PLK 555

APPLICATION OF THEORY IN COUNSELLING PRACTICE

Dr.NorShahfrin Binti Hj Ahmad

Group Assignment

Case study on Jane Jamilah using Gestalt Therapy Approach

Cheng SokPeng Cheong Zien Wei Tan Sue Ern SPM0185/12 SPM0234/12 SPM0168/12

Master of Counseling

2012/13
Case Background Jane Jamilah is a comedy movie which starts off by narrating about Jamilah, a womens magazine columnist who takes much dedication to write articles about womens issue to be published. She was also seen as a woman who spends much of her time hang out with her good friends, Has and Aziah. Jamilah, Has and Aiziah shared a very close knitted bond between three of them. Throughout the movie, Has acted more like a follower who was often caught saying ok je the opinion of others. On the other hand, Aziah is a strong character who portrays as a divorcee and an owner of a successful hair salon. Has and Aziah not only provided ideas for Jamilahs article but they were also Jamilahs listening ear as she shared that her husband, Khalid no longer take notice of her.Jamilah rationalized by saying after being married for a long time, it is normal for relationship has become lukewarm. Both of them as husband and wife are focusing on building their own career. While Jamilah felt stuck and stress over her unfinished article,she and her friends decided to release stress through a shopping spree. While shopping in the mall, they saw Khalid, Jamilahs husband was accompanied by young beautiful lady. Khalid and the young beautiful lady were holding hands like any other endearing couple. As a woman with class, Jamilah decided not react drastically in a rush but to stay calm and collect evident of Khalids new lower. After stalking on facebook on Khalids new lover, she discovered her name is Diana Dasuki and she is a student of Selayang Community Kolej and is undergoing practical internship in Khalids company. Soon, Jamilah together with Has and Aziahtook a short term course to become a student of Selayang Community Kolej in order to spy on Diana and to get as much information as she could. By masking herself as Jane, Jamilah get to know Diana in Selayang Community Koleh. In the process of getting to know Diana, she discovered that Khalid had the intention to marry Diana as a legal wife. She also realized that she has been neglecting her husband, Khalid and teen aged daughter, Arisa. It came to her realization that she no longer spends time with her family as she was always busy completing another article and hanging out with her friends.

Not only there were no intimacy and closeness between Jamilah and Khalid but Jamilah also does not really know her daughter, Arisa. With this awareness of her own situation, Jamilah was in much regret but decided to take some action in hope to salvage her marriage and to build closer relationship with her daughter, Arisa. She began by sending text messages to her husband, Khalid and begins to make effort to communicate with him more often. This sudden change of behaviour has sparked of Khalid suspicion towards his wife, Jamilah. Khalid began to be more responsive to Jamilah and worried that Jamilah might be having an affair as well. While with Arisa, Jamilah made a promise to spend more time together. They spend time by making jelly and just being in the presence of each other. At the same time, using the identify as Jane, Jamilah and friends advised Diana to continue to pursue her studies to delay Diana engagement with Khalid. At the end of movie, Jamilah decided it was time to confront Khalid and Diana relationship. With the help of her good friends, Has and Aziah, they prepared a home cooked dinner to have it with her family, Khalid and Arisa. Without the knowledge of anyone, Jamilah also invited Diana over for dinner. When Diana arrived, obviously everyone was in shocked especially Diana and Khalid. By the end of the dinner, Jamilah expressed her feelings about her family and mentioned that her family is her heaven on earth. Her words moved Diana. Diana, then asked for forgiveness from Jamilah and left the home. Khalid and Jamilah relationship was being restored together with their daughter, Arisa. Introduction of Gestalt Therapy in Jane Jamilah Gestalt therapy was founded by Fedrerick S. Perls in 1952. Together with his wife, Laura PornerPerls, they continue to develop and contribute significantly to the movement of Gestalt Therapy in United States. Federick S. Perls was born in Berlin into a lower middle class Jewish family. Perls did not do well in his studies while in school and seen as a course of trouble to his parents. However, he graduated with a medical degree with a specialization in psychiatry. He viewed human as a whole rather than as a sum of discretely functioning parts (Corey, 2005). Similarly to Alfred Adler, Perls was first the in the movement of psychoanalytic but later debunk the whole Freudian concept. However after his emigration to United States, he stated the New York Institute for Gestalt Therapy in 1952.

The word Gestalt is coined by Christian von Ehrenfels 1. He was born in Rodaun, Austia in 8 September 1895. As profession, he was a professor of philosophy in the German University of Prague. In German term, gestalt means shape, figure, form which should be subject to a certain generalization. Ehrenfels and his fellow philosophers would say gestalt is a given visual presentation on the basis of a complex of sensation of individual element having distinct spatial determinations (Smith, 1994). Ehrenfels emphasized on the person being whole instead seeing a person as a combination of mind and the soul. Smith (1994) continue to elaborate that the gestalt concept can be generalized further to embrace also complex object of experience founded on inner perceptions, that is to say on ones presentation of elementary feelings, acts or mental states. Being whole also gives the meaning that one cannot be separated with the environment (Perls, 1969). Gestalt therapist accepts Jane as who she is, the whole person which includes her thoughts, feelings, dreams, behaviour, physical body and her environment surrounding her. Gestalt therapy is an individualistic existential-phenomenological approach to promote the growth process and develop the human potential (Perls, 1969). It is individualistic because in gestalt there is not a we or us concept but only You and I. Gestalt therapy is an existential approach because it with the total direct experience and existence of the person himself and not the symptoms or character. The approach is phenomenological because it focuses on the clients perceptions of reality and existential because it is grounded in the notion that people are always in the process of becoming remaking and rediscovering themselves (Corey, 2005). When Jamilah saw her husband, Khalid with Diana in the shopping mall, she tried repressed her emotion by rationalizing she was a woman with class who does not behave wildly. In Gestalt therapy, Jamilah would be encouraged to fully experience and expressed her current state. Gestalt therapy main goal is to encourage dependent client to be self-regulated through the awareness process. Perls (1969) believed that awareness per se by and of itself can be curative. Awareness includes insight, self-acceptance, knowledge of the environment, responsibility for choices and the ability to make contact with other (Corey, 2005). One who is aware is fully experiencing the on-going present situation of oneself and the reality of its environment. When Jamilah saw her husband, Khalid with Diana, she began to be aware of the current situation of her marriage. Instead of blaming Diana as the cause of the affair, she

has come to acceptance that she has been concentrating on her career as a women magazine columnist that she neglected her husband and daughter. The how question is very important in Gestalt therapy unlike Psychoanalytic therapy emphasized on the why question. Perls (1969) mentioned that if you ask how, you look at the structure; you see whats going on now, a deeper understanding of the process. The how is all we need to understand how we functions. The how gives us perspective, orientation. When the structure change, the functions changes as well; vice versa. To questioned the why is seen as a child who yet to reach to maturity and needed an unending rational but never an understanding. How emphasized on the on-going process of the whole structure. In Gesalt therapy, questioned would be asked to Jamilah arehow do you reacted when you saw your husband with Diana?, how do you view your relationship with your husband, Khalid?, and how do you like things to be in your family?.Gestalt therapy the client from environment support to self-support and reintegrating the disowned part of personality (Corey,2005) Key Concepts Integrated individual is a person in whom this process is going on constantly moment to moment without interruption (Perls, 1970).Similarly, in the session, the therapist helped out by raising the awareness of oneself and declutter the contact resistance that has occurred.The Gestalt therapist strive to understanding the world from the clients perspective, respecting the belief that each person has a unique perception of self, others and environments (Fall, Holden, Marqyuis, 2004).The statement do your own thing in many ways captures the essence of Perls and his approach to therapy (Ivey,et. al, 2006) Holism In Gestalt therapy, human are seen as a whole being instead of breaking up into parts or departmentalized the person. Perls (1969) stated that to become real, to learn to take a stand, to develop ones centred, to understand the basis of existentialism. I am what I am and at this moment I cannot possible be different from what I am. Being holism is to constantly aware of the here-and-now, being responsible only to oneself, and ability to let go and explore self in order to reach maturity.Without responsibility, we lose the need to focus on the here and now or even be aware, because the locus of control lies outside self. (Fall, Holden, Marqyuis, 2004). To be fully aware, one will be able to sense immediate experience

of oneself internally and externally. Gladding (1996) describe awareness as ,moment to moment and not overdenpendcy on intellectual experiences, decrease the importance or emotions, senses, limiting a persons ability to respond to various situation (Gladding, 1996) For Jamilah to practice holism as a way of life, she got to see external environment which are her career, marriage, family, and friends as a whole with her internal self. As she began to see oneness in her life, she began to be aware of her dissatisfaction towards her marriage. When Diana was seen with Khalid, Jamilahs awareness towards herself increases. She began to allow herself to experience her current emotion, thoughts and hopes for her marriage.Jamilah allowed herself to feel sad over her husband unfaithfulness but at the same time she was aware that she has been concentrating on her career and did not connect with her husband as much as she would like to. Life was all about career as a columnist but later she realized her entire life consists more than that. Field Theory The field or the environment consists of both the external and internal worlds (Corey, 2005). Gestalt is very anti-deterministic unlike psychoanalytic and believes that everything is interrelated, constantly changing, and in a process. Gladding (1996) mentioned that lose contact with the environment, overinvolved with the environment and loss touch with one self, failed to put aside unfinished business, scattered in many directions, experience conflict of top and underdog, dichotomies of live. The therapist is no detacher, objective, separated from the field but rather a part of it (Woldt&Toman, 2012). As Jamilahs therapist, he is part of and included in Jamilahs field circle. As the therapist is added into Jamilahs environment, her field will change as well because everything is interrelated according to Gestalt. Changes in the field are inevitable because the only thing that is constant is change itself. Every time you want to change yourself or you want to change the environment, the basis always is dissatisfaction (Perls, 1969). Similarly, when Diana immerged in the scene, everything changes for Jamilah. The changes in Jamilah are her emotions became angry towards her husband, she realized she has neglected her husband and daughter, her relationship with her close friends became closer, and she began to spend more time with her daughter.

The Figure-Formation Process The figure-formation process of the Gestaten is form in the body and in the relationship of the individual to the environment. (Perls, 1970).The figure-formation process is a journey to identify the figure and to give attention to the background in order to view oneself as a whole. The figure is the focal point and draws attention of the person. Background is there in the process however one has low awareness towards it.Figure and the background can be interchanged depending on ones attention given. The unresolved figure formation process is called the unfinished business. Perl (1969) mentioned what happened in the past is either assimilated and has become a part of us or we carry around an unfinished situation, an incomplete gestalt. According to Perls (1969), Jamilahs perceptual activity which was writing article becomes selective as she becomes concerned with her relationship with her husband. Her motor behaviour too becomes well organized, unified, coherent and directed toward salvaging her marriage. With the existence of Diane, Jamilahs figure became her husband, Khalid and daughter, Arisa whereas her job as a columnist and close friends, Has and Aziah became the background. Organismic Self-Regulation The basic assumption of Gestalt therapy is that individual have capacity to self-regulater in their environment if they are fully aware of what is happening in and around them (Corey, 2005).Yontef& Jacobs One moves toward wholeness by identifying with ongoing experience, being in contact with what is actually happening, identifyingand trusting what one genuinely feels and wants, and being honest with self andothers about what one is actually able and willing to door not willing to do.Gestalt therapist believes Jamilah has the ability to be fully aware of what is happening to herself as well as her family. The self-regulation potential emphasized the ability of the organism to internally and spontaneously participate in need fulfilment in a natural free flowing manner. (Fall, Holden, Marqyuis, 2004). As Jamilah was aware the condition of herself and family, she began to take steps to take responsibility of her own self. She decided to get to know Diana to fully understand Khalids needs and desire. In the same time, Jamilah started to get to know herself better by acknowledging her wants in life. The figure-formation process is intertwined with the principle of organismic self-

regulation, a process by which equilibrium is disturbed by the emergence of a need, a sensation or an interest (Corey, 2005).With the increase of awareness will lead to the increase of self-regulation which is essential part of the Gestalt therapy to bring the unfinished business to the surface.Perls, (1969) believed awareness per se by and of itself can be curative. Because with full awareness Jamilah become aware of her self-regulation, therapist can let her take over without interfering, without interrupting, therapist can rely on the wisdom of the organism. In short, Gestalt therapy is about the koan : nothing exist except the here and now. The now is the present is the phenomenon is what you are aware of is that moment in which you carry your memories and anticipation with you. The past is nor more, the future is not yet (Perls, 1969)

Key Concepts in Gestalt Therapy Here & Now One of the main contributions of the Gestalt approach is it emphasis on learning to appreciate and fully experience the present moment. Our power is the present. The only moment that is significant is the present. Nothing exists except the now. The past is gone and the future has not yet arrived. Client to be fully aware is to live in the here and now. Phenomenological inquiry involves paying attention to what is occurring now. Therapist will focus on the what & how of a person without asking the why questions. This is to promote an awareness of the moment. Question such as What is happening now? or What are you feeling in this moment? are used to intensify the experience of the present & create awareness ( Corey, G. 2012) In the movie Jane Jamilah, during shopping in shopping complex with friends, Jamilah accidentally saw her husband was shopping with his girl friend. Jamilah was very angry, but sense awareness has came across to her mind and she started to think some methods in order to make her husband back to her again. In Gestalts basic understanding of the human being is that people can deal with their problems, especially if they become fully aware of what is happening within oneself and outside of oneself. Therefore with key element of awareness, Khalid finally came back to Jamilah again. Unfinished Business When figure emerge from the background but are not completed and resolved, individuals are left with unfinished business, which can be manifested in unexpressed feelings such as resentment, rage, hatred, pain, anxiety, grief, guilt and abandonment (Corey, G. 2012). Unfinished business is earlier thoughts, feeling, and reactions that still affect personal functioning and interfere with living life in the present. (Gladding,S.T, 2003) The most common unfinished business is the failure to forgive parents for their mistakes. The effects of unfinished business often show up in some blockage in the body, if feelings are unexpressed they tend to result in some physical sensations or problems. The therapists task is to accompany clients in experiencing the impasse without rescuing or frustrating them .

The counselor assists clients by providing situations that encourage them to fully experience their condition of being stuck. A good example of unfinished business occurred in movie Jane Jamilah is when Khalid suspect her wife is having affair. Contact and Resistance to Contact In Gestalt therapy, contact is necessary if change and growth are to occur. Contact is made by seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and moving. Effective contact means interacting with nature and with other people without losing ones sense of individuality.(Corey, G . 2012) After a contact experience , there is typically a withdrawal to integrate what has been learned. Gestalt therapist talk about the two functions of boundaries : to connect and to separate. Both contact and withdrawal are necessary and important to healthy functioning. Resistance to contact is the defenses we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present in a full and real way. Resistances are typically adopted out of our awareness, and when they function in a chronic way, can contribute to dysfunctional behavior. Because resistances are developed as a means of coping with life situations, they possess positive qualities as well as problematic ones, and many contemporary Gestalt therapist refer to them as boundary phenomena. Five different kinds of contact boundary disturbances: introjections, projection, retroflection, deflection, and confluence Introjection Introjection is the tendency to uncritically accept others beliefs and standards without assimilation them to make them congruent with who we are. When we introject, we passively incorporate what the environment provides rather that clearly identifying what we want or need. If we remain in this stage, our energy is bound up in taking things as we find them and believing that authorities know what is best for us rather than working for things ourselves. (Corey, G. 2012) The person responding to introjected material, usually out of awareness, will feel a strong pressure to conform to these internalized rules and is likely to feel uncomfortable if they go against them (Mann, D. 2010 ) contact

In movie Jane Jamilah, Has has this kind of attitude. She agreed to take a short course with Jamilah by saying ok je although she do not know she wants or not. Projection Projection is the reverse of introjection. In projection we disown certain aspects of ourselves by assigning them to the environment. Those attributes of our personality that are inconsistent with our self image are disowned and put onto, assign to and seen in other people; thus blaming others for lots of our problems, we avoid taking responsibility for our own feeling and the person who we are, and this keeps us powerless to initiate change. People who use projection as a pattern tend to feel that they are victims of circumstances, and they believe that people have hidden meanings behind what they say. (Corey, G. 2012) When people have allowed their awareness to be sublimated by projecting their fears, ideas and desires onto the environment, they experience projection. Projection is a mirror that reflects only their fears and desires. Retroflection Retroflection consists of turning back onto ourselves what we would like to do to someone else or doing to ourselves what we would like someone else to do to or to us. This process is principally an interruption of the action phase in the cycle of experience and typically involves a fair amount of anxiety. People who self-mutilate or who injure themselves, for example, are often directing aggression inward out of fear of directing it toward others. One form of retroflection is turning an impulse back in upon myself. (Mann, D 2010) Part of the process of Gestalt therapy is to help us discover a self-regulatory system so that we can deal realistically with the world. For example in movie Jane Jamilah; Jamilah wishes her husband to send SMS to her so she sent out SMS to her husband and waiting her husband s reply. Deflection Deflection is the process of distraction or veering off, so that it is difficult to maintain a sustained sense of contact. We attempt to diffuse or defuse contact through the overuse of

humor, abstract generalizations, and question rather that statement. When we deflect, we speak through through and for others, beating around the bush rather than being direct and engaging the environment in an inconsistent and inconsequential basis, which results in emotional depletion. Example in movie Jane Jamilah . Jamilah try to avoid the topic discussion when Aziah wanted to mention about Khalid in front of Diana (Khalids girl friend). Confluence Confluence involves blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment. As we strive to blend in and get along with everyone, there is no clear demarcation between internal experience and outer reality. This style of contact is characteristic of clients who have a high need to be accepted and liked, thus finding enmeshment comfortable. For example in movie Jane Jamilah, Has always said ok je when having discussion with Jane and Aziah. Energy and Blocks to Energy In Gestalt therapy special attention is given to where energy is located, how it is used, and how it can be blocked. Blocked energy is another form of defensive behavior. It can manifested by tension in some part of the body, by posture, by keeping ones body tight and closed, by not breathing deeply, by looking away from people when speaking to avoid contact, by choking off sensations, by numbing feelings, and by speaking with a restricted voice, to mention only a few (Corey. G. 2012). One of the task of the therapist is to help clients identify the ways in which they are blocking energy and transform this blocked energy into more adaptive behaviors. Clients can be encouraged to recognize how their resistance is being expressed in their body.

Gestalt Therapy Interventions In Gestalt, experiments are believed to be useful tools to help the client to gain a fuller awareness, experience internal conflicts, resolve inconsistencies and dichotomies, and work through an impasse that is preventing completion of unfinished business (Corey, 2005). According to Corey (2004), Gestalt therapy is believed to encourage in becoming a conflict or being what we are feeling as the opposite to merely just talking about conflicts, feelings and problems. No doubt that most of the interventions are experiments, but if these techniques are used at their best, these interventions will fit the therapeutic situation and thus, highlights whatever the client is experiencing (Corey, 2005). Experiments or interventions should be an encounter in both the client and the therapist whereby it benefits the client at its best. In the case of Jane Jamilah, no doubt, there are many Gestalt techniques available but, we have decided to use some of the Gestalt techniques that we think best fits for her. The Internal Dialogue Exercise In this technique, Gestalts motive is to bring about integrated functioning and acceptance of aspects of ones personality that have been disowned and denied. These fantasy dialogues are meant to promote awareness of the internal spills and eventual personality integration (Corey, 2004) According to Corey (2005), a main division is between the top dog and the underdog and therapy often focuses on conflict between the two. The top dog is described to be righteous, authoritarian, moralistic, demanding, bossy and manipulative while the underdog is described to be defensive, apologetic, helpless and weak and being powerless. This technique is also known as the empty chair technique is one of the ways into getting the client to externalize the introject (Corey, 2005). This exercise encourages clients to get in touch with another part of themselves which they might be denying. By doing so, client will be able to realised that the feeling is a real part of themselves, and this exercise will discourage them from disassociating the feeling. Corey (2005) believes that this exercise is to promote a higher level of integration between the polarities and conflict that exists in everyone.

Jane Jamilah is portray to be a strong woman and hardly shaken by any external events. This could be that she is either highly aware of herself or she might be denying the feelings that she is going through. With using the internal dialogue exercise or the empty chair, this will help Jane Jamilah to view a bigger and clearer picture of what she is actually feeling. Her top dog might be dominant in her and by doing so; Jane Jamilah could also feel what her underdog is like. In this way, Jane Jamilah is able to feel the actual feeling and come to terms with it. Language Exercise Corey (2004) stated that Gestalt suggests that our speech patterns are often the mimicry of our feelings, thoughts and attitudes. Words that we used can either bring us to ourselves or it can take us way from ourselves (Corey, 2004). For example, the It talk is a way of depersonalizing language. According to Corey (2004), by using it instead of I, we are maintaining a distance from our experience of feelings.. Besides the It talk, there are also the You, Cant, Shoulds and Oughts statements that are used to depersonalize our experiences and feelings. By just substituting with personal pronouns, it will be a way of assuming responsibility for what we have said. For Jane Jamilah, she is aware of what is going around her. However, she is sometimes being made to conform to her two friends decision. In this exercise, the counsellor will try to help Jane by how she is able to control and feel the experience by using the right language. In this way, Jane Jamilah shall be more aware of her external locus as well as her feelings. Rehearsal Exercise As the title of the exercise speaks for itself, this exercise encourages the client to be more aware of the many preparatory means they use in bolstering their social roles. According to Corey (2005), internal rehearsal may sometimes consume much energy and frequently inhibits our spontaneity and willingness to experiment with new behaviour. Thus, in this exercise, the client is encouraged to rehearse aloud with many different situations. In doing so, the client is able to perceive the many possible outcomes and this will generates spontaneity and also possibly new behaviour.

Jane Jamilah has an issue with communicating with her husband. She always seems to try to rehearse internally and failed when it comes to the actual situation. The counsellor suggests that Jane Jamilah practice it outwards and try different situations. By doing so, with different situations and possibilities, Jane Jamilah would be well prepared and she might be able to perform better when she is in the actual situation. This also allows Jane Jamilah to actually feel what she is going through in that given situation. Exxageration Exercise According to Corey (2005), Gestalts aim is for the client to be more aware of the subtle signals and cues they are sending through body language. This exercise requires clients to exaggerate movement repeatedly which intensifies the feeling attached to the behaviour and makes the inner meaning clearer (Corey, 2005). For Jane Jamilah, she is a strong woman and she believes that any sign of weaknesses might show she a failure. This strong personality in her shows that she has a composure and control even though she is sad or angry. However, it could be that she is putting on a mask to hide and denying her inner feelings. In this exercise, it would be very effective if Jane Jamilah could open herself to feel what she is feeling at that moment in time. By exaggerating her movement, she is able to bring out the emotions and be with it. In doing so, Jane Jamilah, is aware that she is just a person and she is vulnerable thus, this will definitely allows her to be much more aware of her feelings and her surroundings. Staying With the Feeling As humans, we tend to avoid any unpleasant situations or feelings. However, according to Corey (2005), facing, confronting and experiencing feelings not only takes courage but it shows that we are ready to endure the pain that is unnecessary for us to grow. For Jane Jamilah, is it necessary that she stays with her feeling throughout the intervention.. The whole purpose is that Jane Jamilah is aware of her feelings and tries not to avoid it but to feel it and come to terms with it.

Summary of the Session We believed that with Gestalts approach, Jane Jamilah would be able to move towards an increased of awareness, she will gradually assume ownership of her own experience. Besides that, it is also vital that she develops skills and values that will allow her to satisfy her needs without violating others. Other than that, Jane Jamilah will learn to be much more aware of her senses and also to learn to accept responsibility for her actions. Lastly, we would like to see that she will move towards increasing of internal support and we also liked to see that she is able to ask for help and get help from others and be able to give help to others too. However, this would be ideal if she is able to achieve it, but it will take time and it depends on the determination of the client as well.

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