Scaling

Steve Wobken Ash Grove Cement Co.

Causes of Scaling
Improper Curing Little or No Entrained Air Premature Finishing Operations Overworking of Wet Concrete Freezing & Thawing Before the Concrete has Adequately Cured Application of De-Icer Salts at an Early Age

How Do We Prevent Scaling?

0.45 w/cm & 4500 psi Proper Air Entrainment Limit SCM Dont Over-vibrate Drainage >1% Dont Over-finish Cure Protect New Concrete Breathable Sealer

Durability
Mix Design Finishing Curing

 Durable

concrete is concrete that does what it supposed to.

Bryant Mather US Army Corp of Engineers

The Water Cement Ratio Law

For a given set of materials the strength of the concrete (so long as we have a plastic mix) depends solely on the relative quantity of water as compared with the cement
Duff A. Abrams May 1918

 99%

of everything that is wrong with concrete is the result of people putting in too much water.
Bryant Mather US Army Corp of Engineers

Relative Volumes of Cement and Water at Different Water-Cement Ratios

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

Relative Volume

Cement

Water

0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70

Water-Cement Ratio

What Air Content is good?

Aggregate Exposure Condition 6% +/- 1.5%

Air-Void System
Spacing factor (L ): An index related to the maximum distance of any point in the cement paste from the periphery of an air void. ASTM 457: less than 0.2 mm (0.008 in.) Specific surface (): The surface area of a quantity of air voids that have a total volume of one cubic inch. ASTM 457: 24 mm2/mm3 (600 in.2/in.3) or more

Finishing

This is Concrete at its Maximum Durability Potential

Actual Durability will depend on how the concrete is treated from this point on.

Dont Hard Trowel Air Entrained Concrete

No Air

Curing is the process by which Portland Cement concrete matures and develops over time as a result of the continued hydration of the cement grains in the presence of sufficient water and heat

ACI 308

Objects of Curing
Prevent Loss of Moisture from the Concrete Or to Restore Lost Moisture Maintain a Favorable Concrete Temperature For a Sufficient Period of Time

Effect of Curing
STRENGTH % 28 DAY MOIST
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 3 7 28 90 MOIST CURE ENTIRE TIME 7 DAY MOIST CURE 3 DAY MOIST CURE NO MOIST CURE

AGE IN DAYS
PCA DESIGN & CONTROL

General Curing Requirements

Time

- 3 to 7 Days Minimum Temperature - 50 F to 150 F Moisture - Saturated at all Times

Maintain Surface Moisture !!

Surface areas lose moisture Hydration ceases

low density / strength surface defects

excessive carbonation

Middle of structure maintain sufficient moisture for adequate hydration.

For Curing, use wet curing or a liquid curing compound. While there are many products that present various claims (mutipurpose liquids), the primary goal of applying a material should be curing. Read manufacturers literature before choosing a product

PCA Concrete Floors on Ground

Winter Curing
ACI

306 Cold Weather Concreting 500 psi before freezing 4000 psi before repeated freeze thaw cycles 4500 psi for resistance to de-icer scaling (wait one year)

Requirements for Frost Resistant Concrete Exposed to De-icers -PCA

Maximum w/c 0.45 Minimum cementitious 564#/yd Compressive Strength 4500 psi Slump 4 max Entrained Air 6% min

Minimize Finishing well timed Quality Aggregate 7 Days Moist Curing Air Drying of 30 days before freezing

It is not Rocket Science

Basics of Durable Concrete Not Too Much Water Proper Air Timely Finishing CURE!!!

WAKE UP!
TURN

ON LIGHTS OPEN EYES LOOK ALERT ACT AMAZED