ELEC Chap3

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.
Nounou
Chapter (3)
Nodal and loop analysis
Consider the following circuit:
+
-
+
-
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
7
R
6
R
3
R
1
V
1
V
2
I
i
1
i
5
i
4
i
3
i
6
i
2
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Definitions:
Node :
A point where two or more circuit elements join
Ex. a,b,c,d,e,f,g
Essential Node:
A node where three or more circuit element join
Ex. b,c,e,g
Path:
A trace of adjoining elements with no elements included more
than once
1. V
1
-R
1
-R
5
-R
6
2. R
5
-R
6
-R
4
-V
2
,etc
Branch:
A path that connects any two nodes.
Ex. R
1
, V
1
, R
1
-R
5
, etc
Essential Branch:
A path that connects two essential nodes without passing through
an essential node.
Ex. V
1
-R
1
, R
5
, R
2
-R
3
, V
2
-R
4
,
Loop :
A path whose last node is the same as its starting node
Ex. (1) V
1
-R
1
-R
5
-R
3
-R
2
(2) V
1
-R
1
-R
5
-R
6
-R
4
-V
2
Mesh :
A loop that doesnt enclose any other loops.
Ex. V
1
-R
1
-R
5
-R
3
-R
2
Ex. V
2
-R
2
-R
3
-R
6
-R
4
,
In chapter (2) we studied circuits containing a single loop or a
single node-pair
Such circuits can be solved easily by one algebraic equation.
Here , we will study circuit containing multiple node and
multiple loops
Hence we will introduce (2) analysis techniques :
1. Nodal analysis
2. Loop analysis
(1) Nodal Analysis :
Nodal analysis : is a technique in which KCL is used to determine
the nodes voltages at all essential nodes with respect to the
reference node.
Here , node voltage is defined as the voltage of a given node with
respect to a reference node
+
-
+
-
i
5
i
3
i
1
i
4
i
2
V
m
= 10
R
1
= 2 R
3
= 2 R
5
= 1
R
4
= 2
R
2
= 1
1
2
3
V
n
= 5
Example:
Essential nodes : 1,2,3
Consider (3) to be the reference node (ground)
At (1) apply KCL:
( ) 1 10 V 4V
0
2
V
2V 5
0
2
V
2
V
V
2
V
5
0
2
V V
1
V
2
V 10
0
R
V V
R
V
R
V V
0 i i i
2 1
2
1
2 1
1
1
2 1 1 1
3
2 1
2
1
1
1 m
3 2 1
K K =
= +
= +
=
=
( ) ( )
( ) 2 10 V 4 V
0 5 V 2
2
V
0
1
5 V
2
V
2
V V
2 1
2
1
2 2 2 1
K K =
=
=
+

0
R
V V
R
V
R
V V
0 i i i
: KCL Apply , (2) At
5
n 2
4
2
3
2 1
5 4 3
=
=
2 V
2 V B A V B V A
10
10
V
V
4 1
1 4
2
1
1
2
1
=
= = =
(
=
(

Note :
Number of equations = N-1
Where :
N is the number of essential nodes
Example :
Circuit with only independent current source
i
R1
i
1
R
3
= 5
R
1
= 60
R
4
= 2
R
2
= 15
1 2
3
i
R2
5 A = I
S2
i
R4
V
1
V
2
+
-
+
-
15 A = I
S1
Find V
1
,V
2
and i
# of essential node = N=3
Select (3) as ground (reference node)
# of KCL equations = N-1 = 2
At node (1) apply KCL
0
5
V
5
V
15
V
60
V
15
0
R
V V
R
V
R
V
15
0 i i i I
2 1 1 1
3
2 1
2
1
1
1
1 R2 R1
1
s
= +
=

=
(1) 15 V
5
1
V
60
17
15 V
5
1
V
60
1 4 12
15 V
5
1
V
60
1
15
1
5
1
2 1
2 1
2 1
K K =
=
+ +
=
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
(2) 50 V 7 V 2
0 50 V 5 V 2 V 2
0 5
2
V
5
V V
0 5
R
V
R
V V
0 I i i
2 1
2 2 1
2 2 1
4
2
3
2 1
s2 R4 1
K K =
=
=
=
At node (2)
A 10
5
10 60
R
V V
i
V 10 V
V 60 V
50
15
V
V
7 2
5
1
60
17
2 1
1
2
1
2
1
=
=
=
=
(
=
(
(
(
Example :
Circuit with dependent current source
i
2
1
2
3
I
0
V
2
I
S =
2 mA
k 10 R
3
=
V
1
k 10 R
2
=
2 I
x
i
1
I
x
k 10 R
1
=
Find I0
# of essential nodes = N=3
Choose (3) to be reference node ( ground )
We have N-1 = 2 KCL equation
at node(1) and( 2)
At node (1) , apply KCL
(1) A 2 V 0.1 V 0.2
10k
V
5k
V
10k
V V
10k
V
A m 2
0
R
V V
R
V
A m 2
0 i i I
2 1
2 1 2 1 1
2
2 1
1
1
2 1 s
K K =
=
+ =
=

=
0 I I 2 i
0 x 2
=
At node (2) apply KCL,
0 I I 2
R
V V
0 I 2I i
0 x
2
2 1
0 x 2
=
=
(2) 0 V 2 V 1
0
10k
V
10k
V
2
10k
V V
R
V
I
R
V
i I where
2 1
2 1 2 1
3
2
0
1
1
1 x
K K = +
=
=
= =
A m 0.4
k 10
4
R
V
I
V 4 V
V 8 V
0
2
V2
V1
2 1
0.1 0.2
3
2
0
2
1
=
= =
=
=
(
=
(

Example:
(circuit with independent voltage source)
Find i
a
,i
b
,i
c
,i
d
,i
e
N=3 N-1 = 2
Choose (3) to be ground
i
c
1
2
3
i
b
V
2
V
1
18
i
a
i
d
+
-
+
-
70 128
i
e
10
8
48
0 2
(1) 16 V
18
1
V 0.201388
0
18
V
18
V
48
V
8
V
16
0
18
V V
48
V
8
V 128
1
2 1 1 1
2 1 1 1
K K =
= +
=
KCL at (1)
(2) 7 V 0.20555 V
18
1
0
10
70 V
20
V
18
V V
2 1
2 2 2 1
K K =
=
KCL at (2)
V 60 V
V 96 V
7
16
V
V
0.2055
18
1
18
1
0.201338
2
1
2
1
=
=
(
=
(
(
(
(
A 1
10
70 V
i
A 4
20
60
20
V
i
A 2
18
60 96
18
V V
i
A 2
48
96
48
V
i
A 4
8
96 128
8
V 128
i
2
e
2
d
2 1
c
1
b
1
a
=
=
= = =
=
=
= = =
=
=
A 1
10
70 V
i
A 4
20
60
20
V
i
A 2
18
60 96
18
V V
i
A 2
48
96
48
V
i
A 4
8
96 128
8
V 128
i
2
e
2
d
2 1
c
1
b
1
a
=
=
= = =
=
=
= = =
=
=
Special case:
What if a branch between two essential non-reference node
contain a voltage source ?
This case is called super node" case.
Find I
0
# of essential nodes = N = 3
Super node: is the voltage source and the two connecting nodes
# of equations = N-1-1 = 3-1-1=1
Reference node
Super node
But we need (2) equations to find the two unknowns V
1
and V
2
There is an equation that describe the super node.
1
2
3
i
2
V
2
V
1
i
1
i
3
+ -
6 V
k 6
I
o
k 6
k 6
k 2 1 k 2 1
k 6
supernode
Apply KCL at the super node :
(1) 0
6k
V
6k
V
0
12k
V
12k
V
k 12
V
k 12
V
0 I i i i
2 1
2 2 1 1
0 3 2 1
K K = +
= + + +
= + + +
A m 0.25
12k
3
12k
V2
I
V 3 V
V 3 V
6
0
V2
V1
1 1
6k
1
6k
1
) 2 ( V 6 V
0
2
1
1 2
=
= =
=
=
(
=
(
(
(
= + K K
The super node is described by:
Example:
Circuits with dependent voltage sources
Find I
0
?
N = 3 N-1 = 2 equations
I
o
1
2
3
i
2
V
2
V
1
5
i
1
i
3
+
-
20 V
i
4
2
2
0 2
0 1
8 I
o
(1) 10 V
5
1
V
4
3
10 V
5
1
V
5
1
20
1
2
1
2 1
2 1
K K =
=
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
5
V
5
V
20
V
2
V
10
5
V V
20
V
2
V 20
I i i
2 1 1 1
2 1 1 1
0 2 1
+ =
+ =
+ =
KCL at node (1):
2
V
10
V
5
V V
5
5
V V
4
2
V
10
V
5
V
5
V
2
I 8 V
10
V
5
V V
i i I
2 2 2 1
2 1 2 2 2 1
0 2 2 2 1
4 3 0
+ =
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|

+ =
+ =
+ =
(2) 0 V
5
8
V
0 V
2
1
10
1
1 V
2
V
10
V
V V
2 1
2 1
2 2
2 1
K K =
=
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ =
A 1.2
5
6
5
V V
I
V 10 V
V 16 V
0
10
V2
V1
5
8
1
5
1
4
3
2 1
0
2
1
= =
=
=
=
(
=
(
(
(
(
Loop Analysis (Mesh)

Mesh analysis : It is a technique in which KVL is used to
determine the current in all meshes
# of equations needed = # of meshes = b
e
-(n
e
-1)
Where :
b
e
: # of essential branches
n
e
: # of essential nodes
Example :
(1) 40 i 0 i 8 i 10
0 ) i i ( 8 2i 40
3 2 1
2 1 1
K K = +
= + +
KVL left loop :
6
+
-
+
-
20 V
4
2
8
40 V
6
+
-
V
o
i
1
i
3
i
2
Find V
0
?
We have (3) meshes
A 0.8 i , A 2 i , A 5.6 i
20
0
40
i
i
i
10 6 0
6 20 8
0 8 10
3 2 1
3
2
1
= = =
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(

V 28.8 V
(3.6) 8 2) (5.6 8 ) i i ( 8 V
0
2 1 0
=
= = =
0 i 6 i 20 i 8
0 ) i (i 6 i 6 ) i (i 8
3 2 1
3 2 2 1 2
= +
= + +
20 i 10 i 6 i 0
0 4i ) i (i 6 20
3 2 1
3 2 3
= +
= + +
KVL middle loop:
KVL right loop :
Example:
Mesh with dependent source
# of meshes = 3 so 3 equations are needed
(1) 50 i 20 i 5 i 25
) i (i 20 ) i (i 5 50
3 2 1
3 1 1
K K =
+ +
KVL around mesh 1:
i
2
4
i
1
i
3
+
-
50 V
5
0 2

i 15
1
i
(2) 0 i 4 i 10 i 5
0 ) i (i 5 ) i (i 4 i 1
3 2 1
1 2 3 2 2
K K = +
= + +
i3 i i where
0 ) i (i 4 ) i (i 20 i 15
1
2 3 1 3
=
= + +
KVL around mesh 2:
KVL around mesh 3:
0 i 9 i 4 i 5
0 ) i (i 4 ) i (i 5
0 ) i (i 4 ) i (i 20 ) i (i 15
3 2 1
2 3 3 1
2 3 1 3 3 1
= +
= +
= + +
A 28 i A, 26 i A, 29.6 i
0
0
50
i
i
i
9 4 5
4 10 5
20 5 25
3 2 1
3
2
1
= = =
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(

Special Case :
What happens if a current source is located between two meshes
Super mesh
i
2
2
i
1
i
3
+
-
50 V
3
10
+
-
100 V
5 A
4 6
You dont know the voltage across the current source !!
Remove the whole branch that includes the current source
i
2
2
i
1
i
3
+
-
50 V
3
10
+
-
100 V
4 6
Apply KVL around the super mesh
(1) 50 i 6 i 5 i 9
0 i 6 i 4 50 ) i (i 2 ) i (i 3 100
3 2 1
1 3 2 3 2 1
K K = +
= + + + + +
(2) 0 i 2 i 15 i 3
0 ) i (i 3 ) i (i 2 i 10
3 2 1
1 2 3 2 2
K K = +
= + +
(3) 5 i i 0 i
A 5 i i
3 2 1
1 3
K K = + +
=
A 6.75 i
A 1.25 i
A 1.75 i
3
2
1
=
=
=
KVL around the upper loop:
We also know
Example:
Nodal Analysis :
00 1
+
-
128 V
50 1
256 V
+
-
00 5
50 2
200
400
300
i 50
Use nodal analysis and loop analysis to find power in the 300 ()
resistor ?
150
256
V
300
1
V
100
1
100
1
200
1
300
1
150
1
V
0
100
V V
200
V
300
V V
150
V 256
0 i i i i
3 2 1
2 1 1 1 3 1
3 2 1
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
=
= + KCL at node (1):

00 1
+
-
128 V
50 1
256 V
+
-
00 5
50 2
200
400
300
i 50
V
1 V
3
V
2
i
1
i
6
i
5
i
4
i
2
i
3
1
2
3
(1) 1.7067 V 0.00333 V 0.01 V 0.0250
3 2 1
K K =
( )
(2) 0.256 V 0.0118 V 0.004 V 0.0033
500
128
300
1
500
1
400
1
250
1
V
250
V
300
V
0
300
V1 V
500
128 V
400
V
150
V V
0 i i i i
3 2 1
3
2 1
3 3 3 3 2
6 5 4
K K = +
=
|
.
|
\
|

+ +
=
=
KCL at node (3):
You can notice that
(3) 0 V 0.1667 V 1 V 0.166
V
6
1
V
6
1
300
V V
50 V
i 50 V
3 2 1
1 3
1 3
2
2
K K = +
=
|
.
|
\
|

=
=
V 8 V
V 11.75 V
V 62.5 V
0
0.256
1.7067
V3
V2
V1
0.1667 1 0.1667
0.0118 0.004 0.0033
0.0033 0.01 0.0383
3
2
1
=
=
=
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(

( ) ( ) W 16.5675 300 0.235 R i P
A 0.235 i
50
V
i
2 2
300
= = =
= =
Using loop analysis:
5 meshes 5 equations
KVL around loop (1):
(1) 256 i 200 i 350
256 ) i (i 200 i 150
2 1
2 1 1
K K =
= +
00 1
+
-
128 V
50 1
256 V
+
-
00 5
50 2
200
400
300
i 50
i
1
i
5
i
4
i
3
i
2
(2) 0 i 150 i 300 i 200
0 ) i (i 200 i 50 ) i (i 100
i i
0 ) i (i 200 i 50 ) i (i 100
5 2 1
1 2 5 5 2
5
1 2 5 2
K K = +
= +
=
= + +
5
5 4 3
4 3 5 3
i i since
(3) 0 i 200 i 400 i 650
0 i 50 ) i (i 400 ) i (i 250
=
=
= +
K K
(4) 128 i 900 i 400
0 ) i (i 400 128 i 500
4 3
3 4 4
K K = +
= +
KVL around loop (3)
KVL around loop (4)
(5) 0 i 650 i 250 i 100
0 ) i (i 100 ) i (i 250 i 300
5 3 2
2 5 3 5 5
K K = +
= + +
KVL around loop (5)
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

0
128
0
0
256
i
i
i
i
i
650 0 250 100 0
0 900 400 0 0
200 400 650 0 0
150 0 0 300 200
0 0 0 200 350
5
4
3
2
1
W 16.5675
(300) (0.235) R ) (i P
2 2
5 300
=
= =
A 0.235 i
A 0.24 i
A 0.22 i
A 0.9775 i
A 1.29 i
5
4
3
2
1
=
=
=
=
=
Example:
Use the loop analysis to find
V
10A i
3
=
(3) Meshes (3) equations
i
3
1
i
1
i
2
+
-
2
5
5
V 2

10 A
+
-
V
5 7
V
(1) 55 i 5 i 7
0 75 20 i 5 i 7
0 75 ) i (i 5 ) i (i 2
2 1
2 1
2 1 3 1
K K =
= +
= +
( ) ( )
(2) 0 i 3 i 2
i 2 i 2 i i 5
5
2
i
) i (i 5 V
5
V 2
i
2 1
2 1 2 1 2
2 1
2
K K =
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
=
Equation of dependent source:
A 10 i
A 15 i
0
55
i
i
3 2
5 7
2
1
2
1
=
=
(
=
(
V 25 V
V 25 10) (15 5
) i (i 5 V
2 1
=
= =
=

ELEC Chap3

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ELEC Chap3

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UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou

Loop Analysis (Mesh)

= + KCL at node (1):

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