AVANSATI, CURS 8, JURNALISM II-III I. THE NEWSPAPER IN THE UNITED STATES E.

Alternative Papers: even in cities where a number of different papers where in circulation, many people felt newspapers did not represent their interests or point of view - communities for emigrants who spoke English as a second language newspapers in their native language 1794-1798 Courrier Franais French speakers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1808 New Orleans, 1813 Texas early Spanish-language newspapers 1828 the Cherokee nation in Northern Georgia the first NativeAmerican newspaper the Cherokee Phoenix both Cherokee and English 1897- Daily Forward - Jewish; printed in Yiddish (New York); 1923 local editions in 11 other cities. The United States had 160 foreign-language dailies in 1914 and a total of 1323 foreign-language papers in 1917 African-Americans and their abolitionist supporters: - 1827- Freedoms Journal (John B Russwurm and Reverend Samuel Cornish) the 1st newspaper published by African-Americans We wish to plead our own cause, too long have others spoken for us - 1837 Colored American New York (Cornish) - 1831 the Liberator William Lloyd Garrison the abolitionist crusader a public backlash against slavery - 1847 North Star African-American writer and activist Frederick Douglass attack slavery - Womens rights activists - 1849-1859 Amelia Jenks Bloomer Lily - 1868-1871 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony Revolution - Socialist newspapers F. Concentration of Ownership -1894- American newspapers publishers Edward Wyllis Scripps and Milton Alexander McRae assembled the 1st large newspaper chain, the Scripps-McRae League of Newspapers. Three years later they developed the Scripps-McRae Press Agency (now United Press International) to supply their chain with articles. Scripps also established the 1st newspaper syndicate, the Newspaper Enterprise Association, to provide his papers with comics and feature articles. - 1904 William Randolph Hearst 6 newspapers; 1922 20 daily papers, 11 weeklies, 2 wire services, 6 magazines, + a newsreel company -

Fewer newspaper publishers meant fewer editorial perspectives, a problem that magnified exponentially when newspaper publishers also controlled the content of other publications in the same region. G. Competition from Radio and Television - 1920 radio news and entertainment. Radio reached the height of its influence during World War II (1939-1945), when it carried war news from the battlefronts directly to the homes of millions of listeners - after World War II television cable and television network news reporting largely supplanted newspapers 1990-1991- only 9% of the Americans said they kept up with news of the Persian Gulf War primarily through newspapers - realizing that most of their readers had already heard breaking news stories on television, newspapers began covering more news in greater detail than did television and radio news. historical context for current events and in-depth analysis from two or more perspectives. H. Government- Press Conflict - 1960s Americans were divided over the wisdom of the Vietnam War (1959-1975) - the concept of press freedom- an almost adversial relationship between press and government - 1971 The New York Times the Pentagon Papers a look behind the scenes at government planning and policies that led to the US role in the Vietnam War. - investigative reporting not only what the government said it was doing, but what the government actually did - 1973 the Watergate scandal reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward (The Washington Post) their story revealed a pattern of corruption in the administration of President Richard M Nixon these revelations sparked a series of events, including a grand jury investigation of the burglary and wiretapping of the Democratic Partys national campaign headquarters, that culminated with the resignation of President Nixon in 1974 II. BEGINNING REPORTING (II)
Getting organized

Now that you have gathered the material for your story, take a minute to organize it. A minute spent in planning the story will prevent countless problems later on. 1. Look through your notes and background material. Mark the best of it, the key points and strongest quotes. 2. Decide on a focus. What is the core idea for the story? You should be able to express this theme in a sentence or two. 3. What are the main points that will support this theme? Place these main points in a logical sequence. A jot outline is helpful for this. It will help you decide how to tell the story. How will the story begin? What will the middle sections look like? How will it end? 4. It is very tempting to return from an interview and immediately begin writing a lead. But your story will suffer if you do.You will omit material you want to include. 2

Your story will be repetitious. And you run the risk of front-loading the story: good stuff at the start, followed by increasingly weaker material. Take a moment to plan the story from beginning to end. 5. As Jack Hart, writing coach at the (Portland) Oregonian, has said, "Writing is thinking. That's all there is to it. Simple as it is, it still works wonders. The act of writing a theme statement and a few main topics imposes order on the chaos of detail you often face when reporting ends." Before touching the keyboard: Decide on a theme Order your key points (http://www.courses.vcu.edu/ENGjeh/BeginningReporting/Writing/Gettingorganized.htm ) III. Read and translate

Romania, a Poor Land, Imports Poorer Workers Chinese workers of the Wear Company, at sewing machines in Bacau, Romania, accept family separation to earn more than they could at home. By MATTHEW BRUNWASSER Published: April 11, 2007 BACAU, Romania To get around the chronic labor shortages hampering this traditional textile center and in other industries across Romania, Sorin Nicolescu, who runs a clothing factory, came up with an original solution: import 800 workers from China. The explanation is very simple, said Mr. Nicolescu, general manager of a Swiss concern, the Wear Company. We dont have any Romanian workers because they have all left to work in Western and Central Europe. Foreign investors have been attracted to Romania, a poor Balkan country, because of its low wages and, since Jan. 1, its membership in the European Union. At the same time, those low wages and freedom of movement through Europe, which is now easier, have been fueling a wave of emigration that threatens to slow an economic boom in recent years in Romania. This was happening before we joined the E.U., said Ana Murariu, a production manager at Wear. Now its even worse. Romania, a nation of 21.6 million (and declining 0.2 percent annually), received 9 billion euros, or about $12 billion, in foreign direct investment last year. That helped the economy grow last year as much as 7 percent, with an unemployment rate in January of 5.4 percent well below the European Union average.

But with monthly wages averaging around $375 after taxes, roughly two million people, or more than 8 percent of the population, have left since the Stalinist government of President Nicolae V. Ceausescu fell in 1989, according to analysts estimates. Italy and Spain are the most popular destinations for Romanian workers, where they usually perform manual labor, legally and illegally, and generally for lower wages than local people. Mr. Nicolescu said he decided to look for workers in China because he had contracts there, and those companies had put him in touch with an employment agency. Those who are hired pay about $2,000 for transportation and the employment agencys fee, according to one worker. Once they reach Bacau, a drab industrial city of 181,000 some 150 miles northeast of the capital, Bucharest, they go to work in a large, inconspicuous warehouse on the outskirts of town. Inside, about 170 Chinese women operate sewing machines attached to tables stacked with finished and unfinished garments. Most of the tables, arranged in long rows, are empty. The plant expects 500 more Chinese workers by the end of May. The factory is clean, freshly painted and well lighted. The only sound is the rapid, repetitive thud of the sewing machines as the workers stitch together previously tailored pieces of garments. They make mostly sportswear for a range of brands, including Prada and Carrefour. All the production is for export. Mr. Nicolescu said he paid the women about $347 a month after taxes. The legal minimum wage is 132 euros a month ($176) after taxes. The company operated with Romanian workers until 2003, when operations were suspended because the work force had dwindled to 200. Mr. Nicolescu said the company had posted hundreds of job offers at a local agency, but they had gone unanswered. Its very difficult work, and its not well paid, Mr. Nicolescu acknowledged. He said the industry found it hard to attract young workers to replace the current ones, most of whom are nearing retirement. Im not very pleased about working with foreign workers because I have to provide them food and housing on top of their salaries, Mr. Nicolescu said. That amounts to $130 a month for each employee, he said, in addition to more than $500,000 he has spent building worker dormitories. Critics say the company would find Romanian workers if it offered better wages. But Mr. Nicolescu replied that higher wages would make his products uncompetitive internationally, pointing out that textile manufacturers had already left much of Europe in search of lower costs in regions like China. Cornelia Barbu, deputy director of the Bacau County employment agency, said inspectors had thoroughly inspected conditions for the Chinese workers. They are treated very well, she said. They have a social club and a kitchen. They live much better than most of the Romanians living abroad. Xiu Xian Hong, from Fujian Province, who came here last July, described life as better than in China. It is quiet here, and the air is much cleaner, she said through a translator who worked at the plant. The work is the same, but the pay is more. But she said she missed her 3-year-old daughter and her husband back home.

Ms. Xiu said she had come to Romania because it was the only place being offered when she sought work at an agency in China. She said she planned to stay at least three years, hoping to save enough money to start a business, perhaps a shop, when she returned. Although the city center is easily accessible by public transportation, the workers spend most of their free time in five-bed dormitory rooms in the factory complex, playing cards, reading books and watching Chinese satellite television. Few local residents have seen the workers in town. People in a city park one recent afternoon said that they had learned about their new neighbors from newspapers and television. Our people have gone to the West and all over the world, so we need others to replace them, said Dumitru Padure, a retired aircraft factory technician. Andrea Grigoras, a translator, sitting with her toddler daughter, expressed the view that the Chinese workers received better pay than Romanians and would probably be more focused than Romanian workers. I know a lot of Romanians who would do the work for less, she said, adding: Im not worried. But Id get worried if there were many foreign workers coming here. A variety of intra-European transportation links here illustrates the scale of emigration. A discount Romanian-based airline, Blue Air, offers six direct flights a week from Bacau to Italy two to Turin and four to Rome. A bus company, Atlassib, one of many, runs 10 buses daily to Italy from Bacau. The population of Romania is projected to fall by 29 percent, below 15.5 million, by 2050, according to the Population Reference Bureau in Washington. Villages and towns outside Bucharest have been hit especially hard. Ms. Barbu of the Bacau employment agency suggested that wages would need to reach levels about three-quarters of those in the West for Romanian workers to return. We have to get used to it because the E.U. means greater mobility, she said. Just as we have left, others will come here. (New York Times, online) IV. WRITING DESCRIPTIVE AND PROCESS PARAGRAPHS (1) In this unit, you will learn about.. descriptive paragraphs and reasons for writing them organizing and writing descriptive paragraphs using adjectives and prepositions process paragraphs and reasons for writing them using transition words to write a process paragraph * Describing people, places, and processes: a descriptive paragraph explains how someone or something looks or feels. A process paragraph explains how something is done.

Descriptive paragraphs Using adjectives: adjectives are words that tells us how things look, feel, taste, sound, or smell. Adjectives also describe how you feel about something. Here are a few common adjectives. Shape and size Large/small Wide/narrow Round Rectangular atmosphere cosy comfortable warm/cool cold/hot how you feel amazed surprised happy nostalgic appearance colourful unforgettable beautiful unattractive

A description of a place may answer some of these questions: - Where is the place? - How big is it? - How warm or cold is the place? - How does the place make you feel? Why? - What things can you see in this place? - What colours do you see? Read this description from a travel brochure. Circle the adjectives: Niagara Falls, a popular destination for thousands of visitors each year, is a beautiful place. When you stand at the edge and look down at the 188 feet of white waterfalls, you feel amazed at the power of nature. The tree-lined river that leads into the falls is fast-moving, pouring over the edge of the falls and crashing to the bottom in a loud roar. If you want to experience the falls close up, go for a boat ride. Youll come near enough to look up at the roaring streams of water flowing over the edge and feel the cool mist that rises as the water hits the rocks below. Seeing Niagara Falls is an unforgettable experience! Describing the place around you Using prepositions: prepositions tell us how a place is organised. These are some common and useful prepositions: In front of/behind On top of/ on the bottom of Next to Above/below, underneath to the right of/to the left of in the middle of around between

Read this paragraph that describes someones favourite place. Underline the prepositions. My favourite place to relax is a small caf down the street from where I live. This caf is on a small side street and as soon as you see it, you feel like going in. There are three windows on either side of the door, and each window has a small window box with brightly coloured flowers. There is a small wooden door that opens into the caf, and as you go in, you can see a dozen small tables all around the room. Even though it isnt a big place, its size makes it very cozy and comfortable. I always like to sit at a small table in the corner near the front windows. From here, I can look at the artwork on the walls

and at the pretty green plants hanging from the ceiling. With a strong cup of coffee and a good book, I feel very happy and relaxed in my favourite caf. Write six sentences to describe the place where you are right now. Try to answer some of the questions under Using Adjectives. Use adjective and prepositions. Describing a character Describing people: Here are some common adjectives for describing people: Personality Happy, satisfied Relaxed Exciting Nervous Angry Serious Sad, depressed Outgoing Physical characteristics big, large, tall small, tiny, short thin heavy strong weak brown-, black-, blond-, red-haired light-, dark-skinned

A description of a person may answer some of the following questions: - Who is the person? - What does the person do? - What does he or she look like? - How does the person act what is his or her personality like? - How does he or she make others feel? Read this description written by a young woman about her grandmother. Circle the adjectives that describe her grandmother. When I was young, I admired my grandmother for her strength and kindness. She was not very big. In fact, she was tiny and very thin. She was strong, though. She lived by herself and still did a lot of the chores around her house. When I was a child, I saw her almost every day, and she and I would talk about everything. She was a very happy person and was always smiling and joking, and she often made me laugh. My grandmother was also very patient, and she would listen to all of my problems. She gave me very good advice whenever I needed it. I didnt need to be afraid to tell her anything, because she never got annoyed with me. She just listened and tried to help. I also liked to spend time with her because she had interesting stories to tell me about her own chilhood and life experiences. When I was young, my grandmother was my best friend. ( HOMEWORK). Think of a person or place you know well. Then brainstorm your ideas, narrow down your topic, and write a descriptive paragraph. (Academic Writing..)

V. GRAMMAR I. COLLOCATION: AN INTRODUCTION 1. What is collocation? We say that words that occur together frequently collocate. Words that dont collocate almost never occur together. If we try, they sound unnatural and wrong: Time speeds/travels/rides/moves (= they dont collocate) Time flies/goes by/wears on/passes (= they collocate) There are no rules or logical explanations for why some words collocate and others dont. For example, we can talk about an academic year but not a studying year. Discussions can be productive or fruitful but not prolific. 1. Choose which of the words, a or b, collocate in these sentences. 1. The.peace agreement is under threat again. a. fragile b. weak 2. After the accident, she frequently suffered bouts of blurred.. a. sight b. vision 2. Grammatical Forms * adverb+adjective: Im hopelessly addicted to coffee. * adjective+noun: I remember my formative years. * noun+noun: The government have just unveiled their policy review. * verb+noun: He will honour our pledge to reduce unemployment. * dependent preposition: Personally, I think they should be ashamed of themselves. * part of a longer phrase: Its always interesting to delve into the past. 2. Match three examples with the grammatical forms listed above: a. People were genuinely moved by the pictures of the rescued child. b. Paul is such an introvert: a real contrast to his brother. c. I would question the wisdom of such an approach. d. Clearing up that room was backbreaking work. e. Shes a real breath of fresh air. f. Im fed up with the endless road works on the Botley Road. 3. Fixed and open collocations Some collocations are fixed phrases which cannot usually be changed: Ill be back in a flash. My boss usually arrives at eight oclock on the dot. The children arrived safe and sound. Some words have a very limited number of collocates. We call these strong collocations. They are often highly idiomatic. Shes stark raving mad. The outbreak of violence served as a stark reminder of how fragile the peace was. He came to the door stark naked.

Youre bone idle. This soil is bone dry. Other words have a larger number of possible collocations. We call these weak collocations. They are more common than strong collocations: Accumulate/acquire/amass/come into/flaunt your/ inherit wealth Abandon/be involved in/dabble in/ enter/go into/engage in/politics Prices dropped/fell/plummeted/slumped/fluctuated/remain steady/rose/ shot up/soared/ spiralled/went through the roof Some collocations can be changed by using different grammatical forms or adding other words: Youre/Were in danger of pricing yourself/ourselves out of the (property) market. Shes been gaining (an awful lot of) weight recently. To purify water/ a water purifying gadget/ water purification However some collocations cannot make these changes without sounding very unnatural: A tidal wave/ the wave was tidal They agreed unconditionally./ They unconditionally agreed.

3. In the first sentence, only one word can complete the collocation. In the second sentence, there is more than one. Circle the words that can complete the sentences. 1. Please arrive in .. time for the meeting. a. fine b. great c. best d. good 2. The police arrived with .timing just as the gang were leaving the gang. a. pure b. perfect c. immaculate d. right e. exquisite Practice: 1. Decide which word, a or b, collocates in these sentences. 1. I.agree with everything you said. a. whole-heartedly b. unconditionally 2. Doesnt time..when youre having fun? a. move b. fly 3. The leaders claimed the meeting had been.. a. fruitful b. prolofic 4. Everyone got back safe and..after the storm. a. soundly b. sound 5. I think Iveweight since I stopped work. a. accumulated b. gained. 6. Theyre building a new water.plant on the coast. a. cleaning b. purification 7. House prices have..dramatically in recent months. a. ascended b. soared 8. The disgraced former minister has decided to..politics altogether. a. desert b. abandon

2. The following sentences contain collocations connected with time. Put one of the given words in each of the sentences. Next time-consuming matter surely Twinkling nick immemorial kill Long-standing time 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Lets leave it at that for the.being and continue tomorrow. Slowly but.the band is becoming more and more popular. In the .of an eye the swindler had vanished, never to return. In .to no time they had become the best of friends. The Whittington family have lived there since time .. I arrived in the ..of time to prevent a potential disaster. I wandered around the city centre to.time before my appointment. Cooking good French food can be veryjob. They had a .agreement to keep each other fully informed of developments. 10. In a .of minutes the whole building had been razed to the ground.

3. Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. In this exercise, many of the collocations are connected with time. Example: For four years.the team won the European Cup. The film contained a ..joke about the main characters digestive disorder. Wed better hurry because were ..a bit late. (running) 1. My watch is..several minutes a day. The car in second place is..on the leader. I think that the chances of your .access to such sensitive information are slim. 2. The performance will start..on time. The race was declared a heat. I was awaken in the..of night by a strange noise from outside. 3. The winning goal was scored in the .seconds of the game. Ive been .to meet you for ages. Throughout the world, many minority languages are in danger of..out completely. 4. Im sure that such practices were common in the .and distant past. The judge took a .view of her excuses. Im afraid I am only a .recollection of the events. 5. Early evening is normally considered ..viewing time by television bosses. As a singer, she is at the ..of her career. As this is..season, Im afraid flights are difficult to find.

10

6. I think its important to.this meeting for future reference. Please let me know the.she arrives. The director asked to be kept up to the..on any major developments. 7. A heated debate hasout in the media about corruption in high places. She comes from a .home but has never been worried about only seeing one parent at a time. I had a night of very.sleep and am consequently feeling a bit slow this morning. (Cambridge Advanced and Proficiency)

11