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Part 1 Acids

An acid is a chemical substance which ionises in water to produce hydrogen ions, H+ / hydroxonium ions, H3O+. H+(aq) + H2O(l) > H3O+(aq) Example: HCl(g) + H2O(l) > H3O+(aq) + Cl -(aq) Acid name Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Sulphuric acid Ethanoic acid Ions H+, Cl H+, NO3H+, SO42H+, CH3COO -

Acid HCl HNO3 H2SO4 CH3COOH


Monoprotic acid = acid can produce only one hydrogen ion per molecule in water. (Example: HCl) Diprotic acid = acid can produce two hydrogen ions per molecule in water. (Example: H2SO4) Triprotic acid = acid can produce three hydrogen ions per molecule in water. (Example: H3PO4)

Bases / Alkalis

A base is a chemical substance which reacts with an acid to produce a salt and water only. Base(s) + acid(aq) > salt + water (l). Example: NaOH(s) + HCl(aq) > NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Formula Solubility in water Ions in the aqueous solution Na+, O2Ca2+, O2Na+, OHK+, OHBa2+, OH-

Base

Copper(II) oxide Lead(II) oxide Magnesium oxide Zinc hydroxide Aluminium hydroxide Sodium oxide Calcium oxide Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Barium hydroxide
Part 2

CuO PbO MgO Zn(OH)2 Al(OH)3 Na2O CaO NaOH KOH Ba(OH)2

Insoluble base Insoluble base Insoluble base Insoluble base Insoluble base Soluble base (alkali) Soluble base (alkali) Soluble base (alkali) Soluble base (alkali) Soluble base (alkali)

Acids and bases are very useful in our daily lives. Lets start with acids. Without acids, we wont have Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), your car wont start (sulphuric acid in car batteries) or even accelerated rotting of your food (food preservative in the form of citric acid). Similarly, imagine a world without bases. Without bases, stubborn stains on your clothing wont come off (sodium hypochlorite in bleach), youll have dirty mirrors (ammonium hydroxide used in glass cleaners) and even having bowel problems as laxatives can be made from magnesium hydroxide

The Uses of Acids in Our Daily Life Benzoic acid Carbonic acid Ethanoic acid Hydrochloric acid Its salt are used to preserve food To make carbonated drinks A main compound of vinegar To clean metals before electroplating / household cleaning / leather processing /

Nitric acid

Sulphuric acid Tartaric acid

swimming pool maintenance Production of fertilisers, explosives, etching and dissolution of metals (purification and extraction of gold) To make detergent, polymer and fertilisers. Manufacturing of soft drinks, provide tartness to food, as an emetic (a substance to induce vomiting)

The Uses of Bases in Our Daily Life Ammonia Production of fertilisers (ammonium and nitrate salts), used in the manufacture of nitric acid, neutralise the acid (in the petroleum industry) and prevent premature coagulation in natural / synthetic latex. Manufacture other aluminium compound and to make gastric medicine (antacid) To make cement, limewater, neutralise the acidity of soil and application of sewage treatment. Used in the manufacturing of soups, detergents, and cleaners. Suspension of magnesium hydroxide in water are used as an antacid, used as an antiperspirant armpit deodorant and as a non-hazardous alkali to neutralise acidic wastewater.

Aluminium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide

Part 3

Chemical Properties Acid Alkali In the presence of water, an acid In the presence of water, an alkali will ionise to form hydrogen ion, will ionise to form hydroxide ion, H+. OH -. Sour in taste Bitter in taste pH values less than 7 pH values more than 7 Indicator: Blue litmus paper Indicator: Red litmus paper (Blue) (Red) Indicator: Universal indicator Indicator: Universal indicator (Orange and red) (Blue and purple) Indicator: Methyl orange (Red) Indicator: Methyl orange (Yellow) React with bases to produce salts React with acids to produce salts and water. and water. 2HCl(aq) + CuO(s) > CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l) React with metals (reactive metal, higher position than H+ in the electrochemical series) to NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) > NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) React with an ammonium salt (alkali is heated) to produce ammonia gas.

produce salts and hydrogen gas. Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2NH4Cl(s) > 2HCl(aq) + Zn(s) > ZnCl2(aq) BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2NH3(g) + H2(g) React with carbonates to React with aqueous salt solutions produce salts, carbon dioxide gas to produce metal hydroxides (as and water. precipitate). H2SO4(aq) + ZnCO3(s) > 2NaOH(aq) + CuSO4(aq) > ZnSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Na2SO4(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s)
Part 4

Important Definition for Acids Monoprotic acid (monobasic acid) is an acid which produce one mole of H+ ion when one mole of the acid ionise in water. Monoprotic acid HCl HNO3 CH3COOH Monoprotic acid name Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Ethanoic acid

Polyprotic acids Diprotic acid (dibasic acid) is an acid which produce two moles of H+ ios from one mole of the acid in water. Diprotic acid H2SO4 H2CO3 H2CrO4 H2C2O4 Diprotic acid name Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Chromic acid Ethanedioic acid / Oxalate acid

Triprotic acid (tribasic acid) is an acid which produce three moles of H+ ions from one mole of the acid in water. Triprotic acid Triprotic acid name Phosphoric acid H3PO4 Citric acid C6H8O7

Part 5

The pH scale and the Measurement of pH Value of a Solution


pH scale is a set of numbers used to represent the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. pH is a measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution. pH value greater than 7: alkaline solution pH value of exactly 7: neutral solution pH value less than 7: acidic solution In an acidic solution = higher in the concentration of the H+ ions, the lower the pH value. In an alkaline solution = lower in the concentration of the H+ ions, the higher the pH value. pH solution can be measured by using universal indicator, pH paper and pH meter. Colour of Universal Indicator Red Orange red Orange Orange yellow Yellow Green Greenish-blue Blue Blue Bluish-purple Purple

pH value 0, 1, 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12, 13, 14

Part 6

Strong Acids

Strength of an acid the degree of ionisation or dissociation of the acid in water. Strong acid an acid which ionises / dissociates completely in water to form high concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). Example of strong acid: Mineral acid hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Example of the strong acid reaction in water: HCl(aq) > H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) (The concentration of hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydrochloric acid)

Weak Acids

Weak acid an acid which ionises / dissociates partially in water to form low concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). Example of weak acid: ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) and methanoic acid (HCOOH) Example of the weak acid reaction in water: CH3COOH <-> CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq) {The concentration of hydrogen ions is low and the ions (CH3COO- and H+) reacts to reform the ethanoic acid molecule = reversible reaction}

Strong Alkalis

Strength of an alkali the degree of ionisation or dissociation of the alkali in water. Strong alkali an alkali which ionises / dissociates completely in water to form high concentration of hydroxide ions (OH ). Example of strong alkali: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution and barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) solution. Example of the strong alkali reaction in water: NaOH(aq) > Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Weak Alkalis

Weak alkali an alkali which ionises / dissociates partially in water to form low concentration of hydroxide ions (OH ). Example of weak alkali: ammonia (NH3) solution. Example of the weak alkali reaction in water: NH3(g) + H2O(l) <-> NH4+(aq) + OH- (aq)

Part 7

Concentration of Acids and Alkalis


Quantity of solute can be measured in grams or moles: g dm-3 or mol dm-3. Concentration (g dm-3) = mass of solute (g) / volume of solution (dm3) Concentration (mol dm-3) = number of moles of solute (mol) / volume of solution (dm3)

Relationship between Number of Moles with Molarity and Volume of a Solution


Molarity (mol dm-3) = number of moles of solution (mol) / volume of solution (dm3) M = molarity of solution (mol dm-3), V = Volume of solution (dm3), n = Number of moles of solute (mol) M = n/V

Preparation of Standard Solutions

Standard solution = a solution in which its concentration is accurately known.

Standard solution is prepared by using volumetric flask with a fixed volume (100 cm3, 200 cm3, 250 cm3, 500 cm3 and 1000 cm3)

Preparation of a Solution by Dilution Method


Dilution = a process of diluting a concentrated solution by adding a solvent (water) to obtain a more diluted solution. The concentration of the solution decreases after dilution. The number of moles of solute in the solution remains unchanged after dilution. (MaVa) / 1000 = (MbVb) / 1000 Ma = Initial molarity of solution, Mb = Final molarity of solution, Va = Initial volume of solution and Vb = Final volume of solution

Relationship between pH Values and Molarities of Acids or Alkalis


pH values depends on degree of dissociation and molarity / concentration of hydrogen ions, H+/ hydroxide ions, OH- in the solution. The higher the molarity of a strong acid, the lower is its pH value. The higher the molarity of a strong alkali, the higher is its pH value. The molarity of an acid can be changed when (i) water is added, (ii) an acid of different concentration is added and (iii) an alkali is added.

Part 8

Neutralisation

Neutralisation = a reaction between an acid and a base/alkali to produce salt and water only. Acid + alkali > salt + water Ionic equation of neutralisation: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) > H2O(l)

Application of Neutralisation Reactions in Daily Life Digestive juices in stomach Insect stings Toothpaste Break up food (only in acidic condition) and maintained at pH of between 1 and 2, Bees and ants inject an acidic liquid into the skin but wasps inject an alkaline liquid. An alkaline compound (magnesium hydroxide) in toothpastes neutralises the organic acids produced by the food. Calcium hypochlorite, Ca(OCl)2 is added to the water. Ammonia is used to neutralise the organic acid produces by bacteria to prevent coagulation. Manufacture fertilisers, soaps and detergents It can be treated with lime. Manufacture of dyes, explosives, steel, fertilisers, paints and plastics. Plants grow best when the pH of the soil is about 7. The soil is too acidic, quick lime (calcium oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is added to the soil to neutralise the excess acid.

pH of the swimming pool Latex industries Neutralisation Effluent from factories Sulphuric acid Soil treatment

Part 9

Acid-base Titration

Titration a quantitative analysis method to determine the volume of an acid that is required to neutralise a fixed volume of an alkali / a quantitative analysis method to determine the volume of an alkali that is required to neutralise a fixed volume of an acid. End point of a titration a point which neutralisation occurs when the acid has completely neutralised the alkali / the alkali has completely neutralised the acid. Reactants: Acid and alkali Products: Salt and water End point can be determined by (i) the use of acid-base indicators during titration, (ii) measuring the pH values of the solution during titration and (iii) measuring the electrical conductivity of solution during titration. Alkali Blue Yellow Pink Neutral Orange Orange Colourless Acid Red Red Colourless

Indicator Litmus Methyl orange Phenolphthalein

Part 1 Acids

An acid is a chemical substance which ___________________ to produce __________________ / __________________________________ H+(aq) + H2O(l) > ________________(aq) Example: HCl(g) + H2O(l) > ______________(aq) + _________________(aq) Acid name Ions Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Sulphuric acid Ethanoic acid

Acid HCl HNO3 H2SO4 CH3COOH


_______________ acid = acid can produce only ___________ hydrogen ion per molecule in water. (Example: ____________) ____________ acid = acid can produce __________ hydrogen ions per molecule in water. (Example: ______________) ________________ acid = acid can produce _______________ hydrogen ions per molecule in water. (Example: ________________)

Bases / Alkalis

A base is a chemical substance which ___________________ to produce a __________ and ___________ only. Base(s) + acid(aq) > salt + water (l). Example: NaOH(s) + HCl(aq) > ___________(aq) + _______________(l) Formula Solubility in water Ions in the aqueous solution -

Base

Copper(II) oxide Lead(II) oxide Magnesium oxide Zinc hydroxide Aluminium hydroxide Sodium oxide Calcium oxide Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Barium hydroxide
Part 2

Insoluble base Insoluble base Insoluble base Insoluble base Insoluble base Soluble base (alkali) Soluble base (alkali) Soluble base (alkali) Soluble base (alkali) Soluble base (alkali)

The Uses of Acids in Our Daily Life Benzoic acid Carbonic acid Ethanoic acid Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Its salt are used to ___________ food To make _____________________ drinks A main compound of ____________ To clean metals before _____________ / ______________ cleaning / __________ processing / ________________ pool maintenance Production of ______________, _____________, etching and dissolution of metals (_________________ and __________________ of gold)

Sulphuric acid Tartaric acid

To make _______________, ____________________ and _____________. Manufacturing of ______________ drinks, provide tartness to food, as an emetic (a substance to ______________ vomiting)

The Uses of Bases in Our Daily Life Ammonia Production of _____________ (ammonium and nitrate salts), used in the manufacture of ________________________, _______________ the acid (in the petroleum industry) and prevent premature _____________ in natural / synthetic __________. Manufacture other aluminium compound and to make ____________ medicine (___________________) To make ______________, ________________, neutralise the ____________ of soil and application of _____________ treatment. Used in the manufacturing of _____________, _____________, and ____________. Suspension of magnesium hydroxide in water are used as an _______________, used as an antiperspirant armpit _____________________ and as a non-hazardous alkali to _____________________ acidic wastewater.

Aluminium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide

Part 3

Chemical Properties Acid In the presence of water, an acid will ionise to form hydrogen ion, _____________ ______________ in taste pH values _____________ than 7 Indicator: ___________ litmus paper (_______) Indicator: Universal indicator (_____________) Indicator: Methyl orange (_______________) React with bases to produce salts and water. Alkali In the presence of water, an alkali will ionise to form hydroxide ion, ________ _______ in taste pH values _________than 7 Indicator: ________ litmus paper (_________) Indicator: Universal indicator (______________) Indicator: Methyl orange (____________) React with acids to produce salts and water.

2HCl(aq) + CuO(s) > ___________(aq) + ____(l) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) > _________(aq) + _____(l) React with _________ (reactive metal, higher React with an _____________ salt (alkali is heated) + position than H in the electrochemical series) to to produce ____________ gas. produce salts and ___________ gas. Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2NH4Cl(s) > ________(aq) + 2HCl(aq) + Zn(s) > ___________(aq) + ______(g) __________(l) + __________ (g) React with carbonates to produce salts, carbon React with aqueous salt solutions to produce metal dioxide gas and water. hydroxides (as precipitate). H2SO4(aq) + ZnCO3(s) > _________(aq) + _________(l) + __________(g) 2NaOH(aq) + CuSO4(aq) > _________(aq) + _____________(s)

Part 4

Important Definition for Acids Monoprotic acid (monobasic acid) is an acid which produce __________ mole of H+ ion when one mole of the acid ionise in water. Monoprotic acid Monoprotic acid name Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Ethanoic acid Polyprotic acids Diprotic acid (dibasic acid) is an acid which produce _______ moles of H+ ios from one mole of the acid in water. Diprotic acid Diprotic acid name Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Chromic acid Ethanedioic acid / Oxalate acid Triprotic acid (tribasic acid) is an acid which produce _________ moles of H+ ions from one mole of the acid in water. Triprotic acid Triprotic acid name Phosphoric acid Citric acid
Part 5

The pH scale and the Measurement of pH Value of a Solution


pH scale is a set of numbers used to represent the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. pH is a measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution. pH value greater than 7: __________ solution pH value of exactly 7: __________ solution pH value less than 7: _________ solution In an acidic solution = __________ in the concentration of the H+ ions, the __________ the pH value. In an alkaline solution = _______ in the concentration of the H+ ions, the _________ the pH value. pH solution can be measured by using __________, ___________ and ________. Colour of Universal Indicator Orange red Orange Orange yellow

pH value 0, 1, 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12, 13, 14

Greenish-blue Blue Bluish-purple

Part 6

Strong Acids

Strength of an acid the degree of ____________or ______________ of the acid in water. Strong acid an acid which Example of strong acid: Example of the strong acid reaction in water: (The concentration of hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydrochloric acid)

Weak Acids

Weak acid an acid which Example of weak acid:

Example of the weak acid reaction in water:

{The concentration of hydrogen ions

Strong Alkalis

Strength of an alkali the degree of ionisation or dissociation of the alkali in water. Strong alkali an alkali which Example of strong alkali: Example of the strong alkali reaction in water:

Weak Alkalis Weak alkali an alkali which Example of weak alkali:

Example of the weak alkali reaction in water:

Part 7

Concentration of Acids and Alkalis


Quantity of solute can be measured in grams or moles: _____________________ Concentration (g dm-3) = ______________ (g) / _________________ (dm3) Concentration (mol dm-3) = _______________________ (mol) / ___________________(dm3)

Relationship between Number of Moles with Molarity and Volume of a Solution


Molarity (mol dm-3) = ___________________ (mol) / ___________________ (dm3) M = ___________ of solution (mol dm-3), V = ____________ of solution (dm3), n = ________________ of solute (mol) M = _________________

Preparation of Standard Solutions


Standard solution = a solution in which its _______________ is __________________. Standard solution is prepared by using volumetric flask with a fixed volume (___________ ___________________________________________________)

Preparation of a Solution by Dilution Method


Dilution = a process of ___________________________ solution by adding a ___________ (water) to obtain a more _________________ solution. The concentration of the solution ____________________ after dilution. The number of moles of solute in the solution remains ______________ after dilution.

Ma = ____________ molarity of solution, Mb = ___________ molarity of solution, Va = ___________ volume of solution and Vb = _____________ volume of solution

Relationship between pH Values and Molarities of Acids or Alkalis


pH values depends on ____________________________________ / _________________________/ __________________________________________________ The _____________________ the molarity of a strong acid, the __________________ is its pH value. The ____________________ the molarity of a strong alkali, the ____________________ is its pH value. The molarity of an acid can be changed when (i) ____________________, (ii) an acid of ________________ concentration is added and (iii) an alkali is added.

Part 8

Neutralisation

Neutralisation = a reaction between an acid and a base/alkali to produce salt and water only. Acid + alkali > salt + water Ionic equation of neutralisation: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) > H2O(l)

Application of Neutralisation Reactions in Daily Life Digestive juices in stomach Insect stings Toothpaste _______________ (only in acidic condition) and maintained at pH of between ______________ Bees and ants inject an __________ liquid into the skin but _________ inject an alkaline liquid. An __________ compound (magnesium hydroxide) in toothpastes

pH of the swimming pool Latex industries Neutralisation Effluent from factories Sulphuric acid Soil treatment

______________________________ produced by the food. _______________________, Ca(OCl)2 is added to the water. Ammonia is used to __________________________ produces by bacteria to prevent coagulation. Manufacture ______________________________________ It can be __________________________ Manufacture of dyes________________________________________ Plants grow best when the ____________________ is about 7. The soil is too acidic, _______________ (calcium oxide) or _______________ (calcium hydroxide) is added to the soil to neutralise the excess acid.

Part 9

Acid-base Titration

Titration a quantitative analysis method to determine the volume of an acid that is required to neutralise a fixed volume of an alkali / a quantitative analysis method to determine the volume of an alkali that is required to neutralise a fixed volume of an acid. End point of a titration a point which neutralisation occurs when the acid has completely neutralised the alkali / the alkali has completely neutralised the acid. Reactants: Acid and alkali Products: Salt and water End point can be determined by (i) the use of acid-base indicators during titration, (ii) measuring the pH values of the solution during titration and (iii) measuring the electrical conductivity of solution during titration. Alkali Blue Yellow Pink Neutral Orange Orange Colourless Acid Red Red Colourless

Indicator Litmus Methyl orange Phenolphthalein

Part 9

Acid-base Titration

Titration a __________________ analysis method to determine the _____________ of an acid that is required to _______________ a _______________ volume of an alkali / a _______________ analysis method to determine the _________________ of an alkali that is required to ________________ a _____ volume of an acid. End point of a _________________ a point which ____________________ occurs when the acid has ________________ neutralised the alkali / the alkali has completely neutralised the _______________. Reactants: _____________________ Products: __________________________ End point can be determined by (i) the use of acid-base ___________________during titration, (ii) measuring the __________________ values of the solution during titration and (iii) measuring the ___________________________ of solution during titration. Alkali Neutral Acid

Indicator Litmus

Methyl orange Phenolphthalein

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