Constanta Maritime University Navigation I-st year 2-nd term

Students Coursebook

Contents UNIT 1. TYPES OF VESSELS Objectives of Unit 1 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Transportation 1.3 Assistance and service 1.4 Relative adverbs Self-assessment test Progress test Answers to self-assessment test References UNIT 2. TYPES OF VESSELS: TASKS Objectives of Unit 2 2.1 Idioms 2.2 Purpose and design Self-assessment test Progress test Answers to self-assessment test References UNIT 3. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN Objectives of Unit 3 3.1 Spaces and separations 3.2 The upper deck Self-assessment test Progress test Answers to self-assessment test References UNIT 4. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN: TASKS Objectives of Unit 4 4.1 Idioms 4.2 Spaces and separations 4.3 Sentence-ending prepositions Self-assessment test Progress test Answers to self-assessment test References UNIT 5. SHIP MEASUREMENT Objectives of Unit 5 5.1 Ship characteristics 5.2 Dimensions 5.3 Binomials Self-assessment test Progress test Answers to self-assessment test References UNIT 6. SHIP MEASUREMENT: TASKS Objectives of Unit 6 6.1 Idioms 6.2 Matching 6.3 Idioms connected with problematic situations Self-assessment test Progress test
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Answers to self-assessment test References UNIT 7. SHIPBUILDING Objectives of Unit 7 7.1 Classification 7.2 Building the ship 7.3 Propellers 7.4 Rudders 7.5 Stability Self-assessment test Progress test Answers to self-assessment test References UNIT 8. SHIPBUILDING: TASKS Objectives of Unit 8 8.1 Idioms 8.2 Classification 8.3 Propellers: applied terminology, advantages and disadvantages 8.4 Survey report Self-assessment test Progress test Answers to self-assessment test References

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Unit 1

TYPES OF VESSELS

Objectives of Unit 1 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Transportation 1.3 Assistance and service 1.4 Relative adverbs Self-assessment test Progress test Answers to self-assessment test References

OBJECTIVES OF UNIT 1
The main objectives are:
understand the differences in ship operation identify types of ships classify ships according to their use use adverbs instead of pronouns in relative clauses

1.1

Introduction

Generally speaking a vessel can be classified according to the purpose she serves. The most common purposes are: 1) transportation of cargo or/and passengers; 2) assistance and service (by so called "special purpose vessels"); 3) the catching of fish (fishermen); 4) peace keeping (warships). Furthermore we can make the distinction between sea-going vessels and vessels for coastal trade and/or inland waterways. 1. Transportation Liners and tramps Vessels that have been designed to transport cargo or/and passengers are called merchant ships. They may be classified as liners or tramps. A liner carries cargoes between two fixed destinations. Her sailing schedule has been prearranged - she has a fixed homeport, port of destination and port(s) of call, and fixed ETA's and ETD's (Estimated Times of Arrival and Estimated Times of Departure). A liner-vessel is allowed to carry up to 12 passengers. Freighters that carry cargoes according to schedules that are not fixed are called tramps. Homeports, ports of destination, ports of call, ETAs and ETD's differ with every voyage. Merchant ships may carry general cargoes, bulk cargoes, refrigerated cargoes, heavy cargoes, timber, and many more. 1.2 Transportation

General cargo is cargo that has been packed incrates, boxes or bags, or cargo coming in pieces (unpacked cargo items). Cargo is loaded and discharged by the vessel's own derricks or by shore based cranes.
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General cargo ships

The conventional general cargo ship has several tweendecks, so that the cargoes for the various destinations can be reached and discharged without having to remove cargo for other destinations first. Under the influence of cargo-palletization the "open freighter" was fitted with two or even three hatches side by side. Both types of vessels, the general cargo ship and the open freighter, are becoming rather obsolete, since general cargo is more and more transported by vessels that have been designed to carry general cargo in containers. Bulk Carriers Bulk cargo is unpacked cargo of one commodity. Dry bulk cargo, such as grain, ore, fertilizers, etc. is carried in specially designed vessels with holds that have been divided into compartments by longitudinal and transverse separations, so that the ship's stability will not be affected by a full cargo. The holds of these ships are often constructed in such a way that they are self-trimming; this means that the surface of the cargo is constantly made equal by special pumps in rolling circumstances or when the vessel has a list. Dry bulk cargo is loaded and discharged by cranes with grabs or by pumps. Liquid cargoes such as crude oil, petroleum, edible oils, etc. are carried in tankers, for example in Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC's), chemical tankers, such as Liquefied Petroleum Gas tankers (LPG carriers) or Liquefied Natural Gas tankers (LNG carriers).Product tankers are small tankers that carry different sorts of oils.For safety reasons tankers must be fitted with double bottoms. These spaces also provide storage for fuel, lubricating oil and waters.Tankers are divided into compartments by longitudinal and transverse bulkheads. Cofferdams are empty spaces between the tanks and in the double bottom. They serve as separations to prevent liquids from leaking from one tank into the other. Cofferdams often serve as pump-rooms. Pumps for loading and discharging the cargo may be installed in these compartments. Tankers are often loaded and discharged in the offing by means of flexible pipes. This system of wet bulk handling reduces the number of laydays.
VLCC

LPG-Carrier

Container ships Cargo that has been containerized is carried by container ships. Containers are most often measured in Twenty Feet Equivalent Units (TEU's) and are stowed in a cellular arrangement in Rows, Bays and Tiers. The rows run abeam, or athwartship; the bays run fore to aft and the tiers are horizontal layers. The three-figure code on each container refers to this stowage system. Thus, each container can easily be found. Container ships are sometimes equipped with their own gantry cranes that load and discharge the containers. Container ships may carry general cargoes, liquid cargoes or refrigerated cargoes. The advantages of carrying cargo in containers are: short lay time because of efficient and rapid cargo handling; few stevedores are required; less pilferage because the cargo has been stored in locked containers. Roll-on / Roll-off ships (Ro / Ro ships) On a Ro / Ro ship cargo is rolled on and rolled off by lorries or trailers. The great advantage of this system is that no cargo handling equipment is required. The loaded vehicles are driven aboard via ramps through special stem and bow doors and are properly secured for the passage. Upon arrival in the port of discharge, the vehicles are released and driven ashore to their destinations. Coasters

Bays, Rows and Tiers on a Container Ship

A coaster carries cargo along the coast or on sea-voyages. Trans-Atlantic voyages are quite common. A coaster is of limited length and tonnage. Her engine room is situated aft. Often there are no tweendecks and the cargo spaces have no obstacles, so that a variety of cargo can be handled. Hatches are very broad and cover most of the main deck surface. Because of her limited length she will hardly experience any problems related to longitudinal stresses. However, due to the broad hatchways, transverse strengthenings are necessary to avoid difficulties caused by transverse stresses.

Refrigerated-cargo vessels (Reefers) Refrigerated-cargo vessels are ships that carry perishable cargoes, such as meat or fruit. These cargoes require cooling and must be stored in spaces that have precise temperatureand humidity controls during the voyage. Reefers, as these ships are also called, are equipped with refrigerating plants.

Lash-vessels "Lash stands for "Lighter Aboard Ship". A Lash-vessel has a main deck that is flat and without any obstacles. A lighter is a container that floats in the water. The containers may be hoisted on board by the vessel's own heavy derricks that stack them on board. Another way of loading the containers on board is by submerging the vessel first (for this she must be equipped with a powerful pumping-system), then have tugs or push boats tow or push the lighters over the Lash-vessel, after which the vessel will emerge again and will "pick up" the lighters. This type of vessel is also referred to as a "Seabee".

Heavy-load vessel Heavy-load vessels have been designed to lift and carry extremely heavy cargo on the main deck. Their most prominent features are very heavy derricks ("booms"), masts and lifting-blocks. Their cargoes, such as drilling platforms, engines, yachts, trains, derelicts and wrecks, are loaded onto the main deck, which is flat and free from any obstacles. Heavy-load vessel A special way of loading and carrying heavy cargo is performed by submerging the ship and have the cargo-module float over it. She must be equipped with a powerful pumping-system. After pumping the ship empty the vessel will emerge again and will pick up the cargo. Timber Carriers Timber is a raw material from which wood-products are manufactured. Vessels that carry timber can easily be recognised by their tall derricks. A timber carrier has been designed in such a way that she can carry a tall deck cargo. Her Plimsoll Mark is provided with a special timber Load-line that indicates the maximum draft to which she is allowed to be loaded under certain circumstances and in different seasons. Multi-Purpose Vessels Cargo ships that carry both general cargo, bulk cargo and containerised cargo are called multipurpose (or multi-loads) vessels. These ships are equipped with a variety of cargo handling gears to load and discharge the different types of cargoes. An OBO-ship has been designed to carry oil/bulk/ore. She has been subdivided in such a way that oil can be carried in the largest compartments and ore can be carried in the smaller compartments.

Passenger Ships Passenger ships, such as cross-Channel ferries, have been designed to carry passengers and their vehicles on a prearranged route. Their main features are more or less the same as the features of

the Ro/Ro vessels. Cruise ships have been especially designed to carry holidaymakers. 1.3 Assistance and service

Vessels that render assistance and service have been designed to perform specific tasks, for example assisting other vessels, or providing special services to navigation. A tug is a vessel that assists other vessels with entering or leaving the port, tows an oil rig to its position or assists with a salvage operation. There are sea-going tugs and harbour tugs. Their engines must be capable to develop enormous powers.

Seagoing tug The largest and most powerful tugs are often fitted with Controllable Pitch Propellers (C.P.P.) that have adjustable blades. Their manoeuvrability will be enhanced even more by bow thrusters and stem thrusters. One of the main features is that the aft deck of a towing vessel is kept clear of all obstructions that may interfere with the towing-line. A salvage vessel is a vessel that rescues other ships and their cargoes from loss at sea. She must be equipped with heavy derricks to lift wrecks from the seabed. A buoyage vessel places and maintains buoys. Her aft deck is flat and provides room to carry or haul in the buoys with her hoisting installation. A survey vessel performs marine research. She is equipped with oceanographic instruments to carry out all kinds of measurements and assessments. A supply boat supplies oil rigs with stores, spare parts and supplies for domestic use. Her aft deck must be flat. Additional duties may include the towing of rigs and extinguishing fires, for which they must be equipped with high-capacity fire-extinguishing pumps.

A SAR-vessel performs Search and Rescue when a ship is in distress. She must be capable to develop high speeds and must be equipped with the most modern communication equipment to maintain contact with Rescue Co-ordination Centres (RCC).

A Firefloat is a fire fighting vessel. She must have a powerful fire-extinguishing system on board.

A pilot tender (or pilot launch) is a small boat that may be launched from the pilot boat. The pilot will embark the ship that has requested pilotage from the pilot tender. She is often fitted with a sheltered aft deck to prevent the pilot from getting wet. A cable layer lays cables on the bottom of the sea. She is fitted with a huge horizontal wheel that reels off the cable. This type of ship is often equipped with a Dynamic Positioning System to keep her in the exact position when the submarine cable is reeled off.
cable layer

A lightship serves as a beacon for navigation and is anchored in the vicinity of crowded channels or seaways. She is usually not self-propelled, which means that she has to be towed to her position. Icebreakers are designed to ride up the ice and crush a way through for other ships to follow. This requires a powerful engine and a considerable strengthening of her stem. A dredger deepens out harbours and ports, fairways, approaches and entrances, inland waterways, anchorages, roadsteads, etc. Spoil is discharged into an integrated hopper or into a hopper that is moored alongside. To keep her in position she is often spudded. There are bucket dredgers, grab dredgers (or backhoe dredgers) and suction dredgers with drag heads. A cutterhead is used to disintegrate rocky bottoms.

3) Fisherman Large and modern fishing vessels (fishermen) are capable of catching and processing enormous quantities of fish. They may be underway for weeks before they return to their homeports. Large refrigerating plants on board provide deep-freezing facilities. Before the fish are deep-frozen they are often stored in RSW-tanks (Refrigerated Sea Water Tanks). Powerful winches are used for hoisting the nets on board.

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1.4

Relative adverbs

A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes the sentence easier to understand. This is the shop in which I bought my watch. This is the shop where I bought my watch.

relative adverb

meaning

use

example

when

in/on which

refers to a time expression refers to a place refers to a reason

the day when we met him

where

in/at which

the place where we met him

why

for which

the reason why we met him

Self-assessment Test
Choose the correct relative adverb. 1. This is the pub ... I met Angie. (where/when/why) 2. Do you know the reason so many people in the world learn English? (where/when/why) 3. Braila is the town ... Fanus Neagu was born. (where/when/why) 4. A greengrocer's is a shop ... you can buy vegetables. (where/when/why) 5. The day ... the ship arrived was very nice. (where/when/why) 6. The noise of the main engine was the reason ... I couldn't sleep last night. (where/when/why) 7. This is the church ... Nadia and Bart Conner got married in 1996. (where/when/why)

Progress test
Answer the following questions: 1. What is bulk cargo? 2. What are the characterristics of a liner? 3. what cargo handling equipment can you find on board ships? 4. what are the advantages of containerization? 5. What are cofferdams?
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6. What do reefers carry? 7. what is a multi porpose vesel? 8. What is a lightship?

Answers to self-assessment test

Choose the correct relative adverb. 1. This is the pub ... I met Angie. (where) 2. Do you know the reason ... so many people in the world learn English? (why) 3. Braila is the town ... Fanus Neagu was born. (where) 4. A greengrocer's is a shop ... you can buy vegetables. (where) 5. The day ... the ship arrived was very nice. (when) 6. The noise of the main engine was the reason ... I couldn't sleep last night. (why) 7. This is the church ... Nadia and Bart Conner got married in 1996. (where)

References
1. Van Kluijven, P.C. The International Maritime Language Programme, Alk & Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, 2005. 2. Logie, Vivers, Nisbet, Marlins Study Pack 2 (book and two audio cassettes). Edinburgh, Marlins, 1998 (ISBN 09531748 1 6) 3. Murphy, R. Essential Grammar In Use. 1st ed. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990 (ISBN 0 521 35770 5) 4. http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relativeclauses/exercises?11

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Unit 2

Types of Vessels: Tasks

Objectives of Unit 2 2.1 Idioms 2.2 Purpose and design Self-assessment test Progress test Answers to self-assessment test References

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OBJECTIVES OF UNIT 2
The main objectives are:
translate maritime vocabulary develop a personalized glossary of maritime terms express purpose match words and their definitions

2.1

Idioms

Find out what they mean and learn them by heart.

abeam bow thruster consignee

according to

broken stowage

contrary to

adjustable blades

Bulk Cargo

control

advantage

bulkhead

CPP

aft

buoy

crude oil

agreement

buoyage vessel

derelict

anchor

cargo

derrick

anchorage

cargo items

design

approach

cargo handling equipment

destination

assess

channel

develop

assessment

circumstances

discharge

athwartship

coastal trade

disembark

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avoid

cofferdam

disintegrate

bays, rows and tiers

commodity.

distress

beacon

compare

divide

division

fertilisers

inland waterways.

draft / draught

fire fighting vessel

intermediate

due to

firefloat

LASH

e.g.

fore to aft

launch

edible oils

freight rates

laydays

embark

freighter

layer

emerge

General Cargo

limited length

enhance

grab

liner

entrance

grain

liquid

equal

harbour tug

list

equipped with a refrigerating plant.

hatch

LNG carrier

hatchways ETA and ETD Heavy-lift ship.

Load-lines loading and discharging

experienced

hoist

loading gear

extinguish a fire

home port

longitudinal and transverse separations

fairlead fairway

humidity controls in the offing lorry

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features

influence

LPG carrier

main deck

port of call

request

maintain

prearranged

require

marine research

prevent

roadstead

measure

purpose

rolling and pitching

measurements

quarterdeck

sailing schedule

merchant vessels

ramp

salvage vessel

moored alongside

raw material

sea-going vessel

multi-loads

RCC

Search and Rescue

navigation

reach

seasons

obsolete

recognise

secure

occur ore

reduce reel off

self-propelled shipbroker

perishable cargoes

refer to

shipowners

petroleum

refrigerated cargo

shipper

pilferage pilot tender port of discharge

refrigerated hold release remove

shore gang spoil stem

port of destination stevedores

render assistance thus

stern thruster tyres

stored

tide

upon arrival

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strengthening

timber

vehicle

sub-marine cable

to empty

vicinity

submerging

trailer

VLCC

survey vessel

tramp

voyage charter

surveyor

transfer

vulnerable

TEU

transverse

three-figure code

tweendeck

2.2
Fill in .....

Purpose and design

"Purpose she serves": give a short description of the purpose that the vessel serves. Begin your answers with "To". In this way a verb will be used to indicate the vessel's purpose. Example: 'To transport...."; "To assist...." "Feature(s) of design": give a short description of particular details of the vessel.

Type of vessel 1) General Cargo Carrier/ "Open Freighter"

Purpose she serves To

Feature(s) of design

2) Dry Bulk Carrier

To

3)Tanker

To

4) Container ship

To

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5) Ro/Ro ship

To

6) Coaster

To

7) Reefer

To

8) Lash-vessel

To

9) Heavy-load vessel

To

10) Timber Carrier

To

11) Multi-loads vessel

To

12) Tug

To

13) Salvage vessel

To

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14) Buoyage vessel

To

15) Survey ship

To

16) Supply vessel

To

17)SAR-vessel

To

18) Firefloat

To

19) Pilot tender

To

20) Cable layer

To

21) Icebreaker

To

22) Dredger

To

23) Fisherman

To

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Matching

Match the words in the first column with those in the second column by linking the number to the letter in the third column (example: A -19). Every expression can only be used once!
A - Merchant ships. B - Semi-submersible heavy-load ship. C - Tramp. D - General cargo. E - Bulk cargo. F - Dry Bulk carrier. G - Tankers. H - Bay. I - Tier. J - Ro/Ro. K - Heavy-Lift ship. L - Plimsoll Mark. M - Multi-Purpose vessel. N - Passenger ship. 0 -CPP. P - Buoyage vessel. Q - Survey ship. R - Search and Rescue vessel. S - Pilot tender. T - Lightship. U - Icebreaker. V- Dredger. W-Cutterhead. 1 - Fore-to-aft container group. 2 - Layer. 3 - Submerging and emerging. 4 - Beacon. 5 - Maximum draft. 6 - Embarkation at sea. 7 - Placing and maintenance. 8 - Disintegrate. 9 - Spud system. 10 - No fixed schedule. 11 - Riding up. 12 - No cargo handling equipment. 13 - Booms. 14 - Different types of cargo. 15 - Transportation of fertilisers. 16 - Cross Channel ferry. 17- Crates, boxes, bags and pieces. 18 - Marine research. 19 - Liners and tramps. 20 - Adjustable blades. 21 - Carries crude oil or edible oil 22 -RCC. 23 - One commodity. ABCDEFGHIJKLMN0PQRSTUVW-

4) What do the following abbreviations stand for? "VLCC" "LPG" "LNG" ______________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________

"Ro/Ro" ____________________________ "Lash" "OBO" ____________________________ ____________________________

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"CPP"____________________________

"SAR"____________________________ "RSW-tank"____________________________

Self-assessment Test
Match the words in the first column with those in the second column. 1. liner 2. open freighter 3. tankers 4. cofferdam 5. container ships 6. ro/ro ships a. double bottom b. rows, bays and tiers c. regular route d. pump room e. no cargo handling equipment f. two or more hatches very close to each other

Progress test
Match the words with their definitions: 1. bulkhead 2. athwartship 3. board 4. bow

a. the front of a vessel. b. a direction across the width of a vessel. c. to gain access to a vessel. d. any void or empty space in a vessel or container not occupied by cargo. e. a partition separating one part of a ship from another part.

5. broken stowage

Answers to self-assessment test

1. liner 2. open freighter 3. tankers 4. cofferdam 5. container ships 6. ro/ro ships a. regular route b. two or more hatches very close to each other c. double bottom d. pump room e. rows, bays and tiers f. no cargo handling equipment

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References
1. Logie, Vivers, Nisbet Marlins Study Pack 2 (book and two audio cassettes). Edinburgh, Marlins, 1998 (ISBN 09531748 1 6) 2. Van Kluijven, P.C. The International Maritime Language Programme, Alk & Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, 2005. 3. Murphy, R. Essential Grammar In Use. 1st ed. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990 (ISBN 0 521 35770 5) 4. http://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/Glossary_final.pdf

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Unit 3

General Arrangement Plan

Objectives of Unit 3 3.1 Spaces and separations 3.2 The upper deck Self-assessment test Progress test Answers to self-assessment test References

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OBJECTIVES OF UNIT 3
The main objectives are:
name some important parts of a vessels identify spaces and separations describe the upper deck

3.1

Spaces and separations

Spaces and separations The general arrangement plan shows the division of a vessel into compartments in cross sections and longitudinal sections. The compartments are formed by vertical separations (longitudinal and transverse bulkheads) and horizontal separations (decks). These compartments and spaces serve as storage spaces for cargoes, stores, equipment, spare parts, liquids, etc., as accommodation spaces for passengers and members of the crew, and as "domestic spaces", such as galley, pantries, dispensary, etc. The extreme fore end of the vessel is called stem. The extreme aft end is the stern.

Longitudinal section with spaces and separations

The upper deck, or main deck (a), is often the deck that is exposed to sea and weather. That is why the main deck is also called the "weather deck". In fact, it provides a "shelter" for all the contents of the vessel. The foremost part of the upper deck is called the forecastle (b - pronounced as [foksl]). Its bulwark is called the vauxhall. The anchor winches are situated on this deck. The tweendeck (c) is the intermediate deck between upper deck (a) and the inside bottom of the vessel, called tank top (d). The tweendeck divides the vessel into separate holds. The upper holds and lower holds (e) are the spaces that contain the cargoes. Spaces for liquid cargoes are called tanks. Access to a hold can be obtained through hatches. On freighters these hatches must be sufficiently broad for grabs to be lowered into the holds. The foremost and aftermost spaces of the vessel are the peak tanks (f). They may serve as storage spaces for ballast water and are capable of "absorbing" a part of the impactforces that are released in case of a collision. The anchor chain is stored in the chain locker (g). It is situated over the forepeak tank. The upper part of the fore peaktank is called the boatswain's (or bosun's) locker (h), where ropes, paint and dunnage are kept. Bulkheads are the vertical separations between holds and spaces. The fore peak bulkhead and after peak bulkhead (i) are the so-called collision bulkheads. These transverse bulkheads are watertight and prevent the vessel from flooding in case the vessel collides with another 24

vessel. Collision bulkheads are also fire-retarding or even fireproof. Apart from transverse bulkheads tankers are also fitted with 2 longitudinal bulkheads that divide the vessel into starboard- and port wing tanks and a centre tank. The engine room (j) is a watertight machinery space that contains the vessel's propulsion plant. The steering engine room (k) must also be a watertight compartment and is very often situated over the after peaktank (f). Due to large stresses that occur under the engine room and peak tanks, additional strengthenings are often inserted. The double bottom (I) provides strength and storage space for fuel, lubricating oil, fresh water, salt (ballast) water and potable water. To prevent liquids from leaking from one double bottom tank into the other, longitudinal and transverse separations are used between the tanks. These separations, which are in fact empty spaces, are called cofferdams (m). On the main deck we find the so-called superstructure (n) with the accommodation for the crew and passengers, the messroom, the galley and the pantry. The navigating bridge contains the wheelhouse with the control station, the chartroom where charts, pilot books and publications are kept, and the radio room. There are the instruments for navigation, such as the Radar, the log, the echo sounder, the steering compass and repeater compass. The master compass is usually situated on the monkey island, a small deck or platform over the wheelhouse.

3.2

The upper deck

The imaginary line from stem to stern is called the fore-and-aft line. It divides the vessel into a starboardand portside (when facing forward). "Abeam" is used to indicate direction at a right angle to the fore-andaft line. The terms used to indicate directions in which the vessel can proceed are: ahead and astern, starboard and port. The upper deck, or main deck, is divided into the foremost deck (a), called "forecastle", the centre deck, called "midships" (b), and the aft deck, called "quarterdeck"(c). A raised quarterdeck is called "poop deck". The foremost part of the vessel is divided into the starboard bow and port bow (d). The quarterdeck is divided into the starboard quarter and port quarter (e).

Self-assessment Test
Exercise. Match the two columns: a. The imaginary line from stem to stern is called b. The forecastle is c. Cofferdams are d. Spaces for liquid cargoes e. Decks are f. The master compass is situated 1. the fore-and-aft line. 2. the foremost deck 3. empty spaces. 4. are called tanks. 5. horizontal separations 6. on the monkey island 25

Progress test
Exercise. Choose the right answer:

1.The forepeak bulkhead is called ... (a. collision bulkhead; b. bosuns locker; c. foremost deck.) 2. The quarterdeck is situated ... (a. forward; b. aft; c. amidships) 3. The monkey island is a small ... (a. island; b. hold; c. deck) 4. Access to a hold can be obtained through ... (a. tweendecks; b. doors; c. hatches)

Answers to self-assessment test

Exercise. Match the two columns:
a. The imaginary line from stem to stern is called b. The forecastle is c. Cofferdams are d. Spaces for liquid cargoes e. Decks are f. The master compass is situated 1. the fore-and-aft line. 2. the foremost deck 3. empty spaces. 4. are called tanks. 5. horizontal separations 6. on the monkey island

References
1. Van Kluijven, P.C. The International Maritime Language Programme, Alk & Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, 2005. 2. Logie, Vivers, Nisbet Marlins Study Pack 2 (book and 2 audio cassettes). Edinburgh, Marlins, 1998 (ISBN 09531748 1 6) 3. Murphy, R. Essential Grammar In Use. 1st ed. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990 (ISBN 0 521 35770 5)

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Unit 4

General Arrangement Plan: Tasks

Objectives of Unit 4 4.1 Idioms 4.2 Spaces and separations 4.3 Sentence-ending prepositions Self-assessment test Progress test Answers to self-assessment test References

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OBJECTIVES OF UNIT 4
The main objectives are:
identify parts of ship define words and phrases explain the difference from spaces and separations make sentences ending with a preposition

4.1

Idioms

Find out what they mean and learn them by heart.

abeam collide fore peak bulkhead

access

collision

fore-and-aft line

additional

control station

forecastle

ahead

cross section

foremost

anchor

dispensary

freighter

angle

division

fresh water

astern

due to

fuel

boatswain's locker

dunnage

galley

bow

e.g.

general cargo

bulkhead

engine room

General Arrangement Plan

bulwark

equipment

hatch

cabin

extreme fore end

i.e.

chain locker

fire retarding

insert

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chartroom

flood.

intermediate

cofferdam

Forepeak tank

longitudinal section

lower deck

propulsion plant

stresses

lower hold lubricating oil main deck master compass messroom monkey island obtain pantry peak tank port potable water prevent proceed

provide purpose quarterdeck repeater compass segregate separate spare parts starboard steering engine room stem stern stores strengthening

sufficient superstructure thus transverse tweendeck upper deck upper hold vauxhall watertight wheelhouse wing tank

4.2

Spaces and separations

Fill in the name, indicate whether it is a space (sp) or a separation (sep), and describe its function:

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Names -sp. or sep. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) 1) m) n)

Functions

4.3

Sentence-ending prepositions

A preposition is a word that creates a relationship between other words. It is said that ending a sentence with a preposition is a serious breach of grammatical etiquette. Here's an example of a sentence that can end with a preposition: What did you step on? A key point is that the sentence doesn't work if you leave off the preposition. You can't say, What did you step? You need to say, What did you step on? to make a grammatical sentence. Although it is often easy to remedy the offending preposition, sometimes it isn't, and repair efforts sometimes result in a clumsy sentence. "Indicate the book you are quoting from" is not greatly improved with "Indicate from which book you are quoting."
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English has a type of verb called a phrasal verb. These are verbs made up of multiple words, and one is always a preposition. Cheer up, run over, log on, and leave off are all examples of phrasal verbs, and often sentences that use phrasal verbs end with a preposition: I wish he would cheer up. You should leave it off.

Self-assessment Test
The folowing sentences are correct, but nobody uses them. Change them. 1. She displayed the good humor for which shes known.

2. I want to know from where he came. 3. To where are you going? 4. Ending a sentence with a preposition is something up with which we will not put. 5. She is in which department? 6. What for do you need to go to the store?

Progress test
Put in the missing prepositions: .. a Monday evening ..... September 1931, .. about eight oclock, the ship Voyager sank. The ship had been sailing .. the end of September, when she left London, and was on her way .. England .. Australia. The only survivor was an Englishman called William Batty, who saved himself .. swimming two miles. He spent three years .. an island . the middle of the Indian Ocean. The island was quite small, and he could walk ..... the whole of it .. an hour. He climbed .. the one hill and put a flag .... it .. a signal. . night Batty slept .. a cave, where he felt quite .. home .. the day, he often fished ..... a home-made net. He cooked the fish .. a wood fire. Batty stayed .. the island ... almost three years. .. August 1934, a ship was sailing . the island, and the captain saw Battys signal. The sailors found a man .. a long blue coat .. dark hair and a beard, looking rather ..... a gorilla. Batty was soon home, and a few years later he finally arrived in Australia .. air .

Answers to self-assessment test

1. She displayed the good humor shes known for. 2. I want to know where he came from. 3. Where are you going to? 4. Ending a sentence with a preposition is something we will not put up with. 5. Which department is she in? 6. What do you need to go to the store for?

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References
1. Van Kluijven, P.C. The International Maritime Language Programme, Alk & Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, 2005. 2. Logie, Vivers, Nisbet Marlins Study Pack 2 (book and two audio cassettes). Edinburgh, Marlins, 1998 (ISBN 09531748 1 6) 3. Murphy, R. Essential Grammar In Use. 1st ed. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990 (ISBN 0 521 35770 5) 4.http://www.scritube.com/literatura-romana/gramatica/ PrepositionsCompound-Preposit82369.php

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Unit 5

Ship Measurement

Objectives of Unit 5 5.1 Ship characteristics 5.2 Dimensions 5.3 Binomials Self-assessment test Progress test Answers to self-assessment test References

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OBJECTIVES OF UNIT 5
The main objectives are:
understand what ships displacement is name weights and volumes use different types of tonnage Identify the binominals and explain them

5.1 Tonnage

Ship characteristics

The tonnage of a vessel indicates the measurement of her weight, size or capacity. A very common way of measuring a vessel is by means of a displacement-indication. Merchant vessels are also measured by their gross tonnage or deadweight tonnage. Displacement By displacement is understood the amount of water that is "displaced" by the body of the vessel as she is

floating in the water. Displacement is indicated by the word "ton" ( or "tonne"). According to Archimedes' Principle a vessel displaces a weight of water that is equal to its own weight. Therefore a vessel will experience an upthrust that is equal to the weight of the displaced mass of water. So, by displacement is understood the total weight of the vessel and her contents, or the weight of the displaced water mass. A vessel will float when buoyancy (B) is equal to gravity (G). So, when buoyancy is less than gravity, the vessel will sink. When buoyancy is greater than gravity, the vessel will fly. Therefore "G" cannot possibly be less than B.

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Maritime English

Weights and volumes Manners are often confused as to the exact meaning of the word "ton", because it may indicate weight, but it may also indicate volume. As a weight 1 ton equals 1000 kg. The "long ton" equals 1016 kg. The obsolete "short ton" equals 907 kg. As a volume 1 ton equals one cubic metre, or, according to the English avoirdupois-system (avdp), 1 ton equals 2.83 cubic metres, which is equal to 100 cubic feet. Since "volume" is a very important aspect in mercantile affairs, merchant ships are often measured by volume, contrary to warships, which are measured by displacement, which indicates weight. We distinguish several kinds of tonnages. Gross Register Tonnage = the entire volume of the enclosed spaces of the vessel that can be used for cargo, stores and accommodation. Net Tonnage = volume that can be used to carry cargo. It is calculated by deducting the spaces that are not used for cargo from the gross tonnage. Net tonnage is often used to calculate harbour dues that must be paid to municipal port authorities for the use of all the port facilities. Deadweight Tonnage = the weight of all the contents a vessel is capable of carrying when loaded to summer mark. The contents of a merchant vessel are cargo, stores, equipment, fresh water, potable water, lubricating oil and fuel. By Cargo Carrying Capacity is understood the amount of cargo that a vessel is capable of carrying. Cargo spaces By Bale Space is meant the volume of the cargo holds that can be used to carry general cargo. By Grain Space is understood the volume of the cargo holds that can be used to carry dry bulk cargo. By Oil Space is understood 98% of the total volume of the wet bulk tanks. The remaining 2% are used as ullage. This is the empty space on top of the liquid level that will prevent a tank from overflowing when the oil expands due to heat.

5.2

Dimensions

Moulded Breadth By moulded breadth is understood the horizontal distance between the insides of the moulds. In other words, it is the inside breadth (or width) of the vessel.

35 Maritime English

Maritime English It is used to determine the vessel's cargo carrying capacity in relation to her stability. Moulded Depth By moulded depth is understood the vertical distance between the insides of the moulds (including the double bottom). It indicates the inside height of the vessel. It is used to determine the vessel's cargo carrying capacity in relation to her stability.

Beam By beam is understood the extreme breadth of the vessel. In restricted, narrow fairways (e.g. the Panama Canal) the vessel's beam is an important factor to obtain a clearance to proceed. Length Over All (L.O.A.). By Length over all (A - B) is understood the distance between the extreme fore-end and the extreme

aft-end of the vessel. Before a berth along an embankment is allocated, the port authorities will have to know the total length of the ship. Length Between Perpendiculars (LPP) Length Between Perpendiculars (C - D) is measured between the fore-perpendicular (FPP) and the aftperpendicular (APP). It is used to determine the vessel's stability. The Construction Waterline is the line to which the ship may be loaded in summer.

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Maritime English The fore-perpendicular is the vertical line through the point where the Construction Waterline and the stem intersect. The aft perpendicular goes through the rudderstock. Draft, air draft, freeboard and underkeel clearance By draft is understood the distance from the bottom of the keel to the surface of the water. A distinction must be made between loaded draft and light draft, as well as salt-water draft and freshwater draft. Due to the salinity of seawater, the draft in seawater is less than draft in fresh- water, because seawater has a higher specific gravity. By air draft is understood the distance from the waterline to the highest point of the vessel. When proceeding through a channel that is spanned by a bridge, the air draft should of course be less than the vertical clearance of the bridge. When a vessel's air draft is greater than the vertical clearance will allow, we speak of a top-hampered vessel. By Freeboard is understood the distance between deck line and waterline. By Underkeel Clearance (UKC) is understood the distance between keel and seabed.

5.3

Binomials

Binomials are expressions (often idiomatic) where two words are joined by a conjunction (usually 'and'). The order of the words is usually fixed. It is best to use them only in informal situations, with one or two exceptions. odds and ends: small, unimportant things, e.g. Let's get the main things packed; we can do the odds and ends later, give and take: a spirit of compromise, e.g. Every relationship needs a bit of give and take to be successful. You can often tell something is a binomial because of the sound pattern. Tears are part and parcel of growing up. [part of / belong to] The boss was ranting and raving at us. [shouting / very angry] The old cottage has gone to rack and ruin, [ruined/decayed] He's so prim and proper at work, [rather formal and fussy] The hotel was a bit rough and ready, [poor standard] She has to wine and dine important clients, [entertain] Other times, the clue is that the words are near-synonyms. You can pick and choose; it's up to you. [have a wide choice] My English is progressing in leaps and bounds, [big jumps] It's nice to have some peace and quiet, [peace/calm] The doctor recommended some rest and recreation, [relaxation] First and foremost, you must work hard, [first / most importantly] Many grammar words combine to form binomials.

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Maritime English There are cafes here and there, [scattered round] We've had meetings on and off. [occasionally] I've been running back and forth all day. [to and from somewhere] To and fro can be used just like back and forth. He is unemployed and down and out. [without a home or money] She's better now, and out and about again, [going out] She ran up and down the street, [in both directions] Exercise. Identify the binomials and explain their meaning: A black and white film, please. Ladies and gentlemen, your attention, please! She ran back and forth. There was hot and cold water in every room.

Self-assessment Test
Match the two columns: Draft Freeboard Length over all Ullage Gross register tonnage Beam the entire volume of the enclosed spaces of the vessel the distance from the bottom of the keel to to the surface of the water extreme breadth of the vessel empty space on top of the liquid level distance between deck line and waterline. distance between the extreme fore-end and the extreme aft-end of the vessel.

Progress test
Here are some jumbled binomials. Using similarities in sound, join them with and. Then check opposite or in a dictionary that you have the word order right, and that you know the meaning. prim rough sound dine high ruin dry rack ready proper sate wine

Now use them to fill the gaps in these sentences.

1.I was left and with no-one to help me. 2.The room's a bit and , but you're welcome to stay as long as you like. 3.I'm glad you're and after such a dangerous journey. 4.My hosts and me at the best restaurants. 5.Our old house in the country has just gone to and .; nobody looks after it now. 6.The secretary is always so terribly and ...; the whole atmosphere always seems so very formal. 38 Maritime English

Maritime English

Answers to self-assessment test

Match the two columns:
Draft Freeboard Length over all Ullage Gross register tonnage Beam the distance from the bottom of the keel to to the surface of the water distance between deck line and waterline. distance between the extreme fore-end and the extreme aft-end of the vessel. empty space on top of the liquid level the entire volume of the enclosed spaces of the vessel extreme breadth of the vessel

References
1. Van Kluijven, P.C. The International Maritime Language Programme, Alk & Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, 2005. 2. Logie, Vivers, Nisbet Marlins Study Pack 2 (book and two audio cassettes). Edinburgh, Marlins, 1998 (ISBN 09531748 1 6) 3. Murphy, R. Essential Grammar In Use. 1st ed. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990 (ISBN 0 521 35770 5) 4. http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/vocabulary/

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Maritime English

Unit 6

Ship Measurement: Tasks

Objectives of Unit 6 6.1 Idioms 6.2 Matching 6.3 Idioms connected with problematic situations Self-assessment test Progress test Answers to self-assessment test References

40 Maritime English

Maritime English

OBJECTIVES OF UNIT 6
The main objectives are:
Define maritime words and phrases Match words belonging to the same area of a ship name idioms used in problematic situations

6.1

Idioms

The italicized words in the text are given below in alphabetical order. Find out what they mean as they appear in the text and learn them by heart.

accommodation

distinguish

liquid level

air draft

draft

loaded draft

bale space

due to

lubricating oil

beam

dues

mariner

breadth

equal

measure

buoyancy

equipment

mercantile fleet

cargo carrying capacity

experience

moulded breadth

channel

fairway

moulded depth

clearance

fresh water

moulds

contents

fuel

municipal

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Maritime English
contrary to grain space narrow

deadweight tonnage

gravity

Net Tonnage

determine

Gross Tonnage

obtain

displacement

indicate

potable water

distance

light draft

proceed

remain

span

top hamper

restricted salinity salt-water seabed

specific gravity stores stowage factor summer freeboard

ullage upthrust vertical clearance width

6.2

Matching

Match the expressions to the explanations. Expressions

1. Displacement

6. Deadweight

11. Ullage Space

16. Draft

21.UKC

2 . Upthrust

7. Cargo Carrying Capacity 8. Bale Space

12. Loaded draft

17. Summer Freeboard 18. Salt-water Draft 19. Air Draft

22.Length Over All 23. The Fore Perpendicular 24. The Aft Perpendicular 25.LPP

3. Buoyancy

13. Moulded Breadth 14. Moulded Depth 15.Beam

4. Gross Register Tonnage 5. Net Tonnage

9. Grain Space

10. Oil Space

20. Freeboard

42 Maritime English

Maritime English Explanations (fill in the expressions) 1 2 is the entire volume of all the enclosed spaces. is the total weight of all the cargo that can be carried. is used to calculate how much harbour dues must be paid. is the volume of the spaces used to carry general cargo. the volume of the spaces used to carry dry bulk cargo. is the weight of cargo, stores, equipment, oils and waters. is equal to the weight of the displaced mass of water. is the draft of the vessel in laden condition. is the empty space on top of a liquid. is 98% of the volume of the tanks. is less than gravity the vessel will sink. indicates the height of the cargo holds, including the d.b. indicates the inside breadth of the cargo holds. indicates the greatest distance between starboardand port sides.

7.

8. 9. 10. 11. When 12.

13. 14.

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Maritime English

15.

is the distance between deckline and the surface of the water.

16. 17.

is the distance between FPP and APP. is the distance from bottom of the ship to the waterline. is the length between the stem and the stern. is the vertical line through the rudderstock. is less than fresh water draught because of the salinity. is the distance between the vessel's keel and the bottom of the sea. is the highest point of the ship measured from the waterline. is the line through the intersection of stem and waterline. indicates maximum draft in summer. is the mass of water that is moved out of its place by the ship

18. 19. 20.

21.

22.

23.

24. 25.

6.3

Idioms connected with problematic situations

Problems and difficulties

to be in a fix = be in difficulty to be in a tight corner = be in a situation that is hard to get out of to be in a muddle = be confused/mixed up (these three go together as all having be + in + a)

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Maritime English
Reacting in situations

Three pairs of more or less opposite idioms.

to take a back seat [not do anything; let others act instead] to stir things up [do/say things that make matters worse] to pour oil on troubled waters [do/say things that calm the situation down]

to take the bull by the horns [act positively to face and attack the problem] to keep one's cards close to one's chest [hold back information] to lay one's cards on the table [be very open, state exactly what your position is]

Some idioms connected with easing the situation : bury the hatchet [make peace / stop fighting each other] sweep under the carpet [ignore /deliberately forget, without solving it]

Self-assessment Test
Match the idioms with their meaning:

1. to be confused: 2. to be in a difficult situation:

3. to have a problem that is difficult to solve [(be) in a mess]:

4. to accept a less important position than someone or something else: 5. to tell people what your plans and intentions are in a clear, honest way:

a. He's a good man to have around if ever you're in a tight corner. b. I'm in such a muddle, I'd completely forgotten you were coming today. c. If you can't agree with them, then take a back seat and let others have their way on this occasion. d. We're going to be in a real fix if we miss that bus. e. What I'd like us to do is put our cards on the table and discuss the situation in a rational manner.

Progress test
Try to figure out the meaning of the following idioms: the tide has turned against us a dead end the tables are turned we can see light at the end of the tunnel to reach a turning point to be/act like a bull in a china shop to talk a load of bull to have advantage hopeless troubles are ahead talk nonsense hope be very clumsy to have changes

45 Maritime English

Maritime English

Answers to self-assessment test

Exercise. Match the idioms with their meaning
to have a problem that is difficult to solve [(be) in a mess]: We're going to be in a real fix if we miss that bus. to be in a difficult situation: He's a good man to have around if ever you're in a tight corner. to be confused: I'm in such a muddle, I'd completely forgotten you were coming today. to accept a less important position than someone or something else: If you can't agree with them, then take a back seat and let others have their way on this occasion. to tell people what your plans and intentions are in a clear, honest way: What I'd like us to do is put our cards on the table and discuss the situation in a rational manner.

References
1. Van Kluijven, P.C. The International Maritime Language Programme, Alk & Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, 2005. 2. Murphy, R. Essential Grammar In Use. 1st ed. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990 (ISBN 0 521 35770 5) 3. http://memorize.com/idioms-connected-with-problematic-situations

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Maritime English

Unit 7
Shipbuilding

Objectives of Unit 7 7.1 Classification 7.2 Building Ship 7.3 Propellers 7.4 Rudders 7.5 Stability Self-assessment test Progress test self-assessment test Answers to References

47 Maritime English

Maritime English

OBJECTIVES OF UNIT 7
The main objectives are:
understand the role of the classification societies differentiate between types of stresses use specific vocabulary name the types of propellers explain the principles of manoeuvrability

7.1

Classification

Before a shipyard will start the building of a ship, the final construction plan must be approved by a classification society. The classification will serve as a guide during the whole period of building. Classification Societies are the authorities with the most profound influence on shipbuilding, merchant ship design and ship safety. Among the most important are Lloyd's Register of Shipping, det Norske Veritas, the American Bureau of Shipping, Bureau Veritas, Registro Italiano, Germanischer Lloyd and Nippon Kaiji Kyokai. Of all these famous societies Lloyd's of London is the most famous and respected. Lloyd 's Register of Shipping is concerned with the maintenance of proper technical standards in ship-construction and the classification of ships, i.e. the record of all relevant technical details and the assurance that the ship will meet the required standards. Vessels that are classed with Lloyd 's Register are awarded the classification +100 A1. The cross (+) indicates that the ship has been built under the supervision of surveyors from Lloyd's Register, while "100 A" indicates that the vessel has been built in accordance with the recommended standards. "1" indicates that the safety equipment, anchors and cabins are as required. Surveys at regular intervals are carried out by the Society's surveyors to ensure that the vessel is still complying with the standards. The Society is also empowered to allot leadline certificates to determine and assess tonnage measurements and to ensure compliance with safety regulations. Surveyors all over the world carry out these required surveys and report to headquarters in London and other national centres. A ship failing to meet the standards will lose her classification and become a burden to the owners. 7.2 Building the ship

The designing, construction and fitting out of a vessel are a very complicated matter. When designing a ship the naval architect must take into consideration not only the purpose for which the ship will be built, but also the enormous stresses the ship will be exposed to when sailing in adverse weather and rough seas. Deformations of the ship's hull due to hogging and sagging must be avoided by implementing additional strengthenings that will also provide support. 48 Maritime English

Maritime English

These strengthenings are called stiffeners, or stringers. They may consist of beams, girders, keelsons and stanchions.

The backbone of a ship is her keel. It is a longitudinal beam located at the very bottom of the ship and extending from stem to stern.

Frames The ship is given her rounded shape by a series of symmetrically curved frames. Frames can be compared to the ribs in a human body. They are fastened to the keel, providing support and giving shape to the hull. The frames that are in the middle are larger than those at the sides and are known as floors. The frames are held in position by longitudinal stringers. Additional bracing is provided by beams extending across the width of the ship. Deck-beam brackets serve as joints between deck beams and the transverse frames. The rows of steel platings in the metal hull are called strakes. Nowadays ships are built in sections, composed of welded plates and frames. In the old days rivets were used to put the parts together. The ship is divided into watertight compartments by decks and longitudinal and transverse bulkheads. These bulkheads provide strengthening and are fire proof or fireretarding.The foremost bulkhead is the forepeak bulkhead, or collision bulkhead.

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Maritime English

The forepeak is a watertight compartment that will ensure that the vessel will have sufficient buoyancy to remain afloat after a collision. The aftermost bulkhead is the afterpeak bulkhead, through which the stern tube runs. The a.p. bulkhead is constructed in such a way that it will prevent water from entering the ship through the stern tube in case of leakage. Engine room and steering engine room must also be separated from other compartments by watertight bulkheads, so that in case of a disaster her engines will remain operational.

strakes

When all the sections have been put together, the shell plating is sandblasted and then painted with a primer and an anti-fouling paint. Now the fitting-out of the ship will commence. This means that the engines, auxiliary engines, steering engine, navigation means, domestic installations and equipment, cargo handling equipment, life saving equipment, stores and spares, electrical and hydraulic installations, berthing and anchoring gear, etc. are installed. Before the vessel is launched and ready for her maiden trip, engine trials and sea trials must prove that the vessel is seaworthy, that in fact she is "a Good Ship", as she will be referred to in documents. 7.3 Propellers

The screw-propeller "screws" its way through the water, driving water aft and the ship ahead. Some propellers have adjustable blades instead of fixed blades. If a propeller turns clockwise when viewed from aft, it is said to be right-handed; a left-handed propeller turns anti-clockwise. In a twin-screw ship the starboard propeller is usually right-handed and the port propeller left-handed. They are outward-turning, which reduces cavitation. The "face" of the propeller blade is the surface seen from aft. The other surface of the blade is called the "back". The "leading edge" of the blade is that edge that thrusts through the water when producing a head thrust. The other edge is called the "trailing edge". The Controllable Pitch Propeller, or CPP, is fitted with adjustable blades. By turning (adjusting) the blades, the thrust that is being developed can be varied whilst maintaining constant shaft-revolutions. In this way the vessel's pitch can be controlled by changing the position of the propeller blades.

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By pitch is understood the distance that the propeller will travel after one revolution. The blades can even be put in a position that will produce an astern-thrust while still rotating in the same direction. The vessel's manoeuvrability is increased considerably. The greatest advantage of the CPP, however, is that engine-wear is reduced because a constant RPM can be maintained while proceeding at any speed. Limitations of the CPP include the power that can be satisfactorily transmitted (installations for more than 25,000 bhp are uncommon). Another disadvantage of the CPP is the complicated mechanism controlling the blade-angle. Furthermore, the boss is enlarged to house bearings for the blades. This increased boss-size reduces the maximum efficiency that can be obtained. CPP's are mostly used in vessels that have variable rated capacities. The Voith Schneider Propeller, or Vertical Axis Propeller, consists of a horizontal disc rotating around a vertical axis. Projecting vertically down from this disc are a number of blades whose positions can be varied. By doing so a thrust can be produced in any desired direction. An obvious advantage of such a propeller is that it offers a high manoeuvrability for vessels that require to be highly manoeuvrable. The horizontal driving shaft, however, necessitates the introduction of a bevel gear, with consequential limitations on the maximum power that can be produced. The Shrouded Propeller, or Ducted Propeller, is integrated into a "tunnel", or duct. Enlargement of the tail-race and the thrust that can be produced is achieved by shaping of the duct, as is often done with heavily loaded propellers (e.g. with tugs). Other advantages of the duct are: it protects the propeller from fouling and reduces propeller noise. However, the system is quite costly. Jet propulsion is achieved by drawing water into the ship and then thrusting it out at by means of a pump. In this way the vessel is "jet-propelled". It's an attractive means of propulsion where it is desirable to have no moving parts outside the hull of the ship, where a protected screw is desired, and for small vessels with high rating capacities. Therefore it is widely employed in Ultra-Shallow-Draught (USD) Vessels. Jet propulsion involves higher speeds and outstanding manoeuvrability because the duct is movable. However, because of the resistance caused by the flow of the water through the duct, its efficiency is lower than that of the ordinary screw-propeller. 7.4 Rudders

The choice of the type of rudder that is used will largely depend on the shape of the stern, the size of the vessel and the capacity of the steering gear. The Balanced Spade rudder (or balanced rudder) is used for vessels with a long "sharp" stem. Not much strength is applied to the rudder stock and the steering gear can be made quite compact. Because of the large rudder area it offers good manoeuvrability. The Semi-Balanced rudder (or Gnomon Rudder) is used where the size of the rudder requires that it is supported at an additional point to the rudder 51 Maritime English

Maritime English

bearing, but where it is still desired to reduce the size of the steering gear. This type of rudder offers a high manoeuvrability.

The Unbalanced Rudder is used in vessels whose stern-shape is not fit to carry a balanced rudder. Furthermore these rudders are usually fitted on smaller ships of relatively deep draught. The number of pintles fitted will depend on the required strength. There are single-pintle rudders and multi-pintle rudders. The rudderstock must be able to endure large stresses. The Flap Rudder has at its rear end a "flap" that can move at a greater angle than the main portion of the rudder. It is used in vessels that require considerable manoeuvrability. The complicated linkage system between the flap-portion and the main portion is vulnerable and often the source of malfunction.

7.5

Stability

Most travellers take it for granted that their ship will float the right way up. This it will only do if it has been correctly designed and constructed. A ship will experience many forces that will try to turn it over. The ship must of course be capable to resist these forces by what is commonly known as stability. Too much stability is undesirable because this may cause unpleasant motions and can be costly due to a high fuel consumption. Too little stability will make the ship heel over easily and capsize. Thus, as with so many other features of design, stability is a compromise. A body is said to be in a state of equilibrium when the resultant of all the forces that act on it is zero and the resultant moment of the forces is also zero. If a body, subject to a small disturbance, from a state of equilibrium tends to return to that state, it is said to possess a positive stability - it is in a state of equilibrium. If, following the disturbance, the equilibrium is reduced even more, then the body is said to be in a state of unstable equilibrium - it has a negative stability. To reach the state of equilibrium, buoyancy and the gravity (weight) must be equal and the two forces must act along the same line. Another term for buoyancy is upthrust, which of course is related to Archimedes' Law (or Archimedes' Principle), which says that when a body is immersed'in a liquid it will experience an upthrust that is equal to the weight of the displaced liquid. For conventional ships the longitudinal stability is always high. This is not always the case for offshore drilling barges and other less conventional vessels. Unless a ship is stable it will not float upright, because, although in the upright position it is in equilibrium, there will always be disturbances - from the sea, air or movement within the ship - which will force it out of the upright position. An "unstable"ship will not return to this position. And even if it does not actually capsize, it would be unpleasant to be in a ship that lolls to one side constantly. Circumstances that will cause a ship to heel may be external or internal. External influences are: - the action of the wind, which will be most influential with ships with high freeboards and large

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superstructures; - the action of waves, causing the rolling and pitching, heaving, surging, swaying and yawing of vessels in rough seas; - water properties, such as 1) density (or specific gravity). The density of the water in which a vessel floats will affect her draft and trim. Density will mainly depend upon the temperature and the salinity of the water; 2) kinematic viscosity. This is particularly relevant to the frictional resistance a ship will experience when proceeding through the water. 3) salinity. Values for samples of seawater will vary from area to area and will depend, among other things, upon the salinity. Many objects will float in the Dead Sea, but would sink in fresh water. Internal influences mostly relate to the human element, or, as it is often called, the Human Factor (HF). Examples are: - the action of the rudder when a ship is being manoeuvred; - loading and discharging cargoes: if the stowage plan has been drawn up badly the vessel will soon heel over to port or starboard.

Self-assessment Test
Answer the questions:
1. Who approves the construction plan? 2. What does the +100 A1classification mean? 3. Why are surveys carried out? 4. Which is the backbone of a ship? 5. What is the equivalent of the human ribs? 6. What is the difference between beams and stringers? 7. How are the metal parts put together?

Progress test
Match the colums: 1. The propeller 2.The balanced rudder is used for 3. Too much stability is undesirable 4. Some propellers have 5. Another term for buoyancy is 6. The rudder acts as "screws" its way through the water. a servo-system because this may cause unpleasant motions. upthrust. adjustable blades. vessels with a long "sharp" stem.

Answers to self-assessment test

1. Who approves the construction plan? (classification society)
2. What does the +100 A1classification mean? (The cross (+) indicates that the ship has been built under the supervision of surveyors from Lloyd's Register, while "100 A" indicates that the vessel has been built in accordance with the recommended standards. "1" indicates that the safety equipment, anchors and cabins are as required.) 3. Why are surveys carried out? (to ensure that the vessel is still complying with the standards) 4. Which is the backbone of a ship? (the hull) 5. What is the equivalent of the human ribs? (the keel) 6. What is the difference between beams and stringers? (stringers are longitudinal while the beams extend across the width of the ship) 7. How are the metal parts put together? (by welding)

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References
1.Van Kluijven, P.C., The International Maritime Language Programme, Alk & Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, 2005. 2. Murphy, R. Essential Grammar In Use. 1st ed. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990 (ISBN 0 521 35770 5)

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Unit 8

SHIPBUILDING: TASKS

UNIT 8. Objectives of Unit 8 8.1 Idioms 8.2 Classification 8.3 Propellers 8.4 Survey report Self-assessment test Progress test Answers to self-assessment test References

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OBJECTIVES OF UNIT 8

The main objectives are:

understand and use idioms in onboard situatrions explain the role of the classification societies enumerate construction elements describe types of propellers understand the contents of a survey report

8.1

Idioms

The italicized words in the text are given below in alphabetical order. Find out what they mean as they appear in the text and learn them by heart. The italicized words in the text are given below in alphabetical order. Find out what they mean as they appear in the text and learn them by heart.

accordance (in - with)

apply to

boss

achieve

approve

brace

additional strengthening

assess

bracket

adjust

auxiliary engine

bulkhead

adjustable blades

avoid

buoyancy

advantage

award

cargo handling

adverse weather

axis

cause

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affect balance rudder cavitation

afterpeak

beam

centre of gravity

aids

bearing

circumstances

allot

berthing

clockwise

anchoring gear

bevel

collision bulkhead

anti-clockwise

bevel wheel

commence

anti-cyclone

bhp

comply with

anti-fouling paint

blade angle

consideration

consist of

draft

floor

control

duct

forepeak

curved

ducted propeller

frame

deck beam

edge

freeboard

deep draft

efficiency

frictional resistance

deformation

endure

fuel consumption

density

engine trial

gale

depend on

enlarge(ment)

girder

derrick

ensure

"Good Ship"

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design equilibrium gravity

determine

equipment

heaving

develop

execute

heel over

disadvantage

experience

hogging

disaster

exposed to

horizontal plane

disc

extend

hull

distance travelled

face

immerse

disturbance

fire retarding

implement

domestic

fitting out

increase

indicate

maintenance

propulsion

influence integrate intermediary interval joint keel keelson

manoeuvrability means measurement merchant ship movable naval architecture obtainable

rated capacities rear end recommend record reduce remain requirements

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Maritime English lateral force launch leakage life saving equipment limitation linkage loll longitudinal maiden trip maintain operational perpendicular pintle pitch pitching pivoting point power primer proceed properties resistance revolution rivet rolling rudder stock safety sagging sample sandblast sea trial

seaworthy

stiffener

swaying

shaft shape shell plating shrouded propeller spares specific gravity

stores stowage plan strake stresses stringer subject to

thrust trailing edge transverse tripping girder twin-screw ship uncommon

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Maritime English stanchion standard stem stern tube superstructure surging survey surveyor upthrust value weld yawing

8.2

Classification

Sirrus Shipyard Ldt. has accepted the order to build a new 80,000-tonnes crude-oil carrier for account of Johanson-Line Shipping Company, Great Britain. Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, is the classification society that will accompany the building of the vessel in a pre-construction stage, during construction and upon and after completion of construction. Match the following parts of sentences with the sentences in the appropriate categories below; write down each sentence in full. ABCDEFGHI JKL -.. carry out surveys at regular intervals. the vessel has been classed with Lloyd 's Register. standards according to which classification will take place. the required standards. allot load line certificates, assess tonnage and ensure compliance with safety regulations. the ship has been built under the supervision of surveyors from Lloyd's Register. proper technical standards during the construction. the safety equipment, anchors and cabins are as required. the vessel will comply with the standards. the final construction plan. the vessel will continue to comply with the standards. ..the vessel has been built in accordance with the recommended standards. Pre-construction stage The Society has made up ... The Society approves ... The Society ensures that ... During construction The Society checks the maintenance of The Society assures that the ship will meet 60 Maritime English

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8.3

Propellers: applications, advantages and dsiadvantages

Fill in the applications, advantages and disadvantages of the various types of propellers. Propellers Application Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)

Controllable Pitch Propeller

Voith Schneider Propeller

Ducted Propeller

Rudders: applications, advantages and disadvantages

Fill in the applications, advantages and disadvantages of the various types of rudders.

Rudders

Application

Advantage(s) and/or disadvantage(s)

Balanced rudder

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Semi-balanced rudder

Unbalanced rudder

Flap rudder

8.4

Survey report

May 10, 20 SURVEY

REPORT MV Garland We, the Undersigned, held survey this date on the above named vessel while lying afloat at Jacksonville Shipyard Corp., in order to ascertain the nature and extent and necessary repairs to damage alleged to have been sustained as a consequence of main engine breakdown due to crew negligence, resulting in a collision with MV Christina, after which MV Garland was beached to prevent sinking. General recommendations: We have found it necessary to drydock the vessel for repairs. Staging, fire lines and electricity will be provided. Shifting berth by means of her own propulsion is not possible. The vessel had been gas freed prior to the accident with MV Christina, but a certificate was not issued. The cost of refilling the vessel's CO2-system will be included in the agreed total sum from the repaircontractor. Dock trial, proving engine satisfactory, will be carried out upon completion of repairs. All debris associated with damage and repairs will be removed from vessel and dock. 62 Maritime English

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Specific recommendations regarding construction and mechanical parts: FOUND: a) plating of sheer strake (first and second strake below sheer) fractured transversely for approx. 16', with crack-stopper hole drilled in second strake below sheer; b) main deck stringer plate fractured transversely for approx. 12 '; c) shell plating (nos. 2 and 3) heavily set and buckled; d) "B"-strake (plate no.2) indented slightly along lower seam. Welded seam has cracked open. e) second strake below sheer, after 8' from first plate aft of bow nosing, badly set in; f) fractured welding at hawse pipe; g) three hawse pipe brackets torn. h) internal shell frames nos. 48 to 60 distorted badly; i) bulwark around stern buckled (brackets and railings crushed); j) deck plating at stern badly buckled and torn over an area of approximately 48 square ft.; k) mast bent just above boat deck; I) hull bottom coating scuffed and abraded. Number of weather working days: 42 days. We estimate and agree the cost of the foregoing repairs to be the sum of 1,125,750Surveyors signed without prejudice, H. Hanson - representing owners; A. Holliday - representing underwriters; W. Sharp - representing Robbins Drydock.

Self-assessment Test
Match the parts with the functions - fill in A, B, C, etc, or a combination. Parts 1 Beam 2 - Bracket 3 - Brace 4 - Bulkhead 5 - Deck 6 - Floor 7 - Frame 8 Girder 9 Keelson 10 -Shell 11 Stanchion 12 Stiffener 13- Strake 14 Stringer Functions A Strengthening: B Shaping: 7 C Plating: D Separation: E Support:

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Progress test
Complete the following sentences: The Society awards "+100 A1" to indicate that ... The Society awards "+" to indicate that ... The Society awards "1OOA" to indicate that ... The Society awards "1" to indicate that ... The Society's surveyors ... The Society ensures that. ... The Society is empowered to

Answers to self-assessment test

A Strengthening: 12, 14, 1, 8, 9, 11 B Shaping: 7 C Plating: 10, 13 D Separation: 4, 5 E Support: 3, 2

References
1. Van Kluijven, P.C. The International Maritime Language Programme, Alk
& Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, 2005. 2. Murphy, R. Essential Grammar In Use. 1st ed. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990 (ISBN 0 521 35770 5)

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