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IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 17, NO. 6, JUNE 2005

Impact of Fiber Chromatic Dispersion on the BER Performance of an Optical CDMA IM/DD Transmission System
S. P. Majumder, Member, IEEE, Afreen Azhari, and F. M. Abbou
AbstractA theoretical analysis is presented to evaluate the impact of ber chromatic dispersion on the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of a direct sequence optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) system with intensity modulation direct detection transmission link using sequence inverse keying optical correlator operating at 10 Gchip/s. The numerical results show that the system suffers a power penalty of 3.48 dB corresponding to chromatic dispersion index, = 0 3 for seven-chip m-sequence, at a BER of 10 9 . It is further noticed that the number of simultaneous users are limited to 14 for = 0 1 and 10 for = 0 3, for 31-chip gold sequence, at 6-dB power penalty. Index TermsFiber chromatic dispersion, gold sequence, intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD), m-sequence, optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA), sequence inverse keying (SIK).

I. INTRODUCTION

N RECENT years, optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) systems are attractive as they offer several attractive features such as asynchronous access, privacy and security in transmission, ability to support variable bit rate and busy trafc, and scalability of the network. Until now, research on OCDMA focused on direct time spread OCDMA [1], spectral encodingdecoding, pulse position modulation OCDMA, asynchronous phase-encoding OCDMA [2], and frequency hopping OCDMA [3], [4]. Most of the research works on OCDMA system, performance analyses are carried out without considering the effect of ber chromatic dispersion, which causes spreading and overlapping of chips and degrades system performance due to increased interchip interference and reduced received optical power. Recently, the performance of an asynchronous phase-encoded OCDMA system considering ber chromatic dispersion has been reported in [5] in the case of standard single-mode and dispersion-shifted optical ber. In this letter, analysis is carried out for direct-sequence OCDMA system with intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) sequence inversion keyed (SIK) receiver [6], in the presence of ber chromatic dispersion and multiple access interference

Fig. 1. Schematic block diagram of an asynchronous OCDMA transmission system with SIK.

(MAI) to evaluate the bit-error-rate (BER) performance degradation due to dispersion and to determine the power penalty suffered by the system at a specic BER. Seven-chip m-sequence, 127-, 31-, and 7-chip gold sequences are considered to investigate the performance for different values of ber chromatic dispersion index at a given chip rate of 10 Gchip/s. II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The schematic block diagram of an OCDMA transmission system with asynchronous SIK correlator receiver is shown in Fig. 1. In the transmitter, a users binary data is modulated either by a unipolar signature sequence or by its complement, depending on whether it is a 1 or 0, respectively. In the receiver, a bipolar reference sequence is correlated directly with the channel unipolar signature sequence in order to recover the original data by an all-optical correlator. The bipolar reference sequence is separated into two complementary unipolar reference sequences by means of unipolar switching functions, to despread the incoming optical channel signal. This is subtracted in a balanced p-i-n diode receiver and then integrated over a data bit period prior to detection. III. SYSTEM ANALYSIS At the transmitter, a sequence of unit amplitude rectangular , is used to SIK with , data bits each of duration s,

Manuscript received February 15, 2005. S. P. Majumder is with Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh (e-mail: spmajumder@eee.buet.ac.bd; spmajumder2002@yahoo.com). A. Azhari is with Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh (e-mail: afreen_74@hotmail.com; afreen_74@ yahoo.com). F. M. Abbou is with the Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia (e-mail: fouad@mmu.edu.my). Digital Object Identier 10.1109/LPT.2005.846924

1041-1135/$20.00 2005 IEEE

MAJUMDER et al.: IMPACT OF FIBER CHROMATIC DISPERSION ON THE BER PERFORMANCE OF AN OCDMA IM/DD

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where is a periodic sequence of unit amplitude, rectanand . The SIK modgular chips each of duration ulated signal then drives a laser diode, which gives the output, for the th user, as follows:

and

and are bipolar forms of respectively, then (4) reduces to

(1)

where is chip optical power for the th user at the transmitter output, corresponds to the th chip, and is the operator that or denotes SIK modulation such that either the sequence is transmitted for a 1 or 0 data bit, respecits complement is transmitted through the single-mode ber, undertively. going dispersion; it gives the output at the end of the ber. For the th user, it is given as

(2)

where is the received optical power which is the difference between transmitted power and ber loss, stands for the output pulse shape due to ber chromatic dispersion, given by [7]

(5) The rst term in (5) is the offset effect, removed by using balanced signature sequence. The third and fourth term in (5) are the in-phase autocorrelation peak and MAI, respectively. The mean of and the variance of interference due to MAI are given as [6]

(3)

(6) (7) is the variance of the noise, represents receiver where photodetector shot noise power, as thermal noise, . The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the BER at the correlator output can be obtained as (8) (9)

is the ber chromatic dispersion index , is the optical carrier wavelength, is the ber chromatic dispersion coefcient, is the chip rate, is the length of the ber. The OCDMA signal as well as all other users OCDMA signals are despread by the all-optical correlator receiver with balanced photodetectors and then passed through an integrator. The correlator output matched to the th user is given by

where

(4)

IV. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Following the analytical formulation, the BER performance of an OCDMA system with ber chromatic dispersion, is evaluated at a chip rate of 10 Gchip/s. Fig. 2 shows the plot of for different values of BER versus received optical power ber chromatic dispersion index ranging from .05 to 1 for an m-sequence 1 110 010. It can be observed that higher transmitter power is needed with the increase of in order to maintain a

where is responsivity of each p-i-n photodiode, is the is the complement of number of simultaneous users, , and is the total channel noise at the correlator and output. Since and , where

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IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 17, NO. 6, JUNE 2005

Fig. 5. Plots of the power penalty versus obtained from BER performance and from eye diagram, for seven-chip m-sequence, 1 110 010. Fig. 2. BER performance of an OCDMA transmission system with seven-chip m-sequence and DD-SIK receiver for different values of , when the chip sequence is 1 110 010.

Fig. 6. Plots of power penalty versus various numbers of users for different values of , in case of 7-, 31-, and 127-chip gold sequence. Fig. 3. Plots of power penalty in signal power versus different values of ber chromatic dispersion index for different types of seven-chip m-sequence pseudorandom code when the reference sequence is 1 110 010.

number of simultaneous users for the 7-, 31-, and 127-chip gold sequence with the values of as 0.1 0.3, 0.5, and 1. The receiver sensitivity corresponding to 127-chip gold sequence is taken as . the reference to determine the power penalty at The power penalty increases exponentially with the increased number of simultaneous users in each case. It is observed that for a specic chip sequence and power penalty, the number of users decreases with the increase in . For example, for an allowable power penalty of 6 dB, the maximum allowable number and for , for 31 chip gold seof users is 14 for quence. It is also evident that the increase in the sequence length results in reduced power penalty. REFERENCES
[1] J. A. Salehi, Code division multiple-access techniques in optical ber networks-Part I: Fundamental principles, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 824833, Aug. 1989. [2] M. Wehuna et al., Performance analysis on phase-encoded OCDMA communication system, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 798805, May 2002. [3] H. Fathallah, L. A. Rusch, and S. LaRochelle, Passive optical fast frequency-hop CDMA communication system, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 397405, Mar. 1999. [4] L. Tancevski and I. Andonovic, Wavelength hopping/time spreading code division multiple access system, Electron. Lett., vol. 30, pp. 13881390, Aug. 1994. [5] C. H. Chua, F. M. Abbou, H. T. Chuah, and S. P. Majumder, Performance analysis on phase-encoded OCDMA communication system in dispersive ber medium, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 668670, Feb. 2002. [6] T. OFarrell and S. I. Lochmann, Switched correlator receiver architecture for optical CDMA networks with Bipolar capacity, Electron. Lett., vol. 31, pp. 905906, May 1995. [7] E. Forestieri and G. Prati, Novel optical line codes tolerant to ber chromatic dispersion, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 16751684, Nov. 2001.

Fig. 4. Eye diagram of an OCDMA transmission system with seven-chip m-sequence and DD SIK receiver when the value of = 0:05 and the chip sequence is 1 110 010.

BER of . The system suffers a power penalty of 3.48 dB corresponding to at a BER of for a seven-chip m-sequence. Fig. 3 depicts various plots of power penalty versus at a BER of for seven different types of seven-chip m-sequences. It is found that the power penalty depends on the change in position of 1 and 0 though the number of chips and number of 1s and 0s in all seven sequences are the same. , while Fig. 5 Fig. 4 shows the simulated eye diagram for depicts the power penalty curves derived from the eye diagrams with different and from the average of the plots of Fig. 3, obtained from the BER performance. It is observed that the difference between the two curves is less than 0.5 dB which validates the approximation made in carrying out the theoretical analysis for BER. Fig. 6 depicts the plots of power penalty versus the