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Population ecology studies populations and their structures and dynamics. A population is a group of the same species in a habitat. Population density is affected by birth/death rates and environmental factors. Direct counting of large/immobile organisms is sometimes used, but sampling techniques are more practical. The quadrat sampling technique uses frames of a known area to estimate plant population frequencies, densities, and percentages. The capture-mark-recapture technique marks and releases mobile animals to estimate populations from recapture rates.
Population ecology studies populations and their structures and dynamics. A population is a group of the same species in a habitat. Population density is affected by birth/death rates and environmental factors. Direct counting of large/immobile organisms is sometimes used, but sampling techniques are more practical. The quadrat sampling technique uses frames of a known area to estimate plant population frequencies, densities, and percentages. The capture-mark-recapture technique marks and releases mobile animals to estimate populations from recapture rates.
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Population ecology studies populations and their structures and dynamics. A population is a group of the same species in a habitat. Population density is affected by birth/death rates and environmental factors. Direct counting of large/immobile organisms is sometimes used, but sampling techniques are more practical. The quadrat sampling technique uses frames of a known area to estimate plant population frequencies, densities, and percentages. The capture-mark-recapture technique marks and releases mobile animals to estimate populations from recapture rates.
Авторское право:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Доступные форматы
Скачайте в формате DOCX или читайте онлайн в Scribd
Population ecology is a branch of ecology that studies
the structure and dynamics of populations. A population is defined as a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular habitat.
Population density is defined as the number of
organisms per unit area of the habitat. Population density is affected by various factors such as the abiotic and biotic factors, birth rate, death rate, immigration and emigration. Biotic interactions such as competition, predation and parasitism also regulate population growth.
One of the methods to estimate the size and density of a
population is through direct counting. This method is useful for large organisms in an open habitat such as large mammals, nestling birds or huge trees. However, this method is often impractical due to the size of the ecosystem, the number of plants involved and the movements of the animals. Instead, a more practical way is to take a sample (a small number) of the organisms in an ecosystem. Sampling techniques enable us to estimate the total population size of the organisms. THE QUADRAT SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
The quadrat sampling technique is primarily used in estimating
the size of plant populations. It may also be used in the study of the populations of immobile animals. A quadrat is typically a metal or a wooden frame which forms a square of a known area, such as 1 m. The size of the quadrat used depends on the organisms being studied. The quadrat is placed randomly in the ecosystem where sampling is carried out. This technique can be used to determine:
(a)Frequency
Frequency is the number of times a particular species is found
present when a quadrat is thrown a certain number of times.
Frequency= number of quadrats containing the species number of quadrats
×100%
(b)Density
Density is the mean number of individuals of a species per unit
area.
Density= total number of individuals of a species in all quadrats number of
quadrats ×quadrat area
(c)Percentage coverage
Percentage coverage is an indication of how much area of the
quadrat is occupied by a species. The percentage coverage is useful when it is not possible to identify separate individuals.
Percentage coverage = aerial coverage of all quadrats ( m² )number of
quadrats ×quadrat area × 100% THE CAPTURE, MARK, RELEASE AND RECAPTURE TECHNIQUE
This technique is used to estimate the populations of
mobile animals such as small mammals, butterflies, birds, woodlice and insects. A specific animal sample is captured and marked with a ring, tag or with waterproof coloured ink, paint or nail varnish. The marked animals are released into the general population. After a suitable period of time, a second sample is captured and the number of marked animals is recorded. The population size of the animals in the area can be estimated using the formula below:
Population size = (no. of individuals in the first sample) ×
(no. of individuals in the second sample) no. of marked individuals recaptured
David O. Norris, James A. Carr - Endocrine Disruption - Biological Bases For Health Effects in Wildlife and Humans-Oxford University Press, USA (2005) PDF