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l\,vqntljo thonk everyone iNoh/ed In cleoiicg lhls book. grcJeful lom sinceely lo Donold Holden,I\,4ory Suffudy ond CondoceRoney lheif for wisdom ond gL]idonce.
Lrpli Cogright@1986by Wat6on-G I Publoations Fn$ pubtished 1986in NwYork Watson-Guplill by PLrbllcations, Publications, a dMsioi ol Billboard nc. 1515 aroadway NewYork, 1003 N.Y t ir'ry ot Congrs Cat loging.ln"Publlcatlon D6lt
Lrssolls tom Michelangslo. 1. F$tEdlawing-Tschnique. 2. Drawing, 3. [4ichelangelo FgEirsaE-E{hniqu6. Buonarlo, r475-156a-Thern, moti!s. l. Title. 743'.4 ifc6t5.B8'/ 86 86-11107
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Disttrtsd h !E t niled Kingdom PhaidonPress,Lld., by Li@ab Eols, SL EbbebSt., Oxiofd All riits rs.Ed. No pa.t of ihis publication may be rwodrd 6usd h any iom or by any means graphic, electD.*i n nE ls*:al. indlding photocopying, recod'ng, lalirE, 6 hturdir| $rage ard leidevalsystems-wilhout sm.t pr.tri*irx: d t|e Fui*rer Manuftdlld in U.S-A. 1 23,1 5 6 7 8910/919089 8A87 86
l\lHI lloi lSOd OH/!{SllCOv',I CNV IHI cuol tHI io $sLalv IHI TIVol
CHAPTER FIVE
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CHAPTER SIX
THE FRONT THE OF 1HIOH,10l THE MUSCTES IVO!THE THAT iHIGH 408 THE IIAMSTRING l\ilUSCtES4,10 THE RELATIONSH]P THIGH i}IE PELVIS OFIHE TO 112 lHEBONES OFTHE KNEE4'4 THE FOR]\4S THE OF KNEE1'6 THE BONES MUSCLES IHELEE ,1'18 AND OF lHEMUSCLES THE OF FIBULA '20 THE I\iIUSCLES THE OF CALF /22 THE FOOT: BOIW THE ARCH 124 THE MUSCLES ]HEFOOT 426 OF TIANITHE UPR]GHT IV1AL AN i28
CHAPTER SEVEN
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INTRODUCTION
in woy, nne do,/ \dh e vlewingo drowng show Rothet o moslp eosurable l wsnledlo Vhod on etperience thot offected m-- st down wilh you,lookai lhesemognficent room, works ond beg n d scuss thoseospecls ng of :eeplyLs cosuoywo kedlhroughihe :aw o drowingI coudn't toke my eysolf, eoch wgrkthol o recleo resi1l.observeoswe seemedsho ow os mosiimporloni lirstrolefgure drowing lo :nd ol lhe olher drowlngs Iire drawngsseecied ior th s trookshow shed by comporson.Thoi and undslingu irom a ldi by :rcwingwoso nude sfudy M chelongelo ih,. figurein manywrols poses lihough is h o d b e e n l o m i o r w l h terenlpo nlsofvew There o greoloppodu '.ilcheongelotworkol my fe, iseemedlhol nly here10observe howo mosler drcflsmon monyol the fofmsof lhe body becouse myeducolion foreshodens of .nly now perhops :nd troinng,waslrecept\to hh nfe|preto ond chongeslheif shopesin ihe different _?ns lhe figufe nfocl,ilwasos hodn-.ver f of Anyone who serously $ontslo underslond :eenlhembeforeondlholnothingcouldbe -ore exciiing of greolfrgure o lhcn lo be n ihe presence drowingmuslde\r'cie conslder _ gh Renoissonce ond flnoly hove eyes ob e omounloflirnelolhesludyofonolomy od _rolcoud seeit on hoveonlyconcenlroled the moslimpor n slr ond musce groups l1_ie on lhol doy I ho! been lhoroLrghly ionl muscles Since ond ,c\,d n the process mogicof drowing face of the f gure Forgreolerclorlv I ho\ _.1e works di o knowledge hos ncludednextlo Michelongelob fgure My increosed _e\rde$royed sponlonelly mogcl ogromof lhe skeleton ng show ony ihe mus lhe ond ' hosonlyenhoncedilgreoiy ln foct,I ho! cle or muscesunder discussion These ore 'rund thol drowng wthouto frm foundolion nlended io he p you underslondond re_ lhe p ncpes of onoiomy s morediflicu anember I exocilywhereo fom beginsand ron ihe ocil.rolsdrnng of lhoseprnciples on wrl When begonio wte lh s book,mYinTen- These ngsoTeio be considered in_3nwqsio keep the spirl of fgu drowing troducton cotolysl o pfofound thoi slLlciy or io .iocl.lho! nol oltempled soyeveMhing yo! w spendlhe rest )o!r doysenJoy I ng. of io nor ihol \tonled lo createo book roi con be saidoboul drowing, frove fei strongly - ed to lisiolLihe es musc oflhe h!mon body ihoi would knockdown some borefs ond to a low \,oungorihisio beg n to reqllyundefwqy,\tonlecl I iclher,in o mosipleoslroble : i downwiih \,ou,lookol thesemognifcenl stondthe lormsoffhe flgure,lilscleorto me of thal f wonledihe reoder shoremy goT thosecspects lo ,,crks ond begindiscusslng ',llch6ongelo3 for \^ofklhoi ore ceoresllo ob- enihlsiosm onolomyanddrqwng prlncsome comp ex :?tueos wel os mosl imporiantio lilsl_roie p es, wou d have lo express '3iJ|edrowng, deos in o more simplfed wqy ond I loke iV when lbegon io wriieihisbook,my inien responsib lor thot. N4ore lhon on!4hngese, lhis book is ihe rn wosio keep lhe spit of figuredrowng _ioct, ho\ nol oliernpted soye\Mh ng express of o lo\, affor thol I hovehodwllh to on -ci con be sod oboui drowng, nor hove I the exhoordinory drawlngs lhe greolesl of - ed to sla I the mlrscles the humonbodl moster the figure, Mcheongeo. of of Michoe Bubon NewYork ly,1986 C
ONE CHAPTER
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FOR SKETCH'S INFNUDES tadd point ontl p.n 1508, t 73/r'. 9qt p1.27 t 24.45ch)
Preliminory Skerches
is n9.For Micheonge o, drow Eorm eleMh rcrm I ng s o pfoceou rcr oercrmrnrng appfoxmoleiJ the i uson of form s merely lorm is ndicoledby lighl ond shodeolone Theshopeof o form sdelined exaclly by ihe were use of ne, fire lhree seaied figLrres Ines colled pnr'' drownwilh lighl sketchy or menli 'Yepenlonces," chongesof m nd beforclhe lnol contourisdrown. sketches conlour drowngs or Prelminory overolproportonsondlhe ges thol ndicote fure of the pose o essenliollo sLrccessfu Thereis not much poini in fgu drowings, deloils honds os orelor moving onlo sLrch 10lhe nsidemodelng of lhe fgue wilhoul firsi eslab shing ollside shopeoJlhe fig the uTen o geneTotwgy E!ry figurehoson implcil oclion,or gesture.]helneA connechihe ports lhe body of lrcm heodio ioe and suggesis geslure lhe of nrepose.Gestu istheh.4hmor music ofthe p figure. whichcreoleso peosingrelotionsh benreen one form cnd onolher Mchef ongelo ncorporoled slrongsense ges o of Hh ond turein o lof hisdrowngs. boldcurving lire spirolinginespre\r'enled posefrcm becomingstiff ond wno'rurol,
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ond belllchelongelo drew consfonil\4 ItI cousepoper was expensi\e the sixin leenthceniuryh spogeswelen\oroblyflled wlh o\,e opping sketches ond studies. lhe his skelches ihispoge cleory demonsirole on eorly esioblishmenl powe !1, e\ocot\ of dlowings. bod, untoliernginesusedlo The ndicotelhe oulside shopeof ihe odulttg! and ch d {A) beoulifuydrown Oncethe ore oliside conlourof o llgufev/osdelermined,
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Mcheongelo begon to indcote more deio ed forms He represented skeeiol ond musculor mosses quick,light nes Forex by omple,ihelnes Bindicoie col orbones, ol the or c avcles;ihe shod nes in lhe oreo of C greolpecioro muscles lop of suggesilhe on lhe r b coge.A seresof shorllnes, which \dere suggesi then applied lo lhe arge mosses, formsthoi ore lo be in shodowtnole lhe cur\,ed lines the bock ofihe thlghoi D. on
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SIDEVIEW
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(kn66lns
Proportionol Systems
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Ihese boxes ore bosed on the lenglh af the slernum. ^lale lhe relallonship af lhis lenglh la alhet
lhe minus xiphod process, the I n drowing, fgure s bu I oul ol mosses bone,or sternum, p 5 I lhol hoveo relofonsh io eoch oiher:Th s wh ch s ocoiedot lhe boliomof lhe siern!m propodons n o ploportono sYslem Thelenglhoflhe slernumnlocleqLrolslhe acLect _-re st con usewhotever porl of lhe bocly longlhof selerc oiher seclions lhe onoiof ori ^? kesos o lnl of meosure Thenhe need omy Forexompe, l eqlols the engthof The blode,or the how lhh chosenunil Ie oles10 clovcLe, lengihol lhe shoulder :- y anol\/?e belween scopuoe, lhe ons scop! o,lhe d slonce onc enl EgYpl :: erpodsofthebodyThe _:c o propodionol thoi bosedon the lenglhof lhe hand m nuslhe tp of lhe system \das -,. englh ol lhe midde fnger opp colions th rd f nger ond lhe w dth oi ihe heod lenglhmutpled n oddton, ihe siernol exompes oso :: rhhsyslem occur n cerToin the one ond o ho f limesequa slhe lenglhofihe :'Greek orl Accordng 10 lhs syslern, the :^qih ofihe midde fngermulip ed by n ne' heod (from top of the sku io the boliom _:.n equos the heght of ihe figure The ollhechin)ondthe englhollhe foreormThe ihe lengihdoubed eqLrols engih ol :^glh of ihe hond muiplied by ien or the slernol p :^glh oi ihe looi muLl ed by sx a so op- lhe r b cooe,iheoppfoxmoleu/dih oiihe fli) ofihe : .x moieslhe heghiof on o\roge hlmon coge oi iiswdesl poinl ond ihe engTh upper orm, or humerus Ihree iimes ihe ri l'redeveopedlhe drowing ol eqlo sihe Lengrih tte here, lenglhoilhe siernurn shown '. a.eongelo ofihe egwihlhe wosevdeniylhnkng of lhe lhighos\de oslhe lenglh :_!i1 of lhe kneeond how il le oieslo lhe fool, lhal s, the heighloi ihe fooi (ihe dis y correcl render lonce fromihe onke io lhe groLlndl bodyAfler :-: formsoflhe o porlsoitheknee ine, cheongelo Ho\,e evercompleled drowng oiihe n M ),ou :-e :::eeded to odd lght ond shode-noie figureonlyio fnd lhoi lhe head isioo srno, - :' -e ght in lhisdrowingcomesfromthe ihe orm s ioo long,oI the body sloo wide? os s The curefortheseproblems lo work much =' .-i iowqrdthe fronlol lhe liglrre -: nlerest lo observe The ng lholihe engihoi osyoucon wth proporions, oncienlorT -:..39,ihoi s,lhedisloncefromlhetopoisis of Greece lo\,ed lo work wlh meosure -: ::-rmon lendon,(4, of lhe quodrlceps mentsond numbers oLrs ond thosehormon -,:: . io ihe knee ng polnl,or tuberce oi numbersloundihe rwoyinlothereoi onships -: -: . of lBl,equa s the enerlh lhe br,aosi- of lhe forms of lhe lgure
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the be- usuolly mode n the owerlmbs Qy underrtondng reoionshrps glween fofmsin a siondnq f qLrfeyouw According lhs system meosuremenf, io of hovea beller deo of whot io expeclwhen ihe heod lselfconsiitules irst meosure the fglres in seotedor clinng meni(A). second The meosuremenlthe dlsh lou encounler lance beireen lhe chin ond ihe nppes (B) Arlisisof ihe Reno ssoncewere fond of Thethird meosuremeni lhe d sloncefrom s Lrsing ihe englh of Jhe heod os o uni of lhe n pp es io the e\ ol the no\,e (C)rihe meosureThe engih of Jheheod mulip ed iourlh fromthe no\l lo ihe crolch,or symsevenond one hof lmes equo/slhe loto phys publs(D)jthe ffornihe crolchloihe s Rfih he ghiof on a\erogeliguretlhe heod lengih leve of lhe mddle ol ihe ihigh (E)r sixth lhe mulliplied eghl equohlhe heighloJololl fromlhe midde ol lhe lhighlo ihe le\,eof the by personrond the heod lenglh mulllp/ied knee (D;lhe se\,enfh from lhe knee lo lhe roughly seven by equo slhe he ghl ol o shod m dde ol ihe ower eg (G)jond the eighfh ndviduol.Renossonce orlsh usualy used fromlhe mlddleof the owerleg io the bol eghi heodsas o meosuremenl simpy be- tom of the foot (H) I yo! oppy lhe englh of lhe heod to lhe couse il s eosier10 subdivdeeighl lhon se\,en o holf. ond Ofcourse nolo lrnodeho w dihsoisorne ihe mossesolihe oi figufe, ),ou ihe some height D screpdncyn heighl in con seelhol lhe lengthol one heod equa s mosT insionces, occursn the o\^rlimbsrlhe lhe d sloncebe veenthe nipples we os os lengihoilhe heodond lnrnkdoes the not\ilryso lhe d slonceocross \ro si, One ond one hol heod engihsequo lhe much.Thelefore, odjuslments heghlwefe n
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y'6youdrow conlinuoly scon\,oursubleci beireen the ormpihos wellosthe iLsiance resulls ol lemoeb The lntroduclion bod proporlions ,ldlh of lhe mo eh pevc massrlhe too whenyou Look longat ony givenpan or rnossss ghllywidet seLvic the lengih of tu/o heodsequoh ihe ds- delollof lhe body n odditionto lhe propor here, '3nce ocross lh,a moe3 shouders;the lionolsysiems hovebeend scussed thot ond ore shouders sighty norrovtThe whynolexplore comeup wlh oiherrelo_ =moeb olyourown?Themorereollonships .nglh ofiv/oheodsso soequolto ihe lengih uonships thoiyouconlindosyoudrowlhe moreoccu_ :i ilre lhigh. sy$ems li so mhiokeiobeg n drowngiromlhelop role yourlgure wiL be. Proporiiono be ihe heod ond oliempl lo fn shyourdrow_ shoLrld lseful and comiodoble Mchei_ :: -g of ihe bo1lom the fgLrre n one ex ongeos meoslrremenls ihe llgure ore oi ojl oi lrcm lhoseol soy E Greco sketch n ihe poris of The ceorly differenl :arion Lnsfeod, 'j!re n o generolv/oy,lndicoing oh proporiions Thefemoe fgu|e oi DeL ond the orger ng tholyouhovebeenstudy figure drowng oso lg!re ofSornson Thnkof ),our :_c ceslure, -.p on whichyo! simpyv,/oni pon ond here ore dfown occordingio proporlionol io thal :;coler ihe plocemenlof the porlsof lhe syslems ore roughyihe same I s ihe lhal ore d i of ol of ..:dy lhe esloblishmenl po nts,or lond lengths lhe Lrnits meosure is -ark, ond the plocemenlof inesconneci leni noiice lhol the heod ol Sornson _3 lfese poinlsore mportonl n poitng i\r ce os lorgeoslhol oi Delioh : aperproporijonsbetvenlormsofthebody
AH S,AMSON DEUL ANO 153A chdlk rcd 2 loli t 15.!, 127 \ 395 ch)
Fonns Designing
plocemeniot one obleci in The eftecllve I fe otonto onolheroblecfs\ery mporlonl in a work of orl. Thelhingsthot )ou leorn oboul drowingo sngle figure willo so be of help in composlngo piciule mode !p of groupngsof frgures. Juslos the iso geslule, or h)4hm, throughoulihe lorms lhol mokeup o singleflgure, theremuslbe a rhy,thm lhot connecls muliple imoges, In ihis drowing of Hercuesengoged in d sporole octions, lhe gesfuresof lhe ind! vlduolfgures biendhormoniousylo creoieo unifed composillon gestue Thoif hormonyof couses eyelo fow freely the fromone fgure lo onoiherTry visuolize io curved, owinglines ff thofconnecithethreef gufes lhlsdrcwing. in A good composilionollen hos numerous fildhm hesrunnlng monydifferent ln direclionr,Thus, podsof o drawingore never ihe ireoiedas bh ond piecesbul workiogether lo forrno lorgerlnljy
Rhy'hmlinesindi.ote lhe flaw ot .rD.Jenlenlwithin o drcwing ond rclote indiviluol figut$ ta the compositr, os o whole.
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IHRFE LABORS NERCUTES OF 1523 rcd cholk 144" ' 16qr (27.31t 4223ch) DoDoged
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TWO CHAPIER
rHECRUC|FXrONOFSrPETER.deloillS!5,btd.kch.tk3?1i'/51".1r'{26239\15s39.n)
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Mossing Heqd lhe
lhol oppeors Th s h o delo I of lhe drowing concept oldestmossing I on poge 131.lhe |.Bedby orl slsfor lhe head h lhol of ihe boll to ond the owl. Try seelhrough deloils of lhe heodosif lheydid nol exslond nolelhoi the sosphefe(Al.ondthe or t rolncose, cranium, ore moss ofthe iJce, whenthe feolures disll 'egoded, oppeors lic be on o\r'ol(B). is exiemey imporloniic wderstondthe slzeof li|e bo oflhe heod in le olonshiptolhe size The of theowl of lhe nrce. bolloftheheod,or cronium, willRl a perbcJsqloretthe ovol inlo ofthe loce isone ond o holft mesoslongos lhe boll of the heod. Peopleofien moke lhe ihe cronium smollfor foce loo the Theorlisl mustalsoconsiderhow these1vr'o large mosses io be ploced, lhe relo ore lionship ihe ballof the heod lo the owlof of lhe foc will of cou6e wry depending on ihe posiiionof lhe heod.
the relallonshpat the poll of lhe hed b t'heawl at thb fo.P wj chonge os the mode/3pcrtion chonges
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SIUDYOF IHE NEADOF DA\II..I 1524-21 tot totet) ed chdtk, bldck choik, ohd peh 13', \ 31/,', 42 t 21 se cn) 63 L
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When pasilioning the feo ^.trct il is helpful ta divide lhe loce inla lhnds wilh light hai
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yelblocklke masseslhebub, niheceniet ond The wngs on eilhersde,wh ch ore por lio y embedded n the cenlro and slighiy orgerbu b Nolce howMichelangeob maslerfu monpulolionof \4tr couses ue cerioin oreosol Thenose io odvancewhie oiher oreosTecedeThereolonshipben/eenihe forms oflhe head n lermsoi deplh s oiwoys we consdered b'y Micheangeo For n slonce,one sihoi n h sdrawngslhenose lee sc eaflyiorwa oiihe eyes rd ofdiholihe eyes ole ceoriyfor\,lord ihe eors of ft4icheongeob drowi]rgs mouihsfever of ookfol. n thisdrowng lheTes o ceofsense oi Tfre mouihcurvngaroundlhe loolh cy n der of the underyingsku The upper p pone, receves which s o clownwarclsopng essghithqn doesthe oweriip,wh chslopes upwordTheowerlp lnlhis drawng hosbeen shacled one woud shodeo horzontacy os incleflhe upper p ismade up ofihfeeiorms one in the m .l.lle oricl onc on eoch sido whie Theow--r p s made up of hro forms. Once Thesirlclureof Thehe,:,:ls esTob ishecl,you d TokecoreTo cleon ihe sho! dec exocT ocoTion lhe leoTLil:s. qoo.l eye n ol A ihe wrongploce sworse n o bod drawfg ilra ollh(--cye lhrir ehip oce \lnr.rlirco !l ftJof n hornrna onrl v-^dico r,-s o(f,ossyolr nxxlcl! lftje vr lhot yo! can .lejemii'r the p le ai onsh of lh--f-.aiues
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MusclesExpression The of
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SIUDY ruE HEAD FOE OFTI]E DON MADONM '1503 red.hdlk 4, /'h \ 6* [24 \ 1715cn)
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ng hos sheeilhol exlends T he dominor rormortheheod sthesku cronrum, o iendinous I Theob, i1lto drowlhe heod vlettEbosed o\r lhe lop of ihe cron Lrmlo lhe foreheod, on on underslonding ofthe shopeoJlheskull. wherefibers ogoinoccur. Allhe foheod the Thore o fewveryihin mltsc ol ihe foce musce term noles in the skn obo\,e lhe eye ole es Thoi ll oulihebonysiruclure ihe skutt. i ol These brows. occipiiojronlals hosihe funclion The cre the musctes expression oi Addltionolltj oi lfiing up lhe eyebrows, creoiinghorizonloi lhere ore lwo musceson lhe heod, wh ch wrinkes lhe foreheodos seen n lhe exon mo\e the ower jow or mandbe, ond ore press of surpr or ollenton on se usedfof chewng food Theele s sufiounded se\ro musces, by Themuscles expression slrucluroly These of ore include selsofcirclilor hro muscles lhe \ry diJlelenl fromlhe muscles lhe body nnerondoulerrings lhe orbiculorh i (B of of ocu the mlsclesiholmo\ lhe bodyofginofeot and Cl Theinnefrngs,or po pebralpori (Bl, one bone ond insertnto onolherbone.The are respons for openingand closing be ihe musc ol expss o soorginoleon bone, eye ds. The ouler ring,or obiiol porl (C), es on on ihe sku bulihey inserlinlothe ofihe oboveThe I, skin eyes, whenconlracied llpulllhe w irce Whef lhesemuscles conirocl ihey pLt/l skin beireen lhe eyebrows s ghlly down producing the skin, wriousfcrcioexpressions. word,cousrng shortverilcolwrnkes lo op Theocc p to-frontolis (A muscle co\ersthe peorbei/,eenlhe brows. s muscle Th expresOock,lopond fronlof the cronium, m!s- seslhe letlocll\,eor mediloli\e slo1e, Thls cle, orginoiing n Jberson lhe bock of the Anolhermuscle lhe ele oreo islhe corin
ihe nseriinio ihe musce fbels surrounding lob moulholthe lower p Thedepressor lnferioispu lsthe ov,rlp down in lhe aclions oTcryrng. of Youmusiunderstond lhesemlscles thal wllh one expTession ol inlerconnecled ore lhusin ihe anolher n ihe r porlcu or oreos; ofthe nosesthe p^/ro- subllemo!rnenisof the eye oreo or the Oneofihe muscles _ridolis (E). orsesfromlhe nosa bones moulh regon, severolsmollfociol muscles nosi li Or rnd exlends upvr'crdlo nsed nlo lhe skin moy be in\l\,ed n one expression. the ng This ceiweenlhe eyebrows, musce pu s lhe loce moybe express moreirronone emooslh sone, ol :kn obo\ lhe nose downwqrd,creoing lon n o drowing lhe heodsuch of lhe lvichelongeodoes nol d.ow lhe ndviduol short zoniolwr nkes ol ihe bridge hor he iirem,lruT cer_ he on rosechoroclesl c of lhe express ol o nger focio musces; mosses ihem ond tronsoles hlhe ioiny knowsol ob,orri one oflhech efmuscesof ihe rnoLrlh o olthe heodlhoishows .ygomotcusrnojor (D I oig noles ol lhe lhem inloo drowing greoidea of expression. olzygomoT|c oflhe cheekbone, cwerborder down io nserlneorlhe cone,ond exlends os of aorners lhe mouthwhen conlTocled, In ine expssonof oughtei thismuscleplls oflhe mouihupwqrdond tolhe iiie corners mouth onother minor(G), Thezygomolcus 'nusc of ses frornthe fronloflhezygomolic e, aone,coser io lhe nose Theelewtol oflhe Jpper p, or e\'oiorlobi superios (H)rses or iom ihe lowerboldel of ihe ele sockeT, arbiio covlly lhese iwo muscesexi'enddown 'o inseri lhe orbcuorLs in lhe oreoof orls inio 'le upper p They hovethe funclonof ftng 1e upper ip neor ihe midpoinlwh e lhe os ofthelipdropdown, n expresslons :ornerc al g ef. Theorbcuors orls0, a circuormLlsce ihe .vhich surrounds moulh,hoslhe funciion lhe rf closing moulhisouleribersbendwlh mus_ :nd con act ogoinslthe wriousolh-ar : esthot ore otiochedio t Anolhermusce ol lhe moulh,co led ihe : evoioroflhe upper p and lhe wingoi ihe -3se,or e\olor lob super o oeque nos oris from orlginoting lhe lpper -1,so th n rnuscle the upperlow or moxilo,extending :.d of or lo i swnword inserlnlolhe wing, o o, oi lhe _3se ore forms lfied ond lhe upper ip These - ihe ocl on of sobE ng. or Iheconinus, ewior ongu oris(l!, orises -3m the moxllo and inserls inlo ihe skn musc litisihe e I30\e lhe con ne looth This lhol - 3per lp,exposing loothto giveo sneer or ofthe angleof lhe mouTh, ihe depressor ihe orisesfrom mon ::cressorongu oris(L), upwordto : ae, or owerlow qnd exiends _:garnlolhe corners olthe moulhTheiunc_ _ar ofthismusc islo pul the cornersoTThe e -auih downuordn expressions ogony ol ofihe ower p, or depressor -e depressor on ohoorignoies irremon:: nferors{lvl), up ihere ihe muscleexiends lo : : e. From
-Jgotor lhe eyebrowor corugolor super of or on o smaI muscle ginoting lhe : i (D), \,ery '3reheod, musunderlhe occipiiolironiolis oiihe ae. Thecorrugolornserh nlo lhe skin -ndpo ni of lhe eyebrcws, ling lhem n pu of .,rordond up\,!ardcreolng expressions
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: :aIUDGEMENI 1534 block ond Ed cholk l Sl/t' t 3r A NEADtOR TllE LAST
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IheStetnocleidomosfoid Muscle
d The two nernoceidomosto mlsces resi I on, ond ore porlio v embedded n the cyindermoss lhe neck,They ropelike of ore musces thot exlendfromthe top ofthe ster num up to the heod beh nd the eor They nserinio lhe moslod process of lhe sku (A) Eachmuscleis oi ls widesiobout ho tMoy downtheneck.Alls lower end tbronchesoff inlohro iendonsr one lendonisotiochedto ihe top ol lhe siefnum(B), ond lhe other s altochedlo lhe clovcle (Cl.These lenhdo donscreoieo smollhongLrlor (D); deprcssion lhe heod of lhe c ov cle s ot lhe baseof this depesson Theiendonlhol oltoches lhe lo lop of lhe sternum verypronounced h and cordlike, whie lhe one lhol ollocheslo ihe clovcle isrolherf ol ofd brood Theiendons thol ollochto ihe sternum formlhe pil oflhe ihroat IEJf lhe slernoc eidomosio muscle d on one sldeoflhe neckconhocis, heod ihe wll roiole in ihe opposiledireclionor t i downwordloward the shouder These lwo muscles usuolly \^/ofk nsleoch oihot bui ogo whenlhey do wo.klogelhe, ihey cousethe heod lo be lhrownup whie smuloneously pullnglhe neckdown, l\4ichelongeo hos drown ihe steF nocledomosioid muscles o subiewsybe" n cause, hasbeennofed, os iheyore delolls on ond porliolyembeddedn ihe orgermoss of ihe neck They musinoi oppeor ioo promnent.ln ihs drawingo smoI podlonof ihe orge tropezusmuscles vlsble (FJ, EetMieen the slefnoclo domqsloid musce and ihelropezius o rolherlargefiongu or depression is (G) co led ihe 'onofomicol sollbox" Theneckh consirucied greoi freedom lor ond vorlet of mo!meniThesho!dergidle (i,,/oscopuloe ond ]u,o c avic s) s ihe skeelo siruclLrre upon whichtho l oshyforms oi-
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ST]JOY HEAD THE FOR OF NUDE ATLEFT ABOr'E PERSIAN SIBYL ',511,ed cholk 14h \ 7lt t3s86 , 1937@)
THREE CHAPTER
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l\4icheangeodetermned ihe poslion of confls ng clelo h lo the crrge,simpe mosses th s ligureverycorefuly n odv.rnceYo! ore
Ihese sinple bax figurcs con be Lsed l. detetnine lhe elolire pasilian af lhe moses the heod, r/b
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Ihese slmpledrcwings werc dohe os preliminorysketches determine lhe fo lorge plonesal lhe la6o frcm lhe frcnl, bcck and lhrcequoners views
NUDE MALE FIGURE RIJNNING pq, b@n ihk ond block chotk 1496 150],, 1a! \ 9./d(3).47| 23.13m1
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whch k less finjshed I n lhisslrongdrowing, drowng,lher bcoge is I lhonthepreceding dromoilcolyUppedforv/ordli s cleor thoi Mchelongelodrewthe ligurewhie beorng ofihoiform n mnd lheiop orsuperiorview girdle, which reshon iop of Theshoulder ihe b coge, conssh of lhe hro clovlcles(A or der blodes, ond B) ond ol lhe 1uo shou ore scopuloe. scopuloe bolh co\ed in The posebyihe hvc mosses ihe iropezius of lhLs musce [C ond D).Theshoudergirdle s oiioched io ihe rib coge ony ot the pil of lhe lhroolwhere clovclesmeeiihe iop of lhe lhe
s slernumThls ght ollochmenito the restof the lwo scopuoe ond the skeeion offords mobLly1 Sinceihe up c oviclesexiensive fu/o by per limbs oitachedlo ihe scopulo lhe ore the shoulderloini, ormsore oso onlyslighty ottoched lo the restof lhe lrunk oi the body ond ore olsocopobe of greol movement \lewed from the fronl,the c ovlc e oppooB osa slroghi line,butwhenseenfiom obo\, os I s in lhs drowng, ils S shope cun is io It is inleiesiing observein suchon un nnshed drcwng os this one which cos
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':helongeo decided lo workon frsi ond _,, Thoseoreosthol projecl lorvr'ord ihe -:n ihe shoulders ihe righlorm ore ond hos : moslde\eoped Theheod,howe\,et :_ yei been refrnedievdenly lhe odisi of ._ied ilsl lo e$oblshthe symmelry ihe :_:- der gndle -e poston oJlhe siernlm scn impodont -:-.r whendrowng lhe fibcoge n o djllicult ihe r,rrcn. Ve\{ed from lhe fronl, slernum fromihe slde :.:ecrs os o vertcol line,bLrl : .!ru of lh s bone con be cleary ob.-.e.. HereMicheofgeo hosdrownlh-.
(E) the stefnum n a waythot c eof y defines d rection the r b coge lorbordihrLr$jng of ond l led downrard lowordlhe righi n ihis drowlnglhe siernum oppeorsmuch shorter wiTh Tjpof your lhe Coler up ihe siernum oJlhe orger lngerond seehowlhed recijon moss, lono, is weokened. lhe Suchsmo el forrns c ovc es,breosfs, lile sternum, or f os drowncorreciynperspeclile,wlgreoilyenhonce the ilusionol lorgermosses sirongly pilchedJoMord bock in spoce or
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STUDY TNE FOR NUD! YOUIN Or'ER PROPNEI EL THE DAN 1511 rcd cholk avet bldck cholk pepobtiahs 131/ t 9fd', (33.66 23.31 / cn)Dohoged
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The Exlernoloblique
ng T his s o mostinJeresl drowingot lhe figI ure ln whch youcon obserue rib coge o lhcrl lsdlsiincllylipped to one side.The116shy moss ofJheexlernoobliquemusc or obliq, e, uusexternus obdom nus(4, exlendsfrcm lhe losleighl rlbsof lhe b coge ond inserh lnic lhe iop of lhe pelvis, ilioccreslthe shape or of lhe exlerno obllque ook like o leordrcp from mony ong es, n ihis pose, hore\t lhe efrernol oblique oppeors os o rounded block,Whenlho lwo obique musc simules toneously coniroct, theywo in concerlwiih lhe recius obdomlnis bend lhe body for io v,,ord. Whenonlyone contrcc,ls,lhe coge rib isrotoigd, pulled,loone sde, Ihesem!sof cles olso prelent o ddewsysclllqpse of lhe db coge.Ihepelvlcmoss boundbylhe llloc ls crest (B), ihe abdomen (C),whlch slopes by downvrordbei\ren lhe lh ghs, ond by the buttocks(D). Theodhi olJghttoknownot onlythe forms of the bodtl the mLJscleg the surfoce, on bLJi olso chonges ihEshopesofihese lhe ln forms ln the dlffefenlmowments. musclemoy A become thlckerond $oder ln d sloie of conlrcclion,or ll moy be loxed and reloilvely ffotlened. Obsefwtion oswllos under,siondng lhe oc,lion funciionof q mlscle wlll or enobleyouto drow lhe foms wlthiruth.li ls offonsl\io see o drowlng of o llgure in gr6ol octlonwhlle ollihe mlsclesoreportro'dos Ino 16oxedstote, clinlngfgurewliholl oro lhe foms coniroclodqnd buging Inon oullondshmonneri oncint The Gr6ek odlsh, obseryngtho nlde oth elesot ihe gymnoglum, bscome mosieA ot porifoylng the exdcf onolomyoflhg body In mo\ment.
o gif: the losleighlrbs (lhe libe6 nterd9 ioie w1hlhe d qltotonsof lhe lo{er senotus mosnut
FIGURE SIUDY THE FOR 'ECrrE OF QASCTM 1501,block chotk '16"x 10h [40.44 t 26.01\n]
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FOUR CHAPIER
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Micfrelongeo hod on mode lo ioke thh lnusual pose so lhol he A s hosbeen shown, Aeiiroord noryobi ly to seecomp er torms couldcoreful copyit?ll sun/ikely hadon y He ci ihe body n lermsof lery simpe mosses, extensi/e underslond of the formsof ihe ng \oie ihe hvo orge egglikemosses ore lrody lhol o lo\red him io drow the hLrrnon thot creoled by the rlb coge. The heod of ihe figurefrom oulofh sheod,wthoulomodet, in liyng i gure smerelyndicoled lhissfage ol of onyposlon n spocethof hewished. Drowing thedrowlng. Micheonge o obvious \,!'onied lrom liie is\ry mpodoni,o greotiesi oi on y io eslobishthe symmelry cnd mossof the oarists obiliv but i s no1ihe onty exerctse iorsowithoulthe inJerrupton lhe smoller necessory leorning of n howio drowltrefgLrre iorm of Jhe heod The muscesorcundlhe Fgure drowng is noi copryingfrom o backond sideof the ribcoge oreolsodrown mode Sfudy muscesso ihoi yo! know lhe os smol,egg ke shopes, ch ore porlio y wrrereeoch one comesfuorn, wh ond where i embeddedno orgermoss goesto, os wellos ls aclon. \\,b ore oble jo Thesublle ilgure ihe uppeftettcornerof drcw inesonty by knowing ol ihe originond iil s drow ng suggesiso iorso seen from lhe inserton the formsDrowing the forms of of of sde lhe ouler line (4 represents orge, ihe bodyccn comeonlyfTom the onewhohoso dominonl moss lhe r b coge,Thedefn lve comp eie underslanding construcion oi of ond nesond tonesof ihe finsheddrowng are onoiomy ProcJice dfowingihe ngure fromout cbsenthere, olowng )oU1oobsenethe m- of yourheod, without modet. is son excelo Th codonlinilio nesol o mosler drawing enTV/oyio see f you reallyknowJhengure. Do you lhnk ivichelongetoosked ihe
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STIIDIES ADAMS FOR RIGHI IdEEANDINREEANGEIS INlHECREAIION ADAIVI 6F 1511,ed dnd btockbhotk 11q." \ 7/a" [29.s3 \ 19.69cn)
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lhe mLrsc ollhe back lo g !e _.: es e i f e d o f a l h r e e d m e n so n c i g u r e , y o !- ! : fo conTfo Thc\,1] !$ ori the m|rsclesDi := w h c i r l o r m so r , ar ] i h e i g h T . w h i cc l e r . : : h T o r r e .r l l w i r c h o r e n s h o d o \ rS k e k r h " : o . url{resol ihe orgcsl nrosses lr5t Thenso:. the edllc bolw.iexrlhe I and sho.lc.i rir:: To rouril oli The lorms Ony geonr : sli.rpes s|rch .rs lr .Lrbc lrov.r $urp ec! : wfoG on,- profe nrccls.xjoTfr(j
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muscleot lhe bocL s /f, nothersuperfrcio tillhe loiiss dorsi.Alonq lhe bockoi mus wilh lhe shoulders a srnoll ond lrlongulor oa of ihe muscles oflhe scopuo region, iorms ihe that rnoke up the surfoce lhe back orei of iropeziL$ thelwo holves afssimusdors ond of ihis col origi [Aand B). huge,symmeir musc]e nales oi lhe pe vis and socrum,exiendsup ward overjhe lurnbofregion,lhe lowersix poirs of rbs, ond the lo^,rportionof the sccpuloos it exlends ollwqrd io lhe ompl, lhere loiisslmls dorsi nseris, olong wiih the leresmojot intothe fronlof lhe hlmerus,lust below ls heod Thelowerport on of thisrnuscle,allhe socrum, pelvis, ond lo\der bock,is justo lhln lendnoussheei.Beneoih ihln this sh6ef,lhe underlyng eclor spinoemuscles (C)show cleorly the surfoce on ofthe figlle ln ths drawlng, Short, holched lnes(D)ndicoiewhereihe muscle fberc'ofloiisslmus dorslorsefrornihe lendon sheei n the lo\rerbock These linet exlendlrom the higheslpo nl of the pe vls, LJp\rgrd ond lnv,'ordtoMr'ord bockbone, the Theupperboderoflhismlscle{E),whlch runs horizontally over lhe deeper icrms of ihe bock oi,the le\l of lhe sxth r b veriebroof ihe bockbone, posseso!r iho lowErpofllon of the scopua ond ihusholds downon ihe rlb ll coge Thelroni bofderof the otsslmus dorsl (D extendsdownv,ord fforn lh6 ormpll ond clrves oroundio the bock of lhe rb coge, creoilngo beouiiful on ihe fgufe, Ine Lqtssimus do|simokeg possible owr ll to lhe rclsedorm ond pu it back wlh fofce. I showshef cleody in such movemenls os ployng gol swmrning, choppng wood,of p! lingono rope.lenob eslhe enllre bodylo be puled upvr'ord ond fonr/ord wh-cr) ihe ormsore in o flxedposlllon, Aciions thal por lcularly depend on ths muscleore rope climbing ond workon a horzonlolbor Thehohsof the oiissimus dors ond ihe l -nderlyng rio coge s-ggesl'he shopesot lMr'o lorge \^icfermeons, To ploce lighl and shodeon suchdominoniforms Wlr drowin ing,lllshelpfuliovlsuolize,elen ic indicoie or on ihe paper on orror showing direciion ihe iromwhich lighiiscomng.Thoiwlllesloblhe I shihe diect on of lhe mo\menl of lighi lo dorkocross flgue. ll willolsope\nt the ihe ighl fromjumpingto hil formsfromdlfferenl direclions, lending destroy I unit In lhus to ihe rendering mojorforms solsohelptuio runo il I ne down ihe formsto seporoJe light oleo the fiomthe shodoworea. holtlpne The oreofo ls alonglhol line.
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ond mo/mus[A] ihe orgesl The qutelrs I th clesl musc of lhe bodv formsihebul e lock ll ariseslrom bockfourlhoflhe i ac the m, of creslihe sccru ondthe cocc)r(Soflre ils n orfoscio,on fberslerminole sheeis bers, off lhe th gh; oihers nsed nio lhe bock of the shofi oi ihe femur lusi beow The greoTer (Bl, trochanier o orge,squoreprojecTion of lhe femur ocoied jlsi beow is heod ond neck Dependng on ihe conirocion of exponsonollhe g Lrleomusces oroundii,ihe grealer lrcchoni-.r ppeors lhe sudoce o on of lhe b,ody a c ndmcrkdepress or pfoiecas on pedecly stro ghl lon.Whenlhemode slonds wth weghiequa y dslrbuted bolh egs, on ore eve Howe\r ihe greaierlrochonlers when the weghi is ploced on one eg, ihe grcoter trocho of the sloncl eg slhru$ nier nO oui ond oppeorsas o proieclonon lhe sur reloxecl on The eg loce Thelrochonleroflhe opposle sde appeors o depresson os ThegluieLrs mus s bock ke in shope, mox bll the foi ihol occursorj Ts ower border solTe.is shapelhereand creoles g u lhe the 1eo loLd(C) Nollcehow MicheLongeo hqs manp'r olecl lne n lhs oreo of lhe drownO io nclcaie lhe unclerpane of lhe q uleLrs wThthe Thigh moxmls ol ilslunclure Theg {rleus lhe or nroxr'n!sexiencls f execl, bent, thsh,thot s,pu s I bdck rlo ne wih the lrlnk More rnporlonl,ii monlons lhe ir body,whoserrlnk wo!d olherwise for posion vlqrdol lhe hip jo nl, n on Lrprght Ar LongbeloreDorw lheoryof evolufon, s f\ iolle coled ihe giuleusrnoxinuslhe mosi ng Dur dhilngLrsh mlscleofmon ngiheevo (rionory process sze ncreosecl, iwos ils ond for ui rnoleLy responsrbe ihe roiolon of ihe pevs iroma horzonioio o veriico posiion HerelVchelongelohos ceory inclcoied ihe lbers ol the gllieLrsmcximus inserlng behreenlhe homstr moss(Dlatlhe bock ng exTurnus e lEl musc ofihelhlghondlhevoslus
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FIVE CHAPTER
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siudyor the Ll ere s onothermogntfcer]t I I fe ofonsh/pbehtuen musceson lhe the bock oi the orm ond on the scopLrlo lhe smollegg ke mosson the owerend of ihe scopuo is ihe teresmajor muscte(Al.The rnossobove I oi B s rnode up of ihe inlrospnolug muscle ond the ieresminormuscle.Secouse ofthe bockvcrdposiiion the of orm,you con notce lhoi ihesefofmsof the upperbockorebulglngn o sioieof conlroc iion.Resi overlhe lop of the shou ond ng der receiv o lot oi ght isthe lropezius ng muscle of us {Cl.Theseparotion the tropez and ihe deliod muscleis indlcoiedby o chonge in The direciion lhe lineol D Doube curves of (E and D deine lhe shapeof lhe deto d Inih s beniposiiion lhe ormlhe forms of on The bockondlnsideofihe ormoreVtsib e,The exiernol heod [G], ihe nterno heod (H), ond the ong heod of ihe lriceps(t)orea tcteorly seporoTed from lhe lower border of ihe de lold.the commoniendon (J tiesabovethe poiniofihe elbow(l()lo lhe lnside ofthe point of lhe elbowis the inner owerend,or con dyle,of lhe humerus wh ch forms prom (L), o nem iondmark lhe abilly of the scopuoe lo mo! on jhe rb coge ]sextensive. lhe shopes mus Thus of clesin lhisoo wllllorygreolly occordln'g lo ihe poseoi ihe modet.
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Thes!eleton orlhe foreofmsdrownhere n I lhe posilion dernipronoJion s,wrlh of lhoi lhe pa m of lhe hand iurned holtutqy beh{een pronoton,or ioc ng downwcrd, ond supinolon, foc ng upwsrd, or When hond ihe s in supinolon, hvobonesofthe foreorm the ondlhe musc oi ihe foreorm nexl one es lie lo onolhetBLrlin pronoiion,lhe rodius rololes, or crosses, 1h6ulna,and lhe mlscleso so o\r crossTheforeorm then chonges frcm a flot bockke moss to become cylindricolin shope In dempronolion, lv!4,bones lhe lhe rodus(L), lhe thumbsde of lhe foreon orm, ond lhe ulna (lvll,on ihe liiileJnger sde ond lhe foreorrn musc ore in o pos es Tonwheretheyore beginnng lo cross lhem At ihe elbow ihe iop of lhe u no jo nsihe bollom of lhe humerus os o hingejotnt (N) which permls flexlon(bending) ond exlenson (stroighlen ng)oflheforeorm iheorm. on Thetop or heod,ol the rodlus s shoped lol likeo horzonloldsc,whlch shollo\red oulon lop This holowed-oui disc fis up ogo nsl o bo l-like shope,ihe copilu urn,on lhe boltom of ihe humerus, wh ch tsp ns Thespinnlng on moton oflhe d sccouses rodiusto the roiole oround u natlhe polm oflhe hondisthus lhe lurned downv/ord ond upv/ord through mo!menis pronolonond supernol of on Theproject of bone oi P represenh on ihe ponl oflhe elbowor olecronon. pfolecThe lon of bone on lhe rodius belowlhe heodoi Q isihe b cipiialiuberos 1owhichihe i-^ni\/1 don ofihe bceps s olloched There e ghlbones nihewrisi(R) noi ore liis necessory drow a I eighl wfhl or carpus, io bones whenyoudfowtheorm,butii is mpor, toni lo indicolethe moss shopelhot lhey or creolebetu/een fofeorm ihe ond lhe hond From iop of ih-. om lo the ilngers the ihe sections lhe orm become progressve of y shorlerond nofiower. The foreorm s ihe englh of lhe upper orm essone-fifih. The hond equos ihe lenglhof lhe foreormless one lfth Themass oilhewrisisiwce aswide os t is ong, ond lhe meioco.polbones(S), whichfomlhe bodyofihe hond,oreirce os long as lhe wlsi. Thelineof the knuckles (Tl mokslhe meelingofihe melacorpolbones ond ihe lirslof lhree sections phoonges, of Jhe bones of lhe ingels. Thh mporlont junciure is m dv/oy betuveenlhe lop oJ the wrslandihe endsoflhe fngers. lengihof The y lhefngersole rough equollo lhe w si ond On the onoiomcol orm on lhe lefi o ffol
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ARM SIUDIES IHFIORD FOR ANDSILIO]ES ANGETS FOR CREAT OFADAM ON INIHE tud 1511, ohd blo.k chdlk q) t eqd x 11'(21,27 27.94
of Ll ere ore o seresof siudles ihe orm ln I ldiihrofl posilions ond direciofs in spoce Theorm o1A s seporaied frcm ihe bockg.ound a bold line, whichdefnesils by form Thereore some fu/enly muscles n tho foreorm, ore bulin frgure drowing lheseiorms mossed ntolhreegroups lhe llexor muscles as one group Theerensor mlsclesos on olhet ond lhe longsupnoloros o lhkd moss of lhe foreormArnoslolof lhese musces o glnolefrom lhe condyles the humerus ol ond ofioch io the bonesol ihe wrhl ond hond. Becouse muscies lhe become tendinousobout hoif\4oy down lhe foreorm, ihe conlour ol the am chonges.The egglke shape of the lpper holf of lhe foleam h cousedbylhe fieshytbersofthe esi musc lhe ke blockl shopeof lhe lo\irer sformedby holf the iendonsond ihe fu/obones lhe rodus ond u no of ihe foreorm. (B), lhe fexor muscles on the fronl of lhe foreorm, orginoielromihe innercondye of thehumerusondconslsiof fourrnuscleslhe
plonolorlerest ieror of ihe wrsl on ihe the rodius, fexor corp rod olisiihe pomors or ongus; the llexor ihe wdsion'iheulno, ond of or fexor corpl ulnors The pronolorteres, which ierm noles ho fi\oy down ihe ouief is bords of the rodius, one ol the musces respons for the roioiionolmo\,emeni ble of lhe foreorm, wrlslond hond li controcls, ro loing (cfossngllhe rodluso\er lhe uno, wh ch ploceslhehondpo m down[srd (pro noion) The olher three supericlolfexo6, whlch inserlinlo lhe undersde of the wrlst ond hond,ole responsible bendinglflex for ngl the wrsl ond hond fotu'ord, iowqrdihe fronl ol the foearm. Beneoth thesefour supedcio flexols lso deeperflexor musc e,lhe llexor digtorumsupefiiciols I s vsibleony where is lendons oppeoron the wflstbehdeen lhetendonsof lhe mo superfic iexors.Deeporsii ond ol not visibe on the surfoces the llexordgiorumprofundus,d reclyunderiheflexdidgiiorumsuperf s,the powerfL{l ciol lendonsof
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ihe right-hond drawng,wh ch ismode up of threemuscles bicepslemors, sem the the tendinosus, lhe semmembronosus ond Ths rnoss flexor of musc orignaies the bock es on of lhe pevs, or ihe heelof lhe schum,be' (B) neolh the g uleusmoximus Thenro ten' dons of ihe homslrngmuscesbronch oul ocrosslhe bock ot the knee The nner homstrnstendon (c) crcsses kneeond the nserisnto ihe nsideedge of lhe lbia jusl beow lhe knee Theolier homslaing lendon (D)crosses outsdeof the kneejoni ond the nserls niolhe heodoflhe fbLrlo. ls enl rely n the homslr moss shcpedverymuchlike ng is o foolbo tsfuncton islo bencl knee, lhe ihls fex ng the ower eg on lhe thigh. Thedrowng on lhe efl provdeson exce lenlopporlunlyio observe sp ro quo t the of the sortodus musce (E). olsoshows lt the sroc is (Fl,on oddlcior muscleocoled di recty beh ndthe sorior The us. groc ls(meon' ns sendef' ln tatinl orsesfrom ihe ower porloflhe peLvs, point ola neorihe meelng of ihe lvlo plbc bones Ths musce,wh ch clelines The nsideconlourot ihe ihgh, exlendsdownlvordr olonO thesoriorius with ond ihe nnerhamslrins lendon t nsertsnto the inner surloce ofihe tbia ot o po ntltrst ow be the knee Thetendons ofiheselhree mLrscles sweeporoLrnd insdeoJthe kne6,whore the ihey{orm lhespircmoss known osihe goose foor tcl Becouse homstrngtendonsore !ry lhe shorl,I is dffcul io lfl the thgh when ihe knee s unbenJ. I the knee bends, the homstng tendons releosed iththen ore ond eosyio ro sethe thightowordthe trunk. itl Try n theseonotomco drowngsof the leg, M che ongeloco refulydel neoiedihe forms Whendfowng frorn fe, howe\r, dld nol he seeor drowmonyof the musc ndivduc yl es nsleodhe dw them os mossesln o ile drowng,ihe hamstring moss wouldoppeor on lhe backofihe ihighnotosthreemusc es bli os one moss n the rshl-honddrowng nol ce the line(H) runnng \ri co y downihe cenleroflhehomsft ngs,This seporolion does nol exlsl mosimodes lJ /o or moremuson ces ho\,e somefunction, sepcrotion lhe the behleenlhe muscesw noibe ndicoledol c in o drowng or wi be ndicoted ony slghiy by nes or shodng. li i\ro or more muscles hovediffentJunctons,lhe seporo I on betu/eenthem w / be ind caled by strong inesor shodng,
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flecouse lhe l,neeiswder in bocl,lhon in l, front. someforms the boci.of the [nee of oreopporenlinthisdrowingoflhe frcntvew Theouler homslring lendon (Al is visibe on ihe oulsideof the knee lhis lendon insefs The intotheheodof the libuo (B). spko moss lol,whichsmodeupofihemed ol homstring oflhe sortorius ond iendonond the tendons groc ismuscLes, sueps oroundlhe insde of on lhe knee, whereil lerminoies ihe shoflol lhe lib o Ths spiro mossof lendons cu^,s down lowordlhe f.oni of lhe eg, wh e lhe outer homsfing ndon exlends slroght dowa nlothe heodof the nbuloon lhe ouler sideof ih6leg Abo\eond be ow lhe pofelo (D on the frontof the kngeorelhe lol mosses ond E)whlch ore esponsibefor lhe greoi vorioions lhol orlisls encounljgr when drowkneesore ditferenl lng the knee.Eyeryoneb ond ihe fot masses oroundihe poleliocon show!p os smollproject foms mosking ng They o, ihe rest ofthe onoiomyoflhe kriee. howe\tnot o grealilcior on th benl knee os l-e) coe nlo o hollowc eoled bv 'he oo-or oll_e fecr.'o"o'^e op ol lre'lbo
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I u + c 5 l h e r eo r e t a o b o n e . n l h e r o r e o r m , t, rhere ore tuo bone5 n ihe o^er leq lhe o r g e ri b a , o c o i e d o n i h e n s d e o i i h e e g , s o n d l h e s m o l e rf b ! o , o c a i e d o n i h e o u T d e T h e n n e rs ! r f o c eo f l f e s h a f l c f l h et b o o n d lhe shorp anlerlor cresl cre enirey on ihe The cutue ofihe ibo from ihe boi surfoce. iol.noflhe knee lA)down loihe proiecion on l h e n s d e o f l h e c n k e k n o v r 'c s t h e n i e r n o n n a e o u s( B l s c e a r y v s b l e T h e p r o j e c l o n o n t h e o l t s d e o f t h e o n k e . l h e e x l e r n c. n a fbu o iThe worcl rio eo us comes irom the L a i n i o r " h a n r m e l ' o r " m a l e t : l T h e h - - a do f TlreibLr.r rs ocoied on lheo{rts.le s!rfoce ol The knee Ofy ihc uppor and ower ex lrem tes of th-a l b! r ore v s b e on irre sur facc. The shofi Lrn.leres tlre m|rsces oT lire .q i o l h e o l h r 1 ! - ' . r lfh . -i-b o s i h c i r r r . ' s a n T - r o r ( D l . l e x o r t r r ( r s . r l-h a i o r l l i r x r l c s . l ll h c d L r p p - hrv o t h ( l s o l l t i eI b r r T t t l . J i ! l o r i o f l l r \ nrrn:u pdjlrs I iurl ol ihlicf kc.rf.ld sop i l r r f , o f l t t r r n u 5 ! . o l l h o l o o l .w h e r c I pa$.s L rdint.rlh .rf.l rnscrls inTollrc lros.l ol rtlr rfch rxlir l)ornr oi lic ltrc.rl lo.. llrc l . 5 lr f c l N l o r n r L hj j i l . l ( ) f J V c r vo r g c o n c i s T !i be wheie t cr.rsses troft (n llre ()w.:r lhe ,o! cn.l.rnke isnrnclon slo b,-.d (l--rlthe iooi nrv]l.l The eq, wheri ih,- t.rot D n ihit posi.D. iiie Tcl].lor.or be mod c,-ary D re.J y lo ih,- o!lt|.ie ofih,- Ubo sornerrr is The .,nq ollcnsor ol The To,4s. ,Frl,Fns.] or . l . l l o r l n r o r . l L s ( E )l l i s m | ] s c e o s o o r s , - s f r o n r h - .L 4 ) t ) , -w ( )l t i ( l : r . ) l i h { r t r t r o n . i p o r l l lr i of Tlre bLro lhe T.nclonoTTh ri|]sc e crosses f s into ire nonTollhe.rnke, wh,-r,ai div cl,qs l.rLrr sflro erTenclons llr.rTlonouton iir--T.rpback, or .lors|]mol Thefool fhese imo er len.lo15 n s e n n t o l h e o s t p h a o n g e so f t h e s e c o n d l h r o u g h h . rf i t h i o e s A s l s n o m e i m p e s . l l r e i ong erlensor oi llre ioes exlends (uncursl t h e s e o e sa n c lh e L Ffs x t h e f o o i B o i h i b o i s i e c1renrcrssed anleror oncl ihe ong exTensor lnto one lorm or the froni ofihe eg is The ghl n ih s dravr'ing ironr the efiironi of ihe fgure Youfab ly to clrow n ghl ond slrade greoiy mproveswhenyoLr reo zeilrol ghl os i oppeors on o lgLrre n noiure s noi necessorlylhe besl ol-tl lor drowng Ari$s u s u o l y e v s eo s n g e i g h l s o u r c e , s n c eg h l d hlifg ihe igure lrom d ilerenl clreclons iends lo breok up the lorms oflhe igure, creongelodd nol copy iohlng os l ex$ed n nanrrebut creoted h6 own
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SIUDESFONIHE SANLE CASCNA OF NIO T GURT 15U, pen ond btd.k chotk 1 A 1 ' . 1 . k 1 2 6 1 7/ 1 9 3 / c n )
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oby s mibr io ihe hond. The fool h remorf however; greol ihe I lhere ore dfferences, loe isnol os mobib oslhe lhumb. Aso,unlike posilion lhethumb,whose onthe honddlfferc pos the fromtholofihef ngers, greoJloe's lion on ihe fool isnot \,eryd fferenlfromlhol of lhe othertoes. Whenlhe gct loe h lified, len' o downlhe center lhe of don-runnlng stroight loe-is cleory vsibleon ihe dorsum lhe of fool. Ths h ihe lendon (4 of lhe exlensorof lhe greol loe, whch orises from oboul holfwoyup lhe shoflof lhe fibuloond lermnoigs phoanxoflhegreoiloe.on inihe osi(dsto) ihe fronloflhe leg,this muscle complefely h co\eredby the moresupernc rruscles ai ond soh noivis e,lislendon imporlontioorlsls b ls becouse morks hlghpoinl,or rldge,on il the the dorsum lhe fooi. n thisdrawingnoiice of thol,ffomlh s fidge,N4lchelongelo mode hos groduoly onep oneoflhe foolseemloslope iowrrd ihe litl e ioe, downvr'ord ond oulvr'ord whiLe pdne ot the insdeol the fooi op" ihe peofslo drop downobruptyThefuncilon of lhe exiensofof the greol toe h lo extendthe greoiioe by llfilngt up io\dord fronlof the lhe leg The y muscleon on ihedorsum oflhe foolis lhe sho exiensorofthetoeg, foisd eor loi os whch orignalesotihe h6elboneond lorms s o smoIegg-shoped mass onlhe oLtler deof ihe fool (B),direcily n fronl ol ihe externo molleoLus, lendonsextendffom il ond Fouf ioes insed the pho ongosof the ffrslfour inio poss These iendons underlhe fendons the of long exiensor ihe toesond iherefore of are fololyvisibeon the foot Theskeletoorch on the innersideof ihe byihe abdLrclor footlsflledoulond sofiened of the greoitoe,or obduciofhol uc s (c) on (dlsfal)end ihe metolarsc iheforiher of bon (D) of ihe goitoe s o proleciion ihoi s an mporlonl ondmokforihe odlsl Theouiside conlour ihe fool isdeflned oJ byihe obduclor of ihe tlle ioe, or obduclordjgitiminim (El and by o second londmorkprcleclion(D, whichiscoused c bytheenlorged oser(prcximoI end oi ihe meiolorsol bone of the tt e toe ln ihh drowng, l\/lcheongelo emphosized powertullendon lhe tbio lsonielhe of riormusc (G)os l crosses onke loinllo lho e i,.rm nole n ihe nsideborder of the fool,
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SIUD FOR LEGS ES THE OFTHE LORD CREAT IN ON OFADAMHEAD THE OF NUDE 1511,ed chdlkdet blo& cholk prepbollo* \ 11C3', 7Cf [2953 t 29.69m)
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flGURE SI]JDT FOR IHEBATILE CASCIM OF 1504, btlck cholk \ 15q3', 14',[39.69 , 25.40.n]
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DRAPERY
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GTOSSARY
Iheljollow;ng o ris'otterrrsleqLe1ty e^coJnlered he sfudy in ofo.rolomv, h qt duc'ljor o musclelhol pullstiM/lry from the mid Ine of the body oclduclor o musclethof pu lslowqrd ihe midline of lhe body condyle o orge bump on o bone crsl o rldge on o bone odnsor c musclethol cousessome port of the body to slrolghlenout llexor o muscleihof cousessome port of the body to bend insrllon lhe end poln' of Tusce ottochrren' o gln the flxed polnt of muscleottochhent pondlor a rnusc thdt lurns polm of lhe honddownword e the proluberonce lube|o6ily o smollbumpon o bone or splne o shofprldgeof bone suplnolor o muscle ilrng ihe polm of lhe hond lpword thot lemor o muscle lhoi pedorms ughlenlnq o flnctlon ,
'troL '69-89 ',19-99',99-t9 ',t9-09',8t '9ffi9'rg-fln' 6L-A L-ZL'9W9'69-8 L'e '68-ge'Qe-ze 'et-zr 'Le-oe '99-29 '9t dd :urauoDH'ulnssnn rede_L't -w 'Ev-zv
'LZ '92-ra 'OZ'dd -gel,E r-z , :rosput/\ tuorqtl to^cu 6er-SetLet '98 iE'eZ ZZ '68-88 ',t9-99 'SV-VV ',EL-Ow'6242 Ed 'gL tt do rprolxo'urnesnnuDeloLurlsv re+uolutpodoS louopDN oesiy\l sepoN lc 'lt,L-9i|dd racuaoH'[orouon ot^tr]crv 'gLNL '9t vzr'rz,ozl 'dd '+,IV uDllpdo4er! 4q{ aeN lo u.insny\l '96-96 11-9L E A9 00 'qcupua) puo tuuaH r$uc,wo ecnporoer 01uolsqlLreo qclpuol s eaooe s \eqdeu slq lq uopc 'surnesnu 'e tur.raH/lJouen utagzr-vzl'89a9 roJsuo[ce]loc 'seLrorqll puo p 6ul4\ol ur puote elc od rpuoteeo !v lo LLrnesny\l - o' eqf o+epDL!I luauropel/v\ouiconjelDie
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musc es,62 Abdominol ingers,'104 1oal,126 um Aceiobu of hiploinl6T Achi esfendon,122 process, 18,75,77 17, Acromion moss ofthlgh,108 109 Adduclor grocllh, 110-111 thigh,108 109 lhumb,99 col Anolom drcwn9, 16,71,100 46 col Anotom soltbox, 102 col Analom snutfbox, 125 Ankte.17,21,124 of Anler supeioriliacsPne,19,66 Anihe x, 34 34 Antirogus, Nch,124 125 pit, ArnT 62,95 Ar$oie, 84 see Arm-bone, Humerus Arms,88-105 bonesot 17,89,96-97 ond exiension flexon, 96 97-99 exiensors, 104 89, loreom, 96-97,'100-101, dorsi loiissimus ond, 78 lengthof, 96 of, movement 74,78,96,99 musces,89-97 scopu ond,92-93 o 100 lendons,98, t ceps,90-91 upper 89 Axilo,62,95 Bock10,7219,8A-81 toms ol 70 80 modelng, 81 musc of, 72 79 es 50 Bockbone, Boonce, 82-83 Biceps, 90,94 95 89, orign ond nsettion,89 short heod,95 58, Bicp tal groo\,, /5, 78 96 Bicpiol1rrberosiv olis, Brcch 97 see Breoslbone, SlernLrm Breosls, 68 plocemenlmole/femole, 68 Buuocks, 85 84 18, 122'125 Colconeus, 19,
Coli muscles,122 123 Coninus, 41 Copilulum, 96 Coracoidprocess, 89 Corpus,17,96 Costshodows, 36 Cheekbone, 17,4'l Chesl,58 59 Ch n $rop 32 '12, , C avtcle, 17 18,21,46,52,56,58 Cacc\x, 18,19,82, 8A Colarbone,see Clovicle Commonlendon,21, 93,115 92 Composlon,24 Concha, 34 Condy ol humerus, e 92-93,98-99 Condy of bmur 122 es Contour drowng, 11 Corccobrochio 94-95 s, Corocod process scopuc,17 of Corcnod process, 42-43 Cron um,19,29,40 relolonshp to foce,29 C.icod cori loge,44 Dollvn, Chor es,84 Delold muscles, 62,68,89,92-93, 58, 94 95 oclionoti 89 on lomoe,68 orign ond lnsedon, 89 roised orm,94-95 Depssofobi inferor s,41 D giloiions, 62,64 60, DofsoLspnes lhoraciclertebloe,78 of Da'srm,122, 124,'126 Dropery 130-137 gesture 136 of, slmpting, 132 po support nts,'131, 134 132, Dtaw)ng,'t2,110,128,139 drapery130-137 wiih line,12 Eor34 Eorobe,34 propodons, Egypton 21 ElGco, 23 ELbow'17,89,96, 100 pointof, 96 Ereclor noe,72 sp Enendorl 96, 123,124 Extensorgitorum d longus,1'18 119,126 Extensor lhe greotloe, 126 127 oJ Extensors, 97,98 99 96
at.r'96 97,104 fnger '104 '126 laat, 118-119, 124, 122, ]egs, , 118-119, 147 126 thumb,99 Externol molleolus, 118 19, Exlernol obique muscle, 66,68 64, Eyes, 32,4a-41 34, eyes, 32,40 4l 30, lghl ond shodeon, 34,36 mouih, 38 mlscles ol40-41 nose, 38 pocemento132,38 prcporlionol syslem, 32 Fdscio, 84 Femo e/tvlole oiions,68,82 lor pe vis,82 socrum, 82 iorso,68 Femur 17,'18, 19 r bato, 17 18,19,118-119, 124-121 , heod of, '19 muscles 120-121 of, Fingers, 96,100, 17, 104-105 Flexian, 123,124 96, Flexor rnuscles, 98-99,'110-111 bockof 9,110-11'l loreorm, 98-99 lowereg,'118-119 Foldof lhe groln,66-67 Focn, 124-127 124, bonyarch,124-125 leg le olonshlp120 muscles 126-127 of, Foreshofen 52,56-57,89, 102 ng, Form,'10 27,38 bock,70 desgn ng, 24 25 fofeorm, 100 lneond,12-13 moe/lbmoe voriaiions, 68 overlopping, 89 60, p ones ond,54 shopes ond, 14 15 slmplfuing,26 30,52,131 skeLelol slrlclureond, 16 19 underdrapery131 undeiyng structure, 10,16-27, 131 Go$rocnemius, 123 122 Geomelrc forms,52, 60 Gesfxe, '11, 24, 136 16, GlobeLo, 38 Glodio 58 us,
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8rr'6t'snpeDurDurelu souDlDlsnesaqsu 86 26',t8 08',91 tl sr4DutosDrju zL L9 &t1ll 9tt'60|, Sot puoqtoquoI 8r lOLe$Od loleluo 6L loUeOnS co 6t'8t,'lt'eutds tl vg 8t'v9 Lt lsel..aI z0r 3sourroueqlod^H tt euoqpo H 6 Z6 p etlploc 16-96 9t',99',tZ',6t',ll,snreurnH
t8 z8 sLrolloroe oLriel/ololu 'puo ecuDtoq e8-28 1t 9t sntei '61, 'lu od cL^tei 99 c 6t +serc ^led S[Orol3oi t6 1OU[_r_] '89 '68 ',29'09 lotolu slDroped t6 9tt-9t, 10lueurooI 9w ,fi'6t'L',a eIDa 9t seuoq oleroi '68 'se! zot | ouddotro o '09 sLrrotouddotre 68 c)
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prof e of lorso,86 pronolion hond,99 oi rb coge n spoce,52 see ng femorh, HomsTr moss Posleror Posler iLoc ne.18 or sp lgoment 66 67 Pouporls 12, Pren'r noryskelches, 23 32 locio feollres, knee1obody 21 ol lgr'e.2o 23 22 Reno ssonce, 23 syslems 20 23,32 ot Pyramidolis,62 108 Quodiceps,21,84,107 ociionol 107-108 common tendon,107 on, org n ond inserl 107-108 17, Rodus, 18,19,89,96-97 of, movemenl 96-97 Recius obdominus,62 107, Reclus femoris, 115 '116 proporions, 22-23 ssonce Reno 74-75,80-81 Rhombodeus, 24-25 Rhyrhm, Ribcoge, 21 of, mosslng 50,52 poslon ng in sPoce,52, 57 56 t pped,64 Ribs, 19,50,58,60,62 18, o150,58, 62 corliloge Rimot eat seeHelix 72,82 84 socrum,18,19, vraotons,82 83 mole/femole orion ol ereclorspnoe,72 34 orign of g uleusmoximus, orign oi lol ssmusdors,78 108 110 111 Soriorius, 109, oclon ol 108 '108 ofign ond nserlion, 109 es,44 Scoene musc a. 18,21,56 ScopLr 17, oi musces 60,74 75,78 p ocemenlol 74 75 p rcohonsh io orms,9293 splneol l8 onier Serfo'tus ot 95 rrognJs,60,64 Serrotus 36 Shodows,
Shope, oi dropery131,132 ol fornrs, '15 14 oulside,14, 134 smp fuing,132 Shinbone, Tbio see Shorl exlensor lhe loes,126-127 of Shou blodes, Scopu der see o Shou girde,46,56 57 der Shou jo nl,17 der Shou muscle, der 58 Shouders,82 83 fromework Skeletol 16-19 Skul, 40 Saetrs,122 123 Spoce,lorms 30,52,56 57,60 n, Spne ofihe scopuo, 18,75 ng, Slond 128 129 Sternoc domostoid, e 46 Sternomoslod,34 Stefnum, 21,46,50,58 17, Portsol, 58 Supnolor 97 99 Suprosp noius, 74-75 pubis, 66-67 Symphyss 19, Torsq bones,124-125 Torsus,17,21 Ternpora 41 43 is, Tencion sheeh,76,78 Tensor e oioe,108-109 fosc Teres 93, major62,74-75,80-81,92 94 95 inseriion, 75 Teres minoi 74 75,80-81,92-95 Thenor mass,102 Thigh, 113 107 ironi ot '107 homsir ond, 1'10-111 ngs movemenl 108 109 ol p reloiionsh lo pelvis,l'12-113 Thlghbone, Femur see Throol46,56,58 Thoroc orch,62 c Thumb,99, 105 104 mLrscles of,99,104 reolionship fingers,104-105 1o Throid codioge,44 \bia, 17 18,19 21,118-119 , , lLrberc ol '19, e 21 Tbiohonterior 119,126 118 lt t, ol heod,30,34,46,76,83 for of pelvis boonce,82 83 Torso, 86 48 onlerior 48 69 of, bonesol 17,58
iormsol chesl53-59 formsol 6l overlopping po$eior ot 70 87 prof e ot 86 rb coge,50 52 gkd shouldef e, 56 57 Trogus, 34 Tropez 46,56,76 77,8o 81,89 us, orign ond nserlion, T6-77 Tro\,erse lendons, 62 Tr ceps,89,90,92-95 ociionol 90 externoheod ol92-93 nlerno heod ol 92 93,94 ong heod of,92 93 90 orlgn ond inserlon, Ir cepsfemoralis, Quodrceps see Iuberce lhe libo,19,21 of 100 Uha,17, 19, 18, 89,96-97, 101 moss 100-101 ng, mo\emeniof, 96 97 Uprght pose,128 \(rue, 34,36,38,80-81,134 mode ng ihe back,80-81 \tstus exlernus, 115, 107-108, 116 orginond inserton, 107-108 \bsluslniermedlus, 107 ,l07, 116 \hsiLrs iniernus, 115, \brlebrae,'18, 19 ceNical, 19,14-15,76 eeclor spinoemusces ond, 72 latssimus ond, 78 dorsi trmbat.19,72,78 scalene musc ond,44 es scopu ond, 74 75 oe lrapezius ond, 76 thotaclc,19, 50,7 75,78 4 vtetgfi , 68, 84, 86,124,02 on egs,84,86,120 a.t laes,122 plocemeni 68 ol Whiiene,62 Wist, 17,96, 101 100 Wistbroceleis, 102 Xipho process, 21,58,62 d 17, Zygomol orch,40 43 c Zygomotclsmolor41 /gomotcusm not 41
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