English conditionals: grammar rules, examples The zero conditional describes situations that are always true.

If has the same meaning as when or whenever. If I go to school, I get up at seven. (Whenever I go to school I get up at the same time.) If you park your car on double yellow lines, you pay a fine. (Whenever you park illegally, you pay a fine.) We use the present simple tense in both the main clauses and the if clauses. The first conditional sentences are used to speculate about possible situations that can really happen at present or in future. We do not use will in an if clause to describe future activities (compare it to time clauses). If he studies hard, he'll pass the exams. If we catch the 10.15 train, we will arrive on time. If you don't get the ticket, what will you do? We make if clauses with if + present tense and main clauses with will + bare infinitive. In the second conditional sentences we speculate about situations that will probably never happen at present or in future. If I had more time, I would help you. (But I am not free at the moment. I can't help you). If I won a million dollars, I would start a business of my own. (But I know that it is not realistic.) We make if clauses with if + past tense and main clauses with would + bare infinitive. Note: the verb to be can be specific in the if clause. If I were rich, I wouldn't work. If he were younger, he would marry her. (But was is also possible: If I was rich, I wouldn't work. If he was younger, he would marry her.) But: If I were you, I wouldn't do it. (In this expression, were is much more usual than was.) The third conditional sentences always refer to the past. We speculate about situations that happened or did not happen in the past. If I had won a million, I would have started a business of my own. (But I didn't win anything.) If he had met her, he would have told her. (Unfortunately, he didn't meet her.) If we hadn't practised, we wouldn't have won the match. (But we practised and won.) We make if clauses with if + past perfect and main clauses with would + perfect infinitive (have + past participle). But we can also combine other verb structures in third conditional sentences. We didn't save any money. If we had saved some money, we might have bought the house. She wasn't there and I wasn't sitting next to her. But if she had been there, I would have been sitting next to her. I was looking at the trees when I fell off the bike. If I hadn't been looking at the trees, I wouldn' t have fallen off the bike. Compare the first and second conditionals The main difference between the first conditional and the second conditional is about probability: the first conditional is realistic, the second conditional is unrealistic.

Sometimes we can use both with the following difference in meaning. If I see him, I will tell him. (I suppose I will see him, because we go to the same school.) If I saw him, I would tell him. (I don't think I will see him, because he is ill.) If I need your help, I'll call you. (It is probable that I will need your help.) If I needed your help, I'd call you. (It is not very probable that I will need your help.) Sometimes we must use either the first conditional or the second conditional to make it clear that the situation is real or unreal. If you get up late, you will miss your bus. (a real situation) If I came from your country, I would understand your problems. (an unreal situation I am not from your country.)

Other forms Apart from the basic structures (if + the present simple + will and if + the past simple + would), we can also make different combinations. Examples - type 1: If you have finished your dinner, you can ask for the bill. If you are feeling tired, take a rest. If he is a good skier, he might make it. If you want to be slim, you should eat less. If you meet her, could you let me know? Examples - type 2: If I knew his address, I might go and see him. If we were on holiday, we would be lying on a beach now. Why are we watching this film? If we were watching the news, it would be more interesting. Mixed conditionals In the mixed conditional sentences we can combine the second and third conditional. If he had left immediately, he would be here now. (He didn't leave immediately and isn't here.) If I had studied hard when I was young, I wouldn't be a porter now. (I didn't study and I am a porter.) If we hadn't told him the way while he was preparing for his journey, he would get lost now. (We told him and he isn't lost.)

Inverted conditionals We can also make conditional sentences by changing the word order in the if clause. Had he booked the hotel room, he wouln't have slept at the camp. (If he had booked ... ) Were I in your position, I would accept it. (If I were ... ) This is less common, quite formal and is mostly used in writing. Note If is the most frequent expression in the if clauses, but other expressions are also possible. even if, provided (that), unless, on condition (that), in case

Examples: You will leave tonight even if you don't want to. You can have your birthday party provided that you aren't noisy. We'll sell you the ranch on condition you pay in cash. You should take a dictionary with you in case you forgot some words. Unless you do something, she won't come back. (If you don't do anything, ... ) Functional Exponents Understanding the underlying social meaning of certain utterances is at the heart of functional language. We often use language because we want to perform some kind of communicative act like make a request or offer advice. The expressions that we use to achieve this are known as functional exponents. Functions 1. making suggestions 2. inviting 3. giving advice 4. requesting 5. making apologies 6. refusing 7. agreeing 8. regretting 9. offering 10. complaining a. I cant make it tonight sorry. refusing b. Im afraid I was disappointed by the service. complaining c. I should have left earlier. regretting d. We could order in a pizza. making suggestions e. Itd pay to talk to the boss. giving advice f. Id go along with that. agreeing g. Im really sorry about the vase. making apologies h. Why dont you come over tonight? inviting i. Any chance of a coffee? requesting j. Ill pay. Offering Participant relationships: (who says it and who they say it to ). If I want my husband to open the window, I may well use an imperative form. If Im in a clients office and feel desperately hot, Im more likely to use a longer exponent. And it is not only the exponents which may need to change, but also the formulation of the request itself. In the clients office I might also avoid making a direct request for him or her to act ie Do you think you could possibly open the window? - by saying something like Do you think we could possibly have the window open? The level of threat posed by the request (Am I asking for a service - Could you check the oil please? - where I have a socially acknowledged right to make the request, or a favour. If so, do I want you to lend me your bike or your Ferrari?) The context of the request (is it the first time I ask you not to play music after 11pm or the tenth?) The forms may also take on a different level of directness dependent on the intonation used. For example, the imperative I use with my husband may function as an order or a request. If Ive burnt the toast again and the kitchen is full of smoke I may say /open the WINdow/ using a final falling tone. The situation is urgent and I am giving a command. But if its a hot day, Im reading on the sofa and am just too lazy to get up myself, /Open the WINdow/ said with a lengthened first syllable in open and a final fall-rise tone will move my utterance much closer to a request. The same can happen with any of the exponents Would you mind opening the window? said by a Managing Director to the office cleaner is functionally an order, and liable to finish with a falling tone, even though it has the structure of a request.