Zoology Study Guide Semester One Chapter One

Natural selection- the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring Evidence of evolutionPhylogeny- branch of biology that deals with phylogenesis Nested hierarchy-a generalized nested hierarchy allows for multiple objects within levels but with each object having only one parent at each level Heterochrony-developmental change in the timing of events, leading to changes in size and shape. Gradualism-evolution proceeds chiefly by the accumulation of gradual changes Reproductive barriers-habitat isolation, temporal isolation, gametic isolation, hybrid breakdown, and reduced hybrid fertility Allopatric speciation-speciation in which the evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms occurs during physical separation of the populations Sympatric speciation-speciation in which the evolution is isolated by geography Adaptive radiation-diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches Microevolution-small evolutionary change Gene pool-stock of different genes in an interbreeding population Allele frequency-how common an allele is in a population Factors that disrupt genetic equilibrium-mutations, population is not constant, large population, non-random mating, no natural selection Macroevolution-major evolutionary change Directional selection-type of natural selection where the majority of the organisms alleles are favored to an allele Stabilizing selection-type of natural selection where the majority of the organisms alleles are in the middle

Disruptive selection- type of natural selection where the majority of the organisms alleles are the extremes Radiometric dating-method of dating geological specimens by determining the proportions of particular radioactive isotopes present in a sample Fitness- an organisms ability to survive and reproduce

Chapter Two

Hierarchy of organization- Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere Environment-surroundings or conditions in which a animal, or plant lives or operates Fundamental niche-describing the relational position of a species or population in its ecosystem to each other Realized niche-describing the relational position of a species or population in its ecosystem to each other Habitat-natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism Demes-a local population of organisms of one species that actively interbreed with one another and share a gene pool Populations-made of one and only one type of organism Intrinsic population growth- the rate of growth of a population when that population is growing under ideal conditions and without limits Exponential population growth-population's size at a given time is equal to the population's size at an earlier time, times some greater-than-one number Logistic population growth-rate which is determined and the suitability of a given environment to an organisms needs until population size is sufficient that the limitations associated with the carrying capacity Limiting resource- factor that controls a process, such as organism growth or species population Carrying capacity-number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation Extrinsic limits to pop.- Sunlight, water, nutrients, food, resources Intrinsic limits to pop.-competition, symbiosis, predators

Density-dependent-processes occur when population growth rates are regulated by the density of a population Density-independent-factor that influences individuals in a population in a manner that does not vary with the extent of crowding present in the population Parasitism-relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it Herbivory-any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants Commensalisms-association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm Predator-prey-interaction between two organisms of unlike species in which one of them acts as predator that captures and feeds on the other organism that serves as the prey Mutualism- symbiotic relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit from the association Keystone species-species that has a disproportionate effect on its environment relative to its biomass

Chapters three and four

Spherical symmetry-Circular symmetry in mathematical physics applies to a 2dimensional field Radial symmetry-Symmetry around a central axis, as in a starfish or a tulip flower. Bisymmetry-Symmetric about both of its main diagonals Pentasymmetry-symmetry with five points extending from a central axis Bilateral symmetry-symmetry with two identical halves Coelom-body cavity in metazoans, located between the intestinal canal and the body wall Acoelomate-body cavity is any fluid filled space in a multicellular organism Pseudocoelomate- body cavity is any fluid filled space in a multicellular organism, have one more germ layer than the acoelomates, and are larger Eucoelomate- have a true body cavity that is completely surrounded by mesoderm

Ectoderm- outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this Endoderm- innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this Mesoderm- middle layer of an embryo in early development. Enterocoelous- mesoderm and coelom initially develop as pouches off of the primitive digestive tract (archenteron) of an embryo. Enterocoelous development of the coelom occurs in deuterostomes. Schizocoelous- when a coelom (body cavity) is formed by splitting the mesodermal embryonic tissue Protostome- multicellular organism whose mouth develops from a primary embryonic opening, such as an annelid or mollusk Deuterstome- embryonic development, in which the first opening in the embryo becomes the anus Metamerism- linear series of body segments, somites, or metameres fundamentally similar in structure Anterior-anatomically the front of the body Posterior-anatomically the back of the body Ventral-anatomically the bottom of the body Dorsal-anatomically the top of the body Linnaeus-created classification system, taxonomy Cephalization- concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain Binomial nomenclature- system of nomenclature using two terms, the first one indicating the genus and the second the species Hierarchy ordering- kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Taxa- taxonomic group of any rank, such as a species, family, or class Taxon- taxonomic group of any rank, such as a species, family, or class Ancestral character- a character inherited from a COMMON ancestor

Derived character- Among a given group of organisms, the shared derived characters are generally the less common characters Cladistics- method of classification of animals and plants according to the proportion of measurable characteristics that they have in common. Cladogram- branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species Phylogenic tree- a branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred evolutionary relationships Clade- group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor, according to the principles of cladistics Outgroup- species or group of species closely related to but not included within a taxon Sister group- cladistics denoting the closest relatives of a group in a phylogenetic tree. [1] The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram Nested hierarchy- hierarchical ordering of nested sets Monophyletic- Descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, esp. one not shared with any other group Paraphyletic- group of taxa is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its last common ancestor but does not contain all the descendants of a common ancestor Polyphyletic- Derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group.

Chapter 6

Porifera summary-sessile, filter feeders encased with mesohyl Pinacocytes-tissue-like, is on the exterior of the sponge Choanocytes-collar cell, controls flow Porocytes-tubular cells that make up the pores Archeocytes-sponges immune system produces collagen Sclerocyte-secretes sponging and spicules Asconoid sponge-sponge body plan that grows in no real boundaries, looks like a ball

Syconoid sponge-sponge body plan that has three extensions with osculum Leuconoid sponge-sponge body plan that has one extension with an osculum Spicules- small needlelike or sharp-pointed structures of calcite or silica that make up the skeleton of a sponge Spongocoel- central cavity of a sponge, which opens to the outside by way of the osculum Flagellated canal- one of the outpouchings of the wall of the central cavity of a sponge that is lined with choanocytes and connects with incurrent canals Incurrent canal- canal through which water enters a sponge Radial canal- any of the numerous minute canals lined with choanocytes which radiate from the paragastric cavity in some sponges Osculum- large aperture in a sponge through which water is expelled

Chapter 7

Cnidarian summary-have a gastrovacular cavity, three germ layers, radial symmetry, medusa/polyp, cnidocytes, corals, sea anemones, jelly fish, hydrozoa Cnidocytes- on the tentacle, holds organelles which help in defense Nematocytes- stinging cells that are released when pressure forces paralyzing venom out Polyp- colonial sedentary form of a coelenterate, typically having a columnar body with the mouth uppermost surrounded by a ring Medusa- free-swimming sexual form of a coelenterate such as a jellyfish, typically having an umbrella-shaped body with stinging tentacles

Aurelia on the right, and for the anatomy it is on the bottom

Chapter 10

Economic importance-sold as food, dcor, causes damge to ships and gardens Head-anterior portion of cell where senses are housed and impulses are interpretted Foot-muscular appendage used for digging and locomotion Visceral mass- region of the body that contains most of the digestive, nervous, and excretory systems

Radula- rasp like structure of tiny teeth used for scraping food particles off a surface and drawing them into the mouth Odontophore- projection in the mouth of mollusks supporting the radula Mantle-outer part of the shell for protecting the visceral mass Mantle Cavity-cavity between the mantle and the body proper of a mollusk or brachiopod in which the respiratory organs lie Periostricum- hard chitinous outer covering of the shell of many mollusks, especially freshwater ones, that protects the shell from the erosive action of water Prismatic.middle layer of the shell of certain mollusks, consisting chiefly of crystals of calcium carbonate Nacreous- area of the shell which touches the clam and connects the clam to the shell, smooth and made up of soothing materials for the clam that make the clam inside comfortable Open circulatory system- circulating fluid is not enclosed in vessels at all times Nervous system-paired ganglia that send impulses to the foot Respiratory system-breaths through receiving oxygen through the gills Digestive system-filter feeders Excretory system-waste leaves the bladder and is released with the outgoing water Reproductive system-females and males, gonads located near the intestines, fertilization occurs externally through the release of sperm and eggs Trochopore- small, free-swimming, ciliated aquatic larva of various invertebrates Veliger- final larval stage of certain mollusks, having two ciliated flaps for swimming and feeding Monoplacophora-bilateral shell, foot is present, separate sexes, open circulatory system, respiration happens at gills (5-6), lacks efficient nervous system, food pushed into pharynx, radula are upside down compared to mollusks, excrete with nephridia Gastropoda-have true head with sensory organs, deposit feeders, soft inside due to torsion, requires shell, lungs present, separate sexes

Bivalvia-two shells, has foot, sensory organs react with the ganglia, separate sexes, intestine to anus for excretion, filter feeders

Cephalopoda- developed head with a good brain and elaborate sensory organs, freeswimming; they are mobile via jet propulsion. A chambered shell provides buoyancy, predators that have colonized the nektic habitat with its abundance of large prey, depend on escape and avoidance for survival against other predators.