GROUP 1

(REPORT)

Members: Domasig, Leslie Florentino, Mary Rose Jaravata, Almira Ramos, Mary Ann Salundaguit, Joan

Earthquake
An earthquake is a shaking of the ground caused by the sudden breaking and movement of large sections (tectonic plates) of the earth's rocky outermost crust. Most earthquakes occur along the fault lines when the plates slide past each other or collide against each other. Fault or fault plane = the surface where when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another Hypocenter = the location below the earths surface where the earthquake starts

Epicenter = the location on the surface of the earth directly above the hypocenter

HOW IT OCCURS?
Earthquakes are usually occurs when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake. During the earthquake and afterward, the plates or blocks of rock start moving, and they continue to move until they get stuck again.

Earthquake Magnitude Scale

2.5 or less -Usually not felt, but can be recorded by seismograph 2.5 to 5.4 -Often felt, but only causes minor damage. 5.5 to 6.0 -Slight damage to buildings and other structures. 6.1 to 6.9 -May cause a lot of damage in very populated areas. 7.0 to 7.9 -Major earthquake. Serious damage. 8.0 or greater -Great earthquake. Can totally destroy communities near the epicentre.

DURING THE SHAKING

Dont panic If youre indoor, stay there. Seek protection under a table or a desk or on a doorway. Stay away from glass. Dont use matches, candles, or any open flame. If youre outside, move away from buildings and power lines and stay in the open. Dont run through or near building. If you moving a car, bring it to a stop as quickly as possible but stay in it.

AFTER THE SHAKING

Check but do not open utilities. If you smell gas open the windows, shut off the valve and leave the building. If the under water pipes are damaged, shut off the valve. Switch off the main electric power. Turn on the t.v or the radio for emergency bulletins. Stay off the telephone except to report an emergency Stay away from damaged buildings that could lapse in aftershocks. Dont go sightseeing, you will hamper the work of emergency personnel.

Volcano
-an opening in the earths surface through which lava, hot gases, and rock fragments erupt

How do they form?

Magma 50-100 miles below the earths surface slowly begins to rise to the surface As the magma rises it melts gaps in the surrounding rock As more magma rises a large reservoir forms as close as 2 miles below the surface (magma chamber) Pressure from the surrounding rock causes the magma to blast or melt a conduit (channel) to the surface where magma erupts onto the surface through a vent (opening) Often the volcano sides will be higher than the vent forming a depression called a crater

Anatomy of a Volcano
Cone: the above ground structure built from lava and/or tephra Conduit: the path that magma takes from the magma chamber to the vent Magma Chamber:

the reservoir located under the volcano where magma collects and becomes the supply of magma/lava to build the volcano Lava: molten, liquid rock on the surface of the earth Parasitic Cone: a smaller secondary volcano built on the side of or near the main volcano, but sharing the same conduit to the magma chamber Fumarole: a secondary vent that emits only gases Fissure: a long fissure (crack) from which lava flows Vent: opening of the volcano, through which lava, ash and gases flow

What comes out of volcanoes?

Lava3 kinds: Pahoehoe lava: Hot, thin, fast flowing harden with a relatively smooth surface Often has a ropy or wrinkled appearance Aa lava: Cooler, thicker, slow moving Hardens with a rough, jagged, sharp edge surface Pillow Lava: Lava suddenly cooled by water shows sack-like segments (stuffed pillows) Tephra Basically, rock fragments Also known as pyroclastic rock fragments. There are many different possible sizes, from very small (volcanic ash or dust to much larger rocks (called volcanic bombs) Lahar (mudflow): mixture of ash, eroded land, and water flowing down river valleys GASES water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine

Where do Volcanoes Occur?

1. Divergent Boundaries: where plates move APART 2. convergent Boundaries: where plates come together 3. Hot Spots: plates riding over an especially hot place in the mantle

Types of Volcanic Eruptions

Two factors determine the type of eruption: Amount of water vapor & other gases in the magma The chemical composition of the magma 1. Explosive Eruptions Trapped gases under high pressure will violently explode when the magma reaches the lower pressure of the surface. Has granitic magma is very thick and plugs the vent causing the pressure to build until it blows violently out the vent The high water content of the magma produces more water vapor which when mixed in granitic magma produces explosive eruptions 2. Quiet Eruptions Low pressure gas Has basaltic magma (is more fluid and will flow instead of explode) and has low water content Examples: Hawaii

TYPES OF VOLCANOES
1. o o o o o Cinder cones Small base, steep-sided, loosely consolidated Up to 1000 feet tall Life span of a few years Commonly built from gravel size lava rock fragments called cinders Violent eruptions, dangerous when close---High pressure gas bubbles causes thick lava to explode into the air, lava begins to cool as it rises and falls becoming very sticky o When lava hits the ground it sticks rather than flows o This builds a steep cone with a small base 2. Shield volcanoes o Large base, gentle slope, lava rock layers o A few miles high o Life span of a million years or more o The lava is hot, thin, very fluid often basaltic o Example: Hawaiian Islands, Iceland 3. Composite or strato Large mountain volcano often snow capped, a few miles high Life span of million years or more o Have alternating eruptions of tephra (air-borne) and lava. The tephra adds height to the volcano and the lava cements the tephra together and adds to the base. o Found mostly in subduction zones and have violent eruptions. o

Volcano Activity Levels (Stages)

Active (awake): Has erupted within recent time and can erupt again at any time. Pre-eruption activities: Increase in earthquake activity under the cone increase in temperature of cone, melting of ice/snow in the crater swelling of the cone steam eruptions minor ash eruptions Dormant (sleeping): No eruption within recent times, but there is record of past eruptions Can become active and erupt again after a wake up period Extinct: No eruption within recorded history Not expected to ever erupt again Example: Mount Mazama (Crater Lake)

Prediction of Volcanic Hazards

1. Tilting and swelling of the volcanos sides. 2. Increased seismic activity . 3. Seismic exploration 4. Increased steam and gas emissions caused by rising magma emitting gas as it approaches the surface. 5. Changes in Groundwater System

Typhoon
A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean between 180 and 100E. A typhoon is an intense, violent tropical cyclone with constant wind speeds of 120 kph or more. In the Philippines, tropical cyclones (typhoons) are called bagyo. Typhoons entering the Philippine area of responsibility are given a local name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), which also raises public storm signal warnings PAGASA classifies a Typhoon into one of the four types depending on its wind speed It is only a tropical depression when it has attained wind speed of between 35 km/h and 64 km/h near its center. It is named a tropical storm for a wind speed of between 65 km/h and 119 km/h. It officially is designated as a typhoon only when it attains wind speed of 120 to 185 km/h. Super typhoon when maximum winds is greater than 185 km/h.

 Around 19 tropical cyclones enter the Philippine Area Of Responsibility in a typical year and of these usually 6 to 9 make landfall.

Typhoon Formation
1. Typhoon starts when strong clusters of thunderstorms drift over warm ocean waters. 2. The very warm air from the storm and the ocean surface combine and begin rising. This creates low pressure at the surface. 4. Rising warm air causes pressure to decrease at higher altitudes 3. Trade winds blowing in opposing direction cause to start spinning 5. Air rises faster and faster to fill this low pressure, in turn drawing more warm air off the sea and sucking cooler, drier air downwards. 6. As the storm moves over the ocean, it picks up more warm, moist water. Wind speeds start to increase as more air is sucked into the low pressure center. 7. It can take hours or several days for a depression to grow into a fully-formed typhoon.

Parts of Tropical Cyclone (Typhoon)

The Eye An eye will usually develop when the maximum sustained wind speeds go above 119 km/h and is the calmest part of the storm. The Eyewall Eyewall consists of a ring of tall thunderstorms that produce heavy rains and usually the strongest winds. Changes in the structure of the eye and eyewall can cause changes in the wind speed, which is an indicator of the storm's intensity. The eye can grow or shrink in size, and double eyewalls can form. Rainbands Curved bands of clouds and thunderstorms that trail away from the eye wall in a spiral fashion. These bands are capable of producing heavy bursts of rain and wind, as well as tornadoes. There are sometimes gaps in between spiral rain bands where no rain or wind is found.

Precautionary Measures
Before Check the roofs, windows doors and chimneys for any leaks or weak parts and repair them before rainy season comes. Reinforce posts and walls that are weak. Cut all branches of trees around your house that could be a cause of damage to your house. Check all electrical wiring if they are safe. Stock up an adequate supply of all consumables such as rice, canned foods and all kinds of food that could last for a few days. Stock up sufficient supply of drinking water and water for other purposes. Be ready for flashlights, batteries and other lighting materials. Prepare a radio and batteries for listening to news. Teach the children on what to do during typhoon. Pack a bag with clothes that you can use in case of evacuation. Clean all water drainage and canals During Always listen to he latest news about the typhoon. Do not leave your house if you are sure that it is safe. If you are outdoors stay away from posts and wires. Avoid low-lying areas that are prone to floods. Be ready to evacuate if needed. Do not leave the evacuation center unless you are told to do. Leave your house as soon as you feel that you are not safe. Boil drinking water or be ready for bottled drinks. Do not go out if there are no important errands. It is safer to stay at home during typhoon. After Inspect all electrical wiring and water pipes for any damages and get the experts to repair them. Use slippers to protect your feet from any sharp objects that may have fallen. Stay away from electrical wires that have fallen. Repair any damages in the house. Boil your drinking water to make sure you are drinking safe water. Stay away from flood waters because they can cause water borne diseases.

 Clear everything that the typhoon has caused.

Floods
A certain surface is affected by them for an indeterminated period of time. An overflow or inundation that comes from a river or other body of water and causes or threatens damage.

Natural Causes
Excesive rains. Overflowing of rivers, lagoons, lakes,etc.

Human causes
Bad agricultural practice Bad infrastructure Deforestation Urban increase Garbages

Most important consequences

Population mortality Economic losses Population evacuation Infrastructure destruction

Principal Types of Floods

Reverine Slow kinds: Runoff from sustained rainfall or rapid snow melt exceeding the capacity of a river's channel. Causes include heavy rains from monsoons, Unexpected drainage obstructions such as landslides, ice, or debris can cause slow flooding upstream of the obstruction. Fast kinds: include Flash floods which are much more dangerous and flow much faster than regular floods. Result from tropical storms, dam failures or excessive rain and snow. Estuarine Commonly caused by a combination of sea tidal surges caused by storm-force winds. Coastal Caused by severe sea storms, or as a result of another hazard (e.g. tsunami or hurricane). Catastrophic Caused by a significant and unexpected event e.g. dam breakage, or as a result of another hazard(e.g. earthquake or volcanic eruption). Muddy floods A muddy flood is generated by run off on crop land.

Precautionary Measures
BEFORE THE FLOOD: Find out how often your location is likely to be flooded. Know the flood warning system in your community and be sure your family knows it. Keep informed of daily weather condition. Designate an evacuation area for the family and livestock. Assign family members instructions and responsibilities according to an evacuation plan. DURING THE FLOOD: Avoid areas subject to sudden flooding. Do not attempt to cross rivers of flowing streams where water is above the knee. Beware of water-covered roads and bridges. Avoid unnecessary exposure to the elements. Do not go swimming or boating in swollen rivers. Eat only well-cooked food. Protect leftovers against contamination. Drink clean or preferably boiled water ONLY. AFTER THE FLOOD:

Re-enter the dwellings with caution using flashlights, not lanterns or torchers. Flammables may be inside. Be alert for fire hazards like broken wires. Do not eat food and drink water until they have been checked for flood water contamination. Report broken utility lines (electricity, water, gas and telephone) to appropriate agencies authorities. Do not turn on the main switch or use appliances and other equipment until they have been checked by a competent electrician. Consult health authorities for immunization requirements. Do not go in disaster areas. Your presence might hamper rescue and other emergency operations.

THINGS ONE CAN DO TO MITIGATE FLOODS

Regulate cutting of trees. Report illegal loggers and kaingeros. Report illegal construction of fishponds and other establishments in waterways. Do not throw garbage in esteros and rivers. Help clean the neighborhood. Support community activities intended to lessen the occurrence of floods. Avoid throwing anything like plastic wrappers anywhere which may clog or block the drainage system.

Most Destructive Flood in the Philippines

Tropical Storm URING (Thelma) November 2-7, 1991 95 kph 5,101 deaths (unofficial estimate up to 8,000 +) PhP 1.045B damage Due to the overwhelming number of dead bodies everywhere, there was a shortage of coffins, so authorities opted to collect the dead through dump trucks and buried in mass graves. It was considered the deadliest natural disaster of the country.