CONTENTS

Chapters

1.

Pages

Some Basic Concepts

35

Letters, Syllables, Phrases and Sentences

Kinds of Sentences..
Parts of Speech

2.

Syntax

620

Agreement of the Verb with the Subject.

Some Exceptions.
Collective Noun and the Verb.
Some Typical Nouns and the Verb.
Relative Pronoun and the Verb
Numeral Expressions and the Verb.
Quantitative Expressions and the Verb
Verb 'to be' and the Complement
Concord of Nouns, Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

3.

Articles

Nouns

Pronouns

Adjectives

32
33
35
36

4456

Forms of Pronouns...
Correct Use of Pronouns : Personal Pronouns.
Pronoun 'It'/'This'.
Relative Pronouns
Compound Relative Pronouns.
Omission of Relative Pronouns...
Reflexive Pronouns..
Interrogative Pronouns.

6.

21
21
22
25
27
30

3243

Formation of Genders..
Conversion of Numbers..
Formation of Possessive (Or Genitive) Case..
Correct Use of Nouns : Rules.

5.

6
8
11
11
12
14
14
17
18

2131

Kinds of Articles.
Forms of Indefinite Article : 'A' or 'An'..
Uses of Indefinite Article : 'A' / 'An'
Uses of Definite Article : The...
Omission of Articles
Position of Articles..

4.

3
4
4

44
44
48
49
52
52
54
54

5775

Kinds of Adjectives.
Position of Adjectives..

57
59

( ix )
Degrees of Adjectives..
Correct Use of Adjectives : Positive Degree Adjectives.
Comparative Degree Adjectives.
Superlative Degree Adjectives
Some Other Typical Adjectives..

7. Adverbs

7688

Kinds of Adverbs
Degrees of Adverbs.
Position of Adverbs.
Some Typical Adverbs
Some Common Rules..

8. Prepositions

76
76
77
80
86

89116

Forms of Preposition...
Functional Types of Preposition.
Use of Prepositions : Their Position..
Omission of Preposition..
Wrong Use of Prepositions.
Some Typical Prepositions..
Preposition + Gerund..
The Same Word followed by Different Prepositions..
Different Forms of Words followed by Different Prepositions..
List of Appropriate Prepositions.
(a) Nouns followed by Prepositions...
(b) Adjectives and Participles followed by Prepositions
(c) Verbs followed by Prepositions

9. Conjunctions

60
62
63
67
69

89
89
90
91
92
92
95
96
97
100
100
104
109

117127

Correlative Conjunctions. 117

Uses of Conjunctions.. 117
Functional Conjunctions. 123

10. Verbs

128151

Kinds of Verbs.
Auxiliary/Modal Verbs : Their Functions...
Verbs 'To be' : Am, Is, Are, Was, Were..
Have/Has/Had/Will have.
May/Might..
Can/Could
Shall/Should, Will/Would
Must/Ought..
Need/Needn't
Dare/Daren't.
Used to.
Two Auxiliaries and Principal Verb
Position of Subject, Verb, Object, and Complement..
QuestionTags/Tail Questions

128
130
130
132
137
139
141
144
145
146
147
147
148
149

( x )

11. Non-Finite Verbs

152160

Kinds of Non-Finite Verbs..

The Infinitive...
(a) Infinitive with or without to..
(b) Noun Infinitives..
(c) Gerundial Infinitives...
(d) Other Uses of Infinitives.
The Gerund..
(a) Functions of the Gerund..
(b) Uses of the Gerund .
The Participle...
(a) Kinds of Participles.
(b) Uses of Participles..
(c) Rules of Use of Participles.

12. Time and Tense

161189

Distinction between Time and Tense..

Three Forms of Verbs : A List.
Structures of Sentences :
Structures in the Present Tense
Structures in the Past Tense.
Structures in the Future Tense.
Uses of Tenses.
Tenses and Time..
Structures of It is time, Ifwere and Wish Sentences.

13. Active and Passive Voice

163
170
176
182
187
188
190
191
193
194
194
194

197214

Some General Terms...

Rules for Connectives..
Rules for Change of Tenses..
Rules for Change in Persons
Miscellaneous Changes
Conversion of Interrogative Sentences....
Conversion of Imperative Sentences...
Conversion of Exclamatory Sentences.
Question-Tags..
Sentences Beginning with 'Let'.
Some General Observations.

15. Analysis

161
161

190196

Interchange between Subject and Object.

Changes in the Verb.
Imperative Sentences...
Negative Sentences..
Interrogative Sentences
Some Other Sentence Structures..

14. Direct and Indirect Narration

152
152
152
153
154
154
156
156
156
157
157
158
158

197
197
198
201
202
203
205
206
207
207
208

215226

Some General Observations. 215

Analysis of Complex Sentences.. 216

( xi )
Subordinate Noun Clause.
Subordinate Adjective Clause..
Subordinate Adverb Clause.
Analysis of Compound Sentences...

16. Synthesis

227236

Combining into a Simple Sentence.

Combining into a Complex Sentence..
Combining into a Compound Sentence..

17. Transformation

Antonyms
Synonyms
Homonyms
Paronyms
Same Word Used as Different Parts of Speech
One-Word Substitution
Idioms
Idiomatic Phrases

252
253
255
255

257260
261265
266272
273278
279283
284289
290304
305313

Noun Phrases...
Adjective Phrases.
Adverb Phrases
Prepositional Phrases..
Verbal Phrases.
Phrases in Pairs
Idiomatic Comparisons

27. Distinction between Similar Expressions

28. Proverbs
29. Expansion : Paragraph-Writing

237
238
238
239
240
241
241
242
243
244
247
249

252256

Suffixes
Words Converted into Different Parts of Speech
Prefixes
Antonyms Formed by Negative Prefixes

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

227
231
233

237251

Interchange between 'too' and 'so'

Conditional Sentences.
Concession or Contrast
Degrees of Adjectives.
Active and Passive Voice
Affirmative and Negative Sentences.......
Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences.
Changes in Parts of Speech.
Interchange between Simple and Compound Sentences.
Interchange between Simple and Complex Sentences
Interchange between Compound and Complex Sentences.
Interchange between Principal and Subordinate Clauses

18. Formation of Words

216
218
219
222

305
305
306
307
308
311
312

314315
316318
319324

( xii )

30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.

Spellings
Punctuation and Capitals
Figures of Speech
Foreign Words and Phrases
The Courtesy Words
Greetings and Salutations
Dates and Time
Comprehension
Precis-Writing
Paraphrasing
Report-Writing
Messages
Notices
Diary-Writing
Telegram
Letter-Writing

325326
327332
333336
337339
340341
342343
344345
346358
359370
371377
378379
380384
385388
389390
391392
393408

Format of Personal Letters

Format of Official Letters.
Format of Business Letters
Models of Personal Letters
Models of Matrimonial Letters.
Models of Business Letters and Applications...

393
395
396
398
401
404