Multiplying by 12 Rule: to multiply by 12: Starting from the rightmost digit, double each digit and add the

neighbor. (By "neighbor" we mean the digit on the right.) If the answer is greater than a single digit, simply carry over the extra digit (which will be a 1 or 2) to the next operation. The remaining digit is one digit of the final result. Example: Determine neighbors in the multiplicand 0316:

digit 6 has no right neighbor digit 1 has neighbor 6 digit 3 has neighbor 1 digit 0 (the prefixed zero) has neighbor 3

Multiplying by 6

Rule: to multiply by 6: Add half of the neighbor to each digit, then, if the current digit is odd, add 5.

Example: 357 6 = 2142 Working right to left, 7 has no neighbor, add 5 (since 7 is odd) = 12. Write 2, carry the 1. 5 + half of 7 (3) + 5 (since the starting digit 5 is odd) + 1 (carried) = 14. Write 4, carry the 1. 3 + half of 5 (2) + 5 (since 3 is odd) + 1 (carried) = 11. Write 1, carry 1. 0 + half of 3 (1) + 1 (carried) = 2. Write 2. Multiplying by 7 Rule: to multiply by 7: 1. Double each digit. 2. Add half of its neighbor. 3. If the digit is odd, add 5. Example: 523 x 7 = 3,661. 3x2+0+5=11, 1. 2x2+1+1=6. 5x2+1+5=16, 6. 0x2+2+1=3. 3661.

Multiplying by 9 Rule: 1. Subtract the right-most digit from 10. 1. Subtract the remaining digits from 9. 2. Add the neighbor. 3. For the leading zero, subtract 1 from the neighbor. For rules 9, 8, 4, and 3 only the first digit is subtracted from 10. After that each digit is subtracted from nine instead. Example: 2,130 9 = 19,170 Working from right to left: (10 - 0) + 0 = 10. Write 0, carry 1. (9 - 3) + 0 + 1 (carried) = 7. Write 7. (9 - 1) + 3 = 11. Write 1, carry 1. (9 - 2) + 1 + 1 (carried) = 9. Write 9. 2 - 1 = 1. Write 1. Multiplying by 8

Rule: 1. Subtract right-most digit from 10. 1. Subtract the remaining digits from 9. 2. Double the result. 3. Add the neighbor. 4. For the leading zero, subtract 2 from the neighbor. Example: 456 x 8 = 3648 Working from right to left: (10 - 6) x 2 + 0 = 8. Write 8. (9 - 5) x 2 + 6 = 14, Write 4, carry 1. (9 - 4) x 2 + 5 + 1 (carried) = 16. Write 6, carry 1. 4 - 2 + 1 (carried) = 3. Write 3. Multiplying by 4 Rule: 1. Subtract the right-most digit from 10. 1. Subtract the remaining digits from 9. 2. Add half of the neighbor, plus 5 if the digit is odd. 3. For the leading 0, subtract 1 from half of the neighbor. Example: 346 * 4 = 1384 Working from right to left:

(10 - 6) + Half of 0 (0) = 4. Write 4. (9 - 4) + Half of 6 (3) = 8. Write 8. (9 - 3) + Half of 4 (2) + 5 (since 3 is odd) = 13. Write 3, carry 1. Half of 3 (1) - 1 + 1 (carried) = 1. Write 1. Multiplying by 3 Rule: 1. Subtract the rightmost digit from 10. 1. Subtract the remaining digits from 9. 2. Double the result. 3. Add half of the neighbor, plus 5 if the digit is odd. 4. For the leading zero, subtract 2 from half of the neighbor. Example: 492 x 3 = 1476 Working from right to left: (10 - 2) x 2 + Half of 0 (0) = 16. Write 6, carry 1. (9 - 9) x 2 + Half of 2 (1) + 5 (since 9 is odd) + 1 (carried) = 7. Write 7. (9 - 4) x 2 + Half of 9 (4) = 14. Write 4, carry 1. Half of 4 (2) - 2 + 1 (carried) = 1. Write 1. Multiplying by 5

Rule: to multiply by 5: Take half of the neighbor, then, if the current digit is odd, add 5.

Example: 42x5=210 Half of 2's neighbor, the trailing zero, is 0. Half of 4's neighbor is 1. Half of the leading zero's neighbor is 2. 43x5=215 Half of 3's neighbor is 0, plus 5 because 3 is odd, is 5. Half of 4's neighbor is 1. Half of the leading zero's neighbor is 2. 93x5=465 Half of 3's neighbor is 0, plus 5 because 3 is odd, is 5. Half of 9's neighbor is 1, plus 5 because 9 is odd, is 6. Half of the leading zero's neighbor is 4.