International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL 6340(Print), ISSN 0976

6 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, Jan - Feb (2013) IAEME

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)

ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359 (Online) Volume 4 Issue 1 January- February (2013), pp. 08-21 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.8071 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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STUDY OF TURBULENT FLOW DOWNSTREAM FROM A LINEAR SOURCE OF HEAT PLACED INSIDE THE CYLINDER WAKE
D. Tcheukam-Toko*1, B. S. Tagne-Kaptue2, A. Kuitche2, R. Mouangue1, P. Paranthon3 1 Department of Energetic Engineering, IUT, University of Ngaoundere, P. O. Box 455 Ngaoundere, Cameroon 2 Departments of Energetic and Electrical Engineering, ENSAI. P. O. Box 455 Ngaoundere, Cameroon. 3 CNRS UMR 6614 CORIA, University of Rouen, P. O. Box 12 76801 Saint-Etienne du Rouvray, France. * Corresponding author. Email: tcheukam_toko@yahoo.fr

ABSTRACT A turbulent flow downstream from a linear source of heat placed inside the cylinder wake has been studied numerically in this paper. Special attention has been paid to the cylinder wake effect on the source of heat diffusion in downstream flow. The turbulent model has been applied a standard - two equations model and the two-dimensional Reynolds Averaged NavierStokes (RANS) equations are discretized with the second order upwind scheme. The SIMPLE algorithm, which is developed using control volumes, is adopted as the numerical procedure. Calculations were performed for a wide variation of the Reynolds numbers. The investigations reveal that with increasing Reynolds number, the instabilities appear in the wake zone, showing an oscillatory flow, also called von Karman Vortex Street. His geometry has an important influence on the thermal field and the diffusion process. Comparison of numerical results with the experimental data available in the literature is satisfactory. Keywords: Passive scalar, linear source of heat, Cylinder wake, Turbulent flow, CFD.

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, Jan - Feb (2013) IAEME I. INTRODUCTION

The dispersion of passive contaminant generated of locale fashion in a turbulent flow, is an important phenomenon funded in many problems of heat and mass transfer (Warhaft, [1]). His industrials applications are the dryer, the heat pump, the boilers, the air conditioning, the refreshes of electronics components, the reactor conception, etc... The terms passive and locale means respectively that the contaminant emitted does not modified the characteristics of main flow and the scale, at which the scalar is injected, is always very lower than the integral scale of turbulence. In many practices situations, these diffusions phenomenons appeared in some complex turbulent flows which are perturbed by the obstacles and are characterized by the higher structures. Many studies carried out in turbulence during these last decade, have showed the existence of coherent structures inside the stress flows, even at the high Reynolds numbers. Veeravalli and Warhaft, [2], carried out a study of thermal dispersion from a line source in a shearless turbulence mixing layer. They did not associate the instabilities phenomenon caused by the existence of wake. Le Masson, [3], has worked on the control of Bnard Von-Karman instabilities downstream from a heated obstacle at low Reynolds number, but he does not defined all the control parameters of instabilities. Brajon-Socolescu, [4], has carried out a numerical study on the Bnard Von-Karman instabilities behind a heated cylinder. Lecordier and al. [5], also, who have worked on the transition control downstream from a 2D obstacle using a source of heat located inside his neared wake. These last two studies were limited because of lack of critical Reynolds number. Weiss [6], has studied a passive scalar diffusion inside the neared obstacle wake. He demonstrated that the thermal field is strongly influenced by the geometry of Vortexes Street, but he worked only with one Reynolds number. Paranthon and al. [7], have carried out a dynamic field experimental study of Bnard vonKarman Street downstream from a heated or not heated 2D obstacle. This study used only one Reynolds number. Many others recent studies were carried out by Champigny and Simoneau, [8], on the mixed convection around a wide vertical cylinder. They did not take in account, the wake effects on the thermal field dispersion and the choice of turbulence model. Aloui, [9], in the studies carried out on the flow control, does not take in account the choice of parameters control and the source of heat. However, it is clear that few of these studies have been dedicated on the influence of structures in the diffusion and transport phenomenon, with the exception of Crow and al. [10], who have worked on the solids particles dispersion. The number of studies carried out in this domain is not enough, however, its aroused many interest, because of his responsibility on the existence of counter-gradient zones in these flows. In this case, the flux of passive contaminant has the same direction and the same way with the mean temperature gradient (FuIachier and al. [11]; Sreenivasan and al. [12], Veeravalli and Warhaft, [2]). Corsin [13], has showed that it is not possible to model the heat transport with the linear model of gradient transport using a turbulent diffusivity. In order to explain the influence of structures on the thermal transfer phenomenon and diffusion process, we have carried out a numerical study of turbulent flow downstream from a linear source of heat placed inside the cylinder wake, by using several Reynolds numbers. To lead well this study, we are going to analyze the temperature and velocity profiles respectively inside the cylinder wake and downstream from the linear source of heat. Then, we will analyze the means temperature gaps profiles, the transversal flux of heat profiles, in function of transversal gradient of mean temperature. We will end this analyze by doing the comparison between the numerical and the experimental results.

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, Jan - Feb (2013) IAEME II. MATERIAL AND METHODS

II.1 Mathematical models used The continuity equation is given by the equation bellow: (1)
The conservation equations of the average quantity of movement of Navier-Stockes known by the name RANS are for compressible fluid and Newtonian given by the formula bellow.

(2)

are the components of the Reynolds stress. Its expression is bellow as given by the Boussinesq J. (1897), hypothesis:

(3)

The k- turbulence models used by the software FLUENT [14] are: the k- standard model the k- RNG model the k- realisable model We are going to use the k- realisable model to carry out calculations in the software FLUENT. The turbulence k- realisable model proposed by Shih and al., [15], was proposed to make up for the insufficiency of the other k- models such as the k- standard model, the k- RNG model, etc..., by adopting a new formula for the turbulent viscosity while implicating a variable C at the origin (proposed by Reynolds) and a new equation for the disposed based on the dynamic equation of the vortices fluctuations. The equations of its transporting equations are: The turbulent kinetic energy transport equation, which is given by the formula bellow. (4) The transport equation of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy, which is given by the formula bellow. (5) Where: , with, (6)

Gk represent the turbulent kinetic energy due to the average gradient of velocity. Gb represent the generation of kinetic energy due to floating. YM represent the contribution of the fluctuating dilatation. C2 and C1 are the constants; k and are the numbers of turbulent Prandtl relative to k and . The values of constants are represented on the table 1 below. Table 1: The constants of model C1

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, Jan - Feb (2013) IAEME
The turbulent transport of heat is modelled by the usage of the analogy concepts of Reynolds to the turbulent transfer. The energy equation is given as: (7) E is the total energy, its expression is: (8) Keff, the coefficient of effective thermal conductivity and K, the coefficient of laminar thermal conductivity, expressed as: (9) is the Tension Newtonian effective of vicious stress. Its expression is given by the formula below: (10)

Boundaries conditions We have based our study on the experimental study of Paranthon and al. [16], carried out inside the air by choosing as first value of Reynolds number (Re = 15). The figure 1 bellow shows the configuration of that experiment. The Reynolds number is obtained from the following relation, Re = UD/, where D represented the cylinder diameter, and U, the air longitudinal velocity. The value of Re, at which the vortexes street appears is 48, and it is considered as the critical Reynolds number (Rec ). The electric power by length unity (P/L), supply to linear source is about 10W/m, which is corresponding to a temperature of 393K, higher than the temperature of the upstream flow. For this threshold difference (Re - Rec), for this level of heating P/L, for these positions inside the vortexes street (Xs + = 7 ; Ys+ = 0), and for this ratio D/d = 100, the linear source do not modified the instability as shown in Lecordier and al.[5], d is the linear source of heat diameter.

II.2

Figure 1: Experimental configuration of Paranthon and al. [16]. The calculation domain is a cobbled of length 300 mm, and of height 32 mm. On this domain, the linear source of heat is located at 14 mm behind the cylinder, at the same axis. The principal flow is emitted longitudinally across a rectangular section of width 64 mm and of height 32 mm. The cylinder diameter is 2 mm, and the linear source of heat diameter is 0.02 mm, which is well satisfied by the ratio D/d = 100. In this study, the sign + in quote,
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, Jan - Feb (2013) IAEME indicates a normalised quantity. The heights are normalised by D and the temperature gaps are normalised by the reference temperature gap Tref. The molecular effects being negligible in front of the turbulence, the relationship T/Tref can be assimilated to a concentration C, which will vary between 1 at emission and 0 at the infinity. T is the difference between the initial temperature of the principal flow and the temperature of the linear source of heat at an instant t. The velocities are normalized by the sound velocity at 300K, when air is assimilated as a perfect gas. This domain of calculation represented on figure 2 bellow, is meshed with the Gambit program. It is a regular grid type with its cells in the quadrilateral form, with 185,054 cells. The principal flow is introduced longitudinally through the left of the cylinder. Air comes out at 300 mm from the input. a)

b)

c)

Figure 2: Mesh of calculation domain: a): Calculation domain, b): Zoom around the cylinder wake, c): Zoom around the linear source of heat

We have imposed the atmospheric pressure conditions at the output. The different values of Reynolds number applied at the input are: Re = 63, 126, 252, 504, 700 and 900. The wall cylinder temperature and the ambient temperature chosen are 300K. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

III.1 Dynamic field The figures 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e and 3f, represented the fields of dimensionless velocities iso-value, respectively for the following Reynolds number 63, 126, 252, 504, 700 and 900. For a low Reynolds number (Re = 63), we observe the formations of turbulent boundaries layers around of cylinder. Inside the cylinder wake, the velocities remains weak and the flow is propagated progressively to the linear source of heat direction, located at the position X+ = 7. This propagation has a spherical wave form which appear in upstream and downstream
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, Jan - Feb (2013) IAEME from this linear source of heat. When the flow velocities increase (Re = 126), the vortexes tables appears inside the cylinder wake and becomes slightly oscillatory in downstream from the linear source of heat, where the smalls vortexes street are beginning to appear. For the middle velocities (Re = 252, and Re = 504), the vortexes numbers are increasing, and these small vortexes alternated are more than more periodicals. The vortexes tables are increasing along the longitudinal axis, showing the formation of the Bnard von-Karman vortex street. a) b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

Figure 3: Dimensionless velocities iso-values. a) Re = 63, b): Re = 126, c): Re = 252, d): Re = 504, e): Re = 700, f): Re = 900. When the flow velocities are increased (Re = 700 and Re = 900), the coherent structures are becoming more than more periodicals, because of the concave angle of the boundary layer around the cylinder walls which decreases. For Re = 700, the periodical removing model of vortex is changing. The wake symmetry is decreasing with a production of a secondary
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, Jan - Feb (2013) IAEME periodical removing of vortex. For Re = 900, the secondary periodical removing does not appear again inside the vortexes twins. For these two Reynolds numbers, there is a strong apparition of instabilities generating also an oscillatory flow which evolved as small alternate vortexes called Bnard Von-Karman Vortex Street. The thickness of these alternate vortexes is decreasing with their longitudinal propagation. We also noted a net adherence between the cylinder lateral wall and the fluid, because of low values of velocities (blue color zone, U+ = 0.0625). The figures 4a and 4b represented the longitudinal variation of dimensionless velocities (U+), near the cylinder, respectively at the positions Y+ = -1, and Y+ = +1, for the different Reynolds number (Re = 63, 126, 252, 504, 700 and 900). We observed a strong augmentation of the velocity which decreased suddenly in the neared cylinder wake. This strong gradient of velocity approved the presence of turbulent boundaries layers around the cylinder. These profiles show that the cylinder is an obstacle which generated the instabilities in the flow when the velocities are increasing. a) b)

Figure 4: Dimensionless longitudinal velocity profiles : a) Y+ = -1.5, b) Y+ = +1.5. III.2 Thermal field The figures 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e and 5f, represented the flow thermal field, principally the area of the linear source of heat, for the different Reynolds numbers. When the Reynolds number is increasing, the heat propagation is decreasing. The heat reached the position (X+, Y+) = (+9, 0.25), for Re = 63, while its reached a position less than (X+, Y+) = (+8, 0.02), for Re = 900. This give a difference of (X+, Y+) = (+1, 0.23), on the thickness of the thermal field. This strongly diminution shows the incapacity of thermal field to have more resistance when the flow becomes more than more turbulent. This means that the Reynolds numbers increased the passive scalar dispersion in the turbulent flow (Tcheukam-Toko and al., [19]). The figures 6 bellow represented the longitudinal temperature profiles for different Reynolds number at a certain positions around of cylinder. Theses profiles reveals the existence of symmetry between the temperatures evolutions with the origin axis Y+ = 0. For the low Reynolds number (Re < 504), the temperature of linear source of heat remains higher along a large distance, then his value decreased from the position X+ = 16, where its not changing, and evolve longitudinally to his minima value. For the higher Reynolds numbers, the temperature of linear source of heat remains weak and stays minima as from the position X+ = 18, where its longitudinally evolve. This shows that the passive scalar total dispersion is developing between the position X+ = 7 (linear source of heat position), and the position X+ = 20 (from 40 mm of cylinder and from 26 mm of the linear source of heat). For the higher Reynolds number, the longitudinal flow is predominating and the linear source of heat remains weak.
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, Jan - Feb (2013) IAEME a) b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

Figure 5: Dimensionless Temperature Iso-value. a) Re = 63, b): Re = 126, c): Re = 252, d): Re = 504, e): Re = 700, f): Re = 900.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, Jan - Feb (2013) IAEME a) b)

c)

d)

Figure 6: Dimensionless longitudinal temperature profiles. a): Y+= -1, b) Y+= +1. c) Y+= -1.5, d) Y+= +1.5

III.3 Comparison of numerical and experimental results To valid our results, we compared the dimensionless mean temperature gaps profiles ( T+), and transversal velocity temperature correlation profiles (<vT>+), with the experimental results. The figure 7 bellow, shows that the dimensionless mean temperature gaps profiles are in accordance with the experimental result when Re = 63. These accordance are more important for X+ = 1. The figure 8 shows a similar accordance for the positions X+ = 2, and X+ = 4. The figure 9 shows that the comparison of transversal velocity temperature correlation profiles (<vT>+), with experimental data, is also satisfactory.

a)

b)

Figure 7: Comparison of dimensionless mean temperature gaps profiles numerical and experimental for Re = 63. a): at X+ = 1, b): at X+ = 16.
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, Jan - Feb (2013) IAEME )

Figure 8: Comparison of dimensionless mean temperature gaps profiles. Numerical (multicolor) and Experimental (black) umerical

Figure 9: Comparison of transversal velocity temperature correlation profiles (<vT> +) for Re = 63: numerical (multi color) and experimental (black on white). :

Figure 10: Comparison of transversal flux of heat profiles in function of transversal gradient of mean temperature. v+T+ = f((dT/dY)+), at the position X+ = 9

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, Jan - Feb (2013) IAEME The Richardson number is very low for our all simulations Ri << 1. This means that, the forced convection predominated. Moreover, the dynamic perturbation and the gravity effects are very low, because of linear source Reynolds number and Ri which are respectively less than 1 and 10-3, as approved by Lecordier and al., [5], and Godard and al., [17]. The calculated value of Peclet number confirmed that, the heat exchanges are only by convection (Pe >> 1), as in the studies carried out by par Husson, [18]. Until present, the existence of counter-gradient zones was, observed in the heated flows, showing the dissymmetry of the velocity and temperature profiles, characterized by a minimum or a maximum (FuIachier and al. [11], Sreenivasan and al. [12], Veeravalli and Warhaft, [2]). The counter-gradient observed when the linear source is placed on the central line of the vortex street, shows that, the dissymmetry of the velocity and mean temperature profiles is not his necessary condition of existence. This last is depending at the same time, of the fluctuations form v/u, of the location of the source of heat, and of the thickness of the linear source (Paranthon and al., [16]). In these conditions, the heat emitted by the source of much localized fashion, undergo a preferential convection in these two corresponding directions. These shows the presence of a maxima, observed on the mean temperature profiles which has a symmetry position with the central line. This could not be the same case if the prevision density of dynamic field parameters were Gaussian. The counter-gradient is coming out from a simply situation where the small dimensions of heated fluid zones (relatively at velocity field scale), are carrying preferentially in some directions different to the principal flow. In this case, the heat flux created downstream from a linear source and the mean temperature profiles are not still compatible with the transit by gradient. This variation can be dissymmetric as in the experimental works carried out by Veeravalli & Warhaft, [2], or can be symmetry as in this present numerical work. The necessary condition is that, this variation must be maximal for one or many values different of zero at the position of air injection. VI. CONCLUSIONS

These results reveal that, the stability of wake zone is influenced by the behavior of the physicals properties in function of temperature and of the geometry configuration considered. In fact, these show that, the thermal field is strongly influenced by the vortex street. The diffusion process seems to be in two phases connected to the filling time of Vortexes Street. Moreover, in this case where the mean temperature profiles is generated by the thermal transfer; we could rather name these counter-gradient zones by counter-flux mean temperature profiles. The different comparisons makes between the numerical and experimental profiles are satisfactory, but the difference observed, is located at the maximal level. In perspectives, it would be interesting to associate the heated air jets to this present study, in order to analyze their influence on the stability of thermal and dynamic fields. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors acknowledge the CORIA UMR 6614 CNRS University of Rouen-France, and The University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, Jan - Feb (2013) IAEME NOMENCLATURE Small letters x longitudinal coordinate (m) y vertical coordinates (m) Capital letters D Cylinder diameter (m) d source of hat diameter (m) P Pressure (Pa) T Temperature (K) u,v velocities components (m/s) Trf Temperature difference between heat source and the ambient domain (K) 0x longitudinal axis 0y vertical axis Greek symbols Kinetic viscosity of air (m2.s-1) Dynamic viscosity of air (Pa.s) Dissipation ratio of the turbulent kinetic energy K Turbulent kinetic energy (J.kg-1) Volume mass (m3.s-1) No Dimensional numbers Re Reynolds number Turbulent Prandtl number Res Reynolds number of the linear source Grs Grashof number of the heat linear source Gr Grashof number k and Turbulent Prandtl number relative to k and Exponents, indices and specials characters + Dimensionless values (with D for the lengths) and (with Trf for the Temperatures) Cp Thermal capacity at constant pressure Turbulent viscosity Thermal conductivity Effective thermal conductivity Effective Newtonians tensor of viscous constraints
x y eff

ij

relative to the longitudinal component relative to the vertical component effective Stress ratio of mean Tensor Turbulent kinematic viscosity Turbulent dynamic viscosity Referenciel turbulent dynamic viscosity Stress tensor

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, Jan - Feb (2013) IAEME REFERENCES [1] Warhaft, Z., Passive scalars in turbulent flows. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 32, 203. 2000. [2] Veeravalli, S., and Warhaft, Z., Thermal dispersion from a line source in a shearless turbulence mixing layer, J. Fluid Mech., 216, 35-70. 1990. [3] Le Masson, S., Contrle de l'instabilit de Bnard Von Karman en aval d'un obstacle chauffe faible nombre de Reynolds, Thse de Doctorat, Universit de Rouen, Mont-SaintAignan, France. 1991. [4] Brajon-Socolescu, L., Etude numrique de l'instabilit de Bnard Von Karman derrire un cylindre chauff, Thse de Doctorat, Universit du Havre, Le Havre, France. 1996. [5] Lecordier, J-C., Weiss, F., Dumouchel F., et Paranthon, P., Contrle de la transition en aval d'un obstacle 2D au moyen d'une source de chaleur localise dans son proche sillage, Congrs SFT 97, Toulouse, Ed. Elsevier, 237-242, 1997. [6] Weiss F., Diffusion d'un scalaire passif dans le proche sillage d'un obstacle, Thse de Doctorat. U.M.R. 6614 CNRS Universit de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan, France, 1999. [7] Paranthon P., Dumouchel F. , Lecordier J. C., Caractristiques du champ dynamique de l'alle de Bnard-Karman en aval d'un obstacle bidimensionnel chauff ou non , UMR CNRS 6614, Universit de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France, Congrs de Thermique et environnement. 1996. [8] Champigny, J. and Simoneau, J-P., A LES-experiment comparison of mixed-convection around a large vertical cylinder, The 12th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics, France. 2007. [9] Aloui, F., Etude de contrle des coulements, Thse de Doctorat, Universit de Toulouse, France, 2010. [10] Crow C.T., Chung J.N. and Troutt, T.R., Particle mixing in free shear flows, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 14, 171-194.1988. [11] FuIachier L., Keffer J., and Bguier, C., Production ngative de fluctuations turbulentes de temprature dans le cas d'un crneau de chaleur s'panouissant dans une zone de mlange, Comptes rendus Acad. Sciences, B 280, 519-522. 1975. [12] Sreenivasan K.R., Tavoularis S., and Corrsin S., Turbulent transport in passively heated homogeneous flows. Third Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows, Davis. September 9-11. 1981. [13] Corsin, S., Limitations of gradient transport models in random walks and in turbulence. Adv. Geophysics, 18A, 25-60. 1974. [14] Fluent 6.3.26, user manual, 2006. [15] Shih T. H., J. Zhu and J. A. Lumley, New Reynolds stress algebraic equation model, Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 125, 1, pp. 287 302. 1995. [16] Paranthon P., Godard G., Gonzalez M., Diffusion a contre -gradient en aval dune source linaire de chaleur place dans une alle de bnard von-karman, XVme Congrs Franais de Mcanique, 2001. [17] Godard, G., Diffusion de la chaleur en prsence de structures cohrentes, Thse de Doctorat, Universit de Rouen, France. 2001. [18] Husson, S., Simulations des grandes chelles pour les coulements turbulents anisothermes. Thse de Doctorat, Institut National des sciences Appliques de Lyon (INSA), France, pp. 17-31. 2007. [19] Tcheukam-Toko D, Koueni-Toko, Mouangue R., and Paranthon P., Modellind and experimental validation of passive scalar diffusion. Journal of Engineering and applied Sciences, Vol. 7 (5), pp.364-371. 2012.
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, Jan - Feb (2013) IAEME [20] Ashok Tukaram Pise and Umesh Vandeorao Awasarmol, Investigation Of Enhancement Of Natural Convection Heat Transfer From Engine Cylinder With Permeable Fins International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume1, Issue1, 2010, pp. 238 - 247, Published by IAEME [21] Cherian Paul and Parvathy Venugopal, Modelling Of Interfacial Heat Transfer Coefficient And Experimental Verification For Gravity Die Casting Of Aluminium Alloys International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume1, Issue1, 2010, pp. 253 - 274, Published by IAEME [22] Kavitha T , Rajendran A , Durairajan A and Shanmugam A, Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Nano Fluids And Innovative Methods - An Overview International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 769 - 782, Published by IAEME [23] Er. Pardeep Kumar, Manoj Sain and Shweta Tripathi, Enhancement Of Heat Transfer Using Wire Coil Insert In Tubes International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 796 - 805, Published by IAEME [24] Sunil Jamra, Pravin Kumar Singh and Pankaj Dubey, Experimental Analysis Of Heat Transfer Enhancementin Circular Double Tube Heat Exchanger Using Inserts International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume3, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 306 - 314, Published by IAEME [25] Manikandapirapu P.K, Srinivasa G.R, Sudhakar K.G and Madhu D., Comparative Analysis Of Pressure Measurements In Ducted Axial Fan International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 85 - 91, Published by IAEME [26] Ashok Tukaram Pise and Umesh Vandeorao Awasarmol, Investigation Of Enhancement Of Natural Convection Heat Transfer From Engine Cylinder With Permeable Fins International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume1, Issue1, 2010, pp. 238 - 247, Published by IAEME

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