Airbus A320 Family

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Airbus A320 family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Airbus A320 family

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Airbus A321) The Airbus A320 family consists of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger jet airliners manufactured by Airbus. The family includes the A318, A319, A320 and A321, and the ACJ business jet. Final assembly of the family in Europe takes place in Toulouse, France, and Hamburg, Germany. Since 2009, a plant in Tianjin in the People's Republic of China has also started producing aircraft for Chinese airlines.[3] In June 2012, Airbus announced plans to begin building the 319, 320, and 321 variants in Mobile, Alabama.[4]The aircraft family can accommodate up to 220 passengers and has a range of 3,100 to 12,000 km (1,700 to 6,500 nmi), depending on model. The first member of the A320 familythe A320was launched in March 1984, first flew on 22 February 1987, and was first delivered in 1988. The family was soon extended to include the A321 (first delivered 1994), the A319 (1996), and the A318 (2003). The A320 family pioneered the use of digital fly-by-wire flight control systems, as well as side-stick controls, in commercial aircraft. There has been a continuous improvement process since introduction. On 1 December 2010, Airbus officially launched the new generation of the A320 family with the A320neo "New Engine Option".[5] The new generation offers a choice of the CFM International LEAP-X or Pratt & Whitney PW1000G, combined with airframe improvements and the addition of winglets, named Sharklets by Airbus. The aircraft will deliver fuel savings of up to 15%. Virgin America will be the launch customer for the aircraft in spring of 2016. As of 31 December 2011, a total of 1,196 A320neo family aircraft have been ordered by 21 airlines making it the fastest ever selling commercial aircraft.[6] As of August 2012, a total of 5,232 Airbus A320 family aircraft have been delivered, of which 4,858 are in service. In addition, another 3,621 airliners are on firm order. It ranked as the world's fastest-selling jet airliner family according to records from 2005 to 2007, and as the bestselling single-generation aircraft programme.[7][8] The family's direct competitors are the Boeing 737, 717, 757 and the McDonnell Douglas MD-80.
Role Manufacturer First flight Introduction Status
A320 family A318/A319/A320/A321
US Airways Nevada A319-132 Narrow-body jet airliner Airbus 22 February 1987 28 March 1988 with Air France In service National origin Multi-national
Prim ary users US Airways EasyJet
Contents
1 Development 1.1 Origins
China Southern Airlines China Eastern Airlines See Operators for others 1988present 5,307 as of October 2012[1] A318: US$67.7 million, 58 million (2011)[2]
Produced Num ber built U nit cost
1.2 Design effort
1.3 Production, testing and demonstration 1.4 Stretching and shrinking 1.5 Further shrinking 1.6 A320 Enhanced 2 Design
1.7 New Engine Option 2.1 Airframe 2.3 Engines

V ariants
A319: US$80.7 million, 70 million (2011)[2] A320: US$88.3 million, 79 million (2011)[2] A321: US$103.6 million, 95 million (2011)[2] Airbus A318
Developed into Airbus A320neo family
2.2 Flight deck and avionics 3 Operational history
3.1 Competition
4 Variants
3.2 Replacement airliner 4.1 Overview 4.2 A320 4.3 A321 4.4 A319 4.4.1 A319CJ
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4.5 A318 5 Operators
4.6 Freighter
6 Orders and deliveries 7.1 A319 7.2 A320 8 Specifications 9 See also 7.3 A321
7 Accidents and incidents
8.1 Engines
10 Footnotes
11 References
12 External links
Development
Origins
When Airbus designed the Airbus A300 during the late 1960s/early 1970s, it envisioned a broad family of airliners with which to compete against Boeing and Douglas, two established US aerospace manufacturers. From the moment of formation, Airbus had begun studies into derivatives of the Airbus A300B in support of this long term goal.[9] Prior to the service introduction of the first Airbus airliners, engineers within Airbus had identified nine possible variations of the A300 known as A300B1 to B9.[10] A 10th variation, conceived in 1973, later the first to be constructed, was designated the A300B10.[11] It was a smaller aircraft which would be developed into the long-range Airbus A310. Airbus then focused its efforts on the single-aisle market, which was dominated by the Boeing 737 and McDonnell Douglas DC-9. Plans from a number of European aircraft manufacturers called for a successor to the relatively successful BAC One-Eleven, and to replace the Boeing 737200 and DC-9.[12] Germanys MBB (MesserschmittBlkow-Blohm), British Aircraft Corporation, Sweden's Saab and CASA worked on the EUROPLANE, a 180to 200-seat aircraft.[12][13] It was abandoned after intruding on A310 specifications.[14] VFW-Fokker, Dornier and Hawker Siddeley worked on a number of 150-seat designs.[12] Alongside BAe (who at the time were not part of Airbus) were MBB, Fokker-VFW and Arospatiale. The design within the JET study that was carried forward was the JET2 (163 passengers), which then became the Airbus S.A1/2/3 series (Single Aisle), before settling on the A320 name for its launch in 1984.
The Hawker Siddeley team had previously produced a design called the HS.134 "Airbus" in 1965, an evolution of the HS.121 (formerly DH.121) Trident,[15] which shared much of the general arrangement of the later JET3 study design. The name "Airbus" at the time referred to a BEA requirement, rather than to the later international programme.
Air Inter A320-100 in 1991, one of the few A320-100s
Design effort
A new programme was initiated subsequently, called Joint European Transport (JET). This was set up in June 1977,[16] and was based at the then British Aerospace (formerly Vickers) site in Weybridge, Surrey, UK. Although the members were all of Airbus' partners, they regarded the project as a separate collaboration from Airbus.[17] This project was considered the forerunner of Airbus A320, encompassing the 130- to 188-seat market, powered by two CFM56s.[12] It would have a cruise speed of Mach 0.84 (faster than Boeing 737).[12] The programme was later transferred to Airbus, leading up to the creation of the Single-Aisle (SA) studies in 1980, led by former leader of JET programme, Derek Brown.[18] The group looked at three different variants, covering the 125- to 180-seat market, called SA1, SA2 and SA3.[12] Although unaware at the time, the consortium was producing the blueprints for the A319, A320 and A321, respectively.[19] The single-aisle programme created divisions within Airbus about whether to design a shorter-range twinjet than a longer-range quadjet wanted by the West Germans, particularly Lufthansa.[12][20] However, works proceeded, and the German carrier would eventually order the twinjet. In February 1981, the project was re-designated A320,[19] with efforts focused on the former SA2. During the year, Airbus worked with Delta Air Lines on a 150-seat aircraft envisioned and required by the airline. The A320 would carry 150 passengers 1,860 nautical miles (3,440 km) using fuel from wing fuel tanks only.[19] The Dash 200 had more fuel through the activation of centre fuel tank, increasing fuel capacity from 3,429 imperial gallons (15,590 L) to 5,154 imperial gallons (23,430 L).[21] enabling to fly up to 2,850 nautical miles (5,280 km).[19] The aircraft would measure 118 feet 3 inches (36.04 m) and 128 feet 9 inches (39.24 m), respectively.[19] Airbus then had to decide on a cross-section for the A320. It considered a fuselage diameter of "the Boeing 707 and 727, or do something better".[12] It
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eventually settled on a wider diameter, with the internal width at 3.7 metres (12 ft 2 in),[12] compared to 3.45 metres (11 ft 4 in)[12] of the Boeing aircraft. Although heavier, this specification allowed the aircraft to compete more effectively with the 737. The A320 wing went through several stages of design, finally settling on 33.91 metres (111 feet 3 inches).[21] It is longer and thinner, offering better aerodynamic efficiency because of higher aspect ratio than the competition, namely the 737 and MD-80. With the A320, Airbus made a controversial decision. For the first time, digital fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system would be incorporated into a commercial airliner,[22] although it was previously successfully proven on military fighter aircraft,[22] such as the Vought F-8 Crusader. Aside from associated reduction in weight and cost, this system would provide flight envelope protection.[23] The pilot, in essence, places inputs into the flight control computer, which interprets these actions and moves the flight control surfaces. FBW also allows Airbus to make flying characteristics similar to later models,[24] such as the Airbus A330, A340, A380, and the upcoming A350. It would feature side-stick control for the first time on a commercial aircraft. Bernard Ziegler, son of the former Airbus CEO, Henri Ziegler, was the initiator of the aircraft's revolutionary fly-by-wire flight controls with side-stick cockpit controller and full glass cockpit. He successfully convinced aviation authorities of the concept's validity.[citation needed] The cockpit of the A321 is
similar to that of the A318, A319 and A320. This layout was incorporated to the later A330, A340, A380, and the upcoming A350 as well. This 'commonality' enables pilots to quickly transition between these types. Note the sidestick controller and digital flyby-wire technology, a first for commercial aircraft.
During the A320 development programme, Airbus considered propfan technology, backed by Lufthansa.[25] At the time unproven, it was essentially a fan placed outside the engine nacelle, offering speed of a turbofan at turboprops economics; eventually, Airbus stuck with turbofans. Power on the A320 would be supplied by two CFM56-5-A1s rated at 25,000 lbf (112.5 kN).[21] It was the only available engine at launch until the IAE V2500, offered by International Aero Engines, a group composed of Rolls Royce, Pratt & Whitney, Japanese Aero Engines Corporation, Fiat and MTU Aero Engines (MTU). The first V2500 variant, the V2500-A1, has a thrust output of 25,000 pounds-force (110 kN),[26] hence the name, and is marginally more efficient than the CFM56, with specific fuel consumption at 0.560, compared to 0.591 of the CFM56.[27]
Production, testing and demonstration
Production of the A320 was postponed for a number of reasons. From the start, the UK, France and West Germany wanted the responsibility of final assembly and the associated duties. These disputes were known as "work-share arguments",[28] driven by, apart from money, prestige.[28] The Germans requested an increased work-share of 40%,[28] while the British wanted the major responsibilities to be swapped around to give partners production and research and development (R&D) experience.[28] In the end, British workshare was increased from that of the two previous Airbuses,[28] while virtually no changes took place for the other three major member-countries. Another contributing factor was launch aid, or subsidies, for the aerospace companies from their respective governments. France was willing to commit, while the Germans were more cautious.[29] The UK government, on the other hand, were unwilling to provide funding for the tooling requested by British Aerospace (BAe). Estimated at 250 million, it was postponed for three years until 1 March 1984,[21] when an announcement was made about the deal between government and manufacturer. The agreement dictates that 50 million would be paid whether the A320 would fly or not, while the rest would be paid as a levy of each aircraft sold.[30]
The horizontal stabilizer of the A320 is produced in Spain. Other A320 parts are manufactured at various sites throughout Europe and the world.
The programme was launched the following day[31] off the back of orders for 96 aircraft from five customers. Air France was the first customer for the type, having placed an order for 50 aircraft, split evenly between firm and options, between 16 A320-100s and 34 -200s.[22] However, British Caledonian was the first to place a firm order for seven back in October 1983.[32] Cyprus Airways became the first to place order for V2500-powered A320s in November 1984.[33] Pan Am also selected V2500 when it requested 16 firm orders and 34 options in January 1985, as did Inex Adria.[32] The most significant order was to come, when Northwest Airlines placed an order for 100 A320s in October 1986, later confirmed at the 1990 Farnborough Airshow, powered by CFM56.[34] The first Airbus A320 was rolled out on 14 February 1987 amid dry ice and laser beams as part of a spectacular unveiling ceremony.[35][36] A number of high-profile figures were present, including the Prince and Princess of Wales.[37] The first flight came on 22 February,[36] during which the aircraft flew for 3 hours 23 minutes.[31] The flight marked the beginning of a flight test programme involving 1,200 airborne hours on 530 flights.[35] European Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) certification was received on 26 February 1988.[35] The first A320 delivery was to Air France on 26 March 1988.[35]
On 26 June 1988, a chartered Air France Airbus A320-111 (F-GFKC)[38] crashed into trees at the end of runway at Mulhouse-Habsheim Airport. Three out of 130 passengers were killed.[38] Another A320, flown by Indian Airlines, crashed landed short of the airport runway in Bangalore. The ensuing fire contributed to the casualty count of ninety-two, out of 146 on board.[39] The press and media later questioned the fly-by-wire flight control system.[38] Subsequent investigations by commission of inquiry found "no malfunction of the aircraft or its equipment which could have contributed towards a reduction in safety or an increase in the crew's workload during the final flight phase...the response of the engines was normal and in compliance with certification requirement".[38] As of 2009, Airbus required about eight months to build an A320.[40] Components from various Airbus plants are transported to the final assembly plant at Hamburg Finkenwerder for the A318/A319/A321[41] and to Toulouse Blagnac for the A320. Nearly all assemblies are moved using Airbus' A300-600ST Beluga outsized transporters. Airbus A320s sold to Chinese airlines scheduled for delivery between 2009 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A321#Stretching_and_shrinking 3/20
An Airbus Beluga unloading A320-family aircraft parts at Finkenwerder, northern Germany.
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moved using Airbus' A300-600ST Beluga outsized transporters. Airbus A320s sold to Chinese airlines scheduled for delivery between 2009 and 2012 are being assembled in Tianjin, People's Republic of China.[42]
Stretching and shrinking

The first derivative of the A320 is the Airbus A321, also known as the Stretched A320, A320-500 and A325.[35][43] Its launch came on 24 November 1988 after commitments for 183 aircraft from 10 customers were secured.[35][44] The aircraft would be a minimum-changed derivative, apart from a number of minor modifications to the wing, and the fuselage stretch itself. The wing would incorporate double-slotted flaps and minor trailing edge modifications,[45] increasing the wing area from 124 m2 (1,330 sq ft) to 128 m2 Airbus A32X family (1,380 sq ft).[46] The fuselage was lengthened by four plugs (two ahead and two behind the wings), giving the A321 an overall length of 6.94 metres (22 ft 9 in) longer than the A320.[45][47][48] The length increase required the overwing exits of the A320 to be enlarged and repositioned in front of and behind the wings.[49] The centre fuselage and undercarriage were reinforced to accommodate the increase in maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 9,600 kg (21,200 lb), taking the MTOW to 83,000 kg (183,000 lb).[45] Final assembly for the A321 would be, as a first for any Airbus, carried out in Germany (then West Germany).[50] This came after a dispute between the French, who claimed the move would incur $150 million, 135 million in unnecessary expenditure associated with the new plant,[51] and the Germans, arguing it would be more productive for Airbus in the long run. The second production line was located at Hamburg, which would also produce the smaller Airbus A319 and A318. For the first time, Airbus entered the bond market, through which it raised $480 million, 475 million to finance development costs.[38] An additional $180 million, 175 million was loaned from European Investment Bank and private investors.[52] The maiden flight of the Airbus A321 came on 11 March 1993, when the prototype, registration F-WWIA, flew with IAE V2500 engines; the second prototype, equipped with CFM56-5B turbofans, flew in May.[49] Lufthansa and Alitalia were the first to order the stretched Airbuses, with 20 and 40 aircraft requested, respectively.[49] The first of Lufthansa's V2500-A5-powered A321s arrived on 27 January 1994, while over at Alitalia, the first CFM56-5B-powered aircraft was delivered on 22 March.[49]
Alitalia was the second to receive the stretched A321, after Lufthansa.[49]
The A319 is the next derivative of the baseline A320. The design is a "shrink" with its origins in the 130- to 140-seat SA1, part of the Single-Aisle studies.[51] The SA1 was shelved as the consortium concentrated on its bigger siblings. After healthy sales of the A320/A321, Airbus turned its focus back to what was then known as the A320M-7, meaning A320 minus seven fuselage frames.[53] It would provide direct competition for the Boeing 737300/-700.[51] The shrink was achieved though the removal of four fuselage frames fore and three aft the wing, cutting the overal length by 3.73 metres (12 ft 3 in).[47][54][55] Consequently, the number of overwing exits were reduced from four to two. The bulk-cargo door was replaced by an aft container door, which can take in reduced height LD3-46 containers.[54] Minor software programming were made to accommodate the different handling characteristics; otherwise the aircraft is largely unchanged. Power is provided by the CFM56-5A or V2500-A5, derated to 98 kN (22,000 lbf), with option for 105 kN (24,000 lbf) thrust.[56] Airbus began offering the new model from 22 May 1992, with the actual launch occurring 10 June 1993;[57][58] the A319's first customer is ILFC, who signed for 6 aircraft. The development cost was $275 million, 250 million.[54][57] On 23 March 1995, the first A319 underwent final assembly at Airbus' German plant in Hamburg, where the A321s are assembled. It was rolled out on 24 August, with the maiden flight the following day.[59] The certification programme would take 350 airborne hours involving two aircraft; certification for the CFM56-5B6/2-equipped variant was granted in April 1996, after which qualification for the V2524-A5 started the following month.[60] Delivery of the first A319, to Swissair, took place on 25 April 1996, entering service by month's end.[60] In January 1997, an A319 broke a record during a delivery flight by flying 3,588 nautical miles (6,645 km) the great circle route to Winnipeg, Manitoba from Hamburg, in 9 hours 5 minutes.[60] Sales of the A319 would overtake that of the A321, amassing 1,470 order compared to 932;[1] it has proved popular with low-cost airlines such as EasyJet, who has orders for 172, with 167 delivered.[1]
A US Airways A319 in America West heritage livery. The A319's wingspan is longer than the aircraft's overall length.
Further shrinking
Main article: Airbus A318#Development The A318 was born out of mid-1990 studies between Aviation Industries of China (AVIC), Singapore Technologies Aerospace, Alenia and Airbus on a 95- to 125-seat aircraft project. The programme was called the AE31X, and covers the 95-seat AE316 and 115- to 125-seat AE317.[61] The former would have an overall length of 31.3 m (102 ft 8 in), while the AE317 is longer by 3.2 m (10 ft 6 in), at 34.5 m (113 ft 2 in).[62] The engines would be supplied from two BMW Rolls-Royce BR715s, CFM56-9s, or the Pratt & Whitney PW6000s;[61][62] with the MTOW of 53.3 t (118,000 lb) for the smaller version and 58 t (130,000 lb) for the AE317, the thrust requirement were 77.984.6 kN (17,50019,000 lbf) and 84.691.2 kN (19,00020,500 lbf), respectively.[62] Range was settled at 5,200 km (2,800 nmi) and 5,800 km (3,100 nmi) for the high gross weights of both variants.[62] Both share a wingspan of 31.0 m (101 ft 8 in)[62] and a flight deck similar to that of the A320 family. Costing $2 billion, 1.85 billion to develop, aircraft production to take place in China.[61] Simultaneously, Airbus was developing Airbus A318. In early 1998, Airbus revealed its considerations of designing a 100-seat aircraft based on the A320; by September 1998, the project en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A321#Stretching_and_shrinking AE31X terminated, after which Airbus officially announced an aircraft of its own, the
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on the A320; by September 1998, the project AE31X terminated, after which Airbus officially announced an aircraft of its own, the A318,[63] at that year's Farnborough Airshow.[64] The aircraft is the smallest, or "baby", of the A320 family, and therefore the smallest Airbus. Ironically, it was developed at the same time as the largest commercial aircraft in history, the Airbus A3XX (later renamed Airbus A380). First called A319M5 in as early as March 1995, it was shorter by 0.79-metre (2 ft 7 in) ahead of the wing and 1.6 metres (5 ft 3 in) behind.[64] These cuts reduced passenger capacity from 124 on the A319 to 107 passengers in a two-class layout.[65] Range was 5,700 kilometres (3,100 nmi), or 5,950 kilometres (3,210 nmi) with upcoming sharklets.[65] The 107-seater was launched on 26 April 1999 with the options and orders count at 109 aircraft.[64] After The A318 originally had three years of design, the maiden flight took place at Hamburg on 15 January 2002.[66] Tests on the lead dorsal fins to improve engine, the Pratt & Whitney PW6000, revealed worse-than-expected fuel consumption.[67] Consequently, handling characteristics, but it Pratt & Whitney abandoned the five-stage high pressure compressor (HPC) for the MTU-designed six-stage is not featured on this Air HPC. The 129 order book for the A318 shrunk to 80 largely because of switches to other A320 family France A318. members.[67] After 17 months of flight certification, during which 850 hours and 350 flights were accumulated, JAA certification was obtained for the CFM56-powered variant on 23 May 2003.[67] On 22 July 2003, first delivery for launch customer Frontier Airlines occurred,[68] entering service before the end of the month.
A320 Enhanced
A320 Enhanced (or A320E) is the working title for a series of improvements to the A320 family. The improvements include engine improvements, aerodynamic refinements, such as adding large curved winglets (Sharklets), weight savings, and a new cabin.[69] In 2006, Airbus tested three styles of winglet intended to counteract the wings induced drag and wingtip vortices more effectively than the previous wingtip fence. The first design type to be tested was developed by Airbus and was based on work done by the AWIATOR programme. The second type of winglet incorporated a more blended design and was designed by Winglet Technology LLC, a company based in Wichita, Kansas. Two aircraft were used in the flight test evaluation campaign the prototype A320, which have been retained by Airbus for testing, and a new build aircraft which was fitted with both types of winglets before it was delivered to JetBlue Airways.
Airbus A320 with sharklets at ILA 2012
Despite the anticipated efficiency gains and development work, Airbus announced that the new winglets will not be offered to customers, claiming that the weight of the modifications required would negate any aerodynamic benefits.[70] Instead, on 17 December 2008, Airbus announced it was to begin flight testing an existing blended winglet design developed by Aviation Partners as part of an A320 modernisation programme using the prototype A320.[71] On 15 November 2009, Airbus announced future additions of Sharklets[72] to A320s commencing in 2012 with launch customer Air New Zealand.[73] These Airbus winglets, which are 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) tall and weigh 200 kilograms (440 lb),[74] would reduce fuel burn by 3.5% and offer increases in payload of 500 kilograms (1,100 lb), or range by 100 nautical miles (190 km) at the original payload.[75] This corresponds to an annual CO2 reduction of around 700 tonnes per aircraft,[72] saving operators US$220,000 per aircraft per year.[76] The Sharklets are to be manufactured and distributed by Korean Airlines Aerospace Div.[77] The cabin was fitted to more than 600 aircraft (as of March 2009) since 2007. Airbus claims it offers better luggage storage and a quieter cabin, packaged with a more modern look and feel. Additionally, improved cabin efficiency by a new galley concept, reduced weight, improved ergonomics and food hygiene and recycling requirements.[78] LED ambience lighting is optionally available. Anytime LEDs are used for the Passenger Service Unit (PSU)[79] and passengers can get information with touchscreen displays.[80] Older A320 series aircraft can be updated.[81]
Virgin America Airbus A320 economy class Enhanced Cabin with light-emitting diode (LED) lighting
New Engine Option

Main article: Airbus A320neo family Airbus is working on offering a new engine for the A320 known as the new engine option (neo).[82][83][84] The choice for new engines include the CFM International LEAP-X and the Pratt & Whitney PW1100G.[82] Though the new engines will burn 16% less fuel, the actual fuel gain on an A320 installation will be slightly less, since 12% is typically lost upon installation on an existing aircraft. This means an additional range of 950 km (510 nmi), or 2 t (4,400 lb) of extra payload.[85] The A320neo will also include some modifications to the wing, mainly the installation of blended winglets called "Sharklets".[86] Airbus' CEO said to be "comfortable" with the projections of 20% lower maintenance cost for the Pratt & Whitney's PW1000G family, compared with today's engines.[82] Airbus is targeting 2016 for the first delivery and plans to deliver 4,000 A320neo over 15 years. Virgin America became the launch customer with a firm order of 30 A320neo aircraft as a part of a 60 aircraft order on 17 January 2011.[87] In January 2011 IndiGo reached a tentative agreement with Airbus to order 150 A320neo aircraft along with 30 more A320s.[88][89]
At the 2011 Paris Air Show, Airbus announced firm orders from GECAS, Scandinavian Airlines System, TransAs
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CGI representation of the future Airbus A320neo
GoAir[90] along with major orders from Indian low-cost carrier IndiGo for 150 aircraft[91] and Malaysian low-cost carrier AirAsia for 200 A320neo, the largest commercial aviation order at the time.[92] In total the A320neo received a combined 667 commitments worth US$60.9 billion.[93] American Airlines ordered 130 A320neo on 20 July 2011, which would cause the airline to cease having an all-Boeing fleet. By the end of 2011, Airbus had received 1,196 firm orders for the A320neo family making it the fastest selling commercial aircraft in history.[6]
Design
The Airbus A320 family are narrow-body (single-aisle) aircraft with a retractable tricycle landing gear and are powered by two wing pylon-mounted turbofan engines.
Airframe
The Airbus A320 family are low-wing cantilever monoplanes with a conventional tail unit with a single vertical stabilizer and rudder. Wing swept back at 25 degrees, optimised for maximum operating Mach number 0.82,[47] built by British Aerospace (BAe). Compared to other airliners of the same class, the A320 features a wider single-aisle cabin of 155.5 inches (3.95 m) outside diameter, compared to 148 inches (3.8 m) of the Boeing 737 and 131.6 inches (3.34 m) of the Boeing 717, and larger overhead bins. In addition, the aircraft has a cargo hold equipped with large doors to assist in expedient loading and unloading of goods.[citation needed]
Planform view of an Iberia A320 at takeoff
The Airbus A320 is the first narrow body airliner to use a significant amount of the structure made from composite material. Its tail assembly made almost entirely of such material by CASA,[94] who also builds the elevators, main landing gear doors, and rear fuselage parts.[94]
Flight deck and avionics

The A320 was the first civil airliner to include a full digital fly-by-wire flight control system. Its design also included a full glass cockpit rather than the hybrid versions found in previous airliners. Digital head-up displays are available.[95] The A320's flight deck is equipped with Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) with side-stick controllers. At the time of the aircraft's introduction, the behaviour of the fly-by-wire system (equipped with full flight envelope protection) was a new experience for many pilots. The A320 features an Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitor (ECAM) which gives the flight crew information about all the systems of the aircraft. With the exception of the very earliest A320s, most can be upgraded to the latest avionics standards, keeping the aircraft advanced even after two decades in service.[citation needed] Early A320 planes used the Intel 80186 and Motorola 68010,[96] in 1988 Intel 80286 family CPUs. The flight management computer contained six CPUs, running in three logical pairs, with 2.5 megabytes of memory.[97] Newer Airbus feature LCD (liquid crystal display) units in the flight deck of its A318, A319, A320, and A321 flight decks instead of the original CRT (cathode ray tube) displays. These include the main displays and the backup artificial horizon, which was an analogue display prior to this. LCDs weigh less and produce less heat than CRT displays.[citation needed]
The Airbus A320 family was the first commercial airliner to feature a full glass cockpit and digital fly-by-wire flight control system. The only analogue instruments are the RMI (backup ADI on earlier models, replaced by digital ISIS on later models) and brake pressure indicator.
Engines
Three suppliers provide turbofan engines for the A320 series: CFM International with their CFM56, International Aero Engines, offering the V2500 and Pratt & Whitney whose PW6000 engines are only available for the A318 variant.[98]
Operational history
The Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) issued the type certificate for the A320 on 26 February 1988. After entering the market in March 1988 with Air France and Ansett, the former Australian domestic airline, Airbus then expanded the A320 family rapidly, launching the 185-seat A321 in 1989 and first delivered it in 1994; launching the 124-seat A319 in 1993 and delivering it in 1996; and launching the 107-seat A318 in 1999 with first deliveries in 2003.[99]
Competition
The A320 family was developed to compete against the Boeing 737 Classics (300/-400/-500) and the McDonnell Douglas MD-80/90
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series, and has since faced challenges from the Boeing 737 Next Generation (600/-700/-800/-900) and the Boeing 717 during its two decades in service. As of 2010, as well as the Boeing 737, the A320 family faces competition from Embraer's E-195 (to the A318), and the CSeries being developed by Bombardier[100] to the A318/A319. Airbus has shipped 5,307 A320 series aircraft since their certification/first delivery in early 1988, with another 3,321 on firm order (as of 31 October 2012).[1] In comparison, Boeing has shipped 7,352 737s since late 1967, with 5,846 of those deliveries since March 1988, and has a further 2,953 on firm order (as of 31 October 2012).[101] Based on figures since 1988 when they first entered direct competition, Airbus delivered on average 215 A320 series aircraft per annum, while on average 237 Boeing 737s were delivered.[citation needed]
A319 left wing during landing. S7 Airlines, MoscowPavlodar.
British Airways Airbus A321 takes off from Manchester Airport.
Airbus A320
[citation needed]
Boeing 737
Replacement airliner
Airbus was studying a future replacement for the A320 series, tentatively dubbed NSR, for "New Short-Range aircraft".[102] The follow-on aircraft to replace the A320 was named A30X. Airbus North America President Barry Eccleston states that the earliest the aircraft could be available is 2017.[103] In January 2010, John Leahy, Airbus's Chief Operating Officer Customers, stated that any all new single-aisle aircraft is unlikely to be constructed before 2024/2025.[104]
Variants
Overview
Airbus A320 variants Model(s) A318 A319 A320 A321
ICAO code [105] The baseline A320 has given rise to a family of aircraft which share a common design but with passenger [65] to 220, on the A321.[48] They compete with the Boeing 737, 757 capacity ranges from 100, on the A318, 200, and 717. Because the four variants share the same flight deck, all have the same pilot type rating. Today A318 all variants are available as corporate jets. US Airways is the largest airline operator of A320 family of aircraft in A319 North America with 232 as of January 2011.[1] A320 Technically, the name "A320" only refers to the original mid-sized aircraft, but it is often informally used to A321 indicate any of the A318/A319/A320/A321 family. All variants are able to be ETOPS (Extended-range Twinengine Operational Performance Standards) certified.
A320
The A320 series has two variants, the A320-100 and A320-200. Only 21 A320-100s were ever produced;[35] these aircraft, the first to be manufactured, were delivered only to Air Inter (later acquired by Air France) and British Airways (as a result of an order from British Caledonian Airways made prior to its acquisition by British Airways). The A320-200 features wingtip fences and increased fuel capacity over the A320-100, resulting in increased range; otherwise differences are minimal. Indian Airlines used their first 31 A320-200s with doublebogie main landing gear for airfields with poor runway condition which a single-bogey main gear couldn't manage. Typical range with 150 passengers for the A320-200 is about 3,300 nautical miles (6,150 km). It is powered by two CFMI CFM56-5s or IAE V2500s with thrust ratings between 113 to 120 kN (25,400 to 27,000 lbf). The lowest speed an A320 can fly is approximately 207 km/h.[106]
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A total of 2,860 of the A320 model have been delivered, with 2,752 still on orders as of 31 December 2011.[107] The direct Boeing competitor is the 737-800.
A321
The Airbus A321 is a stretched first derivative of the standard A320. The variant was launched in 1988,[35] when the A320 began operations. Compared with the A320, the A321's major change is the stretched fuselage, which is lengthened by 6.94 metres (22 ft 9 in) which makes the A321 the largest among the A320 Family.[47][48] This is achieved by adding a front plug immediately forward of wing 4.27 m (14 ft 0 in), and a 2.67 m (8 ft 9 in) rear plug.[108] To maintain performance, double-slotted flaps were included, in addition to increasing the wing area by 4 m2 (43 sq ft), to 128 m2 (1,380 sq ft).[46] Other minor modifications were made to accommodate the A321's 9,600 kg (21,200 lb) increase in maximum takeoff weight, taking the MTOW to 83,000 kg (183,000 lb).[45] The maiden flight of the first of two prototypes came on 11 March 1993.[49] The A321 entered service in 1994. The basic A321-100 features a reduction in range compared to the A320 as extra fuel tankage was not added to the initial design to compensate for the extra weight. To overcome this Airbus launched the heavier and longer range A321-200 development in 1995 which has a full-passenger transcontinental US range. This is achieved through higher thrust engines (V2533-A5 or CFM56-5B3), minor structural strengthening, and greater fuel capacity with the installation of one 26,600 L (7,000 US gal) in the rear underfloor hold, or two 29,684 L (7,842 US gal) tanks.[109] The A321-200 first flew in December 1996. Its direct competitor is the 757-200 and the 737-900/900ER.
Air France was the launch customer of the Airbus A320
A Royal Jordanian Airlines A321-200 landing at LHR.
A319
The A319 is a shortened, minimum-change version of the A320. Also known as the A320M-7 (A320 "minus seven frames"), it is 3.73 metres (12 ft 3 in) shorter than the A320;[47][54][55] four frames fore of the wing and three frames aft of the wing were removed. This allows the number of emergency exits to be reduced to six. With virtually the same fuel capacity as the A320-200, and fewer passengers, the range with 124 passengers in a two-class configuration extends to 6,650 km (3,590 nmi), or 6,850 km (3,700 nmi) with the "Sharklets".[55] Four propulsion options available on the A319 are the 23,040-pound-force (102.5 kN) V2522-A5 and 24,800-pound-force (110 kN) V2527M-A5 from IAE, or the 22,000-pound-force (98 kN) CFM56-5B/A and 27,000-pound-force (120 kN) CFM56-5B7.[58] Although identical to those of the A320, these engines are derated because of the A319's lower MTOW.
British Airways A319
The A319 was developed at the request of Steven Udvar-Hazy, the former president and CEO of ILFC according to The New York Times.[110] The A319's launch customer, in fact, was ILFC, which had placed an order for 6 A319s by 1993.[57] Anticipating further orders by Swissair and Alitalia, Airbus decided to launch the programme on 10 June 1993. Final assembly of the first A319 began on 23 March 1995.[111] The A319 has proved popular with airlines, specifically low-cost carriers (LCC). British LCC EasyJet purchased the A319, and A320, to partially replace and augment its Boeing 737 fleet. A319CJ The A319CJ is the corporate jet version of the A319. It incorporates removable extra fuel tanks which are installed in the cargo compartment, and an increased service ceiling of 41,000 feet (12,000 m). [112] Range with 8 passengers' payload and the standard four auxiliary fuel tanks is 6,000 nautical miles (11,100 km).[113][114] Upon resale the aircraft can be reconfigured as a standard A319 by removing its extra tanks and corporate cabin outfit, thus maximising its resale value. It is also known as the ACJ, or Airbus Corporate Jet. Producer is Airbus Executive and Private Aviation, it is a part of Airbus S.A.S., an EADS company. The aircraft seats up to 39 passengers but may be outfitted by the customers into any configuration. DC Aviation and Reliance Industries are among its users. The A319CJ competes with other corporate jets such as the Gulfstream V, the Boeing 737700-based Boeing Business Jet (BBJ), and Bombardier's Global Express. It is powered by the same engine types as the A320. The A319CJ is used by the Escadron de transport, d'entranement et de calibrage which is in charge of transportation for France's officials and also by the Flugbereitschaft of the German Air Force for transportation of Germany's officials. An ACJ serves as a presidential or official aircraft of Armenia,[115] Azerbaijan, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Malaysia, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine and Venezuela.
A318
Main article: Airbus A318 The Airbus A318 is the smallest member of the Airbus A320 family. The A318 carries up to 132 passengers and has a maximum range of
3,100 nmi (5,700 km; 3,600 mi). The aircraft entered service in July 2003 with Frontier Airlines, and shares a common type rating with all other Airbus A320 family variants, allowing existing A320 family pilots to fly the aircraft without the need for further training. It is the largest commercial aircraft certified by the European Aviation Safety Agency for steep approach operations, allowing flights at airports such as London City Airport. Relative to other Airbus A320 family variants, the A318 has sold in only small numbers with total orders for only 80 aircraft placed at 28 February 2011.
Freighter
easyJet A319 A programme to convert A320 and A321 aircraft into freighters is being set up by Airbus Freighter Conversion GmbH. Airframes will be converted by EADS EFW in Dresden, Germany, and Zhukovsky, Russia. The launch customer AerCap signed a firm contract on 16 July 2008 to convert 30 of AerCaps passenger A320/A321s into A320/A321P2F (passenger to freighter).
CFM56-5Bs engine on an
On 3 June 2011, however, Airbus announced all partners would end the passenger to freighter programme, citing high demand for used airframes for passenger service.[116]
Operators
See also: List of Airbus A320 operators
Orders and deliveries

See also: List of Airbus A320 orders
Orders A 318 81 3 78 2 29 269 60 360 2 47 306 66 421 2 51 297 51 401 6 88 221 87 402 13 98 209 66 386 17 105 194 51 367 8 137 164 30 339 9 142 121 17 289 10 87 101 35 233 9 72 119 33 233 85 116 35 236 89 119 49 257 112 101 28 241 88 101 33 222 53 80 35 168 47 58 22 127 18 38 16 72 34 22 56 48 16 64 Deliveries
Type Total Backlog Total 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 A 319 1,520 A 320 5,794 A 321 1,233 Total 8,628 172 1,348 2,665 3,129 481 752 3,321 5,307
Data through end of October 2012. Updated on 12 November 2012. [1]
Accidents and incidents

For the entire A320 family there have been 59 aviation occurrences, including 23 hull-loss accidents with a total of 789 fatalities as of April 2012.[117][118][119][120][121] There have been 50 incidents of glass cockpit blackout.[122][123][124]
A319
On 12 August 2010 Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 75, A319-111 4K-AZ04, suffered a collapse of the undercarriage when the aircraft passengers and crew escaped unharmed.[125] departed the runway on landing at Atatrk International Airport, Istanbul, Turkey. The aircraft was substantially damaged but all 127 On 24 September 2010 Wind Jet Flight 243, A319-132 EI-EDM, landed short of the runway and broke an undercarriage when the aircraft was seriously damaged but stopped in the grass out of the runway. About 20 passengers were injured.[126]
aircraft attempted landing at Palermo Airport, Italy. Preliminary reports name windshear as one possible cause for the accident. The
A320
On 26 June 1988 Air France Flight 296, an A320-111, crashed into the tops of trees beyond the runway on a demonstration flight at Mulhouse-Habsheim Airport, France. Three passengers were killed. On 14 February 1990 Indian Airlines Flight 605, an A320-231, carrying 146 people, crashed on its final approach to the HAL Airport,
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Bangalore. 88 passengers and four crew members were killed.[127]
On 20 January 1992 Air Inter Flight 148, an A320-111, crashed into a high ridge near Mount Sainte-Odile in the Vosges mountains while on final approach to Strasbourg at the end of a scheduled flight from Lyon. This accident resulted in the deaths of 87 of the aircraft's occupants (five crew members, 82 passengers).
On 14 September 1993 Lufthansa Flight 2904, an A320-211, coming from Frankfurt am Main with 70 people, crashed into an earth a passenger died.
wall at the end of the runway at Warsaw. A fire started in the left wing area and penetrated into the passenger cabin. The copilot and On 22 March 1998 Philippine Airlines Flight 137, an A320-214, crashed and overran the runway of Bacolod City Domestic Airport, on the ground were killed.
RPVB, in Bacolod, Philippines, plowing through homes near it. None of the passengers or crew died, but many were injured and three On 23 August 2000 Gulf Air Flight 072, an A320-212, crashed into the Persian Gulf on approach to Bahrain Airport. All 143 passengers and crew on board lost their lives. On 1 July 2002 America West Airlines Flight 794, an A320-231, the pilot failed to maintain directional control during landing at strut collapsed. There were 10 reported injuries and no fatalities.[citation needed]
Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, causing the aircraft to veer off the side of the runway onto a dirt infield, and the nose gear On 21 September 2005 JetBlue Airways Flight 292, an A320-232, executed an emergency landing at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) after the nose wheels jammed in an abnormal position. No one was injured. On 3 May 2006 Armavia Flight 967, an A320-211, crashed into the Black Sea while attempting to conduct a go-around following its first approach to Sochi Airport, Russia. All 113 passengers and crew on board lost their lives. The accident was a Pilot error / Controlled flight into terrain accident.[128]
On 17 July 2007 TAM Airlines Flight 3054, an A320-233, was not able to stop while landing at Congonhas International Airport in So Paulo, Brazil. As of 2009, the accident was caused by pilot error (by positioning the throttle out of the "idle" position) and by bad weather. All 187 passengers and crew died with 12 fatalities on the ground, totalling 199 people.[129] Airport in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, in bad weather conditions. There were at least five fatalities.[130] On 30 May 2008 TACA Flight 390, an A320-233, from San Salvador, overran the runway after landing at Toncontn International On 27 November 2008 XL Airways Germany A320 Flight 888T, a check flight of an A320-232 stalled in a low speed test and control and scheduled to be returned to Air New Zealand. All seven people aboard died.[131][132][133]
could not be regained, causing the aircraft to crash into the sea off the southern French coast. The aircraft was on lease by XL Airways
On 15 January 2009 US Airways Flight 1549, an A320-214, en route from New York City LaGuardia Airport to Charlotte, North Carolina, ditched into the Hudson River several minutes after takeoff. All 150 passengers and five crew survived, with only five serious injuries. The accident was due to a the wings, has been preserved at the Carolinas Aviation Museum. It is now on display.
collision with a flock of Canada geese, which disabled both engines.[134] The entire airframe including On 29 August 2011 Gulf Air Flight GF 270, an A320, from Bahrain to Cochin carrying 143 people,
skidded off the runway on landing.[135] The weather was poor with heavy rain and strong winds. The aircraft was badly damaged and seven passengers were injured. Some people were reported to have jumped from an emergency exit when the evacuation slide failed to deploy.[136][137] On 20 September 2012, Syrian Air Flight RB-501, an A320-200, collided in mid-air with a military three of its occupants.[citation needed]
US Airways Flight 1549, ditched in the Hudson River in 2009 with all passengers surviving
helicopter. The A320 lost half its vertical stabilizer but landed safely; the helicopter crashed, killing
A321
On 21 March 2003 TransAsia Airways Flight 543, an Airbus A321 (B-22603) on a flight from Taipei Songshan Airport, landed at Tainan Airport and collided with a truck on the runway. The truck went on the runway without noticing the incoming plane. The 175 and was written off.[138]
passengers and crew were uninjured but the two people in the truck were injured. The aircraft was severely damaged in the accident On 28 July 2010 Airblue Flight 202, an Airbus A321 flying from Karachi to Islamabad, crashed in Margalla Hills in Islamabad, Pakistan. The weather was poor with low visibility. The aircraft collided with terrain after the crew ignored cockpit warnings to pull-up. 146 Airblue's most senior pilots with more than 35 years' experience. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A321#Stretching_and_shrinking passengers and six crew were on board the aircraft. There were no survivors. [139] The commander, Pervez Iqbal Chaudry, was one of
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Airblue's most senior pilots with more than 35 years' experience.
On 16 June 2011 Asiana Airlines Flight 324 operated by Airbus A321-200 HL7763 between Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport, at Incheon. A total of 99 rounds were discharged at the aircraft, which was out of range and made a safe landing without sustaining them permission to engage without reference to senior officers, following the Bombardment of Yeonpyeong in November 2010.[140]
China and Incheon International Airport, South Korea was fired upon by two soldiers of the South Korean Army as it came in to land any damage. The soldiers had misidentified the aircraft as belonging to the North Korean military, and were acting on orders that gave
Specifications
A irbus A 320 family A 318-100 Cockpit crew A 319-100 / A 319LR / A 319CJ Two 180 (1-class, 132 (1-class, maximum) Seating capacity 117 (1-class, typical) 107 (2-class, typical) 156 (1-class, maximum) 134 (1-class, typical) 124 (2-class, typical) maximum) 164 (1-class, typical) 150 (2-class, typical) 29 in (74 cm) & 30 in (76 cm) (1-class, maximum) Seat Pitch 32 in (81 cm) (1-class, typical) 38 in (97 cm) & 32 in (81 cm) (2-class, typical) Cargo capacity 21.21 m3 (749 cu ft) 28 in (71 cm) & 30 in (76 cm) (1-class, maximum) 32 in (81 cm) (1-class, typical) 36 in (91 cm) & 32 in (81 cm) (2-class, typical) 27.62 m3 (975 cu ft) 4 LD3-46 33.84 m (111 ft 0 in) 34.10 m (111 ft 11 in) 122.6 m2 (1,320 sq ft) 25 degrees 12.51 m (41 ft 1 in) 11.76 m (38 ft 7 in) 3.70 m (12 ft 2 in) 3.95 m (13 ft 0 in) 4.14 m (13 ft 7 in) 39,500 kg (87,000 lb) 54,500 kg (120,000 lb) 68 t (150,000 lb) 40,800 kg (90,000 lb) 58,500 kg (129,000 lb) 75.5 t (166,000 lb) 42,600 kg (94,000 lb) 62,500 kg (138,000 lb) 78 t (170,000 lb) 48,500 kg (107,000 lb) 73,800 kg (163,000 lb) 93.5 t (206,000 lb) 37.41 m3 (1,321 cu ft) 7 LD3-46 37.57 m (123 ft 3 in) 51.73 m3 (1,827 cu ft) 10 LD3-46 44.51 m (146 ft 0 in) 28 in (71 cm) & 29 in (74 cm) (1-class, maximum) 32 in (81 cm) (1-class, typical) 36 in (91 cm) & 32 in (81 cm) (2-class, typical) 220 (1-class, maximum) 199 (1-class, typical) 185 (2-class, typical) A 320-200 A 321-200
Length Wingspan Wing area Wing sweepback Tail height Cabin width Fuselage width Fuselage height Operating empty weight Maximum zero-fuel weight (MZFW) Maximum take-off weight (MTOW) Cruising speed Maximum speed
31.44 m (103 ft 2 in)
Mach 0.78 (828 km/h/511 mph at 11,000 m/36,000 ft) Mach 0.82 (871 km/h/537 mph at 11,000 m/36,000 ft) 3,600 nmi (6,700 km; 4,100 mi) LR: 5,600 nmi (10,400 km; 3,100 nmi (5,700 km; 3,600 mi) 6,400 mi) 3,200 nmi (5,900 km;
Maximum range, fully
3,000 nmi (5,600 km;

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loaded
CJ: 6,500 nmi (12,000 km; 7,500 mi)
3,700 mi)
3,500 mi)
Take off run at MTOW (sea level, ISA )
1,828 m (5,997 ft)
2,164 m (7,100 ft)
2,090 m (6,860 ft)
2,560 m (8,400 ft) 24,050 L (5,290 imp gal;
Maximum fuel capacity
24,210 L (5,330 imp gal; 6,400 US gal)
24,210 L (5,330 imp gal; 6,400 US gal) standard 30,190 L (6,640 imp gal; 7,980 US gal) optional 12,000 m (39,000 ft) A 319 CJ: 12,500 m (41,000 ft) CFM International CFM56-5 series
6,350 US gal) standard 30,030 L (6,610 imp gal; 7,930 US gal) optional
Service ceiling Engines (2) Thrust (2)
Pratt & Whitney PW6000 series 96106 kN (22,00024,000 lbf) 98120 kN (22,00027,000 lbf)
IAE V2500 series 111120 kN (25,00027,000 lbf) 133147 kN (30,00033,000 lbf)
Source: Airbus,[47][48][55][65][141][112] Airliners.net,[142][143][144][145] Pratt & Whitney[146]
Engines
Aer Lingus A320-200 at Belfast International Airport
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Aircraft Model A318-111 A318-112 A318-121 A318-122 A319-111 A319-112 A319-113 A319-114 A319-115 A319-131 A319-132 A319-133 A320-111 A320-211 A320-212 A320-214 A320-216 A320-231 A320-232 A320-233 A321-111 A321-112 A321-131 A321-211 A321-212 A321-213 A321-231 A321-232
Certification Date 23 May 2003 23 May 2003 21 December 2005 21 December 2005 10 April 1996 10 April 1996 31 May 1996 31 May 1996 30 July 1999 18 December 1996 18 December 1996 30 July 1999 26 February 1988 8 November 1988 20 November 1990 10 March 1995 14 June 2006 20 April 1989 28 September 1993 12 June 1996 27 May 1995 15 February 1995 17 December 1993 20 March 1997 31 August 2001 31 August 2001 20 March 1997 31 August 2001
Engines [147] CFM56-5B8/P CFM56-5B9/P PW6122A PW6124A CFM56-5B5 or 5B5/P CFM56-5B6 or 5B6/P or 5B6/2P CFM56-5A4 or 5A4/F CFM56-5A5 or 5A5/F CFM56-5B7 or 5B7/P IAE Model V2522-A5 IAE Model V2524-A5 IAE Model V2527M-A5 CFM56-5A1 or 5A1/F CFM56-5A1 or 5A1/F CFM56-5A3 CFM56-5B4 or 5B4/P or 5B4/2P CFM56-5B6 IAE Model V2500-A1 IAE Model V2527-A5 IAE Model V2527E-A5 CFM56-5B1 or 5B1/P or 5B1/2P CFM56-5B2 or 5B2/P IAE Model V2530-A5 CFM56-5B3 or 5B3/P or 5B3/2P CFM56-5B1 or 5B1/P or 5B1/2P CFM56-5B2 or 5B2/P IAE Model V2533-A5 IAE Model V2530-A5
See also
Competition between Airbus and Boeing Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era Boeing 737 Boeing 717
Boeing 757200 Bombardier CSeries Embraer 195 McDonnell Douglas MD-80

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McDonnell Douglas MD-90 Tupolev Tu-204 Related lists List of aircraft
List of airlines
Footnotes References
1. ^ a b c d e f "Airbus orders and deliveries" (http://www.airbus.com/fileadmin/backstage/orders_deliveries_table/Airbus-_OAD_-_2012Oct.xls) Retrieved 12 November 2012. 2. ^ a b c d "Airbus aircraft 2011 average list prices" (http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/corporate-information/key-documents/? eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=14849. Retrieved 1 February 2011. (Microsoft Excel). Airbus S.A.S.. 31 October 2012. http://www.airbus.com/fileadmin/backstage/orders_deliveries_table/Airbus-_OAD_-_2012Oct.xls.
eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=14849) (PDF). Airbus S.A.S. http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/corporate-information/key-documents/?
3. ^ Airbus. "Aircraft Families" (http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a320family/) . 4. ^ Airbus. "Airbus and Mobile, Alabama: Continuing a successful relationship" (http://www.airbus.com/newsevents/news-events-single/detail/airbusand-mobile-alabama-continuing-a-successful-relationship/) . http://www.airbus.com/newsevents/news-events-single/detail/airbus-and-mobilealabama-continuing-a-successful-relationship/. Retrieved 15 July 2012. http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a320family/. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
5. ^ "Airbus offers new fuel saving engine options for A320 Family" (http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/pressreleases/press-release-detail/detail/airbusdetail/detail/airbus-offers-new-fuel-saving-engine-options-for-a320-family/. Retrieved 31 December 2011. 6. ^ a b "Airbus wins 211 orders and commitments worth US$20.5 billion" (http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/pressreleases/press-releasedetail/detail/airbus-wins-211-orders-and-commitments-worth-us205-billion/) . Airbus. 16 November 2011. 31 December 2011. offers-new-fuel-saving-engine-options-for-a320-family/) . Airbus. 1 December 2010. http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/pressreleases/press-release-
http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/pressreleases/press-release-detail/detail/airbus-wins-211-orders-and-commitments-worth-us205-billion/. Retrieved 7. ^ Airbus A320 Family passes the 5,000th order mark
8. ^ "Airbus steals the Paris air show" (http://www.hellocompany.org/entry/airbus-steals-the-paris-air-show/) . Hellocompany.org. 19 June 2007. 26 July 2011. http://www.hellocompany.org/entry/airbus-steals-the-paris-air-show/. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
(http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleaseS_items/07_01_25_5000th_A320_EN.html) Airbus
Archived (http://web.archive.org/web/20110726144716/http://www.hellocompany.org/entry/airbus-steals-the-paris-air-show/) from the original on
10. ^ Gunston 2009
9. ^ Wensveen 2007, p. 63
11. ^ Norris & Wagner 2001, p. 18
12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "A320 family" (http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1997/1997%20-%202904.html) . Flight International. 1997. 13. ^ Norris & Wagner 1999, p. 38 14. ^ Norris & Wagner 1999, p. 41 http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1997/1997%20-%202904.html. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
15. ^ "Hawker Siddeley Trident" (http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/coming%20of%20age/Hawker-Siddeley%20Trident.htm) . 2010.
Century of Flight. http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/coming%20of%20age/Hawker-Siddeley%20Trident.htm. Retrieved 7 January
16. ^ Payne, R. Stuck on the Drawing Board. Tempus, 2004. 17. ^ Aris 2002, p. 119 18. ^ Norris & Wagner 1999, p. 43 20. ^ Aris 2002, p. 120
19. ^ a b c d e Norris & Wagner 1999, p. 44 21. ^ a b c d Eden 2008, p. 23
22. ^ a b c Norris & Wagner 1999, p. 45 23. ^ Norris & Wagner 1999, pp. 4546 24. ^ Norris & Wagner 1999, p. 46 25. ^ Aris 2002, p. 122
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25. ^ Aris 2002, p. 122
26. ^ "V2500" (http://www.i-a-e.com/media/facts.pdf) . International Aero Engines. http://www.i-a-e.com/media/facts.pdf. Retrieved 18 February 2011. 27. ^ Gunston 2009, p. 167 29. ^ Aris 2002, p. 124 30. ^ Aris 2002, p. 126 28. ^ a b c d e Aris 2002, p. 123
31. ^ a b "Timeline 40 Years of Innovation" _timeline_illustrated.pdf) (PDF). Airbus. _timeline_illustrated.pdf. 32. ^ a b Norris & Wagner 1999, p. 48 33. ^ Norris & Wagner 1999, p. 49
(http://www.airbus.com/fileadmin/media_gallery/files/press_centre/presskits_backgrounders/Airbus_40_years_of_innovation_http://www.airbus.com/fileadmin/media_gallery/files/press_centre/presskits_backgrounders/Airbus_40_years_of_innovation_-
34. ^ Norris & Wagner 1999, pp. 4950 36. ^ a b Eden 2008, p. 22 37. ^ Reed 1992, p. 86
35. ^ a b c d e f g h Norris & Wagner 1999, p. 50
38. ^ a b c d e Reed 1992, p. 84 2011.
39. ^ Accident description (http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19900214-2) at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 19 February 40. ^ "Economy catches up with Airbus", Wall Street Journal, 20 February 2009, p. B3
41. ^ "Airbus baut erstmals den A320 in Hamburg" (http://www.abendblatt.de/wirtschaft/article526681/Airbus-baut-erstmals-den-A320-inA320-in-Hamburg.html. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
Hamburg.html) (in German). Hamburger Abendblatt. 26 March 2008. http://www.abendblatt.de/wirtschaft/article526681/Airbus-baut-erstmals-den-
42. ^ "Airbus signs framework agreement with Chinese consortium on A320 Final Assembly Line in China"
(http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/06_10_26_agreement_A320_FAL_China.html) . Airbus S.A.S.. 26 October 2006. http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/06_10_26_agreement_A320_FAL_China.html.
43. ^ Laming & Hewton 2000, p. 23 44. ^ Reed 1992, p. 84
45. ^ a b c d Norris & Wagner 1999, p. 51
46. ^ a b "A321 DESCRIBED" (http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1993/1993%20-%200507.html) . Flight International. 17 March 1993. 47. ^ a b c d e f "Specifications Airbus A320" (http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a320family/a320/specifications/) . Airbus. http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a320family/a320/specifications/. Retrieved 13 February 2012. 48. ^ a b c d "Specifications Airbus A321" (http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a320family/a321/specifications/) . Airbus. 49. ^ a b c d e f Eden 2008, p. 25 http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a320family/a321/specifications/. Retrieved 13 February 2012. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1993/1993%20-%200507.html. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
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Bibliography Aris, Stephen (2002). Close to the Sun. London, UK: Aurum Press Ltd. ISBN 1-85410-830-1. Laming, Tim and Robert Hewson (2000). Airbus A320 (http://books.google.com/?
Gunston, Bill (2009). Airbus: The Complete Story. Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset, UK: Haynes Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84425-585-6. id=wiwFHh4sd_0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Airbus+A320#v=onepage&q&f=false) . Zenith Imprint. ISBN 0-7603-0902-7. http://books.google.com/?id=wiwFHh4sd_0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Airbus+A320#v=onepage&q&f=false. Norris, Guy and Mark Wagner (1999). Airbus. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. ISBN 0-7603-0677-X. Ltd. ISBN 0752431722. Norris, Guy and Mark Wagner (2001). Airbus A340 and A330. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. ISBN 0-7603-0889-6. Payne, Richard (2004). Stuck on the Drawing Board: Unbuilt British Commercial Aircraft Since 1945. London, UK: The History Press Reed, Arthur (1992). Airbus: Europe's High Flyer. Zrich, Switzerland: Norden Publishing House. ISBN 3-907150-10-4.
External links
Official Airbus website of the A320 aircraft family (http://www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a320/) A320 on planespotters.net (http://www.planespotters.net/Production_List/Airbus/A320/index.html) Airliners.net: History and pictures of the A320 family (http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=23)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airbus_A320_family&oldid=525884730#Stretching_and_shrinking" Categories: Airbus aircraft International airliners 19801989 Twinjets 1988 introductions
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Airbus A320 Family

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Airbus A320 family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Airbus A320 family

A320 family A318/A319/A320/A321

Prim ary users US Airways EasyJet

Produced Num ber built U nit cost

1.2 Design effort

1.7 New Engine Option 2.1 Airframe 2.3 Engines

Developed into Airbus A320neo family

2.2 Flight deck and avionics 3 Operational history

Airbus A320 family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

4.5 A318 5 Operators

7 Accidents and incidents

Air Inter A320-100 in 1991, one of the few A320-100s

Airbus A320 family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Production, testing and demonstration

An Airbus Beluga unloading A320-family aircraft parts at Finkenwerder, northern Germany.

Airbus A320 family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Stretching and shrinking

Airbus A320 family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Airbus A320 with sharklets at ILA 2012

New Engine Option

Airbus A320 family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

CGI representation of the future Airbus A320neo

Planform view of an Iberia A320 at takeoff

Flight deck and avionics

Airbus A320 family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A319 left wing during landing. S7 Airlines, MoscowPavlodar.

British Airways Airbus A321 takes off from Manchester Airport.

Airbus A320 family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Air France was the launch customer of the Airbus A320

A Royal Jordanian Airlines A321-200 landing at LHR.

British Airways A319

Orders and deliveries

Data through end of October 2012. Updated on 12 November 2012. [1]

Accidents and incidents

Airbus A320 family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore. 88 passengers and four crew members were killed.[127]

Airbus A320 family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Airblue's most senior pilots with more than 35 years' experience.

31.44 m (103 ft 2 in)

Maximum range, fully

3,000 nmi (5,600 km;

Airbus A320 family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

CJ: 6,500 nmi (12,000 km; 7,500 mi)

Take off run at MTOW (sea level, ISA )

1,828 m (5,997 ft)

2,164 m (7,100 ft)

2,090 m (6,860 ft)

2,560 m (8,400 ft) 24,050 L (5,290 imp gal;

Maximum fuel capacity

24,210 L (5,330 imp gal; 6,400 US gal)

Service ceiling Engines (2) Thrust (2)

IAE V2500 series 111120 kN (25,00027,000 lbf) 133147 kN (30,00033,000 lbf)

Source: Airbus,[47][48][55][65][141][112] Airliners.net,[142][143][144][145] Pratt & Whitney[146]

Aer Lingus A320-200 at Belfast International Airport

Airbus A320 family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Boeing 757200 Bombardier CSeries Embraer 195 McDonnell Douglas MD-80

Airbus A320 family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

McDonnell Douglas MD-90 Tupolev Tu-204 Related lists List of aircraft

eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=14849) (PDF). Airbus S.A.S. http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/corporate-information/key-documents/?

Archived (http://web.archive.org/web/20110726144716/http://www.hellocompany.org/entry/airbus-steals-the-paris-air-show/) from the original on

10. ^ Gunston 2009