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The document introduces Catalan numbers and provides eight problems that are shown to have solutions corresponding to the same sequence of numbers known as Catalan numbers. These problems include forming valid groupings of balanced parentheses, drawing mountain ranges, finding diagonal-avoiding paths in a grid, triangulating polygons, arranging people shaking hands around a table, constructing binary trees and plane rooted trees, forming skew polyominos of a given perimeter, and ordering multiplications of a set of numbers. The document then provides a recursive definition to describe the Catalan numbers, allowing the number of configurations for each value of n to be determined based on the already known values for lower values of n.
The document introduces Catalan numbers and provides eight problems that are shown to have solutions corresponding to the same sequence of numbers known as Catalan numbers. These problems in…