AP Calculus AB Summer Packet Answer Key: *Note: I am not held responsible for showing the work that will

lead to your answers. You are obligated to provide your own work to the questions that were assigned. The answers that are given will only be to your benefit when checking your work.

I.

Complex Fractions 1. (5 a) / a 2. 2x / (5x + 20) 3. (4x 12) / 5 4. (x2 x 1) / (x2 + x + 1) 5. (x 4) / (3x2 4x + 32) Functions 6. 5 7. 17 8. 2t + 3 9. 15 10. 8m2 + 40m + 49 11. 2 12. 1 13. 3 / 2 14. 15 15. 4x2 + 12x + 9 16. 2x6 + 3 17. 9 18. 2 Intercepts and Points of Intersection 19. x intercept: (5/2, 0) ; y intercept: (0, 5) 20. x intercepts: (2, 0) and (1, 0) ; y intercept: (0, 2) 21. x intercepts: (4, 0), (0, 0), and (4, 0) ; y intercept: (0, 0) 22. x intercepts: (2, 0), (0, 0), and (2, 0) ; y intercept: (0, 0) 23. (3, 5) 24. (1, 5) and (2, 2) 25. (14, 8) and (6, 8)

II.

III.

IV.

Interval Notation 26. a. Interval Notation: (2, 4] ; Graph: Make a real number line. Plot an open dot on 2 and a closed dot on 4. Shade the region in between the two points. b. Solution: 1 x < 7 ; Graph: Make a real number line. Plot a closed dot on 1 and an open dot on 7. Shade the region in between the two points. c. Solution: x 8 ; Interval Notation: (, 8] 27. Solution: x 1/2 ; Interval Notation: [1/2, ) ; Graph: Make a real number line. Plot a closed dot on 1/2. Shade the entire region to the right of that point. 28. Solution: 1/2 x 7/2 ; Interval Notation: [1/2, 7/2) ; Graph: Make a real number line. Plot a closed dot on 1/2 and an open dot on 7/2. Shade the region in between the two points. 29. Solution: x > 30 ; Interval Notation: (30, ) ; Graph: Make a real number line. Plot an open dot on 30. Shade the entire region to the right of that point.

V.

Domain and Range 30. Domain: (, ) ; Range: [5, ) 31. Domain: [-3, ) ; Range: (, 0] 32. Domain: (, ) ; Range: [3, 3] 33. Domain: (, 1) (1, ) ; Range: (, 0) (0, ) Inverses 34. f1(x) = (x 1) / 2 35. f1(x) = (3x) 36. a. f[g(x)] = f[3(2x)] = [3(2x)]3 / 2 = 2x / 2 = x b. g[f(x)] = g(x3 / 2) = 3[2 (x3 / 2)] = 3(x3) = x 37. a. f[g(x)] = f[(9 x)] = 9 [(9 x)]2 = 9 (9 x) = x b. g[f(x)] = g(9 x2) = [9 (9 x2)] = x2 = x

VI.

VII.

Equation of a Line 38. y = 3x + 5 39. x = 5 40. y = 2 41. y = 2/3x + 5 42. y = 5/6x + 19/3 43. y = 7 44. y = x + 3 45. y = 3/2x + 3

VIII. Radian and Degree Measures 46. a. 150 b. 144 c. 150.6879 47. a. / 4 b. 0.2967 radians c. 79/60 IX. Angles in Standard Position 48. a. Starting from the right-hand side of the x-axis, make a spiral counter-clockwise until you reach the fourth quadrant. Your spiral should almost be a complete circle, 2. b. Starting from the right-hand side of the x-axis, make a spiral counter-clockwise until you reach the third quadrant. Your spiral should be a little past halfway of the quadrant. Starting from the right-hand side of the x-axis, make a spiral clockwise until you reach the first quadrant. Your spiral should almost be a complete circle, 2. Starting from the right-hand side of the x-axis, make a spiral counter-clockwise until you reach the second quadrant. Your spiral should be a little bit into the quadrant.

c.

d.

X.

Reference Triangles 49. a. Starting from the right-hand side of the x-axis, make a spiral counter-clockwise until you reach the second quadrant. Your spiral should be almost halfway in the quadrant. From the origin, then proceed to make a line going towards the second quadrant. There, make a perpendicular line back down to the x-axis and you have a triangle. Label the side of the triangle along the length of the x-axis 1 and the side of the triangle along the y-axis 3. The hypotenuse should then be 2 based on the 30 60 90 triangle. Proceed to label the angle measures of the triangle.

b.

Starting from the right-hand side of the x-axis, make a spiral counter-clockwise until you reach the third quadrant. Your spiral should be halfway in the quadrant. From the origin, then proceed to make a line going towards the third quadrant. There, make a perpendicular line back down to the x-axis and you have a triangle. Label the side of the triangle along the length of the x-axis 1 and the side of the triangle along the yaxis 1. The hypotenuse should then be 2 based on the 45 45 90 triangle. Proceed to label the angle measures of the triangle.

c.

Starting from the right-hand side of the x-axis, make a spiral clockwise until you reach the fourth quadrant. Your spiral should be halfway in the quadrant. From the origin, then proceed to make a line going towards the fourth quadrant. There, make a perpendicular line back down to the x-axis and you have a triangle. Label the side of the triangle along the length of the x-axis 1 and the side of the triangle along the yaxis 1. The hypotenuse should then be 2 based on the 45 45 90 triangle. Proceed to label the angle measures of the triangle.

d.

Starting from the right-hand side of the x-axis, make a spiral counter-clockwise until you reach the first quadrant. Your spiral should be almost halfway in the quadrant. From the origin, then proceed to make a line going towards the first quadrant. There, make a perpendicular line back down to the x-axis and you have a triangle. Label the side of the triangle along the length of the x-axis 3 and the side of the triangle along the y-axis 1. The hypotenuse should then be 2 based on the 30 60 90 triangle. Proceed to label the angle measures of the triangle.

XI.

Unit Circle 50. a. b. c. d. e. f.

0 0 1 0 1 1

XII.

Graphing Trig Functions 51. Follow these steps to graph the function: a. First, sketch the sine curve (parent graph). b. Label all your x and y values. c. Afterwards, multiply all your y values by 5. d. Function Data: 1. Amplitude = 5 2. Period = 2 3. C/B = 0, no horizontal shift 4. K = 0, no vertical shift e. Feel free to make a new (cleaner version) of the final graph after you have finished making all the adjustments to your rough graph. 52. Follow these steps to graph the function: a. First, sketch the sine curve (parent graph). b. Label all your x and y values. c. Afterwards, multiply all your x values by 1/2.

d.

e.

Function Data: 1. Amplitude = 1 2. Period = 3. C/B = 0, no horizontal shift 4. K = 0, no vertical shift Feel free to make a new (cleaner version) of the final graph after you have finished making all the adjustments to your rough graph.

53. Follow these steps to graph the function: a. First, sketch the cosine curve (parent graph). b. Label all your x and y values. c. Afterwards, multiply all your y values by 1. d. Then add /4 to all your x values. e. Redraw your y-axis. f. Function Data: 1. Amplitude = 1 2. Period = 2 3. C/B = /4, shift right 4. K = 0, no vertical shift g. Feel free to make a new (cleaner version) of the final graph after you have finished making all the adjustments to your rough graph. 54. Follow these steps to graph the function: a. First, sketch the cosine curve (parent graph). b. Label all your x and y values. c. Afterwards, add 3 to all your y values. d. Redraw your x-axis. e. Function Data: 1. Amplitude = 1 2. Period = 2 3. C/B = 0, no horizontal shift 4. K = 3, shift down f. Feel free to make a new (cleaner version) of the final graph after you have finished making all the adjustments to your rough graph.

XIII. Trigonometric Equations 55. x = 7/6, 11/6 56. x = /6, 11/6 57. x = /8, 7/8, 9/8, 15/8 58. x = /4, 3/4, 5/4, 7/4 59. x = 2/3, 5/6, 5/3, 11/6 60. x = 0, 2/3, 4/3 61. x = /6, 5/6, 7/6, 11/6 62. x = 0, /2, 3/2 XIV. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 76. y = 4/3, 5/3 77. y = 78. y = 3/4, 7/4 63. tan = 5 / 2 64. sec = 13 / 5 65. sin = 12 / 13 66. sin = 7 / 8 Circles and Ellipses 67. Follow these steps to graph the circle: a. Start from the center (the origin in this case). b. Go 4 units up from the center and 4 units down from the center. Make a point at each spot respectively. c. Go 4 units to the right from the center and 4 units to the left from the center. Make a point at each spot respectively. d. Use the 4 points to sketch a circle. e. Data: C (0, 0) ; Radius = 4 68. Follow these steps to graph the circle: a. Start from the center (the origin in this case). b. Go 5 units up from the center and 5 units down from the center. Make a point at each spot respectively. c. Go 5 units to the right from the center and 5 units to the left from the center. Make a point at each spot respectively. d. Use the 4 points to sketch a circle. e. Data: C (0, 0) ; Radius = 5

XV.

69. Follow these steps to graph the ellipse: a. Start from the center (the origin in this case). b. Go 3 units up from the center and 3 units down from the center. Make a point at each spot respectively. c. Go 1 unit to the right from the center and 1 unit to the left from the center. Make a point at each spot respectively. d. Use the 4 points to sketch an ellipse. e. Data: C (0, 0) ; a = 1 ; b = 3 70. Follow these steps to graph the ellipse: a. Start from the center (the origin in this case). b. Go 2 units up from the center and 2 units down from the center. Make a point at each spot respectively. c. Go 4 units to the right from the center and 4 units to the left from the center. Make a point at each spot respectively. d. Use the 4 points to sketch an ellipse. e. Data: C (0, 0) ; a = 4 ; b = 2 XVI. Vertical Asymptotes 89. x = 0 90. x = 2 , x = 2 91. x = 0 , x = 1 XVII. Horizontal Asymptotes 92. y = 0 93. y = 5 / 3 94. None