Slow-Front Overvoltages

Slow-Front Overvoltages
Slow-front overvoltages have front durations of some tens to some thousands front durations of some of microseconds and tail durations in the same order of magnitude and are durations in the same order of magnitude and are oscillatory by nature. They generally arise from: line energization and re-energization; faults and fault clearing; fault clearing; load rejections; switching of capacitive or inductive currents; switching of capacitive or inductive currents; distant lightning strikes to the conductor of overhead lines. The representative voltage stress is characterized by: a representative voltage shape 250/2500 s; a representative amplitude which can be either an assumed maximum overvoltage or a probability distribution of the overvoltage amplitudes.
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 3
-1-
The representative voltage shape is the standard switching impulse: Tp = 250 s, T2 = 2500 s.
d
see HVT II, Chapter 9: 3: curve of minimum strength

Tcr = 250 s
MV
1
3
Tcr = 850 s Tcr = 750 s Tcr = 650 s
The representative amplitude is the amplitude of the overvoltage considered independently from its actual time to peak. However, in some systems in range II, overvoltages with very long fronts may occur and the representative amplitude may be derived by taking into account the influence of the front duration upon the dielectric strength of the insulation.
3
2 Ud
Tcr = 450 s Tcr = 250 s
+
s
0 0 10
s
20
30
-2-
The probability distribution of the overvoltages without surge arrester operation is characterized by *) its 2 % values ue2, up2 its deviations e, p its truncation values uet, upt. Although not perfectly valid, the probability distribution can be approximated by a Gaussian distribution between the 50 % value and the truncation value above which no values are assumed to exist. see next slides Alternatively, a modified Weibull distribution may be used. (see: IEC 60071-2, Annex C, Annex D)
*) Indices: e "phase-to-earth" p "phase-to-phase"
-3-
f(u) Normal distribution (Gaussian distribution) Normal distribution (Gaussian distribution)
Probability density function of voltage occurrence:
u P(u)
1 f (u ) = e 2
standard deviation
1 u 2
expectation average mean value of ui
Cumulative distribution function of voltage occurrence:
P (u ) =
u
f (u ) d u
-4-
f(u)
u u
truncation value truncation value
f(u)
P(u)
u P(u)
u u
2%-value 2%-value
u
-5-
Example: normal distribution of phase-to-earth overvoltages, definitions acc. to IEC 60071-2 (for phase-to-phase voltages accordingly)
P(ue)
Overvoltages are characterized by their 2% value ue2. All overvoltages are higher than 1 p.u. The difference between the minimum value and the 2% value is equivalent to 4 standard deviations:
ue 2 1 = 4 e
50%
e = 0.25 ( ue 2 1)
All relevant information can be derived from ue2.. All relevant information can be derived from ue2
2% 0.1% 1 ue50 = ue2 - 2e ue50 = ue2 - 2e 4e 4e
ue / p.u. ue2 ue2 uet = ue2 + e uet = ue2 + e
-6-
Example: normal distributions of SFO on overhead lines phase-to-earth
Cumulative distribution / %
ue2 uet
ue
ue
-7-
The assumed maximum value of the representative overvoltage stress is equal The assumed maximum value of the representative overvoltage stress is equal to the truncation value of the overvoltages or to the truncation or to the switching impulse protective level Upsof the surge arrester switching impulse protective level Ups whichever is lower.
see next slide
-8-
1200 Peak value of voltage / kV 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 10-4 10-2 1 10 4 10 2 Peak value of current / A Standard switching impulse current values acc. to IEC 60099-4; switching impulse protection level Ups = residual voltage at the highest current amplitude each
Example for Us = 420 kV

residual voltage at In = lightning impulse protection level = 823 kV residual voltage at switching impulse current 1 kA = switching impulse protection level = 680 kV = 2 Ur = 2 336 kV = 475 kV
Switching impulse current = 1 kA Nominal discharge current In = 10 kA
-9-
Note: In case of overvoltage limitation by surge arresters increase of probability density at ups!
Probability density
0
u e / p.u.
ups
- 10 -
Phase-peak method: from each switching operation the highest peak value of Phase-peak the overvoltage on each phase-to-earth or between each combination of the each combination of phases is included in the overvoltage probability distribution, i.e. each operation phases the overvoltage probability distribution, contributes three peak values to the representative overvoltage probability contributes to the representative probability distribution. This distribution then has to be assumed to be equal for each of the distribution. This distribution then has to be assumed for each three insulations involved in each part of insulation, phase-to-earth, phase-tothree involved in each part of insulation, phase or longitudinal. phase IEC recommended practice Case-peak method: from each switching operation the highest peak value of the overvoltages of all three phases to earth or between all three phases is included in the overvoltage probability distribution, i.e. each operation contributes one value to the representative overvoltage distribution. This distribution is then applicable to one insulation within each type. Common practice in the US and Canada [HIL-99]
(Both methods give only slightly different results; see IEC 60071-2, Annex D and [HIL-99])
- 11 -
Slow-Front Overvoltages Line Energization and Re-Energization

A three-phase line energization or re-energization produces switching A three-phase energization or re-energization produces overvoltages on all three phases of the line. Therefore, each switching operation overvoltages on all three phases of produces three phase-to-earth and, correspondingly, three phase-to-phase produces three overvoltages. overvoltages. TNA studies have to be performed with several switching operations at random distribution of the time instants.
- 12 -

Range of 2% slow-front phase-to-earth overvoltages at the receiving end due to line energization and re-energization (IEC 60071-2, Figure 1)
Values just for estimation purposes; detailed studies required! estimation purposes; detailed studies
- 13 -

Phase-to-phase overvoltages
In the evaluation of the phase-to-phase overvoltages, an additional parameter needs to be added. As the insulation is sensitive to the subdivision of a given phase-to-phase overvoltage value into two phase-to-earth components, the selection of a specific instant shall take into account the insulation characteristics. Two particular time instants are of importance (see also next two slides): Time instant of phase-to-phase overvoltage peak: this instant gives the highest phaseTime instant of phase-to-phase overvoltage peak: this instant gives the highest phaseto phase overvoltage value. It represents the highest stress for all insulation configurations, to phase overvoltage value. It represents the highest stress for all insulation configurations, for which the dielectric strength between phases is not sensitive to the subdivision for which the dielectric strength between phases is not sensitive to the subdivision into components. Typical examples are the insulation between windings or short air into components. Typical examples are the insulation between windings or short air clearances. clearances. Phase-to-phase overvoltage at the instant of the phase-to-earth overvoltage peak: Phase-to-phase overvoltage at the instant of the phase-to-earth overvoltage peak: although this instant gives lower overvoltage values than the instant of the phase-toalthough this instant gives lower overvoltage values than the instant of the phase-tophase overvoltage peak, it may be more severe for insulation configurations for which the phase overvoltage peak, it may be more severe for insulation configurations for which the dielectric strength between phases is influenced by the subdivision into components. dielectric strength between phases is influenced by the subdivision into components. Typical examples are large air clearances for which the instant of the positive phaseTypical examples are large air clearances for which the instant of the positive phaseto-earth peak is most severe, or gas-insulated substations (three-phase enclosed) to-earth peak is most severe, or gas-insulated substations (three-phase enclosed) for which the negative peak is most severe. for which the negative peak is most severe.
- 14 -

Time instants of max. Up Time Up
- 15 -
Dielectric Breakdown of Gases

Recall from HVT II: Breakdown voltage of positive tip is always lower than that of a negative tip (derived for air):
Ud, positive < Ud, negative Ud, positive < Ud, negative
memory hook: "positive is negative" At alternating voltage stress the breakdown of a strongly inhomogeneous At alternating voltage stress the breakdown of a strongly inhomogeneous asymmetrical electrode configuration in air generally occurs in the positive half cycle asymmetrical electrode configuration in air generally occurs in the positive half cycle Extension of this rule: this is valid only for air insulation! In SF6 under high pressure (GIS): just the other way round At alternating voltage stress the breakdown of a strongly inhomogeneous At alternating voltage stress the breakdown of a strongly inhomogeneous asymmetrical electrode configuration in SF6 under high pressure generally asymmetrical electrode configuration in SF6 under high pressure generally occurs in the negative half cycle occurs in the negative half cycle
- 16 -

Time instants of max. Ue Time Ue
- 17 -

The 2% phase-to-phase overvoltage can approximately be determined from the phase-to-earth overvoltage:
three-phase re-energization three-phase energization
- 18 -

Standard insulation levels for range II (IEC 60071-1, Table 3): The smaller the factor Ue/Um, the higher the factor Up/Ue Comparison with the slide before: Um = 300 kV Um = 300 kV 1 p.u. = 245 kV 1 p.u. = 245 kV 850 kV = 3.47 p.u. 850 kV = 3.47 p.u. Up2/Ue2 = 1.45 Up2/Ue2 = 1.45 Um = 420 kV Um = 420 kV 1 p.u. = 343 kV 1 p.u. = 343 kV 1050 kV = 3.06 p.u. 1050 kV = 3.06 p.u. Up2/Ue2 = 1.5 Up2/Ue2 = 1.5 Um = 765 kV Um = 765 kV 1 p.u. = 625 kV 1 p.u. = 625 kV 1550 kV = 2.48 p.u. 1550 kV = 2.48 p.u. Up2/Ue2 = 1.6 Up2/Ue2 = 1.6
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 3 - 19 -
ffacttor 2 ac or 2.8 .83 3
ffact acto orr 2 2..5 5
ffac actto orr 2 2..0 0


Possible causes of line switching overvoltages (continued next slide)
- 20 -

Possible causes of line switching overvoltages
- 21 -

ueT = 1.35 ueR = 1.35 Sending end
ue = 1.35 ue = 1.35 +26%
Synchronous switching
ueR = 1.60
ueR = 1.70 Energizing 2 ms after voltage peak in phase R
Receiving end ue = 1.70 ue = 1.70
Energizing at voltage peak in phase R (tR = 0)
+15%
Non-synchronous switching (by pre-striking of the contacts)
ueS = 1.40
ueT = 1.35
Sending end
ue = 1.40 ue = 1.40 +39%
ueT= 1.95
ueT = 1.85
Receiving end ue = 1.95 ue = 1.95 Example: 420-kV line, length 340 km, resonant frequency (100200) Hz [DOR-81] - 22 -
tR = 1 ms, ts = 5 ms, tt = 3 ms
tR = 0 ms, ts = 2 ms, tt = 2 ms

Measures against line switching overvoltages (continued next slide)
- 23 -

Measures against line switching overvoltages (continued next slide)
- 24 -

Measures against line switching overvoltages
- 25 -

Measures against line switching overvoltages IEC 60071-2: "It should be noted that when IEC 60071-2: "It should be noted that when arresters are installed at the ends of long arresters are installed at the ends of long transmission lines for the purpose of limiting slowtransmission lines for the purpose of limiting slowfront overvoltages, the overvoltages in the middle front overvoltages, the overvoltages in the middle of the line may be substantially higher than at of the line may be substantially higher than at the line ends." the line ends." For this reason AEP (American Electric Power) installed one set of 800-kV transmission line arresters in the middle of the line.
ABB
- 26 -
Slow-Front Overvoltages Earth Faults

Highest slow-front overvoltages due to earth faults in isolated neutral systems! Example:
ue = 2.7 p.u. e
[DOR-81]
- 27 -
Slow-Front Overvoltages Switching Cap. or Ind. Currents
Begin of opening of the circuit breaker Begin of opening of the circuit breaker Restrike of the circuit breaker Restrike of the circuit breaker
ue = 2.1 p.u. ue = 2.1 p.u.
Measure against: use of restrike-free breakers Measure against: use of restrike-free breakers
- 28 -
Slow-Front Overvoltages Limitation by Arresters

MO arresters limit switching overvoltages (current peak values 500 A 2 kA) to about: Ups (peak value) 2Ur (r.m.s. value) (see slide 9: Ur = 336 kV; Ups = 680 kV) Ur (r.m.s. value) 1 p.u. Ups 2 p.u.
Conclusions: MO arresters do limit slow-front overvoltages due to line energization and reenergization and switching of inductive and capacitive currents. MO arresters usually cannot limit slow-front overvoltages caused by earth faults and fault clearing (exception: isolated neutral systems, series compensated lines), as their amplitudes are too low. Separation effects (protective distance) have not to be taken into account Separation effects (protective distance) have not to be taken into account (overvoltages too slow) (overvoltages too slow) But: exception for long transmission lines voltages in middle and/or end of But: exception for long transmission lines voltages in middle and/or end of line can take considerably higher values than arrester's protection level! line can take considerably higher values than arrester's protection level!
- 29 -
Slow-Front Overvoltages Limitation by Arresters

If arresters limit phase-to-earth voltages to less than 70% of their unaffected Ue2-values, the resulting phase-to-phase voltages will be Up 2 Ups of the e2-values, the resulting phase-to-phase voltages will be p 2 Ups arrester. Representative voltages in case of MO surge arresters: Phase-to-earth: Ure = Ups Phase-to-earth: Ure ps Phase-to-phase: the lower value of Urp = 2 Ups rp = 2 ps Urp = Upt (truncation value determined acc. to IEC 60071-2, Annex D) IEC 60071-2, Annex D) rp = pt (truncation
- 30 -

Slow-Front Overvoltages

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Slow-Front Overvoltages

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 3

see HVT II, Chapter 9: 3: curve of minimum strength

Tcr = 850 s Tcr = 750 s Tcr = 650 s

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 3

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 3

expectation average mean value of ui

Cumulative distribution function of voltage occurrence:

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 3

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 3

ue / p.u. ue2 ue2 uet = ue2 + e uet = ue2 + e

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 3

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 3

see next slide

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 3

Example for Us = 420 kV

Switching impulse current = 1 kA Nominal discharge current In = 10 kA

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 3

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 3

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 3