2/6/2012

I H C QU C GIA TP.H CH MINH TR NG I H C BCH KHOA

KHOA I N- I N T
B MN K THU T I NT

VIDEO AND IMAGE PROCESSING USING DSP AND PFGA

Chapter 1: Introduction to Image Processing

Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. Digital Image Formation Image Acquisition Image Sampling and Quantization Color Space

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1. Digital Image Formation

What is Digital Image Processing? Digital Image
a two-dimensional function x and y are spatial coordinates The amplitude of f is called intensity or gray level at the point (x, y)

Digital Image Processing

process digital images by means of computer, it covers low-, mid-, and high-level processes low-level: inputs and outputs are images mid-level: outputs are attributes extracted from input images high-level: an ensemble of recognition of individual objects

Pixel
the elements of a digital image

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1. Digital Image Formation

The image function fc(x, y) is still a function of and y0 2 [y0 min; y0 max] which vary in a continuum given by the respective intervals.

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1. Digital Image Formation

The representation of an MN numerical array as
f (0, 0) f (1, 0) f ( x, y ) = ... f ( M 1, 0) f (0,1) f (1,1) ... f ( M 1,1) ... ... ... ... f (0, N 1) f (1, N 1) ... f ( M 1, N 1)

The representation of an MN numerical array in MATLAB

f (1,1) f (2,1) f ( x, y ) = ... f ( M ,1)

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f (1, 2) f (2, 2) ...

... ... ...

f ( M , 2) ...

f (1, N ) f (2, N ) ... f (M , N )

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2. Image Acquisition
Source of Images:
Electromagnetic (EM) energy spectrum Acoustic Ultrasonic Electronic Synthetic images produced by computer

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2. Image Acquisition
Examples: GamaRay Imaging

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2. Image Acquisition
Examples: X-Ray Imaging

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2. Image Acquisition
Transform illumination energy into digital images

Single imaging sensor

Line sensor

Array sensor

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2. Image Acquisition

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3. Image Sampling and Quantization

Digitizing the coordinate values Digitizing the amplitude values

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3. Image Sampling and Quantization

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3. Image Sampling and Quantization

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3. Image Sampling and Quantization

Digitizing the coordinate values Digitizing the amplitude values

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3. Image Sampling and Quantization

Digitizing the coordinate values Digitizing the amplitude values

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4. Color Space
There are several standard ad non-standard color space
RGB Spectral Primary Color Coordinate System: developed by the CIE in 1931
additive primary color based in human perception of colors wavelengths: red = 700nm; green: 546.1 nm; blue = 435.8nm

CIE: Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, based in Vienna, Austria

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4. Color Space
CMYK color model: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Key (black)
subtractive primary color C = 1.0 R uKb M= 1.0 G uKb Y = 1.0 B uKb K = bKb Kb = MIN{1.0 R, 1.0 G, 1.0 B}

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4. Color Space
YIQ NTSC Transmission Color Coordinate System
Y, called luma, is luminance of color I and Q, called chroma, describe the Hue and Saturation

gamma-corrected RGB components

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4. Color Space
YUV EBU Transmission Color Coordinate System
used in PAL/SECAM color television systems

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4. Color Space
YCbCr CCIR Rec. 601 Transmission Color Coordinate System
The CCIR Rec.601 color coordinate system YCbCr is defined for the transmission of luma and chroma components coded in the integer range 0 to 255.

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Class Assignment
1. Write a Matlab program to resample a 640x480 image to 160x120 image 2. Write a Matlab program to convert an 8-bit gray image to 4bit gray image 3. Write a Matlab program to extract a 64x64 region at the center of a RGB color image. 4. Write a Matlab program to convert RGB to HSV 5. Write a Matlab program to convert RGB to YUV 6. Write a Matlab program to convert RGB to CMYK

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