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OF SOME
POROELASTIC
EFFECTS
IN ROCK
MECHANICS
The presence a free-moving in rockmodifies mechanical of fluid its behavior. particular, In it transforms otherwise an time-independent problem a time-dependent throughfluid to one diffusion.The material behaves a stifferoneunderfast than for slowloading.The induced as fluid pressure generally bringsstress relieve volume or dilationto the solidmaterial. The presence fluid pressure alsomodifythe Terzaghi of can effective stress, whichis keenlytied to the onsetof somefailure mechanisms. The purpose this paper is to review through of examples manifestation the porepressure the of effect(poroelasticity) a number in practical occasions. goodgrasp these A of physical mechanisms equipengineers can with the necessary insightto performprognosis poroelastic of effectfor their problems hand. on
POROELASTIC COEFFICIENTS
Basedon the continuummechanics theory it is well established that an isotropicelastic solid can be characterized two independent by material coefficients. For poroelastic material, a continuummechanics analysisrevealsthat there exist four independent constitutive coefficients. Two of the poroelastic coefficients, shearmodulusG and the drainedbulk the modulus K, are tied to elastic propertiesof the solid skeleton.The third coefficient,known as the Blot effectivestresscoefficient is alsoa property of the solidconstituent. Only the a, last coefficient, Biot modulusM, incorporates fluid elasticproperty. the the For general anisotropicporoelasticity, there are 28 coefficients.Twenty one of them
are elastic constants of the drained skeleton. Six are Biot effective stress coefficients in a
a- 1--K'
(1)
Hencea measurement K, whichcan be accomplished an unjacketed in the laboraof by test tory, givesan indirectestimateof a. This statementis alsotrue for anisotropic material: a measurement K, combined of with the drainedanisotropic elasticmoduli,defines whole the cqj tensor. This fact is quite convenient the laboratorymeasurement anisotropic for of poroelasticproperties.
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Drained and undrained responses: While a drainedtest allowsus to measure elasthe tic propertiesof the skeleton,an undrainedtest will samplethe combined strengthof solid and fluid. An undrainedtest can be performed wrappingthe samplein an impermeable by membrane.Similar to the drainedtest, we can definea 'undrMned bulk modulus'K according to the applied load and the resultant deformation. It is related to the micromechanical
quantities of solid and fluid as
(2)
Skempton effect: When a specimen subjected an incremental is to average compressive stress AP underundrained condition, ratio between porepressure Ap and the the the rise average stress associated is with the Skempton porepressure coetcient and the undrained B
Poisson ratio y as:
Ap = BAP
(Sb) (3c)
Poroelastic stress coefficient: Analogous thermal stress, to there exist a pore pressure inducedstress.Under certainconditions the stress [1], generated to porepressure due can 'be expressed as
The diffusivitycoefficient togetherwith a characteristic lengthscalegenerally controls the time scaleof poroelastic phenomena. Figure 1 illustratethe relevanttime scaleas a function of geometric sizeand diffusivitycoefficient a few geomaterials. for
EXAMPLES
Mandel problem: The classical Mandelproblem involves specimen a sandwiched between two rigid, impermeable plates. As predictedby the Skempton effect, an initial uniform pressure results, rise whichwill eventually dissipated. be According a known to solution [2], the pressure response near the centeris non-monotonic, demonstrated a cross-section as for as shownin Figure 2. The phenomenon momentaryincrease pressure of in beforeits full
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dissipation beenobserved the laboratoryas well as in the field. This phenomenon, has in whichis not predicted the simplepressure by diffusion, be explained can from the vantage point of poroelasticity the effective as material softening the edges at and the subsequent load transferto the centerregion.
Effective cornpressive stress around borehole: Consider borehole a instantaneously drilled in a porousrock that is characterized a non-hydrostatic by horizontalstress field. The porepressure, both that existing in-situ,and that generated the excavation, by tendsto protectthe borehole againstcompressive stress the form of a reduced in Terzaghieffective stress Figure3 demonstrates amountof 'shielding' [3]. the provided compared the final as to drained state, at the dimensionless time t* = 0.1. Effective tensile stress around borehole: The suddendrop of pore pressure the in wellborecan causea tensileregionnear the wall. Figure 4 illustrates the tensileregion art (positive ' ) at t* = 0.01 as the upperdiagram,and the final steadystatewhichis entirely under compression the lower diagram. This type of poroelastic as effecthas been utilized for the industry applicationof coal cavitation.
Shear failure around borehole: Figure 5 presents the ratio of maximum shear stress Sm to the meaneffective compressive stress P'. The tensileregions cr'r blocked for is out by markingthem in light tone. The dark shading corresponds the areamostsusceptible to to shearfailure. We observe that the peak value is somewhere insidethe formation.
Hydraulic fracturing: Poroelastic effectin hydraulicfracturingmanifests the form in of a poroelastic stress(back-stress), a pressure and dependent leakoff. Figure 6 depicts
References
[1] Detournay, E. and Cheng, A.H-D., "Fundamentals poroelasticity," appear as Chapter 5, Compreof to hensiveRockEngineering:Principles,Practice Projects, Vol. ,ed. J.A. Hudson,PergamonPress,
1993.
[3] Detournay,E. and Cheng,A.H-D., "Poroelastic response a borehole a non-hydrostatic of in stress field",
Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech.Abstr., 25, 171-182, 1988.
[4] Detournay, Cheng, E., A.H-D. and McLennan, J.D., "A poroelastic PKN hydraulic fracture modelbased on an explicitmovingmeshalgorithm," EnergyResour. J. Technology, ASME, 112, 224-230,1990.
[5] Abousleiman, Y.N., "A poroelastic PKN model with pressure dependent leakoff formation and permeability determination," Doctoral Dissertation,Univ. Delaware, 1991.
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532