M1.

(a)

oxygen / O2 (do not allow air) for 1 mark

1

(b)

(i)

idea that it is a catalyst / it increases the rate of reaction / lowers activation energy for 1 mark
1

(ii)

the reaction is exothermic or releases energy / heat for 1 mark

1

(c)

idea that hot gases from the first reaction vessel need to be cooled incoming gases / ammonia / oxygen need to be heated there is an energy saving / cost saving any two for 1 mark each
2

(d)

water and oxygen (need both) (accept H2O and O2) for 1 mark
1

(e)

idea that breaking bonds / breaking up molecules requires a lot of energy / reaction has a high activation energy gives a better / faster rate of reaction the reaction is endothermic / more energy needed to break existing bonds than to form new ones allow a higher temperature gives a greater yield / pushes the equilibrium position to the right any two for 1 mark each
2

(f)

ammonia (solution) / ammonium hydroxide (credit NH3 NH4OH) nitric acid / HNO3 in any order for 1 mark each
2

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(a) Idea that the electrons do not belong to specific atoms/delocalised electrons [credit if done on appropriate diagram] metal atoms form positive ions the attraction which exists between particles with opposite charges, holds the metal together no specific bonds exist between adjacent atoms/ions atoms/ions can slide over each other so allowing metals to bend each for 1 mark
5

(b)

some electrons in the structure are delocalised/free to move for 1 mark these free electrons carry the electric current for 1 mark from left to right across the period, atoms of elements have more free electrons gains 1 mark but from left to right across the period, atoms of elements have more free electrons because they have more electrons in the outer shells gains 2 marks
4

[9]

M3.

(a)

4 HCl / 2H2O, allow multiples or fractions if whole equation balances for 1 mark
1

(b)

germanium tetrachloride + water = germanium oxide + hydrochloric acid If symbol equation given it must be correctly balanced Allow germanium for 1 mark
1

(c)

to purify the germanium oxide/remove impurities/give in pure product/to make pure germanium for 1 mark
1

ensure complete reaction/reaction does not give a good yield not to increase efficiency/to purify germanium for 1 mark
1

(d)

(i)

remove oxygen/addition of hydrogen/gain up electrons allow remove oxygen molecules

Page 2 of 7

(ii)

GeO2 = 73 + (2 16) = 105 mass of germanium = 525 (73/105) = 365 g (or alternative methods) apply consequential marking for 1 mark each
3

(e)

(i)

germanium is shiny/lustrous conducts a small amount of electricity * germanium oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid (and) metal oxides react with acid metal oxides are basic metal oxides are reduced by hydrogen Information must be taken from the passage. Apply the list principle if more than three answers are given. Assume the word it refers to the metal. any 3 for 1 mark each
3

(ii)

germanium is brittle germanium tetrachloride is a (volatile) liquid made of molecules germanium tetrachloride has covalent bonding or when two non-metals react they have covalent bonding GaC14/the salt of germanium undergiven hydrolysis/reacts with water germanium is not a good conductor of electricity* * conductivity mark can only be given once any 3 for 1 mark each
3

[13]

M4.

(a)

(i)

hydrogen/H2 for 1 mark

1

(ii)

i.e. 2Cl -2e Cl2 for 1 mark

1

(iii)

hydroxide or OH for 1 mark

1

(iv)

sodium hydroxide/caustic soda/NaOH/bleach/ chemical name of bleach for 1 mark

1

Page 3 of 7

(b)

(i)

Na2CO3 or (Na+)2 CO32 for 1 mark

1

(ii)

coal water/H2O limestone/CaCO3/calcium carbonate any one for 1 mark

1

(iii)

calcium chloride/CaCl2/sodium hydrogen carbonate/NaHCO3 for 1 mark

1

(iv)

decomposition/heating of limesstone decomposition/heating of coal decomposition/heating of sodium hydrogen carbonate any 1 for 1 mark
1

described change e.g. NaHCO3 Na2 CO3 (Use judgement) breakdown (owtte.) by heat for 1 mark each
2

(v)

carbon dioxide/CO2 or ammonia/NH3 for 1 mark

1

(c)

(i)

zinc carbonate/ZnCO3/zinc hydroxide/Zn(OH)2 for 1 mark

1

(ii)

It is insoluble zinc carbonate is insoluble in water for 1 mark

1

[13]

M5.

(a)

(i)

H+ + OH- H2 O/H3O+ + OH- 2H2 O for 1 mark

1

Page 4 of 7

(ii)

1 point from e.g. smaller bits bigger surface area faster reaction dissolve faster more particles open to attack by acid any 1 for 1 mark
1

(iii)

MgCO3 or MG2+CO32- or CO3 Mg for 1 mark

1

(b)

(i)

2 HCl for 1 mark

1

(ii)

aqueous/dissolved in water (not in solution) for 1 mark

1

(iii)

CO2/gas evolved/gas has mass for 1 mark

1

(c)

(i)

plotting points scales curve labelling axes including units for 1 mark each
4

(d)

faster same final mass for 1 mark each

2

[12]

M6.

(a)

(i)

test: limewater accept calcium hydroxide solution

1

result: goes cloudy accept white or milky do not accept misty or chalky test must be correct before result mark can be considered
1

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(ii)

2 NaHCO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + (2) H2O + (2) CO2

1

correctly balanced
1

(b)

(i)

H+ + OH
1

H2O deduct one mark if incorrectly balanced accept H3O+ instead of H+ then 2H2O needed for balance
1

(ii)

pH increases accept numerical indication

1

(c)

addition of sulphuric acid

1

correct use of an indicator accept idea of forming a neutral solution

1

crystallisation (of neutral solution) accept description using evaporation

1

[10]

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