment. The resort celebrates National Heritage Days, such as Heroes Day, Labour Day and Independence Day and invites the local community to attend these celebrations.

104

The resort keeps the local community aware of the hotels progress in environmental stewardship through the media and conducts lessons in local schools about environmental matters and invites schools to participate in environmental activities hosted by the hotel.

Beaches Negril works alongside the local NGOs on community environmental projects, such as organizing beach clean-ups with the Negril Environment Protection Trust and the National Environment Protection Agency.

The resort conducts Health Fairs at the community centre, where they provide information and medical tests such as diabetes tests and cholesterol tests.

Ecosystem Conservation and Management A minimum of 10% of training hours achieved by team members per annum is environment-based training. Monthly orientation sessions are held for new team members and program s to encourage research and involvement in environmental issues are created to stimulate staff involvement. The resort celebrates annual International and local Environmental Days. Bi-Monthly Environmental Committee Meetings for staff members. Staffs are kept informed on community activities, environmental, health and safety issues, conservation tips and outstanding performers through staff notice board. Workshops and seminars are conducted by the resorts environmental committee, local government organisations, and also by non-governmental environmental organisations. Guests are informed about the various activities the hotel runs to support the environment. This is done through the daily orientation programme and also upon checkin.

105

Information is also imparted by placing environmental cards in guest rooms and information in guest directories, to encourage guest participation in environmental initiatives.

Guests are offered nature based tours that are green. Staff members of the landscaping department take guest on Nature walks. This a tour of the resort in which guest learns about the plants on the property.

Guests are encouraged to participate in all environmental activities held by the hotel such as tree-planting activities and beach clean-ups.

The resorts Environmental Purchasing Policy is circulated to all suppliers - current, new and potential. The resort considers the suitability of product before any purchase is made.

Suppliers are required to provide full training for staff whenever new chemicals or equipment are purchased for use in the hotel.

www.beaches.com

106

Beaches Sandy Bay

Jamaica Green Globe 21 Certified Company Modified from the original document that was prepared by Ms. Carol Leon, Green Globe Asia Pacific, from source material provided by Beaches Sandy Bay November 2004 Background Located in Jamaica on Negrils famous seven-mile beach Each of the 128 beachfront rooms have private balconies or patios Rreceived a Certificate of Appreciation in 1999 for Outstanding
Image App1.12 Beaches Sandy Bay

Contribution to the

Negril Coral Reef Preservation Societys Junior Ranger Summer Programme and Dedicated Service to the Negril Community. Monitor the impact of daily operations on the surrounding environment. Energy Energy saving fluorescent bulbs have been installed in guest rooms and a number of public areas. The
Image App1.13 Beaches Sandy Bay - Lobby

107

resort is currently in the process of completely phasing out incandescent bulbs and replacing them with fluorescent bulbs. Team members are encouraged to turn off equipment, for example lights, airconditioning units and computers when they are not being used and signs have been placed around the property to help remind staff to do so. The resort also has energy saving devices on photocopiers and computers. Housekeeping staff turn off air-conditioning units and open windows whilst cleaning rooms in order to save energy. Water In the dining room, water is poured and refilled only at the guests request. Beaches Sandy Bay is in the process of installing low flow showerheads in all guest rooms, nozzles on all hoses and aerators on all faucets. Team members are encouraged to report leaks to maintenance staff immediately for repair. The resort has a towel and linen reuse program in place. The resort grounds are irrigated in the early morning and late evening in order to reduce evaporation losses. Unused water from the Ice House will be used to irrigate grounds. Foot pedals will be installed at wash sink areas.

Solid and Liquid Waste Beaches Sandy Bay is in the process of creating a composting facility, which will help reduce the amount of waste sent to the landfill, while providing natural fertilizer for the resorts grounds.

108

Beaches Sandy Bay separates food scraps from other waste and these scraps are given to local pig farmers on a daily basis.

The resorts kitchen grease is given to RyCo Jamaica Limited to be recycled into soap. All departments are encouraged to use paper on both sides. Used paper is then shredded for further use.

The resorts environmental programme advises team members to only offer straws with blended drinks or on request, and this helps to reduce non-biodegradable waste.

Beaches Sandy Bay takes cardboard boxes and glass bottles to the Negril Recycling Centre.

Old towels and bathmats are used as cleaning cloths. Whenever possible, Beaches Sandy Bay orders in bulk so as to reduce waste from individual packaging.

Wine bottle corks are being collected and used to create notice boards.

Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control Beaches Sandy Bay aims to improve air quality by ensuring that all motorized equipment is maintained properly, cleaned and serviced on a regular basis. Resource Conservation Beaches Sandy Bays Purchasing Policy and product screening of all chemicals entering the property enables them to purchase only environmentally friendly products.
Image App1.14 Beaches Sandy Bay - Lounge

109

Beaches Sandy Bay also contributes to resource conservation by making staff, guests and suppliers aware of the importance of natural resources.

By reducing, reusing and recycling paper, Beaches Sandy Bay helps reduce the number of trees used for the production of paper. Paper that is used in the resorts administrative departments is made from 100% famed eucalyptus trees.

Before snorkel and dive trips, guests are informed not to touch or remove marine animals from the sea and made aware of the importance of the reef ecosystem.

Beaches Sandy Bays environmental performance is enhanced by sharing knowledge on preserving the environment. The Green Teams motto, shedding light on the environment embodies this commitment to education of all affected through the operations of the resort, including its adopted schools and the community. The resort does this by working with various NGOs in the area. For example on World Wetlands Day 2004, Beaches Sandy Bay assisted the Negril Area Protection Trust (NEPT) at their Open Day by providing information on the Environmental Management System at Sandals and Beaches resorts.

Local craft items are displayed and sold in the gift shop and by local craft vendors each Friday. Craft items are not made from endangered species.

Ecosystem and Conservation Management Beaches Sandy Bay involves staff through training, field trips and other such activities. All team members at Beaches Sandy Bay are required to have 20% of all training in environment, health and safety. This equates to 12 hours of environment based training each year.

110

At orientation sessions, new team members are made aware of the resorts environmental programme.

International and local environmental days are recognized by organizing trips, and training and placing information specific to the days on the notice board. For example a trip to the Royal Palm Reserve was organised on the last annual Environment Day, and on World Environment Day (June 5) where team members were taken to the Green Expo held in Kingston.

Beaches Sandy Bay involves suppliers by making them aware of the Sandals Resorts International Corporate Purchasing Policy. The resort also requires suppliers to complete a product screening form, to determine whether the product is environmentally friendly.

On visits to the resorts adopted schools, staff teach and encourage children to be environmentally conscious.

During orientation, guests are informed on the resorts environmental programme. Guests are also invited to take part in environmental activities whenever possible and are discouraged from taking part in any activity that may destroy the environment. For example, guests are informed by the water sports staff when going on snorkelling trips not to remove any marine animals from the sea.

www.beaches.com

111

Binna Burra Mountain Lodge

Australia Green Globe 21 Benchmarked Company Modified from the original document that was prepared from material provided by Binna Burra Mountain Lodge for Green Globe Asia Pacific January 2004 - Since this Case Study was developed, Binna Burra has been Certified

Image App1.15 Binna Burra Mountain Lodge

Background Positioned amidst the sub-tropical rainforest setting of South East Queensland, Australia Cabins hand built from the local Tallowood trees. The trees used were those that had been ring-barked and left standing by the original settlers when the company first acquired the property in 1933 Binna Burra Lodge Limited owns 38 hectares of land within the World Heritage Listed Lamington National Park, situated on the northeastern boundary. Lamington National Park covers an area of 20,500 hectares and has approximately 180 kilometres of walking tracks available to the public. Environmental and Social Policy Binna Burra is strongly committed to upholding best environmental practices in all environmental issues related to the sustainable management Monitoring programs in place for the accurate data collection in relation to waste, recycling, potable water, energy, maintenance, revegetation and guest education. This

112

information is used to help improve daily management procedures to be more sustainable and at the same time be financially beneficial. Energy The newly introduced monitoring system at Binna Burra allows the operation to quickly identify areas of high-energy consumption, and therefore enables the operation to determine ways of reducing usage within specific areas. Staff receive information and training on how to most effectively reduce their energy consumption whilst performing their daily tasks. Guests are given information that explains the importance of and tips on minimizing their energy usage whilst staying at Binna Burra and within their own homes, e.g. by turning off appliances when not in use and by using cold water where possible. Binna Burras water supply is completely energy-free, as it uses gravity to source water from high up in the surrounding mountains. Also, energy efficient lighting has further reduced the accommodations energy usage. Water Staff and guest education about the importance of conserving water has been very beneficial. Guests are provided with information about water conservation options and staff are given tips on how to reduce water usage during their daily work. Water wise information and stickers are left in full view of staff and guests. Guests are encouraged to reuse their towels. Binna Burra has installed spring-loaded taps and tap restrictors to reduce water usage. Grey water is used to water areas of the gardens and lawns.

113

Water usage is monitored daily so that any leaks or excessive usage can be identified and fixed.

Solid and Liquid Waste Guests are provided with information about where they can locate recycling bins and the importance of using these bins. All glass, paper and aluminium are recycled and are collected regularly by a contractor. Suppliers do regular pick-ups for reusable juice and milk containers. Materials such as egg cartons, shredded paper, corks and bottle tops are collected by the local school and by members of the community for further usage. A worm farm is used to breakdown kitchen and paper waste. Where possible all products purchased are recyclable or made from recycled materials (i.e. paper, brochures, toilet paper, etc). Products are bought in bulk to reduce the need for packaging. Regular monitoring of the types and amounts of waste produced helps Binna Burra in identifying areas of high consumption and production and allows them to target these areas for further improvements. Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control No radios or televisions are available for guests. The use of noisy machinery is kept to a minimum. Vehicles are well maintained to ensure minimum emissions. No chlorofluorocarbons are used in refrigeration. All of the Lodge and campsite buildings are designated non-smoking.

114

Binna Burras sewage treatment plant is functioning at its best ever level with no need for chemical assistance; it is easily able to handle the wastewater. Wildlife is regularly seen in and around the Lodge and campsite, indicating that they are not disturbed by air or noise quality.

Resource Conservation All cleaning chemicals are biodegradable. 80% of the paper products purchased are recycled. Portion packaging is not used within Binna Burras kitchen. All products are bought in bulk to reduce the need for packaging. As much waste as possible is recycled or reused for other purposes.

Social Commitment Management and staff are supportive of, and make contributions to local schools and organisations, and locals are encouraged to take full advantage of the Lodges facilities. Binna Burra offers educational talks at the local schools Is involved with high school and university students, as it offers lectures and information sessions for interested students, both local and interstate. Is very supportive of all local community service organisations Local schools and special interest groups have taken a unique interest in Binna Burra and the National Park and often participate in revegetation programs and weed clearing voluntarily. One group that is particularly involved in Binna Burra Mountain Lodge is Friends of Binna Burra (FOBBs) that visits Binna Burra regularly to participate in environmental development projects.

115

The Lodge often has a guest speaker from the local community to talk to the staff and guests about a variety of interesting, environmentally focused topics.

www.binnaburralodge.com.au

116

Bucuti Beach Resort

Aruba Green Globe 21 Certified Company Modified from the original document that was prepared by Ms. Carol Leon, Green Globe Asia Pacific, from material provided by Bucuti Beach Resort November 2004 Background Situated on 14 acres of pristine white beach on the island of Aruba Due in part to the cost savings achieved through its environmental programs, Bucuti Beach Resort was able
Image App1.16 Bucuti Beach Resort

to build the recently opened

new guest building, the Tara Beach Suites Green Hotel of the Year award in 2003 from the Caribbean Hotel Association AMEX and First Runner Up for the International Hotel and Restaurant Associations Environmental Achievement Award Awarded with the Innovation in Environmental Best Practice Award at the International Hotel & Restaurant Associations Annual Congress in November 2004. Environmental and Social Policy Bucuti Beach Resort has a comprehensive list of Environmental Practices which are adopted throughout the resort. This list is used in the initial orientation tour of every newly hired staff member and again as an annual refresher tour for all staff. The

117

Environmental Practices list is updated and revised periodically and serves to keep the resorts staff focused on the importance of the environmental program.
Image App1.17 Bucuti Beach Resort Beach Bar

All associates are issued with a laminated card

containing the Bucuti Environmental Policy in their own language to be carried with them at all times on the job Energy All public areas (the lobby, fitness centre, restaurant, bar, guest corridors) are open air without air conditioning Motion sensors and timers have been installed to control lighting in all offices and public areas. Motion sensors are also used to control air-conditioning in all guest rooms. Energy efficient light bulbs have been installed throughout the resort Solar panels are used to heat water for the guest rooms, guest laundry, hotel laundry, and the restaurant/bar. Water The resort has installed flow reducers on shower heads and water faucets. Reduced capacity toilet tanks have also been installed

118

The resort has implemented a guest linen and towel reuse program which has allowed the resort to close the laundry three days a week. Only full loads of laundry are ever washed and dried.

Bucuti Beach Resort reduces their energy consumption by using motion and infrared sensors to control air-conditioning in all guest rooms. This has reduced air conditioning electricity consumption by approximately 30%.

Drip and timed irrigation systems have been installed A wastewater treatment valve has been installed making it possible to reuse gray water Some guest rooms drain water is used for irrigation for the resort grounds In the restaurant servers ask guests if they would like water refills, instead of water being automatically poured.

The resort also reduces water consumption by over 90% in the swimming pool with paper filters which make backwashing unnecessary

Solid and Liquid Waste The resort purchases stock in bulk where possible The use of disposable plates, cutlery and cups has been eliminated with the exception of takeaway coffee paper cups Dispensers are used for soap, shampoo and lotion, instead of individual bottles so as to minimise packaging waste Garden trimmings are composted and palm fronds are used for beach hut roofs. Used aluminum, glass, paper, newspapers and cardboard are recycled Restaurant food leftovers are picked up daily by a local pig farmer Vegetable oil used in the kitchen is recycled into soap

119

Old sun umbrella canvases are used to make room attendant cart receptacles for dirty laundry and for separating recyclable items from guest rooms, eliminating the use of plastic bags.

Bucuti reuses old linens to create laundry bags, wash cloths, crib blankets, cashier bags

Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control All air conditioning units in the resort are completely serviced twice a year and their filters are cleaned and disinfected at that time All guest room air conditioning compressors are on the roof thus noise is minimal

Resource Conservation Bucuti relies heavily on the use of electronic mail for internal and external correspondence and all office paper for faxes and printing is re-used.
Image App1.18 Bucuti Beach Resort - Exterior

Concierge services compile all brochures and restaurant menus into two reusable

books for guests to peruse instead of issuing hundreds of brochures. Extensive marketing is done on the internet to travel agents, tour operators and individual guests eliminating the need to print reams of promotional materials. Bucuti sales kits, formerly consisting of 45 paper pages and brochures, are now digitized and distributed on one reusable CD ROM. Linked to Bucutis website, this CD

120

guarantees up-to-date information without any reprinting. Bucuti reduces chemical use by utilizing environmentally friendly detergents in its laundry and by using staff-prepared organic cleaners throughout the resort. The Laundry is closed three days a week to save energy and water and its grey water is reused for garden irrigation. Bucuti helps to protect flora and fauna by placing identification and information signs throughout the resort grounds The resort extensively uses an organic non-toxic cleanser (Citrus Clean) which is purchased in bulk Social Commitment Bucuti Beach Resort is committed to promoting environmental education within the community. The resort participates in, as well as helps to plan, the environmental activities organised by the Aruba Hotel and Tourism Association. Activities include recycled crafts contests, neighbourhood clean ups and the annual coastal clean up Bucuti Beach Resort participates in the Aruba Government Tourism Association Reef Care project. Bucutis Green Team hosts numerous school field trips to the resort to teach students about environmental efforts Bucuti is a sponsor of the Aruba Hotel and Tourism Associations environmental committees project whereby 5 local students are sent to the St. Johns Virgin Island Environmental Research Station (VIERS) each summer Bucuti helped create the Sponsor A Mile Program and they are an ongoing participant

121

Bucuti provides continuous support to its local community by donations of linens, towels, china, silverware and soap

www.bucuti.com

122

Casuarina Beach Resort

Barbados Green Globe 21 Certified Company Modified from the original document that was prepared from material provided by Casuarina Beach Resort for Green Globe Asia Pacific May 2004

Background Located resort on the South Coast of Barbados. Set in a tropical forest met by a 1500-foot stretch of white sandy beach and the Caribbean Sea Deliberately built away
Image App1.19 Casuarina Beach Resort

from the beach in order to preserve the hawksbill turtle nesting habitat and the general marine ecosystem Awarded the Caribbean Tourism Organisations Sustainable Tourism Award Second in the Caribbean to have been inducted into the Caribbean Resort Associations Green Hall of Fame Environmental and Social Policy Staff training is provided in all aspects of environmental management and includes training in correct use of cleaning products, energy and water saving techniques,

123

environmentally friendly purchasing, health and safety issues, organic alternatives to cleaning products, pesticides, insecticides etc. Upon completion of environmental training courses staff are encouraged to also implement environmental efforts in their private lives to save both money and act in a more environmentally friendly manner. The Resort has several environmental videos they show to staff, guests, schools, learning institutions and other businesses interested in sustainability. Through activities of the Casuarina Environmental Manager the resort is participating in sustainable decision-making in the local area. Casuarina Beach Club regularly participates in TV and radio programmes promoting sustainability. Several times a week Casuarina Beach Club invites schools, resorts, learning institutions and businesses to visit the resort in order to see how they implement their environmental policies. Anyone with an interest in Greening their Operation is welcome to visit Casuarina Beach Club and receive advice and training on environmental issues. Energy Extensive tree planting provides shading, which reduces the demand for cooling. Low energy light bulbs are used wherever possible. Fridge settings and air conditioning units are set to low as are. The settings are checked daily by staff and air conditioning is turned off when guests have left the room. Office air conditioning units are set and checked according to how many people are in a room.

124

Old equipment is being progressively replaced by energy efficient equipment and the use of a photo voltaic system is being assessed in conjunction with the University of West Indies.

Solar heating is used in some units for hot water heating. The Resort has been able to significantly reduce the overall consumption of electricity to bring the consumption levels to 11kwh per guest night.

Casuarina Beach Club has an environmentally friendly purchasing policy, which means that everything they purchase must be contained in either recyclable or degradable containers. As a result their supplier of bottled water changed their bottle material from PVC plastic to PET in order to accommodate Casuarina

Water

Beach Clubs requirement for recyclable products.

Irrigation of the grounds uses underground water or rainwater and brackish water is currently used for cleaning.

The lobby garden is irrigated by rainwater. Fountains use recycled water. Outdoor showers are fitted with automatic shut off valves. The Resort encourages guests to reuse towels. Low flush toilets, showers and faucet aerators have been installed throughout the Resort. Staff are trained to detect leaks so they can be fixed immediately. All watering is done in the early morning or late at night to ensure that water is absorbed by the soil and not evaporated by the sun.

Solid and Liquid Waste

125

Waste has been reduced by 50% over the past 6 years. Casuarina Beach Club has employed three full time staff to run an effective waste management system.

All packaging received

Image App1.20 Casuarina Beach Resort - Exterior

is required to be degradable or reusable. Of all of the yard waste, 95% is being composted, thereby reducing the need to purchase topsoil. Compost can be produced within 6-8 weeks and is used throughout the Resort gardens and on the herb garden. The reduction in the number of waste skips has lead to a saving of up to US $1500 per month. Garbage recycling bins are placed around the Resort and in hotel rooms to encourage responsible guest behaviour. All office paper is printed on both sides or made into note pads. Glass, cardboard, plastic, newspapers and magazines are all recycled. All office materials are recycled. Glass bottles are sent for recycling and plastic PET bottles are recycled through a local tiling company.

126

Suppliers are requested to supply stores in bulk and in either reusable or degradable material containers.

Casuarina Beach Club uses biodegradable shopping bags. One all-purpose cleaner is used throughout the Resort and is purchased in a reusable 55gallon container.

In 2003 the overall water consumption at Casuarina Beach Club was reduced from 126 gallons to 99 gallons per guest night.

The primary policy of Casuarina Beach Club is the adoption of 4 Rs: Rethink, Reuse, Reduce, and Recycle

The intention is to always try and identify alternative, more environmentally friendly ways of doing things.

Toilet paper is purchased unwrapped in bales. Large containers are cut and filed for use as garbage bins. Old bedspreads are made into oven gloves and small drink bottles are used for laundry detergent.

The cores of the large toilet rolls are woven and made into gift baskets. An upgraded sewerage system will shortly be operational in the area. All waste cooking oils are recycled for animal feed. A new grey water settling pond has been constructed to collect kitchen waste water for irrigation of the gardens.

Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control Visitors are encouraged to respect the amenity of the area.

127

At the foyer, to minimise vehicle emissions and noise, visitors are requested to turn off idling engines and loud music.

Resource Conservation The Resort incorporates 9 acres of tropical forest that provides a haven for wildlife including monkeys, birds and butterflies. The Resort has its own organic herb garden. In relation to cleaning chemicals, all detergents used are environmentally friendly.

Social Commitment Casuarina Beach Club sponsors house repairs for elderly and disabled people in the local area who cannot do it themselves. The Resort kitchen feeds 20 local families a day. The Resort is an equal opportunity employer. Casuarina Beach Club is currently working on different projects aiming at helping the local community including: o Organising for disabled people to sell flowers in the Resort lobby areas and Shopping malls which should create work for at least 10 people.
Image App1.21 Casuarina Beach Resort - Pool

128

o Cooperation with agriculturalists, soap manufacturers and other interested parties to develop aloe based products for the Resort industry. Displaced vendors will sell these products. The Resort houses one of the largest collections of local Barbados art and a range of art and crafts may be viewed throughout the Resort. The Resort holds a craft market and features an individual craft person in the Resort lobby every week. Poetry readings and musical events are held at the Resort to promote local culture. Resort guests are informed about any cultural events taking place at the Resor t as we ll as in the local community. www.casuarina.com

129

Coco Palm Resort & Spa

The Maldives Green Globe 21 Certified Company Modified from the original document that was prepared from material provided by Coco Palm Resort & Spa for Green Globe Asia Pacific May 2004 Background Located on the island of Dhunikolhu in the Maldives. Surrounded by a large reef system and spectacular white beaches
Image App1.22 Coco Palm Resort & Spa

All accommodation is sensitively

designed to provide a sense of luxury and privacy without destroying the natural beauty of the island The resort is developed to reflect and blend in with the natural setting of the island without disturbing the natural integrity. Awarded the President of Maldives Green Resort Award in 2001

Environmental and Social Policy Coco Palm Resort & Spa has formed an Eco Palm committee comprised of selected staff members. The aim of the committee is to ensure that environmental activities and programs are carried out effectively. Educational workshops conducted by outside environmental specialists are provided to all staff.

130

New employees are immediately introduced to the environmental policies of Coco Palm Resort & Spa.

Suppliers are briefed regularly about the environmental initiatives undertaken by the resort.

Environmental awareness information is provided in the reception area as well as in the guest rooms.

All guests are encouraged to be involved in all environmental campaign activities carried out at the resort.

Special environmental awareness boards are placed around the hotel property to display activities that tourists should avoid such as picking corals and fishing from the house reef. Energy All guest rooms at Coco Palm Resort & Spa have a key card system allowing the light to automatically be switched off when the door is locked.
Image App1.23 Coco Palm Resort & Spa Guest Rooms

All buildings have been designed to take advantage of passive solar cooling,

meaning that buildings are designed to allow natural airflow thus reducing the need to use air conditioning. Use of natural light also minimises energy usage. The resort has installed lighting sensors in all open areas to avoid unnecessary use when the areas are not being used.

131

 Water

Installation of energy saving light bulbs has occurred throughout the resort.

All waste water at Coco Palm Resort & Spa is biologically treated and reused for green houses and landscaping.

The main water resources at the resort are desalinated water, rainwater and ground water with desalinated water being the main source.

Rainwater has been harvested to supplement desalinated water whereas ground water is protected for the vegetation of the island.

The Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority tests desalinated water and ground w ater periodically to make sure it meets Maldives requirements.

Guests are given the option of towel re-use to reduce water and detergent usage. Linen is changed only when placed in the basket provided in each room. All taps are equipped with water saving devices. Water from Coco Palm Resort & Spa pools are reused at least three times after filtering by means of pumping mechanisms and the final water is then supplied for toilet flushing.

All shower heads in the resort have water saving shower heads. Low flush and dual flushing commodes are used in the bathrooms. Recycled water is used in the toilets and plunge pools.

Solid and Liquid Waste All waste is collected and sorted by staff according to the degree of reuse and recycling possibilities.

132

A composting system has been set in place for organic kitchen and garden waste such as food scraps, leaves, flowers and tree cuttings. The compost is later used in the resorts vegetable and fruit gardens.

Hazardous waste such as waste oil, lube oil and batteries is transported to a local waste collection station.

Coco Palm Resort & Spa recycles paper Glass is crushed and stored for use in construction at the island. Recyclable metals such as aluminium and steel are collected and compacted and later transported to a waste collection station.

Supplies are bought in bulk and non-alcoholic beverages are purchased in glass bottles, which are refilled by the supplier.

Liquid soaps, shower gel and body lotion, which are also supplied in bulk, are stored in refillable ceramic bottles.

Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control The resorts power plant is fully synchronised to change the load automatically according to the usage requirement of the operation, hence energy is generated to meet the demand. Following this improvement in the efficiency of energy utilisation the air quality has improved due to minimisation of emissions. Generator sets at the resort have low sulphur dioxide and particle emission thus improving the air quality. The powerhouse is located away from guest accommodation and staff quarters and is insulated with buffer walls and silencer to reduce the noise level. Resource Conservation

133

In 2003 Coco Palm Resort & Spa was able to reduce its use of diesel by 16,280 litres; reduce paper consumption by 25 reams (12,500 sheets); and reduced its use of liquid and powdered chemical products by 26 litres and 64 kg respectively.
Image App1.24 Coco Palm Resort & Spa - Pool

Laundry and cleaning chemicals are certified biodegradable. Cleaning chemicals are diluted with water to the ratio of 50/50. As a further commitment to the environmental policy of Coco Palm Resort & Spa, new facilities such as a glass crusher and a can compactor have been purchased.

To minimise air pollution Coco Palm Resort & Spa uses carts and wheelbarrows for operational purposes rather than motorised transport.

Eco label paper is used for printing most of the office stationery, brochures and retail bags.

Printing and photocopying is done on both sides of paper and scrap paper is used for messages.

Used cooking oil is saved and given to the local community, which reuses the oil on boats to treat the wood.

Use of pesticides and herbicides is restricted and only specially approved products are occasionally used.

Social Commitment

134

Coco Palm Resort & Spa has a Community Development Program where they assist two local islands in different environmental activities aimed at increasing vegetation cover. They also assisted in the construction of a jetty which was needed since the locals had great difficulty in reaching the island.

The resort has also created a waste management system for a local island where waste collection bins have been donated as well as a central site for waste collection where waste is sorted and later collected by the resort.

In conjunction with the local school, the Eco Palm committee of Coco Palm Resort marked the World Environmental Day in 2003 on a local island by conducting workshops, tree planting programs, environmental walks and quizzes as well as reef cleaning activities where rubbish was collected .

The resort invites local people from nearby islands to exhibit traditional art and crafts such as lacquer work, boat building, weaving and preparation of local cuisine.

The resort carries out educational activities for local school children and employs 109 local staff. Ecosystem Conservation Coco Palm Resort & Spa has implemented a turtle monitoring and surveillance program where turtle nests are located and afterwards protected. Turtle nests are fenced off if

Image App1.25 Coco Palm Resort & Spa Single Unit

they are found away from the

vegetation line. The nest locations are marked with a sign post to make it visible for the

135

visitors. All the guests are given information about the turtle nests and their locations in order to create awareness. Guests are also advised of the expected dates for hatchlings to be released back into the sea. The resort has in place a monitoring system of the island morphology that undertakes beach profiles at designated locations. In this program sand traps and sediment traps are located and monitored regularly to detect erosion and other changes. To preserve natural vegetation all resort buildings and pathways are planned around the trees on the property so that they do not have to be cut down to make way for extensions. As part of the Million Tree Campaign organised by the Maldivian Government Coco Palm Resort & Spa has contributed by implementing a patronage based coconut treeplanting program. Guests are given the opportunity to plant a young coconut tree during their stay. On International Earth Day 2003 guests participated with local people in different environmental activities such as tree planting and reef cleaning. Information on preservation of the island environment was handed out. During these activities the use of motorised marine vessels was replaced by traditional Maldivian rowing boats. The walking trails on the resorts property are kept to a minimum width to minimise the impact on natural vegetation. Native island plants have been used for landscaping. The resort has created nature trails of its indigenous plants which provide an opportunity for guests to identify the local indigenous plants on their walks using a directory outlining the characteristics of 69 types of plants and herbs, some with traditional medical value. www.cocopalm.com

136

Kandalama Hotel
Sri Lanka Green Globe 21 Certified Company Modified from the original document that was prepared by Mrs. Kimberly Christopher, Green Globe Asia Pacific, from source material prepared by Dr.Johannes Bauer and Kandalama Hotel, Sri Lanka. Background Nestled at the foot of Mt Ereulagala and Mt Dikkandahena in Sri Lanka
Image App1.26 Kandalama Hotel

Location which is at

the cross-roads of different ecological zones that harbour a spectrum of wildlife Designed in a way that complements and enhances the natural environment World Travel Market Awards for Environmental Company in 1997 Leeds Green building certification and PATA Green Leaf Gold Award

Environmental and Social Policy The environmental management system of Kandalama Hotel has been developed by Ravi De Silva an environmental engineer, who presented an outline of its operation during the 13th PATA Conference on Eco and Adventure Tourism (De Silva, 2001). The key environmental issues targeted by Kandalama were: o The impact of the initial construction on local forest and scenic beauty

137

o The impacts during construction activities (clearing, disturbance, erosion and sedimentation) o The effects of the Hotel site on natural hydrology and run off patterns o The discharge of solid and liquid waste into the lake system o The discharge of waste and operational by-products in the proximate semi-pristine forest system o The impact on the local community Energy The hot water system of 80 guest rooms using electric heaters has been modified to use steam from the boiler as the heating medium saving 86,500 kWh per year. Electrically heated hot water systems were replaced with solar water heaters saving 80,300 kWh per year. Within the next two years, hotel management expects to meet 40% of its energy requirements through solar energy (Da Silva, 2001) Lamps that are used for more than four hours per day have been replaced with energy efficient fluorescent lamps. Key tag activated master switches have been introduced to guest rooms to save energy.

Solid and Liquid Waste Waste water generated by the hotel is treated and recycled within a modern and well maintained and operated system. This is then recycled for watering of the hotel compound. Over the past 8 years since its establishment, Kandalama has managed to almost completely eliminate waste through a state-of-the-art recycling system.

138

Kandalama encourages its suppliers to reuse glass bottles and jars for their products. Wherever possible, eco-friendly containers such as clay pots are used instead of plastics.

Waste paper is sent for producing recycled paper which is used for hotel stationery.

Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control Bicycles are encouraged as transport and a bus provides a service to travel to town and back which contributes to the reduction of private vehicles and thereby reducing emissions into the atmosphere. Drivers and guides are instructed to have the engines of the vehicles switched off when the vehicle is parked and awaiting the arrival of guests. No substances generating toxic fumes are burnt within the hotel premises. All air-conditioned rooms and public areas are provided with sufficient quantities of fresh air to ensure levels of CO2 are kept to a minimum. The replacement of incandescent lamps in all public areas with compact fluorescent lamps has saved 75,000 kWh per year. Resource Conservation A tree planting program is in operation utilizing discarded coconut shells as seedling containers. A total of 26 local species are grown this way and replanted around the hotel site and to a network of regional schools which plant then during school planting days. Kandalama has been central to the rehabilitation of approximately 230 ha of rainforest. Rain water collection tanks have been introduced at Kandalama with a view to installing more in the future.

139

Grey water from filters and softeners in the water treatment plant is collected and used to spray the gravel to reduce the distribution of dust.

Social Commitment Kandalama provides economic benefits to Sri Lanka and the local community. Derives significant income for Sri Lanka and the local community. The EcoPark at Kandalama has highlighted the hotels commitment to sustainable development and to the local community. Initially the project employed over 300 people and generated an income of over US$500,000 which assisted in increased living standards for locals. The EcoPark is used as an educational tool about the environment for local schools groups. Ecosystem Conservation and Management Kandalama has become an important control mechanism for illegal activities around the hotel site such as poaching, clearing and firewood collection. More than 300 local people are employed in the hotel and continues to provide work opportunities for the local population. Kandalama has developed an Eco-Park on 5 acres of land within the grounds of the Hotel. The concept of the Eco-Park was awarded Gold at the 2000 PATA awards under Environmental Education. www.aitkenspence.com/hotels

140

Melia Bali Villas and Spa Resort

Bali Indonesia Green Globe 21 Certified Company Modified from the original document that was prepared by Mrs. Kimberly Christopher, Green Globe Asia Pacific, from source material developed by Melia Bali Resort Background Advocate for environmentally conscious practices for many years Attempts to use
Image App1.27 Melia Bali Villas and Spa Resort

creativity and innovation in their environmental planning. Nestled amongst exotic tropical surroundings and beautiful manicured gardens on the fringes of the resort beach of Nusa Dua Furnished in traditional Balinese style Melia Bali has an active program of environmental management and participating in Balinese cultural pursuits. Environmental and Social Policy Strongest influence has been the Environmental Protection Manual developed by the Sol Melia group in 1995. This manual provides clear direction regarding objectives and priority issues. Meli Balis environmental policy has an emphasis on items such as purchase policies, employment policies and energy conservation procedures. Energy

141

Energy data consumption data is monitored and reviewed on a daily and weekly basis. Monthly reviews are then carried out and targets are set based on these figures. An Energy Saving Checklist is completed on a daily basis.

The installation of flow meters will assist the kitchen department to participate in energy conservation.. This will allow accurate measurements of consumption of LPG in the hotel.

Installation of new washers and dryers with the current overhaul of the Chicago Flatwork ironer will contribute to the reduction in consumption of electricity.

Water Melia Bali uses treated wastewater from the sewerage treatment plant of the Bali Tourism and Development Corporation to irrigate all gardens and landscaped areas. Developments are being undertaken to incorporate its own sewerage treatment plant the first phase of development has been completed with the installation of a water storage tank in 1999. Further regulatory approval and guidelines must be met before additional developments can be implemented. Melia Bali uses approaches to reduce water consumption through the following actions: o Active encouragement for guests to participate in in-house environmental programs; o Replacement of old and inefficient machinery to reduce energy and resource consumption;

142

o Conduct preventative maintenance on all faucets to prevent leaking and dripping taps; o Regular maintenance of lawn sprinklers; o Stickers are located around the hotel
Image App1.28 Melia Bali Villas and Spa Resort

encouraging guests to minimize water consumption.

Solid and Liquid Waste The regulatory body responsible for the Nusa Dua land, PT PPB, provides treatment of wastewater from all companies within the area. The wastewater is processed using a biodegradable system and is then reused as irrigation water within the region. Regular analysis of the treated water is conducted every two months by PT PPB in association with the Department of Health. These results are made publicly available. Watering is used during periods when there is the least amount of evaporation. Average consumption of electricity by Melia Bali in 2000 was 58 kWh/ sq. metre, compared to the government benchmark of 165 kWh/sq.metre, which is well below the prescribed allowance. Office paper is reused as message paper and for photocopying Unused paper and flyers are used as internal notepads Newspapers are retained for packaging of breakable items Restaurant menus are printed on recycled paper Plastic bottles and containers are collected and returned to the supplier or manufacturer Guest amenities bottles are returned also

143

Dispensers are used in the hotel to reduce the quantity of packaging Linen and towels are reused for dusters and cleaning cloths Uniforms and sheets are donated to charity Melia Bali utilizes the municipal sewerage scheme, and purchases treated grey water for re-use on its gardens

Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control Noise and air quality impacts are minimized

Resource Conservation A transition has been made to the swimming pool filters from a chlorine system to salt filtration. Melia Bali uses environmentally friendly paper in all sales kit folders that are provided to tour operators. Products such as string and bamboo are also used in the production of the folders. Social Commitment Melia Bali contributes to social improvement through local employment opportunities It provides health assistance to the community by colllecting unused medicine from guests which is then distributed by doctors and medical staff in less fortunate villages. Cultural enrichment through education and opportunities for guests to experience the rich Balinese culture. Involvement with government programs that sponsor employment opportunities for local residents who are interested in the hotel industry. Partnerships with hospitality schools to provide a practical work environment for students to conduct apprenticeships.

144

The resort is also involved in and supports a school for physically and mentally challenged children through improving facilities , teaching materials and social activities.

Ecosystem Conservation and Management Melia Bali has established a project called the Fly Project. It is designed to preserve the diverse bird life of Bali. The vision is to provide medical care and rehabilitation to sick and injured birds native to Bali. Birds in need of rehabilitation are brought to an outdoor enclosed environment where they are nurtured and cared for until they have strength enough to be released back into their native environment. Melia Bali has been innovative in establishing the first organic garden in the Nusa Dua area. A variety of vegetables and fruit are grown without the use of chemical pesticides or fertilizers. This produce is used in the restaurant for catering to vegetarians. The use of pesticides and herbicides are limited to being a last resort where there is no other alternative. Weeds are controlled organically by use of algaes, for example. Melia Bali undertake initiatives which help to conserve the ecosystem by using only biodegradable or low phosphate products in the laundry. Melia Bali prides itself on its contribution to preserving the environment and wildlife. They strive to ensure indigenous flora and fauna mature and thrive for visitors and residents to appreciate and enjoy. www.meliabali.com

145

Royal Plantation Spa & Golf Resort

Jamaica Green Globe Certified Company Modified from the original document that was prepared by Ms. Carol Leon, Green Globe Asia Pacific, from material provided by Royal Plantation Spa & Golf Resort November 2004 Background Located on the northern coast of Jamaica Set on 8 acres of tropical gardens and has two private white sand In 2004 Royal Plantation was awarded the Connoisseurs
Image App1.29 Royal Plantation Spa & Golf Resort

Choice Award for Great

Hotels and Resorts Invited to join the prestigious selection of resorts earning the accolade of the Leading Small Hotels of The World, a first for the island. Environmental and Social Policy Monitor and manage all significant environmental aspects associated with the operations of the hotels. Royal Plantation is committed to implementing and maintaining this policy with management systems that effectively address the aspects of, health, safety and environmental concerns identified Energy Energy consumption is monitored on a daily basis

146

A preventative maintenance program is in place for all equipment

Incandescent bulbs have been replaced with fluorescent bulbs

All team m embers are trained on energy conservation practices

Image App1.30 Royal Plantation Spa & Golf Resort - Pool

When cleaning guest rooms housekeeping staff leave the curtains open to encourage

the use of natural light. All electrical appliances are turned off after cleaning An Energy Conservation schedule was designed for air-conditioning units in public areas Key switches have been installed on the air-conditioning units in the resorts indoor restaurants The energy saving feature is activated on all computers used at the resort. Guests are asked to turn off lights and air conditioning units when leaving their rooms The Night Shift Engineer shuts down selected lighting after 1am or when last arrival is in or last guest is seen out Water All faucets in staff and guest areas have been fitted with aerators All guest rooms are equipped with low flush toilets (1.6gpm) and low flow showerheads. The resort uses well water for irrigation whenever possible Steam Room Generators are shut down at 7pm nightly Water heaters are operated with LPG, not electricity Audits are conducted periodically to determine the effectiveness of projects

147

All departments that use hoses are required to have a nozzle on the hose A water refill policy is implemented in the dining room where guests are asked if they would like a second glass of water before it is poured

Signage is posted in staff areas to encourage water conservation practices, and to remind staff members to report any leaks discovered

Guests are asked to participate in the towel reuse program, in order to minimize both water and detergent usage

Sinks and bathtubs are fitted with stoppers Foot pedal sinks have been installed where possible in kitchen and bar areas Audits are done periodically to determine the effectiveness of projects

Solid and Liquid Waste Garden clippings, vegetable and fruit peelings and shredded paper are composted and used on the property

Image App1.31 Royal Plantation Spa & Golf Resort - Beach

148

Used kitchen oil is collected by the RyCo company for recycling Items are purchased in bulk where possible to ensure that packaging waste is minimal Packaging materials are reused wherever possible, eg for posters Discarded linen and towels are reused where possible and donated to local in firmaries Straws are only given with blended drinks or upon guest request Grease traps are cleaned daily to avoid any oil waste going to the municipal treatment plant

Bins instead of plastic bags are used to transfer garden clippings by the landscaping team Paper is used on both sides and is then shredded. Some used paper is also used for note pads

Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control Refrigeration equipment using ozone-depleting gas has been replaced with more friendly refrigerants (for example R134a) The generator is only operated during power outage or for testing The hotel does not purchase aerosol products

Resource Conservation Royal Plantation uses Eco friendly products for cleaning purposes Royal Plantation uses organic fertilizers and compost on its grounds Boats are anchored on mooring buoys Guests that engage in any water sports activities are informed on the precautions that must be taken. They are encouraged not to touch or remove anything from the ocean The resort gift shop does not sell items made from endangered species

Social Commitment

149

Image App1.32 Royal Plantation Spa & Golf Resort Room Interior

Royal Plantation provides space for local craft vendors and painters to display and sell their merchandise on the property

The resort hires local entertainers for music and dance performances Royal Plantation is involved in community activities such as road clean ups and beach clean ups

The resort is represented by their Environmental, Health and Safety Manager on the core planning team for the White River Watershed Management Committee

Royal Plantation sponsors a local pre-school, Mansfield Basic School, where sessions are held and assistance given wherever possible. Guests also participate in these exercises

The resort has developed an Environmental Awareness program, You & The Environment for local schools. The resorts Green Team, Earth Watch, and local environmental organisations give presentations at the schools

Ecosystem Conservation and Management

150

All team members are informed about the hotels environmental program as part of their general orientation process and staff are trained in environmental, health and safety matters

Whenever sea turtles nest on the beach, the area is cordoned off and protected by signs, erected to inform staff and guests of the sites sensitivity

Royal Plantation participates in and organises activities in celebration of both national and international environmental theme days, including Dive In s Reef Clean up by CORAL and the World Oceans Day clean up with community members and Friends of the Sea, an Ocho Rios-based NGO

The hotel also coordinates seminars and training sessions to be held on the property with environmental organisations. Presenters include representatives from the Office of Disaster and Preparedness Management, (ODPEM), and the National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA)

Royal Plantation prominently displays its environmental policy at the front desk for all guests to see upon arrival. A copy of the resorts environmental policy is also placed in the Guest Services Directory located in all rooms as well as in staff areas. Guests are also informed about the resorts environmental program during orientation.

Environmental, health and safety issues are included in the resorts Quarterly Newsletter The Guest Questionnaire, which is reviewed on a weekly basis, includes questions regarding environmental issues and practices

The resorts tour desk runs environmental tours of the area

151

Royal Plantations Purchasing Policy, Environmental Policy and Screening Forms (used to asses the environmental impact of new products to be purchased) are circulated to all suppliers

Environmental and Health related information and newspaper clippings are displayed on the environmental notice board located in the staff cafeteria

The Environmental Committee, the Green Team, meets at least twice a month, and staff and managers are invited to attend

Royal Plantation has an incentive program in place for team members that contribute the most to the environmental program

www.royalplantation.com

152

Sandals Antigua Resort & Spa

Antigua Green Globe 21 Certified Company Modified from the original document that was prepared by Ms. Carol Leon, Green Globe Asia Pacific, from source material provided by Sandals Antigua Resort & Spa, November 2004 Background Located in the beautiful island of Antigua on the island's best and most famous beachDickenson Bay Recipient of the Antigua Hotel and
Image App1.32 Sandals Antigua Resort and Spa

Tourist Association Green Hotel Award. Environmental and Social Policy Monitor and manage all significant environmental aspects associated with the operations of the hotels. Ensures that all legislative or regulatory requirements are consistently met

Energy The resort has installed compact florescent lamps in place of incandescent bulbs. Timers and sensors have been installed on out door lighting.

153

Solar water heaters have been installed. Energy saving equipment is used such as timers which have been installed on the Jacuzzis.

Staff ensure that unused items are turned off at all times.

Image App1.33 Sandals Antigua Resort & Spa

Notes are left in guest rooms encouraging them to turn off the air-

conditioning and lights when leaving the room to help reduce energy consumption. Water There are no rivers within the island most of the potable water comes from desalination plants. The hotel treats its own wastewater and the recycled water is used to irrigate the property. The resort has a wastewater treatment plant on the property. All waste water is treated on the property and the recycled water is used to irrigate the lawns. The hotel has expanded the capacity of the wastewater treatment plant by building a larger contact tank. While dining guests are asked whether or not they require additional glasses of water before being served. All taps have been fitted with aerators to minimise actual water flow which in turn minimises consumption. Low flush toilets or water saving devices are used for all the bathrooms on property.

154

The hotel has implemented a linen and towel reuse program where the guests can help to conserve water by reusing these items.

The hotel has its own desalination plant producing potable water, which reduces the demand from the national provider.

Solid and Liquid Waste As there are no recycling opportunities within the island, the hotel has implemented programs to limit the amount of solid waste going to landfill. Wherever possible, both sides of office paper are used before being disposed of. Used paper is then shredded and given to a local craft vendor who uses this to make decorative craft items. Used water bottles are cut in half and reused as planters. Items are purchased in bulk where possible. Straws are only served with frozen drinks and when requested by the guests. Empty egg boxes are returned to the farmer. Toilet rolls are collected and used by a craft vendor. Corks are collected and used by school in their art class. The resort is committed to minimising solid and liquid waste and is currently investigating other programs to further reduce waste. Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control A noise barrier has been erected around the generator to minimise the noise produced when it is turned on. For entertainment provided on the property, volume controls are set to a predetermined controlled level to minimise disruption to other guests.

155

Resource Conservation The resort only purchases environmentally friendly chemicals from companies like EcoLab. Detergents containing phosphorus are not used on the property. Where possible and available, recycled paper or items made from recycled paper are used. Tree planting projects are embarked on regularly both on and off the property.

Social Commitment To make a difference in protecting the environment the entire community needs to get involved. The resort donates food and non food items to the community and for environmental causes. The hotel hosts seminars on the environment, to which other hotels, schools and community groups are invited. Ecosystem and Conservation Management Staff and guests are invited to training seminars and field trips as well as participating in environmental competitions. Each staff member must undertake at least 20 hours of environmental, health and safety training for the year. The guests are made aware of the resorts environmental program through the placement of environmental conservation cards in the rooms. Some of the tours offered at the hotel are eco-tours. The community is involved through the participation of the hotel in activities hosted by various environmental groups as well as the Ministry of Environment for Antigua and Barbuda.

156

Suppliers are provided with a pamphlet outlining the companys environmental policy and advised of what is required of them to ensure that the program works.

www.sandals.com

157

Sandals Grande St. Lucian Spa & Beach Resort

St. Lucia Green Globe 21 Certified Company Modified from the original document that was prepared by Ms. Carol Leon, Green Globe Asia Pacific, from source material provided by Sandals Grande St.Lucian Spa & Beach Resort November 2004 Background Situated on two miles of white sand beach on the Caribbean island of St. Lucia Set on its own peninsula, the resort offers vistas of the bay and the mountains on one
Image App1.34 Sandals Grande St. Lucian Spa & Beach Resort

side and of the island of Martinique on the

Vision is to offer the ultimate Caribbean vacation experience by innovatively, reliably and consistently providing the safest and highest quality services and facilities to guests, while attaching a premium to our human resources and being among the most environmentally responsible and community friendly groups in the hospitality industry.

Environmental and Social Policy Monitor and manage all significant environmental aspects associated with the operations of the hotels Ensures that all legislative or regulatory requirements are consistently met

Energy Decals have been placed over the light and air-conditioning switches, encouraging guests to turn them off when not in use. Timers have been installed on electrical equipment.

158

The resort purchases energy saving equipment, such as (fluorescent) light bulbs, whenever possible.

Management and staff of Sandals Grande have formed committees, who monitor operations within their various departments, so that the resort can identify certain

Image App1.35 Sandals Grande St. Lucian Spa & Beach Resort Main Entry

problems areas and develop means to reduce energy consumption. Sandals Grande have a utilities monitoring spreadsheet, which allows staff and management to monitor utilities on a daily basis and enables them to easily identify problems. Sandals Grande also monitors occupancy levels and tries to assign rooms according to occupancies, so at low occupancies a building can be closed down to reduce on energy consumption. Water Sandals Grande is committed to minimising potable water consumption. Each department within the resort is responsible for monitoring their water consumption and ensuring that

159

water saving practices are adhered to. For example, t he laundry department checks sinks and washing machines for leaks. Water saving devices have been installed on faucets and shower heads. Housekeeping staff check these devices and report missing or damaged ones to the maintenance department. Equipment such as washing machines are operated at full capacity Sandals Grande maintains laundry operation log books so that the resorts towel and linen reuse program can be effectively monitored.

Image App1.36 Sandals Grande St. Lucian Spa & Beach Resort Pool

Solid and Liquid Waste Staff separate and sort all waste (where feasible and practical) into; reusable items, compost matter, recyclable material, and waste matter. Empty bottles are returned to suppliers so that they can be reused or recycled. Sandals Grande purchases products in bulk where practical in order to reduce packaging waste.

160

Food scraps are donated to local pig farmers on a daily basis. The resort is connected directly to the national Waste Water Treatment plant, so all waste water is piped directly to the treatment plant.

Sandals Grande has acquired the services of a recycling company. The recycling company collects kitchen waste such as oils, fats and lards.

The resort reuses containers wherever possible and asks that chemical suppliers re-collect and reuse their empty containers.

Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control Sandals Grande has reduced air pollution by minimising the use of equipment using diesel fuel. Sandals Grande avoids purchasing aerosol spray products and replaces these with squeeze bottle products, where available. Where aerosols are used they must have the No CFCs disclaimer. In terms of noise pollution, the resorts Reverse Osmosis plant, which makes the resorts potable water, is the only major source of noise pollution on property. During construction, the plant room was located in an area away from the building blocks, which minimises the impact on occupied buildings. Resource Conservation All departments have a paper recycling program in all office areas, which has reduced paper consumption by 50% The resort does not purchase Styrofoam products.

161

Image App1.37 Sandals Grande St. Lucian Spa & Beach Resort

Sandals Grande makes every effort to purchase chemicals with minimal or no environmental impact for use within the resort (for example, that contain n o phosphates, no chlorine and no volatile organic compound).

Sandals Grande seeks to work with suppliers who are willing to help in their efforts to preserving the environment. For example, the resort gives preference to suppliers who take back containers when empty and who will supply environmentally friendly chemicals, such as Ecolab.

Social Commitment Sandals Grandes Green Team or the Environmental Club organises a number of activities such as beach cleanups, school lectures and outdoor activities such as tours to involve the community. Sandals Grande have also sponsored a number of activities organized by various institutions. Ecosystem Conservation and Management

162

The Grande has developed a staff training program. Every team member carries a training log book to record their training sessions. Reports are also prep ared at the end of the month documenting the total training hours for every team member

The placement of the property allows trees, shrubs and grass to be retained as close to the beach as possible as would be the natural situation so that the root system will hold the sand dunes in place.

The resorts purchasing policy, which is distributed to all suppliers, is also posted up in public areas, such as the receiving bay. The purchasing policy acts as a guideline, making Sandals Grandes suppliers aware of what is accepted, and also the reasons for selecting certain goods and services.

Image App1.38 Sandals Grande St. Lucian Spa & Beach Resort Room Interior

Sandals Grande has a product screening form which is used when purchasing new products. The form is completed and submitted to the Environmental Manager so that a decision can be made about the potential environmental, health, and safety impact of the product before making a purchasing decision.

www.sandals.com 163

Sandals Montego Bay

Jamaica Green Globe 21 Certified Company Modified from the original document that was prepared by Ms. Carol Leon, Green Globe Asia Pacific, from source material provided by Sandals Montego Bay October 2004 Background

Image App1.39 Sandals Montego Bay

Located on Jamaicas largest private white-sand beach Caribbean Alliance

for Sustain able Tourism (CAST) in conjunction with the Caribbean Hotel Association (CHA) awarded the hotel the Green Palm Award for environmental excellence in 2001 Environmental and Social Policy Monitor and manage all significant environmental aspects associated with the operations of the hotels. Ensures that all legislative or regulatory requirements are consistently met. Sandals Montego Bay have adopted the approach think globally, act locally.

164

Sandals Montego Bay is committed to minimising the use of all natural resources and energy resources.

Image App1.40 Sandals Montego Bay Room Interior

Sandals Montego Bay

recognises that in order for their environmental program to be successfully implemented all parties affected by the program must play an integral role. Guests, staff, suppliers and the community are informed about what they can do to preserve and minimise the use of natural resources. Meetings are held with suppliers where they are introduced to the programme and given a copy of the hotels Purchasing Policy, Environmental Policy and Programme as well as facts on state of the environment. Guests are informed about the environmental programme at orientation sessions by the entertainment coordinators and at the beach party by the General Manager. The Beach Party is attended by 95% of the guests. The General Manager takes this opportunity to give guests a fifteen-minute introduction to the environmental programme. Environmental training - Each team member is exposed to at least twelve hours of environmental training per year. This is conducted by the Environmental Manager or by environmental agencies Energy The purchase of a Refrigerant Recovery Unit Energy star equipment is purchased to maximise energy efficiency Energy saving features are used o n office equipment

165

The use of natural ventilation and lighting is encouraged where possible Four out of five restaurants are open aired therefore no air conditioning units are needed, and the air-conditioned restaurant is designed to utilize natural ventilation whenever possible.

Solar water heaters are used and whenever there is an extended period of cloudy weather LPG heaters are used to heat the hot water supply.

The use of electronic key cards in newly refurbished rooms. These cards have to be inserted in a sensor for the power to be activated.

Air conditioning units are only turned on when the guests are escorted to their rooms, not before.

More than 90% of the hotel lights are compact fluorescent bulbs. Timers and sensors are used for all outdoor lighting to help minimize energy consumption.

Image App1.41 Sandals Montego Bay - Exterior

166

Preventative maintenance is in place which involves regular servicing of all equipment. Guests are encouraged to turn off lights and air conditioning units when leaving their rooms.

All staff are encouraged to be energy conscious. They are also encouraged to identify areas where energy can be reduced.

Weather stripping of windows, exterior doors and door sweeps are installed to help minimise use of temperature control systems and in turn minimise energy consumption.

Daily monitoring of energy consumption is conducted.

Image App1.42 Sandals Montego Bay - Beach

Water The hotel has a wastewater treatment plant. The recycled water is used for irrigation purposes. This reclaimed water is tested and monitored by the Ministry of Health. The hotels waste water treatment plant facilities have been upgraded to improve the efficiency of the plant in treating wastewater. The upgrade included: The purchase of new blowers to ensure optimum efficiency of the treatment plant;

167

A grease recovery area was constructed as a precautionary method in the event grease reaches the plant;

A new holding tank for the reclaimed water storage was constructed; and New testing kits were purchased; Guests are invited to participate in the hotels towel and linen reuse programme. Retrofitting bathrooms with low flush toilets, low flow shower heads and faucet aerators. Treated recycled water is used for irrigation of the hotel grounds. In order to prevent leaking pipes and minimise the risk of burst pipelines the hotel has installed a pressure reducing valve.

Drinking water is offered to guests instead of being poured automatically during food service. This reduces the amount of water leftover by the guests. Remaining water from the glasses is used to water indoor plants.

The hotels water consumption is monitored on a daily basis.

Solid and Liquid Waste Solid waste management is contracted out to a reputable company The hotel has a partnership with the chemical and equipment supplies company Ecolab, to supply environmentally-friendly, biodegradable cleaning agents for our operation. A certified contractor deals with the hotels pest control and grease trap content removal as well as offering technical advice and training in this area. This contract company has proven environmental standards in these fields. Bulk purchasing is done to minimise excessive waste generated from packaging The kitchen waste is separated at the source containers are provided for different food types in the kitchen to facilitate separation from source. Separate bins are provided and

168

labelled for fruits and vegetables, meat scraps, leftover food and other garbage. Fruits and vegetable scraps are sent to the propertys compost heap. This compost material is then applied to the gardens as fertiliser. A pig farm programme is in place where fruits and vegetable scraps as well as left over food items are donated to a local pig farmer Large containers are returned to suppliers for reuse and recycling activities. The hotel has implemented a PET1 recycling program. Recycling bins are placed at strategic locations on the property and guests are asked not to place plastic bottles in room bins. These bottles are then collected and temporarily stored in the hotels Recycling Centre, then removed to a larger holding area, where the recycling company collects them once per month. Ink cartridges are recycled. The hotel does not purchase disposable items such as disposable mats, plates and cutlery. Waste kitchen oil is collected by a recycling company and is used in the manufacture of animal feeds and some industrial soaps. Suppliers participate in the hotels recycling programme by collecting and reusing the containers from the hotel. Old linens and towels are donated to infirmaries, hospitals, and hospices and they are also used as dusting cloths and to make ironing board covers within the hotel. Straw usage is minimised by providing straws only when serving frozen drinks or upon request by the guests. Garden waste is collected in wheelbarrows in order to minimise the use of plastic bags.

169

Through recycling initiatives, Sandals Montego Bay has diverted well over 100,000Kg of waste material from the local landfill since inception of the Environmental Management System in 2001.

100% of all water used for irrigation purposes is recycled Guest room amenities are removed only upon checkout and donated to hospices and prisons.

Boundary walls have been erected around the oil storage tanks so that in the event of spillage the liquid waste is contained and can be easily retrieved and cleaned.

Stand-by generators are serviced weekly in order to prevent oil spillage due to mechanical parts failure.

The hotel has a comprehensive emergency procedure guideline to be followed in the event of liquid waste spillage.

Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control The hotels operations do not have significant impact on air quality. Operations that may have impact on air quality include air conditioning units and diesel operated generators. To minimize the impact: All air-conditioning units have been retrofitted to use non-ozone-depleting coolants (e.g. from R22 to 134A refrigerant). Emergency generators are only operated whenever the public electricity supply is off. In addition, these generators are equipped with silencers to minimize the amount of noise emitted during operation.

170

The hotel does not generally purchase aerosol products but where necessary these products must bear the Ozone friendly symbol. In most cases, aerosols have been replaced with trigger nozzle bottles.

Resource Conservation Environmental expositions are held annually. This is a great opportunity for staff and guests to learn valuable information. Guest comments and ideas regarding the environmental programme are encouraged through the guest comment questionnaire. The hotel uses ecolabel paper and all paper purchased is at least 30% recycled. The hotel makes monetary and non-monetary contributions to organizations responsible for resource conservation (non-governmental and governmental agencies). Examples of these include financial contributions given for fundraising efforts; welcoming organisations to host small group meeting at the hotel; offering prizes and trophies for competitions; and food donations at fundraising events. As a policy, the hotel does not purchase any furniture or artwork made from rare, endemic, or endangered species of trees. It is the companys policy to ensure such articles and items are developed with resources from a sustainable forest. A paper recycling program is in place in all departments at the hotel. Paper is used on both sides and then shredded paper and utilised for internal and external packaging applications. Awareness-raising activities are held for staff such as environment-themed competitions including drama presentations, artwork, and field trips to protected areas such as Palm Reserves, Marine Parks, and Rainforests.

171

The hotel employees have access to information on environmental issues through newsletters and articles placed on the environmental notice boards on a regular basis.

Suppliers are invited to exhibit and explain the use and benefits of their products in the hotels environmental expositions held annually.

The use of electronic mail is encouraged rather than written notes and memos.

Social Commitment Community groups, schools etc. are invited to the hotels environmental expositions to build awareness of environmental issues and eco-friendly products. Environmental seminars/lectures are conducted in the communities and schools by the hotel management team and environmental committee members on select environmental theme days or if requested by the schools or community organizations. Community groups participate in the hotels beach & reef clean-up and tree planting activities. The hotel has a joint initiative with the local farmers group where the hotel will purchase products from these farmers if they have been organically grown. The hotel provides environmental training for community groups. Assistance is given to students from High Schools, Community Colleges, and Universities with their environmental school projects and theses. University students in particular have used and continue to use the hotels Environmental Management System as a fundamental case study for their final year degree theses. Sandals Montego Bay has been recognised by the Jamaican Government for their social outreach and community development programs (2003). Environment Program for the hotels social sustainability program (2003).

172

Ecosystem Conservation and Management During diving/snorkelling activities (water sports activities) the guests are informed about the sensitive reef ecosystem and encouraged not to stand on or break any section of the reef. As a policy the hotels Gift Shop does not sell or trade in any products made from conch or turtle shells or any other endangered species and on site craft traders are prohibited from selling items made from rare or endangered species. Guests and staff are involved in the hotels tree planting and beach and reef clean up activities. The hotel has undertaken demarcation of the reef area, to prevent accidental surfing or boating activities. All national and international environmental theme days are observed at the hotel through organised activities. Awards are given to the Most Environmentally Aware team member on a monthly, quarterly, and annual basis. Since the implementation of their environmental program in 2001, Sandals Montego Bay has seen o A 62% reduction in solid waste o A 30% reduction in water consumption o A 15% reduction in electricity consumption o A 4% reduction in LPG consumption o Over 90% reduction in diesel oil consumption www.sandals.com

173

Sandals Ocho Rios Resort and Golf Club

Jamaica Green Globe 21 Certified Company Modified from the original document that was prepared by Ms. Carol Leon, Green Globe Asia Pacific, from source material provided by Sandals Ocho Rios Resort & Golf Club November 2004

Image App1.43 Sandals Ocho Rios Resort and Golf Club

Background Nestled between the St. Ann mountains and the Caribbean Sea The resort and its staff have been commended for their environmental performance by the Environmental Foundation of Jamaica and the Friends of the Sea organization Recieved Certificate of Appreciation for valuable participation in the Dunns River Watershed Reforestation Project Tree Planting Event 2003 and Friends of the Sea awarded Sandals Ocho Rios Certificates of Appreciation for significant contribution to the Ocho Rios Marine Park as well as contribution to the Environmental Exposition 2003. Environmental and Social Policy

174

Monitor and manage all significant environmental aspects associated with the operations of the hotels.

Ensures that all legislative or regulatory requirements are consistently met

Image App1.44 Sandals Ocho Rios Resort and Golf Club

Energy Compact florescent light bulbs have been installed in many areas of the resort replacing incandescent bulbs. All hot water is pre-heated using solar energy. All the resorts electricity water heaters have been replaced with more efficient LPG heaters. Timers have been installed on both Jacuzzis. The maintenance department monitors the usage of facilities such as waterfalls and airconditioning units and public area lights. Sandals Resorts International invested in the development of a new central laundry facility to serve the five Sandals resorts in the Ocho Rios Region. As a result, Sandals Ocho Rios no longer uses diesel oil on a daily basis, only in the event of a power outage. In an effort to reduce dependence on electricity use, the management of th e resort invested in new LPG heaters that are now used to heat water for guest rooms, kitchens,

175

bars, the Spa Boutique and Public toilets. This investment has resulted in lower electricity consumption as well as using a cleaner burning fuel. Water Sandals Ocho Rios have constructed a pumping system to access water from an underground source located on the premises. This water is used for irrigation as well as filling the seven fish ponds on the property. The run off water from the resorts two ice machines is collected and used for irrigation, vehicle washing, wetting the compost and washing the kitchen floor. Water taps in the guest rooms are fitted with aerators. Guest rooms also have water saving showerheads. Members of staff are trained to report leaks immediately for repair and to use nozzles on water hoses. Signs have been placed in the public restrooms reminding guests to turn taps off after washing hands.

Image App1.45 Sandals Ocho Rios Resort and Golf Club - Pool

176

Solid and Liquid Waste Food waste from the kitchens is donated to a local pig farmer. Fruit and vegetable waste from the kitchen along with garden waste are placed in the resorts composting facility to be reused as mulch in the gardens. Office paper is shredded and donated to a local ceramics manufacturer to be used for packaging. Glass bottles are returned to suppliers. Sandals Ocho Rios contracts suppliers that take steps to reduce waste. For example, Pepsi Jamaica Ltd supplies soft drinks in bulk containers to Sandals Ocho Rios, in order to minimise solid waste. Additionally, Pepsi Jamaica Ltd collects all empty glass bottles. Most supplies are purchased in bulk containers. The waste effluent from Sandals Ocho Rios is pumped to Grande Sport Villa and Golf Resort where it is processed in their Wastewater Treatment Plant and used to irrigate the grounds. Used kitchen grease is collected by a recycling company and used to make soap.

Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control Sandals Ocho Rios has improved air quality by closing the laundry operation and eliminating the use of Diesel oil. Diesel oil is used only in the stand-by generators in the event of a power failure. The resort uses LPG and solar energy for water heating. The management and staff of Sandals Ocho Rios, in conjunction with governmental and non governmental organisations, organises and participates in activities to commemorate international and local environmental days.

177

These include Earth Day, International Coastal Clean-up Day, National Environmental Week, and International Biodiversity Day. These days are commemorated with activities such as tree planting, cleaning of public beaches, roads, gullies and reefs, and presenting educational programs in local schools and to community groups.

Social Commitment Sandals Ocho Rios hosts students and teachers from local schools on field trips. On these field trips the students are taken on a site inspection of the resort, which allows them to see the entire operation with an emphasis on the environmental aspects. The students learn about the efforts of the resort to comply with all environmental regulations and the effort to preserve the eco-system and conserve resources. Sandals Ocho Rios assists local non-governmental organizations with water quality monitoring of the Ocho Rios Marine Park. The NGOs are Friends of the Sea, the Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory, St. Ann Environment Protection Association and the Coastal Water Quality Improvement Project. These three organizations conduct monthly water quality tests on the ocean water and disclose the results to all local stakeholders. The management of Sandals Ocho Rios Resort lends boats and staff assistance to the chemists collecting the water samples at 25 sites in the marine park. Sandals Ocho Rios Resort and Golf Club is a sponsoring member of Friends of the Sea and the St. Ann Environment Protection Association. Sandals Ocho Rios provides sponsorship in the form of donations of kind for various community activities. The resort also hosts the members for various planning meetings and pays membership fees.] Ecosystem Conservation and Management

178

Signs have been placed in rooms reminding guests to hang towels over the shower curtain rod if they want to reuse them in an effort to conserve water and laundry chemicals. These signs also ask the guests to turn off lights and appliances in an effort to conserve energy.

Guests are offered nature-based island tours. Staff members of the landscaping department offer daily nature walks. This is a tour of the resort in which the guests learn about the plants on the property.

Suppliers are given copies of the resorts environmental policy and purchasing policies. Members of staff participate in various community activities geared towards environmental preservation including the International Coastal Clean-up Day.

Improved environmental practices have enabled Sandals Ocho Rios Resort and Golf Club to achieve cost savings in water, diesel and electricity consumption. The following chart shows the average consumption per guest per night of water, electricity, LPG and Diesel Oil since the implementation of the Environmental Policy in January 2001.

www.sandals.com

179

Sandals Royal Caribbean

Jamaica Green Globe 21 Certified Company Modified from the original document that was prepared by Ms. Carol Leon, Green Globe Asia Pacific, from source material provided by Sandals Royal Caribbean November 2004

Image App1.46 Sandals Royal Caribbean

Background Located in Montego Bay, Jamaica

Environmental and Social Policy Monitor and manage all significant environmental aspects associated with the operations of the hotels Ensures that all legislative or regulatory requirements are consistently met Ecosystem Conservation and Land Management Social and Cultural Development (Community Involvement)

Energy Energy consumption is monitored on a daily basis. A preventative maintenance program is in place for all equipment. 180

The resort has a scheme in place to substitute all incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs.

All staff members are trained on energy conservation practices. Housekeeping staff leave drapes open in guest rooms to encourage the use of natural light and all equipment is turned off in the room after cleaning.

Timers have been installed on equipment such as pool pumps, saunas, and outdoor lighting.

Guests are asked to turn off lights and air conditioning units when leaving their rooms. Three of the four restaurants at the resorts are outdoors and do not require any air conditioning.

Solar water heaters are used for six of twelve rooms blocks on property. Energy saving features are activated on all computers and equipment.

Image App1.47 Sandals Royal Caribbean Main Entry

Water

181

All waste A pressure-reducing valve was installed on the resorts main water line from the National Water Commission. This reduces the number of burst pipes on the property due to high pressure which is sometimes experienced.

The resorts Waste Water Treatment plant has been upgraded and now includes a new blower to allow for more aeration and also a pump which was installed on the holding tank to allow recycled water to be used in the plant cleaning activities. This allows for fresh water not to be wasted on plant activities.

Reclaimed water from the Waste Water Treatment plant is used for lawn irrigation. Low flow shower heads and low flush toilets have been installed thro ughout the resort. Where applicable, pipes have been fitted with aerators in staff and guest areas. Sinks, bathtubs and basins are fitted with stoppers. Foot pedal sinks are installed where possible in kitchen areas. All departments that use hoses are required to have a nozzle on the hose. Excess water from the ice machines is directed to the grease trap to assist in cooling process.

Guests are encouraged to participate in the towel and linen reuse program though cards that are placed in the rooms. Guests are also informed on the benefits of participating in the program during orientation done with the entertainment department.

At the dining areas water is offered to guests rather than being automatically poured. Audits are done periodically to determine effectiveness of projects. Daily preventative maintenance and checks are done by the maintenance department in all rooms upon checkout.

Solid and Liquid Waste

182

Garden clippings and vegetable waste from the kitchen are taken to the propertys composting facility.

Kitchen waste is separated and cooked food waste is donated to a local pig farmer. Items are purchased in bulk where possible to ensure that packaging waste is minimal. Old linen is reused where possible to make cleaning cloths or are donated to infirmaries. Old towels are used to make cleaning rags. Straws are only given upon request or automatically with a blended drink. Grease and oil are collected for recycling. Bins are used to transfer garden clippings instead of bags. Chemical suppliers are required to collect reusable containers where possible. Paper is used on both sides and is then shredded for recycling. The use of styrofoam products has been eliminated from the operations. The use of electronic mail is promoted. Ink cartridges from printers are recycled. Grease traps are in place to intercept any oil waste from getting to the treatment plant.

Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control Diesel operated equipment has, where possible, been replaced with liquid petroleum gas (LPG) operated equipment. Refrigeration equipment using ozone depleting gas has been replaced with more friendly refrigerants. Generators are only operated when the public electricity supply is off. The hotel does not generally purchase aerosol products, but when necessary the product must be environmentally friendly.

183

The resort has replaced some of the diesel-fuelled water heaters in the laundry with LPGfuelled heaters.

Resource Conservation The resort purchases environmentally friendly chemicals from the Ecolab company. The resorts purchases eco-label paper. Chemicals used to clean walkways have been eliminated by a pressure washing machine. The sale of items made from endangered species is not permitted on property. At orientation sessions, guests are informed of the countrys environmental situation in and are encouraged not to touch or remove anything from the ocean Boats are anchored on mooring buoys.

Social Commitment Local craft vendors are invited to display their goods at the resort. Sandals Royal Caribbean assists with community activities such as beach clean ups. The resort provides training for community groups on subjects such as energy and water conservation practices that the community can adopt at home. Education is also provided on the environmental problems affecting Montego Bay and Jamaica and what can be done to help (for example, clean-ups). Lessons on environmental issues are also conducted to interested suppliers.

Ecosystem Conservation and Management Sandals Royal Caribbean holds celebration activities for International

184

Environmental theme days such as World Environment Day. Activities include beach clean ups, presentations to community groups and schools and environmental expositions. Guests as well as staff are invited to participate in these activities.

The resort hosts workshops for environmental organizations, the environmental committee (green team), non-government and government organizations.

The Grounds department conducts a nature walk once a week for guests. The Guest Questionnaire includes environmental questions. During water sports activities the guests are informed on the precautions that must be taken and also on the sensitive reef ecosystem. Guests are encouraged not to touch any part of the reef or take anything from the ocean.

The environmental tours that are offered by the property are identified on the tour brochure by a special icon and these are promoted by the tour desk agent.

Environmental information and newspaper clippings are displayed on the environmental notice board located in the staff area and this is updated weekly.

Information has been placed in the guest services directories in all rooms to inform guests on the environmental program and how they can participate. This also gives information on the surrounding area and any certificates and awards that the hotel has received.

The resort has a purchasing policy which is circulated to all suppliers and suppliers must adhere to this policy. The resort favours suppliers that have a package reclaiming program.

A product screening form is used to screen any items that are bought to be used on the property. It assesses the possible environmental impacts of the product.

185

A weekly environment health and safety committee meeting is held and all staff and managers are invited to attend. It is the resorts policy that at least one representative from each department must be present at each meeting.

Staff are taken on field trips to various locations including other environmentally conscious hotels to observe their practices, green tours and educational excursions.

An award is given monthly to the most environmentally aware employee of the month. There is also an environmental award of the year presented to the employee who participated the most in the program and has a good attendance at green team meetings.

www.sandals.com

186

Sheraton Auckland Hotel and Towers

New Zealand Green Globe 21 Benchmarked Company Modified from the original document that was prepared from material provided by Sheraton Auckland Hotel & Towers for Green Globe Asia Pacific January 2004 Background Located in the vibrant and friendly city of Auckland, the Sheraton Auckland Hotel & Towers Situated in the heart of Auckland at the top of the commercial centre, and close to the waterfront, shopping, nightlife, restaurants, parks and Environmental and Social Policy The Sheraton Auckland Hotel & Towers recognises that its business depends on a quality natural environment. This is aligned to Tourism New Zealands promotion of New Zealand as 100% pure. Energy In areas where suitable, sensor controls have been installed switching off lights in unoccupied areas. Outside lighting have photo sensors to switch off lighting during daylight hours. In all areas where 24-hour lighting is required, compact fluorescent has replaced incandescent light bulbs. Freezers and cool rooms have been equipped
Image App1.48 Sheraton Auckland Hotel and Towers - Lobby

187

with indicator lights to show when doors are left open. Through training, staff are encouraged to turn off lights and equipment after use. The heat control system has been improved, utilising more outside air for natural cooling. Time controls on the kitchen air fans have been installed so they only operate when the kitchens are staffed. Water Water flow controls have been installed in the guestrooms, back of the house areas and in public toilets. Urinal flushing tanks have been equipped with sensor controls. The garden irrigation system has been upgraded to an automated system which senses watering requirements resulting in a noticeable reduction of water use. Staff are encouraged to turn off taps, operate dishwashers and laundry equipment with fill loads, and report water wastage on the property. The Sheraton Auckland Hotel & Towers complies fully with all relevant legislation and it makes its environmental monitoring records available to all interested parties. The Sheraton Auckland Hotel & Towers has installed a Building Management System, which controls the central air handling units, swimming pool, spa pool, sauna heating, central lights, town water pumps and peak electrical demand load shedding. Solid and Liquid Waste Hotel grease traps are cleaned and the grease is chemically treated before disposal. Housekeeping and laundry staff use biodegradable cleaners at all times. External recycling:

188

o Kitchen cooking oils and fats are stored on the loading dock and picked up by contractors on a weekly basis and recycled. o Suppliers are requested that all fruit and vegetables are delivered in re-useable crates. o Suppliers are requested to use minimal packaging. o Old telephone books are picked up by contractors annually and recycled. o Shipping wooden pallets are returned to sender. o Plastic and steel drums are returned to sender. o Furniture and carpet is sold or donated to charity. o Cardboard, newspapers, office paper and glass are placed in recycling bins. Internal recycling: o Worn towels and tablecloths are reused for wiping. o Shredded office paper is used for packing. o Old china and utensils are reused in the staff cafeteria. o Newspapers for the hotel are no longer delivered in plastic bags. o Worn bed linen is donated to private hospitals. Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control In order to reduce noise control, bus and taxi drivers are encouraged to turn engines off when stationary and the glass recycled at the property is removed from the hotel by trailer, as it is extremely noisy when glass is emptied onto a truck. Regarding air quality, hotel boilers are monitored for CO2 emission and staff are encouraged to use hotel transport, public transport or carpool. Plans to change all guestroom refrigerators to absorption type refrigerators.

189

Continues to convert refrigeration plant in the main hotel and kitchens to low ozone depleting refrigerant gas.

Reclaims R12 refrigerant from decommissioned refrigeration plant. Monitors boiler CO2 emissions on a regular basis. Uses mercury free batteries. Safely disposes of all toxins, such as lead/acid batteries. Encourages staff to use hotel transport, public transport or car pool. Encourages taxi drivers to turn engines off when stationary.

Ecosystem Conservation and Management The Sheraton Auckland Hotel & Towers gardens are constantly upgraded with native species, and all grass and shrub clippings are recycled into garden waste in the property. Furthermore, the hotels water system is tested regularly regarding levels of bacteria and Legionella in the water. www.sheraton.com/auckland

190

Sundancer Spa & Beach Resort

Indonesia Green Globe 21 Benchmarked Company Modified from the original document that was prepared from material provided by Dr. Richard Hyde and Sundancer Spa and Beach Resort, March 2005 Background Combines Balinese design traditions with conscious efforts to reduce the complexs local
Image App1.49 Sundancer Spa & Beach Resort

environmental

footprint. The environmental brief for the project included an Environmental Impact Study carried out during the feasibility stage Monitoring and assessment of the hotels operational efficiency, particularly with regard to its environmental and social performance. Environmental and Social Policy The site has designated areas for biodiversity protection accounting for approximately 22% of the total site area. This includes both areas of landscaping and areas retained in their natural state.

191

The resort buildings have been aligned along the contours, mostly with an east-west orientation. This provided construction efficiency, scenic coastal views and good microclimatic orientation.

The area around the buildings is designed to enhance the environmental qualities of the external space. This includes the following strategies: o Landscaping for microclimate control o Selection and reintroduction of native species, thereby helping to maintain the existing gene pool; o Zoning of planting for efficient maintenance o Use of effective rainwater irrigation strategies.

Energy Design was base d on a target 40% reduction in energy use, with operational energy efficiencies proving to be a key element. The primary energy source for the project is diesel generators but power saving is achieved primarily through reducing demand for heating, ventilation, air conditioning and lighting. Passive Design - Passive design features minimize the need to depend on usage of the HVAC system. These measures include: o Appropriate design for Lomboks tropical climate o High standard specification for roof insulation (15cm Styrofoam with external vapour barrier) o Appropriate light colour to walls to reflect heat o Use of micro-climate control for shading o Cross ventilation to all rooms

192

o Appropriate glazing ratio o Shading to windows to reduce heat from sunlight o Ventilation attic space to reduce heat sinks o Improved acoustic separation between rooms o Daylight to all habitable rooms. Active Measures - The design of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HCAV) system was based on integration of performance efficiencies in the building envelope. This involved the following strategies: o The HVAC system allows flexibility of operation. A mixed mode control system was used to allow guests to select either natural ventilation with ceiling fan assistance or air-conditioning. o The control system was designed to avoid waste of energy, for example running on active mode when the windows are open (sensors are used to detect and prevent this type of waste). o High coefficient of performance (COP) systems were selected with pollution control (i.e. HFC refrigeration) o Efficient lighting systems, such as low mercury fittings with photo sensors to external lights, were specified. o Solar hot water systems were used to create a renewable energy fraction of 3 percent of
Image App1.50 Sundancer Spa & Beach Resort - Exterior

193

total energy used. Overall, energy efficiency measures and conservation are predicted to reduce gross energy consumption by 30 percent with a total predicted cost saving of more than US$100,000 per annum. The predicted CO2 reduction is estimated to save 4.3 tonnes of CO2 per guest per night every year. With an estimated 40,000 guests per year visiting the hotel, this is a significant reduction in greenhouse gases. Water Water is provided to the resort from an underground water source which is primarily used for drinking and washing purposes A reduction in the demand for water is achieved through the use of water efficient appliances in bathrooms, laundry and kitchen Irrigation of natural vegetation and landscaped areas involves the use of recycled water.

Solid and Liquid Waste The project recycles water from the bio-system and utilizes on-site collection of rainwater. The wastewater is used for irrigation and cleaning purposes where practicable. A waste management plan has been established for the sorting, separation and onsite disposal of solid waste. 100% of organic waste is to be treated through a worm farm. Biodegradable chemicals are specified for cleaning and laundry operations.

Resource Conservation The project used locally sourced materials wherever possible. Timber is locally grown and dried hardwood is used for roofing timbers and windows.

194

Clay bricks are made from local clay with a timber fuel source. Concrete is made with local aggregates and cement. A 20% reduction in water use has been anticipated from these water conservation strategies

Key lessons learnt : o The Sundancer resort benefited from the integration of the Green Globe Design and Construct principles with the project brief at the outset of the project o Considerable effort can be required to overcome problems in sourcing the supply chain with regard to green systems and equipment. The location of remote communities requires companies that can properly service these projects.

Social Commitment The design of the project has attempted to reflect the local environment with regard to the scale, materials and texture of the buildings. The design, construction and operation of the project have involved local inhabitants, many of whom have worked on the project. The Sundancer resort acts as a provider of much needed community support to the local villagers through medical and employment opportunities. On completion, measures are in place to use the resort to foster a better understanding of the environment. This is important not only for guests but also for the education of the local inhabitants, many of whom are subsistence farmers and fishermen. Materials and Design Sustainability goals and vision integrated into the design brief An interdisciplinary and co-ordinated approach involving all design professionals

195

Integrated design and costing principles, based on a life cycle approach, with savings in the cost of one aspect of operations being offset by costs in other systems if operational gains could be obtained.

An operational statement for post construction assessment, operational control and continual improvement of environmental and social performance

A cost plan to include budget for sustainable strategies and measures as nonnegotiable elements

A contractual agreement with the Builder to include the Green Globe Design and Construct Standard.

www.sundancerresort.com

196

The Boat Landing Guesthouse

Laos Green Globe 21 Benchmarked Company Modified from the original document that was prepared from material provided by The Boat Landing Guesthouse for Green Globe Asia Pacific January 2004 Background Located in Laos northwestern province of Luang Namtha. This area is now one of the last extensive tracts of northern tropical forest left in Southeast Asia. groups of the province. Benefit to the local populations as well as the tourists

Environmental and Social Policy Being a socially responsible business engaged in the conservation and protection of the environment and local communitys cultural heritage. Conducting business in a way that minimises negative environmental impacts and raises awareness of environmental issues among staff, customers and the local community. The operations environmental strategy aims at: o Educating staff, guests and the local community about ways in which they can contribute to conserving and protecting the environment.
Image App1.51 The Boat Landing Guesthouse

197

o Considering environmental issues in the daily course of business. o Working in close cooperation with local government and business on environmental issues. o Observing rules and regulations aimed at conserving and protecting the environment. o Endeavouring to use natural resources efficiently. o Reducing negative impacts on the environment. Energy Water Wash bed linens and towels only at the request of the guests. Install low-flush toilets. Put up notices on water conservation suggesting ways that guests can minimize their water consumption. Solid and Liquid Waste Reuse plastic bags use of plastic bags is kept to a minimum, the few left over are washed and sold to local market ladies. Installed solar water heaters. Installed solar lighting. Acquired energy saving lamps. Encouraged staff and management to always be looking for ways to conserve energy. Used natural ventilation. Used air and solarium to dry all laundry. Encouraged guests to ride bicycles, walk or take local mini-buses.

198

Reuse scra p paper used for taking restaurant orders and compressed to be used as firewood.

Recycle bottles and cans sold to Chinese scrap collectors who pedal around on tricycles.

Use reusable containers for market purchases, storage of food and drinking water. Picnic lunches are packed in banana leaves.

Compost organic waste. Reuse engine oil as a wood preservative and termite deterrent.

Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control To improve the air quality, the Boat Landing Guest House has stopped the burning of trash and leaves. By using solar power there are very few emissions and noise from energy generation is minimised. Resource Conservation Has declared the area around the Guest House a bird sanctuary Uses recycled paper and usage is kept to a minimum The operation has worked together with the local village to manage the fish conservation zone in the river adjacent to the Guest House. Social Commitment Educating customers through posted information and staff through job training. Encouraging customer participation in water and energy conservation. Creating community awareness through activities like tree planting and providing containers for disposal of waste at local festivals.

199

Working with the Nam Ha Ecotourism Project to train eco-guides and work with communities to help them understand the concepts of ecotourism.

All staff employed are local residents.

www.theboatlanding.com

200

The Summer House

New Zealand Green Globe 21 Benchmarked Company Modified from the original document that was prepared from material provided by The Summer House for Green Globe Asia Pacific January 2004 Background The Summer House is an idyllically situated Bed & Breakfast in Kerikeri, Bay of Islands on the tip of New Zealands North Island. Environmental and Social Policy Continue to operate the B&B in accordance with environmental principles. Continue to foster a wildlife friendly environment by enhancing growth of the native forest by interplanting with pioneer species for shade and
Image App1.52 The Summer House

protection, and assisting water retention and soil improvement by recycling the windbreak trimmings as mulch. The pond will encourage birds and insects and the Summer House will plant species to attract Monarch butterflies. Reduce the use of inorganic fertiliser round the citrus trees, spray with seaweed and molasses in lieu, and improve soil and plant health with grass clippings. Enhance the guests experience by enabling them to harvest their own spray-free citrus fruit. Eliminate environmental weeds on the property and extend the elimination of Moth

201

Plant by raising its profile in the community, seeking to change its status in the Regional Pest Management Strategy, and by organising control measures by the New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC) and the community.

Image App1.53 The Summer House Room Interior

Contribute to conservation by managing the

DOC Shade House to produce 10,000 native plants for community and DOC use and also two island reforestation programs, and participating in Citizens Advice Bureau. Energy Built of lightweight aerated blocks with an insulation rating about three times higher than the North Island Building Code requirement. Water Use rainwater from 2 x 5000 gallon tanks for all potable water, buried in the ground to avoid visual pollution, as the property is not on town supply. North facing. Has two-inch insulation under the floor slab. The pergola exclud es summer sun but permits winter sun. Has solar powered water heating. Has mostly halogen or fluorescent light. Has an electric oven with the hob fuelled by LPG from an external gas bottle. Uses lined drapes to add further insulation. Each suite has signs requesting guests to conserve electricity.

202

Showerhead volumes are adjusted to minimise use.

The suites have a notice offering guests the opportunity not to have their towels changed each day to conserve water.

Dishwasher and washing machine are operated on economy cycle to conserve water.
Image App1.54 The Summer House Patio

Solid and Liquid Waste Septic tank for toilet and grey water. Solid waste sorted into plastic, tins, aluminium, paper, cardboard and taken periodically to local council refuse centre. Vegetable waste is composted. Restored the Tangelo orchard by recycling grass clippings, recycle mulched windbreak trimmings on the native forest and use large windbreak trimmings for firewood. Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control The double wood fired burner has minimal emissions and is operated in a thermally efficient manner. Extensive native tree plantings also contribute to local air quality.

Resource Conservation Use 100% recycled A4 paper and the total stationery is now running at about 80% recycled. A4 paper is recycled for the fax.

203

Refill printer cartridges. Use all eco-store sourced cleaners, washing powder, dishwasher, shampoo, soap, etc. Use slug bait only when necessary, which does not harm non-target species. Serve organic coffee and tea. Eradicate a range of environmental weeds from the property.

Social Commitment Engaged the local community and also the New Zealand Department of Conservation in enhancing their environmental performance .Among other initiatives is the Shade House a team of volunteers committed to growing native plants. About 10,000 native plants are distributed annually for planting on public conservation land and also for community based projects. www.thesummerhouse.co.nz

204

Ventaclub Gran Dominicus

Dominican Republic Green Globe 21 Certified Company Modified from the original document that was prepared from material provided by VentaClub Gran Dominicus for Green Globe Asia Pacific July 2004 Background On the south-eastern coast of the Dominican Republic, nestled amongst a tropical garden Memberr of the Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development (TOI), a
Image App1.55 Ventaclub Gran Dominicus

network of committed tour

operators from all over the world, supported by the United Nations Environments Programme (UNEP), UNESCO and the World Tourism Organisation Vision is to integrate the concepts of sustainability and corporate social responsibility into all operations of the group. Environmental and Social Policy Complying with all environmental laws and codes Training staff in order to raise environmental awareness and commitment Minimising the amount of solid waste, chemicals and toxic substances in order to reduce pollution

205

Reducing the consumption of energy and water through measures such as training of staff and technical innovation

Continuing to purchase, whenever possible, products from local and national suppliers that are environmentally sound

Informing, raising awareness and motivating guests to participate in the hotels environmental programs

Cooperating with the local communities inside and outside the hotel and, whenever possible, employing local staff

Supporting local environment conservation and social projects Implementing the EPACT (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking in Children for sexual purposes) code of conduct in order to protect minors from sexual exploitation in tourism. The Venta Club Gran Dominicus has also organised the inaugural lectures on the tourism industrys role in the prevention of sexual exploitation of children and adolescents.

Energy All rooms have been installed with key cards that switch off the lights and air conditioning when guests leave their rooms. All balconies have been installed with sensors that automatically switch off the air conditioning when the balcony door is opened. Timers have bee n installed in the air conditioners in offices in order to regulate usage. Fluorescent, low consumption lights bulbs are installed in all areas. Photoelectric Outdoor Lighting Control, a type of sensor lighting, has been installed outdoors.

206

12 electricity meters have been installed in order to measure electricity consumption in the different areas of the hotel. The Venta Club Gran Dominicus undertakes daily monitoring of energy consumption.

A preventative maintenance program for boilers has been implemented Personnel are trained on the importance of saving electric energy.

Water

Timers to turn off the lights of the swimming pools and fountains have been installed

The hotel collects its own potable water through water tanks The hotel trains personnel on the importance of saving water; Staff undertake continuous monitoring to detect possible water leaks; The hotel maintains daily and monthly statistics on water consumption Signs have been placed encouraging guests to participate in the hotels water saving program;

A towel re-use program has been implemented, which includes staff training and signboards for guests to participate;

All black and grey waters resulting from operations are treated in the sewage plant and are then used for irrigation of gardens and green areas;

Low flow shower heads have been installed in all guest rooms; Flow restrictors have been installed in the kitchen sinks; Pedal-closing valves have been installed in the bars and kitchens; Self-closing valves have been installed on the faucets of the public bathrooms so as to control the flow and duration of use of water;

Regulation of toilet valves to reduce the volume of water for each flushing;

207

Washing machines are used at full load only; Optimisation of washing cycles through filters and water softeners; and Through its membership in the Romana Bayahibe Hotel Association the hotel helps to run educational programs for the communities of Romana Bayahibe and Padre Nuestro on the importance of saving water. The hotel also helps in the analysis of the water quality used by all hotels in the region.

Solid and Liquid Waste Solid waste management is contracted out to a reputable company Organic kitchen waste is donated to local farmers for pig feed. Cardboard boxes and glass bottles are sold for recycling. The hotel minimises the use of plastic cups and straws and provides melamine beakers instead of plastic cups for use in the beach and pool areas Industrial oils are stored in tanks and sold to companies for recycling Plastic packages and containers are returned to suppliers whenever possible for recycling or are donated to the employees in order to be re-used All batteries are recycled All metal resulting from works made in the hotel are sold or donated to the hotels employees The VentaClub Gran Dominicus participates in the War Against Waste competition, which awards a prize to the hotel collecting the greatest amount of garbage. This competition is organised by the Hotels Association of Romana Bayahibe and aims to integrate all the hotels employees efforts to clean up the highways and show the local communities the importance of working collectively on this national problem.

208

Air Quality, Light, and Noise Control Gas discharges of the boilers and electric plants are analysed on a regular basis. A consultant monitors the noise volume in the bars and discotheque areas. The electricity plants receive a preventative maintenance, to avoid deficient combustion and to reduce gas discharge into the atmosphere. Resource Conservation To ensure conservation of paper staff are asked to use both sides of office paper and office scrap paper is reused to make notebooks Toilet paper made from recycled paper is purchased The VentaClub Gran Dominicus has developed an Environmental Awareness Program for its staff which focuses on resource conservation All chemical products used are biodegradable and supplied by Quimo Caribe S.A.

Social Commitment The VentaClub Gran Dominicus contracts local people for its operations and activities whenever possible, 417 of the hotels 420 staff are locals. The hotel purchases local products such as rice, fruits and vegetables, poultry, meats, fish, beverages and sugar whenever possible. The VentaClub Gran Dominicus supports their local communities through a range of activities and donations, including: Donation of scholastic materials to the local school; Sponsoring and implementing the reproduction of the Rosa of Bayahibe, a plant threatened by extinction in conjunction with the Dominican Republic Botanical Gardens staff

209

Donation of linen to the village of Bayahibe Participating in the Day of Visual Decontamination of the Bayahibe area Donation of various items to the local orphanage; Donation of fluorescent light bulbs to the village of Benedicto; Donation of garbage cans to the villages of Bayahibe, Benedicto and Padre Nuestro; Hosted an exhibition of religious paintings and donated funds to the religious holiday of Salvaleon de Higuey;

Restoration of historical paintings of the Our Lady of Altagracia Basilica in Higuey; Sponsoring training programs for nearby communities on eco-friendly forms of living The VentaClub Gran Dominicus supported the creation of Los Guardianes de Bayahibe, a group of local teenagers dedicated to the conservation of the Bayahibe environment. The VentaClub Gran Dominicus helped in their training, giving lectures on pollution and conservation.

Ecosystem and Conservation Management The VentaClub Gran Dominicus has created environmental education programs for their employees. All new employees are given an induction pamphlet covering the hotels environmental policy and outlining the environmental programs VentaClub Gran Dominicus runs GREEN GLOBE 21 and Blue Flag. Personnel are given regular training on the conservation of water and energy, chemical usage and environmentally sustainable practices generally so as to ensure the success of the hotels environmental policies and programs. Information signboards stating the hotels environmental commitment have been placed in all public areas and in some offices.

210

All suppliers are advised about the hotels environmental commitment and how the hotel evaluates the products purchased. Suppliers are also sent a copy of the hotels purchase policy and the hotel asks suppliers to provide technical specifications for each new product purchased.

The hotel maintains daily and monthly statistics on consumption of chemicals. The hotel organises programs for garbage collections, to help maintain the highways and beach surroundings clean.

The VentaClub Gran Dominicus has employed an Environmental Interpreter to help raise awareness of and promote the

With the help of the Hotel Association of the Romana Bayahibe, the VentaClub Gran Dominicus helped relocate 180 families from Padre Nuestro, a village close to the source that supplies water to the hotels in Bayahibe, with consequent risk of contamination. The transfer was decided together with the inhabitants, the Hotel Association of the Romana Bayahibe and with the aid of USAID, new houses were built for all the people as well as the provision of essentials such as water, electricity, sewage plant and roads. The Dominican Insitute of Integral Development and the National Institute were also involved.

Hotels environmental policy and programs to guests. This is done through a range of weekly activities including; environmental education meetings, public talks, games and tour guiding.

Through its membership in the Hotel Association of Romana Bayahibe and the Dominican Republic National Hotel and Restaurant Association the VentaClub Gran Dominicus participates in a range of programs, including:

211

A protection program for dolphins of the coastal region of Bayahibe and the Eastern National Park;

A program for the Creation of the Guadalupe Underwater Archaeological Reserve, a site for historical and natural science studies of the region; In conjunction with the Secretary of State for Environment and Natural Resources, the VentaClub Gran Dominicus is working on a program for the protection and promotion of the Eastern National Park; and

A program for the conservation of marine turtle nests found in the hotel zone of Bayahibe.

www.grandominicus.com.do

212

Appendix 2: Applying Criteria to Site

Site Location: The first step to creating a successful ecotoursim resort comes in selection of a site. The site should be unique and intersting to tourists. The site should also be chosen in an area where there will be minimal to no destruction of the natural ecosystem. The site chosen for this case study of an ecotourism resort is on the Big Island of Hawaii in the Kohala, North Kona district. The actual site is at the 81 mile marker on Queen Kaahumanu Highway 19 on the edge of Kiholo Bay. The ecotourism resort will be designed to be on the north side of the bay, interacting with the top of the peninsula, in the black lava desert that remains from the 1859 flow of Mauna Loa. Kiholo Bay is unique due to a fresh water spring that empties into it and leaves

Image App2.1 Big Island of Hawaii

Image App2.3 Kiholo Bay

Image App2.2 Kohala, Big Island of Hawaii

213

glassy currents of fresh water on the salty water of the bay. Even though the building site strattles the edge of a lava field desert and a bay, the richness of the site can be felt by all those that visit it. The site was once once covered by a lava flow, recent studies show that the site is safe, and the threat of a repeat is moderate to low. The site also is clear of rift zones within the area.

Image App2.4 Lava Flow Hazard

Image App2.5 Geothermal Resources

Image App2.6 Geology

Image App2.7 Volcano Analysis

214

The site does not contatin and known thermal water within that area, and is not considered to be a possible thermal resource area. Weather:

Image App2.8 Average Annual and Monthly Rainfall

Image App2.9 Average Annual Solar Radiation Intensity (Watts per Square Meter)

Image App2.10 Wind (Meters per Second)

215

Image App2.11 Overall Weather Impact

The weather of the site is relatively consistent with very little variation. The site averages 32 to 36 inches of rain a year, at an average of about 3 inches a month. There is some amount of precipitation about two out of every three days. The average annual solar radiation for the site is in the range of 220 to 230 watts per square meter, with the site receiving sunshine 42% of the time annually. The wind runs from the ocean up the volcano, gusting at a speed of about 3.5 meters per second. The temperate stays very constant and comfortable throughout the year with

216

Table App2.12 Weather

the average high being 84 degrees Fahrenheit and the average low falling to 71 degrees Fahrenheit. The average temperature is 78 degrees Fahrenheit. The overall weather for the site is consistent and peaceful, making it not only a great place to visit but easier to harness renewable energy. Site Characteristics: When building on a volcano, earthquakes are something that should always be taken into account when choosing a site and designing the structure. The site location is not located in an area of chronic earthquakes, but it will feel the tremors of earthquakes on the island at times, so the structure of the building should be designed to accommodate. When choosing a site for an ecotourism
Image App2.13 Major Earthquakes on Hawaii Island, 1929-1993

facility one of the most important things to take into account is the ecosystem of that area, along with any species and flora within that ecosystem that is endangered and could become extinct from variations in their environment. This is even more vital on an island, since often ecosystems and species are unique to only that one location in the world. The site chosen is very

217

unique because the ecosystem has changed over the last 150 years after the Mau Luau flow of 1859. Before that eruption, the site consisted mostly of lowland dry shrubland and grassland. The marine ecosystem consisted mostly of tidepools and anchialine ponds with one major estuaries. Today the ecosystem is currently understood to be transformed by human activity, with nonnative fishponds added to the landscape. Although for the most part human activity has transformed the site, the specific site of the ecotourism resort is not as much impacted by human activity as it is
Image App2.15 Ecosystems Today Image App2.14 Native Ecosystems

impacted by the lava flow of 1859. The site does still contain a fresh water spring, which is the remnant of the estuaries that were once there. Of the Big Island, about 40% of the ecosystems are under stress from human interaction. The most stress is on the marine and aquatic environment, while the least stress is on the lowland environment, where the site
Image App2.16 Highly Stressed Ecosystems, 1992

is located.

218

After understanding the ecosystems of the site, both historically and currently, the specific species and flora of the site needs to be examined. The site location is not located in any area that is considered to be a critical habitat or a location where endangered species are located. Within the general vicinity of the site, sea turtles
Image App2.17 Endangered Species Habitat

have been known to lay their eggs. This protected species does this in a location that is within a half a mile of the center of the site, and should be protected from visitors. The actual construction of the ecotourism resort will have no direct impact on the turtles, and
Image App2.18 Protected Areas

should have no impact on them as long as tourists are kept away from their area. The site is not located in an area of federal or state protection. The last site characteristic that is important to understand is the water quality. Since the location of the site is located in a Class AA zone, that water is considered very clean and therefore contains many regulations. All grey water and
Image App2.19 Water Quality and Contamination

black water that is treated and released back into

the natural environment has to be tested daily and reach a level of drinkable.

219

Visitors and Tourists: Although there are many things that become important to understanding the physical makeup of a site, the understanding of the type of people that visit that island becomes just as important. Most of the people that visit Hawaii are from Japan and the Western United States. Most of the spending from tourists also comes from these two locations. More than half of the people that visit Hawaii visit Honolulu and Waikiki on the island of Oahu. The Big Island of Hawaii contains a small amount of visitors, and has a ratio of one visitor for every seven permanent residents. The
Image App2.23 Visitor Trends Image App2.22 Visitor Breakdown Image App2.21 Visitor Spending in Hawaii, 1993 Image App2.20 Visitors to Hawaii, 1993 Places of Origin

visitors to Hawaii have consistently visited the islands for pleasure, with and increase in the amount of visitors that are visiting only neighboring island, while there is a decrease in the

220

amount of people that actually stay in hotels. All this visitor information leads to the conclusion that most visitors to this ecotourism resort will be from most likely the United States or Japan and they will be willing to spend money. They want an experience that is fun, and does not have a feeling of a typical hotel. The Big Island is considered by most tourists to be remote and less interesting, lending well to the ecotourism industry. The island also has a large population of locals that would be able to work and help nurture the ecotourism resort.

221

Site Photographs:

Image App2.23 Site, Ariel Photograph

222

Image App2.24 Site, Trail

Image App2.25 Site, Fresh Water Spring

223

Image App2.26 Site, Coastline

Image App2.27 Site, Bay

224

Image App2.28 Site, Peninsula

Image App2.29 Site, Mainland

225

Image App2.30 Site, Peninsula

Image App2.31 Site, Coastline

226

Image App2.32 Site, Peninsula

Image App2.33 Site, Bay

227

Program: Although the program for the ecotourism retreat is important, it ultimately is up to the final discretion of the designer. Many of the items in the programs are not necessary for an ecotourism facility, but can be considered necessary for a resort. Since most of the people that would visit this resort are interested in a relaxing retreat with any amenity that they could want on site, there were many things added to the program including a Pool Bar & Grill, Beach/Coastal Bar, Pool, Hot Tub, Spa, Exercise Room, Education and Cultural Center, Greenhouse, and a SCUBA Center. The fire department became a necessary because of the remoteness of the facility. Overall the program is loose to lend itself to many possible solutions to the design problem.

228

Table App2.34 - Program

229

Bibliography
3 Rivers Eco Lodge. www.3riversdominica.com. January, 2006. Acott, T.G., La Trobe, H.L. and Howard, S.H. (1998) An evaluation of deep ecotourism and shallow ecotourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism Weaver, 2001b, pp. 238-253. Allen, Robert C. (2004) Creating Hawaii Tourism: A Memoir. Bess Press Inc.: Korea. Amsterdam Manor Beach Resort. www.amsterdammanor.com. January, 2006. Barbier, Edward. (1989) Economics, Natural-Resource Scarcity and Development, Conventional and Alternative Views. Earthscan, London. Barcelo Ixtapa Hotel. www.barceloixtapa.com. January, 2006. Beaches Negril Resort. www.beaches.com. January, 2006. Beaches Sandy Bay. www.beaches.com. January, 2006. Beletsky, Les. (2000) Hawaii: The Ecotravellers Wildlife Guide. Academic Press. Binna Burra Mountain Lodge (2004). Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. January, 2004. Binna Burra Montain Lodge (2006). www.binnaburralodge.com.au. January, 2006. Blamey, Russell K. (2001) Principles of Ecotourism. Encyclopedia of Ecotourism. David B. Weaver (ed.) Cabi Publishing: Cambridge, MA. Bramwell, Bill and Lane, Bernard. (1993) Sustainable tourism: an evolving global approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 1, pp. 1-5. Bucuti Beach Resort. www.bucuti.com. January, 2006. Butler, Richard W. (1990) Alternative tourism: pious hope or Trojan horse? Journal of Travel Research 28 (Winter), pp. 40-45. Casuarina Beach Resort (2004). Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. May, 2004. Casuarina Beach Resort (2006). www.casuarina.com. January, 2006. Christopher, Kimberly (a). Kandalama Hotel. Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. Christopher, Kimberly (b). Melia Bali Villas and Spa Resort. Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. Ceballos-Lascurain, Hector. (1987) The future of ecotourism. Mexico Journal January, pp. 1314. Coco Palm Resort & Spa (2004). Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. May, 2004. Coco Palm Resort & Spa (2006). www.cocopalm.com. January, 2006. Chirgwin, Sharon and Hughes, Karen. (1997) Ecotourism: the participants perceptions. Journal of Tourism Studies WECD, 1987, pp. 2-8. Doughty, Andrew and Freidman, Harriett. (2002) Hawaii the Big Island Revealed: The Ultimate Guidebook. Wizard Publications. 3rd edition. Duany, Andres and Susanka, Sarah. Green Building Keynote Presentation: The Not So Big New Urbanism. United Nations World Environment Day. San Francisco, California. Lecture: June 2, 2005. Fennell, David. (1999) Ecotourism: An Introduction. London: Routledge. Forum International Travel. www.foruminternational.com. Golden, Kathleen and Golden, Peter. Owners of Volcano Rainforest Retreat. Volcano, Hawaii. Interview: July 2Weaver, 2001c, 2005.

230

Gorry, Conner and Jares, Julie. (2002) Lonely Planet Hawaii the Big Island. Lonely Planet Publications. Hale Ohia Cottages. www.haleohia.com. Hale Ohia Cottages. 2002. Hall, C.M. and Weiler, Betty. (1992) Introduction: Whats special about special interest tourism? Weiler, B. and Hall, C.M. (eds.) Special Interest Tourism. Belhaven Press, London, pp. 1-14. Hawkins, D. E., and K. Lamoureux. (2001) Global Growth and Magnitude of Ecotourism. Encyclopedia of Ecotourism. David B. Weaver (ed.) Cabi Publishing: Cambridge, MA. Hetzer, W. (1965) Environment, tourism, culture. Links July, pp. 1-3. Hinch, Thomas D. (1996) Urban tourism: perspectives on sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 4, pp. 95-110. Honey, Martha. (1999) Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Island Press, Washington, DC. Hyde, Richard. Sundancer Spa & Beach Resort. Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. March, 2005. Juvik, Sonia P. and Juvik, James O. Etd. Paradise, Thomas R., Chief Cartographer. Atlas of Hawaii. Third Edition, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Hilo. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 1998. Kalinowski, Katherine M and Weiler, Betty. (1992) Education travel. Weiler, B. and Hall, C.M. (eds.) Special Interest Tourism. Belhaven Press, London, pp. 15-26. Kandalama Hotel. www.aitkenspence.com/hotels. January, 2006. Kona Village Resort. www.konavillage.com. November, 2005. Kutay, Kurt. (1989) The new ethic in environmental travel. The Environmental Journal. 1989. Cited in Ziffer, K.A. Ecotourism: the Uneasy Alliance, Working Paper #1. Conservation International, Washington, DC. Leon, Carol (2004a). Beaches Negril Resort. Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. November, 2004. Leon, Carol (2004b). Beaches Sandy Bay. Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. November, 2004. Leon, Carol (2004c). Bucuti Beach Resort. Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. November, 2004. Leon, Carol (2004d). Royal Plantation Spa & Golf Resort. Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. November, 2004. Leon, Carol (2004e). Sandals Antiqua Resort & Spa. Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. November, 2004. Leon, Carol (2004f). Sandals Grande St. Lucian Spa & Beach Resort. Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. November, 2004. Leon, Carol (2004g). Sandals Montego Bay. Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. October, 2004. Leon, Carol (2004h). Sandals Ocho Rios Resort and Golf Club. Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. November, 2004. Leon, Carol (2004i). Sandals Royal Caribbean. Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. November, 2004. Lyke, Lars Erik. 3 Rivers Eco Lodge. Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. July, 2005.

231

Lyke, Lars Erik. Barcelo Ixtapa Hotel. Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. July, 2005. Melia Bali Villas and Spa Resort. www.meliabali.com. January, 2006. Moscardo, Gianna. (1998) Interpretation and sustainable tourism: functions, examples, and principles. Journal of Tourism Studies 9, pp. 2-12. Orams, Mark B. (1995) Towards a More Desirable Form of Ecotourism. Tourism Management 1Weaver, 2001b, pp. 3-8. Orams, Mark B. (2001) Types of Ecotourism. Encyclopedia of Ecotourism. David B. Weaver (ed.) Cabi Publishing: Cambridge, MA. Rohter, Ira. (1992) A Green Hawaii: Sourcebook for Development Alternatives. Na Kane O Ka Malo Press: Waipahu, Hawaii. Ross, S. and Wall, G. (1999) Ecotourism: towards congruence between theory and practice. Tourism Management Hetzer, 1965, pp. 123-132. Royal Plantation Spa & Golf Resort. www.royalplantation.com. January, 2006. Sandals Antiqua Resort & Spa. www.sandals.com. January, 2006. Sandals Grande St. Lucian Spa & Beach Resort. www.sandals.com. January, 2006. Sandals Motego Bay. www.sandals.com. January, 2006. Sandals Ocho Rios Resort and Golf Club. www.sandals.com. January, 2006. Sandals Royal Caribbean. www.sandals.com January, 2006. Scace, R.C., Grifone, E. & Usher, R. (1992) Ecotourism in Canada. Hull, Canada: Canadian Environmental Advisory Council. Sheraton Auchland Hotel and Towers (2004). Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. January, 2004. Sheraton Auchland Hotel and Towers (2006). www.sheraton.com/auckland. January, 2006. Stenberg, Don. Engineering Supervisor of Kona Village Resort. Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. Interview: July 27. Sundancer Spa & Beach Resort. www.sundancerresort.com. January, 2006. Tiamo Resorts. www.tiamoresorts.com. November, 2005. The Boat Landing Guesthouse (2004). Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. January, 2004. The Boat Landing Guesthouse (2006). www.theboatlanding.com. January, 2006. The Summer House (2004). Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. January, 2004. The Summer House. www.thesummerhouse.co.nz. January, 2006. The International Ecotourism Society (TIES). www.ecotourism.org. The International Ecotourism Society. 2003, 2004. Tuttle, Michael D. Proprietor of Hale Ohia Cottages. Volcano Village, Hawaii. Interview: July 27. Urry, John. (1990) The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. Sage Publications, London. Valentine, Peter. (1992) Ecotourism and nature conservation: a definition with some recent developments in Micronesia. Weiler, B. (ed.) Ecotourism: Incorporating the Global Classroom. Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, pp. 4-9. Ventaclub Gran Dominicus (2004). Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. July, 2004. Ventaclub Gran Dominicus. www.grandominicus.com.do. January, 2006.

232

Volcano Rainforest Retreat. www.volcanoretreat.com. November, 2005. Vybornaite, Kristina. Amsterdam Manor Beach Resort. Green Globe Case Studies. www.greenglobe21.com. September, 2005. Weaver, David B. (2001a) Introduction to Ecotourism. Encyclopedia of Ecotourism. David B. Weaver (ed.) Cabi Publishing: Cambridge, MA. Weaver, David B. (2001b) Ecotourism in the Context of Other Tourism Types. Encyclopedia of Ecotourism. David B. Weaver (ed.) Cabi Publishing: Cambridge, MA. Weaver, David B. (2001c) Ecotourism. John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd.: Australia. Weather. www.cleanislands.com/hawaii. November, 2005. Whelan, Tensie. (1991) Ecotourism and its role in sustainable development. Whelan, T. (ed.) Nature Tourism: Managing for the Environment. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp. 322. Wight, Pamela A. (1993) Sustainable tourism: balancing economic, environmental, and social goals within an ethical framework. Journal of Tourism Studies 4, pp. 54-66. Wight, Pamela A. (2001) Ecotourists: Not a Homogeneous Market Segment. Encyclopedia of Ecotourism. David B. Weaver (ed.) Cabi Publishing: Cambridge, MA. World Commission on Environmental Design (WECD). (1987) Brudtland Report. WCED 1987.

233