Universitatea Politehnica Timioara Facultatea de Construcii Departamentul de Construcii Metalice i Mecanica Construciilor

PLCI CURBE SUBIRI

- CURS 8 EN 1993-1-6 1993 1 6 Proiectarea structurilor din oel Rezistena i stabilitatea PCS (3)

Conf.dr.ing Adrian CIUTINA

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Buckling limit state ( g (LS3) )

Buckling-relevant boundary conditions For the buckling limit state, special attention should be paid to the g , p p boundary conditions which are relevant to the incremental displacements of buckling.
examples of boundary conditions for limit state LS3

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Buckling limit state ( g (LS3) )

Buckling-relevant geometrical tolerances the following tolerance limits should be observed if LS3 is one of the g S3 ultimate limit states to be considered:
The geometric tolerances given here are those that are known to have a large impact on the safety of the structure. Each of the imperfection types should be classified separately: the lowest class should then govern the entire design.

The fabrication tolerance quality class should be chosen as Class A, Class B or Class C (the description of each class relates only to the strength evaluation) evaluation).
Sample imperfection measurements should be undertaken on the unloaded structure (except for self weight) and, where possible, with the operational boundary conditions conditions. If the measurements of geometrical imperfections do not satisfy the geometrical tolerances limits, any correction steps, such as by straightening, straightening should be investigated and decided individually individually.

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Buckling limit state ( g (LS3) )

Out-of-roundness tolerance The out-of-roundness should be assessed in terms of the parameter Ur: Where:
dmax is the maximum measured internal diameter diameter, dmin is the minimum measured internal diameter, dnom is the nominal internal diameter.

The out-of-roundness parameter Ur should satisfy the condition: Values of the out-of-roundness tolerance parameter Ur,max

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Buckling limit state ( g (LS3) )

Accidental eccentricity tolerance At joints in shell walls perpendicular to membrane compressive forces, j p p p , the accidental eccentricity should be evaluated from the measurable total eccentricity etot and the intended offset eint from: Where: etot is the eccentricity between the middle surfaces of the joined plates, eint is the intended offset between the middle surfaces of the joined plates. Values of the maximum permitted accidental eccentricities

The accidental eccentricity ea should also be assessed in terms of the accidental eccentricity parameter Ue given by: Where: tave is the mean thickness of the thinner and thicker plates at the joint.

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Buckling limit state ( g (LS3) )

Accidental eccentricity tolerance

Accidental eccentricity and intended offset at a joint

The accidental eccentricity parameter Ue should satisfy the condition: Values for accidental eccentricity tolerances

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Buckling limit state ( g (LS3) )

Dimple tolerances A dimple measurement gauge should be used in every position both p g g yp meridional and circumferential directions. The depth w0 of initial dimples in the shell wall should be measured using gauges. gauges The depth of initial dimples should be assessed in terms of the dimple parameters U0x, U0, U0w given by: Where:
lg is the gauge length

The l Th value of the dimple parameters U0x, U0, U0w should satisfy the f th di l t h ld ti f th conditions: Values for dimple tolerance parameter U0,max

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Buckling limit state ( g (LS3) )

Dimple tolerances Measurement of depths w0 of initial dimples Interface flatness tolerance Where another structure continuously supports a shell ti l t h ll (such as a foundation), its deviation from flatness at the interface should not include a local slope in the circumferential direction greater than . g
The value = 0,1% = 0,001 radians is recommended. recommended

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Buckling limit state ( g (LS3) )

Stress design
Design values of stresses g

The design values of stresses x,Ed, ,Ed and x,Ed should be taken as the key values of compressive and shear membrane stresses obtained from linear shell analysis (LA) Under purely axisymmetric conditions of (LA). loading and support, and in other simple load cases, membrane theory may generally be used. The key values of membrane stresses should be taken as the maximum value of each stress at that axial coordinate in the structure, unless specific provisions are given in Annex D. For basic loading cases the g g membrane stresses may be taken from Annex A or Annex C. Design resistance (buckling strength) The design buckling stresses should be obtained from:

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Buckling limit state ( g (LS3) )

Design resistance (buckling strength) The buckling reduction factors x, and t should be determined as a g function of the relative slenderness of the shell from:
is the elastic imperfection reduction factor is the plastic range factor is the interaction exponent 0 i the squash limit relative is h h li i l i The values of , , and 0 are found in Annex D. slenderness

The value of the plastic limit relative slenderness p should be determined from: The relative shell slenderness parameters for different stress components should be determined from:
The critical buckling stresses x,Rcr, ,Rcr and x,Rcr should be obtained by means of the relevant expressions in Annex D.

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Buckling limit state ( g (LS3) )

Stress limitation (buckling strength verification) The buckling limit state should be represented by limiting the design g p y g g values of membrane stresses. The influence of bending stresses on the buckling strength may be neglected provided they arise as a result of boundary compatibility effects. effects
OBS: In the case of bending stresses from local loads or from thermal gradients, special consideration should be given.

Depending on the loading and stressing situation, one or more of the following checks should be carried out: If more than one buckling-relevant membrane stress components are present the following interaction check should be carried out:
the buckling interaction parameters kx, k , k and ki are given in Annex D. OBS: Where x,Ed or ,Ed is tensile, its value should be taken as zero.

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Buckling limit state ( g (LS3) )

Design by global numerical analysis (MNA and LBA) Design resistance (buc es g es sta ce (buckling st e gt ) g strength) The design buckling resistance shall be determined as a load factor R applied to the design values of the combination of actions for the relevant load case case. The design buckling resistance Rd should be obtained from the plastic reference resistance Rpl and the elastic critical buckling resistance Rcr, p combining these to find the characteristic buckling resistance Rk. The partial factor M1 should then be used to obtain the design resistance. The plastic reference resistance Rpl should be obtained by materially non-linear analysis (MNA) as the plastic limit load under the applied combination of actions.
Where it is not possible to undertake a MNA, the plastic reference MNA resistance Rpl may be conservatively estimated from a LA.

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Buckling limit state ( g (LS3) )

Design resistance (buckling strength) The following steps should be followed in an MNA/LBA analysis g p / y

The buckling strength verification is g g performed through:

It has the same basis as the traditional stress design buckling approach

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Buckling limit state ( g (LS3) )

Design by global numerical GMNIA analysis Design resistance (buc es g es sta ce (buckling st e gt ) g strength) The design buckling resistance shall be determined as a load factor R applied to the design values of the combination of actions for the relevant load case case. The characteristic buckling resistance Rk should be found from the imperfect elastic-plastic critical buckling resistance RGMNIA adjusted by the calibration factor kGMNIA. The design buckling resistance Rd should then be found using the partial factor M1. To determine the imperfect elastic-plastic critical buckling resistance RGMNIA, a GMNIA analysis of the geometrically imperfect shell under the applied combination of actions should be carried out, accompanied by an pp , p y eigenvalue analysis to detect possible bifurcations in the load path.
The eigenvalue analysis should use the deformation theory of plasticity.

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Buckling limit state ( g (LS3) )

Design by global numerical GMNIA analysis Developed to exploit the full power of modern numerical analysis Application is more complex than for frame or plated structures Several sequence of analysis:
LA followed by a LBA t evaluate elastic critical buckling resistance f ll db to l t l ti iti l b kli i t GMNA to identify the elastic-plastic buckling resistance of the perfect structure GMNIA with different imperfection modes (the lowest value is selected) Check the precision of the GMNIA by comparison with test or other relevant data

Methodology:
Action combinations causing compressive membrane stresses or shear membrane stresses Rk should be found from the imperfect elastic-plastic critical buckling resistance RGMNIA, adjusted by the calibration factor kGMNIA. The d i b kli Th design buckling resistance Rd should then be found using the partial i t h ld th b f d i th ti l factor M1.

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Buckling limit state ( g (LS3) )

Design by global numerical GMNIA analysis

C1: The maximum load factor on the loaddeformation-curve (limit load); C2: The bifurcation load factor C3: The largest tolerable deformation

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Buckling limit state ( g (LS3) )

Design by global numerical GMNIA analysis Allowances for imperfections:
geometric imperfections: pre-deformations, out of-roundness, irregularities at and near welds, thickness deviation, etc material imperfections: residual stresses inhomogeneities anisotropies stresses, inhomogeneities,

EN 1993-1-6 requires that imperfections are explicitly modelled numerically (not treated as small perturbations in geometry) They are introduced by means of equivalent geometric imperfections The form of the imperfections with the most unfavourable effect should be considered The amplitude of the imperfection form - dependent on the fabrication tolerance quality class.
Usually, the designer take into account the imperfections through equivalent geometric imperfections which cover all other types of imperfections.

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Buckling limit state ( g (LS3) )

Design by global numerical GMNIA analysis Allowances for imperfections:
Fabrication tolerance quality class Class A Class B Cl Class C Description Excellent High Hi h Normal Recommended value of Un1 0,010 0,016 0 016 0,025 Recommended value of Un2 0,010 0,016 0 016 0,025

w 0 = max w 0,eq,1, w 0,eq,2 0,eq 0 1 0 2

where :

w 0,eq,1 = lgU n1 w 0,eq,2 = nitU n 2

lg relevant gauge lengths t local shell wall thickness ni multiplier to achieve an appropriate tolerance level Un1, Un2 dimple imperfection

EN 1993-1-6 DESIGN CHECKING OF SHELLS 8. Fatigue limit state ( g (LS4) )

General The anticipated action spectrum throughout the design life of the structure Relevant action spectra - EN 1991 and appropriate parts of EN 1993 Fatigue design on the basis of an elastic analysis (LA or GNA) F i d i h b i f l i l i If a three dimensional finite element analysis is used, the notch effects due to the local weld geometry should be eliminated g y Stress range limitation In every verification of this limit state, the design stress range should satisfy the condition: As an alternative a
Where: Ff is the partial factor for the fatigue loading Mf i the partial factor for the fatigue resistance is th ti l f t f th f ti i t E is the equivalent constant amplitude stress range of the design stress spectrum R is the fatigue strength stress range for the relevant detail category and the number of cycles of the stress spectrum.

cumulative damage assessment may be made using the Palmgren-Miner rule: with