1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1,347,350,000 December 31, 2011 19.08% Official estimate China[7] 1,210,193,422 March 1, 2011 17.14% 2011 census India United States 314,999,000 December 25, 2012 4.46% Official population clock 237,641,326 May 1, 2010 3.37% 2010 census Indonesia 193,946,886 July 1, 2012 2.75% Official estimate Brazil 181,592,000 December 25, 2012 2.57% Official population clock Pakistan Nigeria 166,629,000 July 1, 2012 2.36% UN estimate Bangladesh 152,518,015 July 16, 2012 2.16% Official estimate 143,300,000 October 1, 2012 2.03% Official estimate Russia 127,561,000 July 1, 2012 1.81% Monthly official estimate Japan Mexico 112,336,538 June 12, 2010 1.59% 2010 census Philippines 92,337,852 May 1, 2010 1.31% 2010 census Vietnam 87,840,000 July 1, 2011 1.24% Official estimate Ethiopia 84,320,987 July 1, 2012 1.19% Official estimate 83,012,000 December 25, 2012 1.18% Official population clock Egypt Germany 81,903,000 June 30, 2012 1.16% Monthly official estimate Iran 75,149,669 October 24, 2011 1.06% 2011 census 74,724,269 December 31, 2011 1.06% Official estimate Turkey

Fuel Types
We need fuel to keep our cars and other vehicles working on the road. One day, petrol and diesel will run out so we will need to find alternative fuel resources. However, for the mean time most cars need petrol and diesel fuel to work. Here you can learn a bit more about fuel and the different types available. On This Page 1. Types of fuel and octane rating 1. Octane numbers 2. Petrol vs. Diesel 1. Why Diesel Costs More Than Petrol 2. Which is Best? 3. Super fuels 1. Using super fuels

Types of Fuel and Octane Ratings

Petrols octane rating is a measurement of the fuels ability to resist engine knocking. Knock occurs when the fuel-air mix in the cylinder explodes instead of burning in a controlled way. This shockwave moves within the combustion chamber, and creates a metallic pinging sound.

An octane rating is often referred to as an anti-knock index. If fuel has a high octane number, it will have a higher resistance to engine knocking.

Octane Numbers
Usually, there are three different octane numbers associated with all petrols. Petrols Research Octane Number (RON) is measured under simple test conditions. Petrols Motor Octane Number (MON) is measured under tougher test conditions and at higher engine speed and temperature. The average of these two values is what becomes related closer to actual driving conditions. This value is known as the Road Octane Number, and is what should be used in filling stations. Occasionally, some filling stations will confuse these different octane numbers in a bid to embellish on their octane rating claims, and advertise their fuels Research Octane Number, which is higher than the Road Octane Number. In many European countries, the Research Octane Number is advertised on pumps, so a much higher octane value is common when travelling in certain countries.

Diesel automatically ignites and burns when it is compressed to a very high pressure. The released energy is contained by the engine and powers the vehicle. The key difference between diesel and petrol engines is auto-ignition. A spark plug ignites the fuel in a petrol engine whereas a diesel engine auto-ignites. Diesel has a Cetane Index and Number rather than the Research Octane Number (RON) that petrol has. Diesel drivers may find this diesel drivers forum useful for useful information, advice and discussions. Diesel used to be the cheaper option for motorists, but recently the cost of diesel has risen above petrol.

Bio-diesel is a more environmentally friendly fuel slowly becoming available across the UK. It is produced from renewable energy sources such as sugar beet, rape seed and sunflowers and is a biological substitute for regular diesel. Bio-diesel fueled vehicles are more environmentally friendly than conventional cars which run on petrol and diesel because the fuel is not as toxic and does not produce as many damaging exhaust emissions. Read our biodiesel page for more information on this type of fuel or to add your company to our directory if you are a biodiesel supplier.

Leaded Four Star petrol was removed from sale on British forecourts on 1st January 2000. However, Leaded Four Star is now sold in a small amount of licensed stations in the UK. In the UK, the most common petrol types are:

Ordinary unleaded 95 RON

Super unleaded 98 RON

Leaded Four Star 98 RON Price The price of diesel per litre can be higher than that of petrol in the UK, however the increased fuel efficiency of a diesel car will mean you have to fill up less making for less of a difference between the two. If price is your main concern then its important to consider all the costs associated with the each fuel type over the life of the car as opposed to just the current price at the pumps.

Tamil Nadu, a southern State of India, rich in culture, is the gateway to India. This beautiful state is located on the shores of the Bay of Bengal in the midst of the deep blue Indian Ocean, bordering with Kerala in the west, Karnataka in the northwest and Andhra Pradesh in the north. There are many tourist places in this beautiful land, which attract tourists from all over the world. These are just ten of them.

Kodaikanal, the princess of Hill Stations, located in the Western Ghats, is one of the

main tourist attractions of this land. Ooty (Udagamandalam), known as Queen of Hill stations. This picturesque, green place

is also located in the Western Ghats. Madurai, the second largest city in Tamil Nadu, known as the Athens of the East. Madurai is an ancient city, more than 2,500 years old, built in 6th century, with the world

famous Meenakshi temple and other attractions. Mamalapuram, famous for the ancient shore temple and the beach. It is the jewel in the

crown of the Pallava contribution.

Kanyakumari where the three seas meet, was earlier known as Cape Comrin.

Nagoor, is a small town but world famous Meeran Sahib Abdul Qadir Shahul Hamid

Badshah dargah is located . Trichy, is a heart of tamilnadu, is famous for Rock Fort, Sri Ranganathaswami Temple, Natarwala Dargah, Viralimalai Peacock Sanctuary etc.

Rameswaram, an southern border of India, is known as the Varanasi of the South. Lord Rama (an incarnation of Lord Vishnu in the Indian epic The Ramayana) performed thanksgiving rituals to Lord Shiva after his triumph over the demon king Ravana in the battle at Sri Lanka. Rameswaram is located on eastern side of the island in the Gulf of Mannar. Tourist places like Ramanathaswamy Temple, Ramjharoka Temple, Agnitheertham, Dhanushkodi, Dhanushkodi and Habeel Qabeel Dargah (nearly 6000 years old graveyard)

Chennai, the fourth largest metropolitan city of India, is the capital city of Tamil Nadu, located on the Coramandal coast. This vibrant city offers many tourist interesting spots, like Beach Resorts, Art gallery etc. Tirunelveli, one of the most visited destinations of this state, with many famous temples

and waterfalls like Courtallam.

There are many forms of renewable energy . Most of these renewable energies depend in one way or another on sunlight. Wind and hydroelectric power are the direct result of differential heating of the Earth's surface which leads to air moving about (wind) and precipitation forming as the air is lifted. Solar energy is the direct conversion of sunlight using panels or collectors. Biomass energy is stored sunlight contained in plants. Other renewable energies that do not depend on sunlight are geothermal energy, which is a result of radioactive decay in the crust combined with the original heat of accreting the Earth, and tidal energy, which is a conversion of gravitational energy. Solar. This form of energy relies on the nuclear fusion power from the core of the Sun. This energy can be collected and converted in a few different ways. The range is from solar water heating with solar collectors or attic cooling with solar attic fans for domestic use to the complex technologies of direct conversion of sunlight to electrical energy using mirrors and boilers or photovoltaic cells. Unfortunately these are currently insufficient to fully power our modern society. Wind Power. The movement of the atmosphere is driven by differences of temperature at the Earth's surface due to varying temperatures of the Earth's surface when lit by sunlight. Wind

energy can be used to pump water or generate electricity, but requires extensive areal coverage to produce significant amounts of energy. Hydroelectric energy. This form uses the gravitational potential of elevated water that was lifted from the oceans by sunlight. It is not strictly speaking renewable since all reservoirs eventually fill up and require very expensive excavation to become useful again. At this time, most of the available locations for hydroelectric dams are already used in the developed world. Biomass is the term for energy from plants. Energy in this form is very commonly used throughout the world. Unfortunately the most popular is the burning of trees for cooking and warmth. This process releases copious amounts of carbon dioxide gases into the atmosphere and is a major contributor to unhealthy air in many areas. Some of the more modern forms of biomass energy are methane generation and production of alcohol for automobile fuel and fueling electric power plants. Hydrogen and fuel cells. These are also not strictly renewable energy resources but are very abundant in availability and are very low in pollution when utilized. Hydrogen can be burned as a fuel, typically in a vehicle, with only water as the combustion product. This clean burning fuel can mean a significant reduction of pollution in cities. Or the hydrogen can be used in fuel cells, which are similar to batteries, to power an electric motor. In either case significant production of hydrogen requires abundant power. Due to the need for energy to produce the initial hydrogen gas, the result is the relocation of pollution from the cities to the power plants. There are several promising methods to produce hydrogen, such as solar power, that may alter this picture drastically. Geothermal power. Energy left over from the original accretion of the planet and augmented by heat from radioactive decay seeps out slowly everywhere, everyday. In certain areas the geothermal gradient (increase in temperature with depth) is high enough to exploit to generate electricity. This possibility is limited to a few locations on Earth and many technical problems exist that limit its utility. Another form of geothermal energy is Earth energy, a result of the heat storage in the Earth's surface. Soil everywhere tends to stay at a relatively constant temperature, the yearly average, and can be used with heat pumps to heat a building in winter and cool a building in summer. This form of energy can lessen the need for other power to maintain comfortable temperatures in buildings, but cannot be used to produce electricity. Other forms of energy. Energy from tides, the oceans and hot hydrogen fusion are other forms that can be used to generate electricity. Each of these is discussed in some detail with the final result being that each suffers from one or another significant drawback and cannot be relied upon at this time to solve the upcoming energy crunch. What are renewable energy sources? Solar power can be used directly for heating and producing electricity or indirectly via biomass, wind, ocean thermal, and hydroelectric power. Energy from the gravititational field can be harnessed by tidal power; and the internal heat of the Earth can be tapped geothermally.

These tools and more can help make the transition from non-renewable to renewable and environmentally friendly energy. However, none of these is sufficiently developed or abundant enough to substitute for fossil fuels use. Every one of these power sources (with the exception of hydroelectric) has low environmental costs, and combined have the potential to be important in avoiding a monumental crisis when the fossil fuel crunch hits. These energy sources are often non-centralized, leading to greater consumer control and involvement. However, currently each of these energy forms is significantly more expensive than fossil fuels, which will lead to economic dislocations and hardship if they become the only power source for the future.

VV

Electrical and electronic components table

Component Component Image Symbol Wire Toggle switch Pushbutton switch Relay Jumper Dip switch Resistor Variable resistor / Rheostat Component Name

Potentiometer Capacitor Variable capacitor Electrolytic capacitor Inductor Battery Voltmeter Lamp / Light bulb Diode BJT Transisthttp://www.altenergy.org/images/wind.jpgor MOS transistor Optocoupler / optoisolator Electric motor Transformer Operational amplifier / 741 Crystal oscillator

Fuse Buzzer Loudspeaker Microphone Antenna / aerial