Work of Hamza (Mathemagician)

topic 1.4

Topic 1.4: The periodic table 1

This is a short topic!! The melting and boiling temperatures of the elements depend on the type and strength of the bond or intermolecular force between particles. There are trends in physical and chemical properties across a period and down a Group. E.g.:1. Elements show decreasing metallic character across a Period 2. Elements show increasing metallic character down a Group

Electronic structure
Most of it is just from topic 1.1 The elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in order of atomic number, so each element has one more electron than the previous element. Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shells. These are called valence electrons. Elements in the same Period have the same number of shells containing electrons so their outer or valence electrons are in the same shell. *** There are 2 exceptions with the first 40 elements. Because of the extra stability of a half filled or full set of d orbitals, chromium is [Ar] 4s1 3d5 and copper is [Ar] 4s1 3d10***

Melting and boiling temps. Of the period 3 elements (Na to Ar)

The melting temperature depends upon the strength of the forces between particles that separate during melting (or boiling). These particles may be: Metal ions in a sea of electrons in metals Covalently bonded atoms in a giant atomic structure Molecules with intermolecular forces between them in simple molecular solids ***To understand the trends in melting temp. , you should first decide what type of bonging or force is between the particles*** If the solid is metallic: the greater the charge density of the ion in the lattice, the stronger the force holding the lattice together and so higher the melting temperature. If the solid is a giant atomic lattice: the covalent bonds throughout the lattice are strong and so the solid has a very high melting temperature. If the solid is a simple molecular substance: the melting (or boiling_ temperature depends upon the strength of the induced dipole/dipole force between the molecules In Period 3, sodium, magnesium and aluminium are metallic, silicon forms a giant atomic lattice, and phosphorus, P4, sulphur, S8, chlorine, Cl2, and argon, Ar, all form simple molecular solids

Work of Hamza (Mathemagician)

topic 1.4

Electrical conductivity
Solids conduct electricity by the flow of delocalised electrons. Thus metals conduct electricity. Graphite also conducts, but only in the plane of the layers. This is due to the pi-electrons that are delocalised above and below the layers.

-Mathemagician